lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

Unit-1

Introduction

Content

 Why Cloud Computing?

 What is Cloud Computing?

 Advantages of Cloud Computing

 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

 Examples of Cloud
 lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

Why Cloud computing?

Developing in the cloud enables users to get their applications to market quickly. Hardware
failures do not result in data loss because of networked backups. Cloud computing uses remote
resources, saving organizations the cost of servers and other equipment.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing Definition

Cloud Definition: The cloud in cloud computing provides the means through which everything
— from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to
personal collaboration — can be delivered to a user as a service wherever and whenever the user
needs. The cloud itself is a set of hardware, networks, storage, services, and interfaces that
enable the delivery of computing as a service. Cloud services include the delivery of software,
 lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

infrastructure, and storage over the Internet (either as separate components or a complete
platform) based on user demand.

Other Definition of cloud computing

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications,
and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction. Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as
services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide
those services.

The cloud embodies the following basic characteristics:

 Elasticity and the ability to scale up and down

 Self-service provisioning and automatic de-provisioning
 Application programming interfaces (APIs)
 Billing and metering of service usage in a pay-as-you-go model
 Security

Elasticity and scalability

The service provider can‘t anticipate how customers will use the service. One customer might
use the service three times a year during peak selling seasons, whereas another might use it as a
primary development platform for all of its applications. Therefore, the service needs to be
available all the time (7 days a week, 24 hours a day) and it has to be designed to scale upward
for high periods of demand and downward for lighter ones. Scalability also means that an
application can scale when additional users are added and when the application requirements
change. This ability to scale is achieved by providing elasticity.
 lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

Self-service provisioning

Customers can easily get cloud services without going through a lengthy process. The customer
simply requests an amount of computing, storage, software, process, or other resources from the
service provider. While the on-demand provisioning capabilities of cloud services eliminate
many time delays, an organization still needs to do its homework. These services aren‘t free;
needs and requirements must be determined before capability is automatically provisioned.

Application programming interfaces (APIs)

Cloud services need to have standardized APIs. These interfaces provide the instructions on how
two application or data sources can communicate with each other. A standardized interface lets
the customer more easily link a cloud service, such as a customer relationship management
system with a financial accounts management system, without having to resort to custom
programming.

Billing and metering of services

A cloud environment needs a built-in service that bills customers. And, of course, to calculate
that bill, usage has to be metered (tracked). Even free cloud services (such as Google‘s Gmail or
Zoho‘s Internet-based office applications) are metered. In addition to these characteristics, cloud
computing must have two overarching requirements to be effective:

 A comprehensive approach to service management

 A well-defined process for security management

Performance monitoring and measuring

A cloud service provider must include a service management environment. A service

management environment is an integrated approach for managing the physical environments and
IT systems. This environment must be able to maintain the required service level for that
organization. In other words, service management has to monitor and optimize the service or sets
of services. Service management has to consider key issues, such as performance of the overall
system, including security and performance. For example, an organization using an internal or
external email cloud service would require 99.999 percent uptime with maximum security. The
organization would expect the cloud provider to prove that it has met its obligations.

3
 lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

Many cloud service providers give customers a dashboard — a visualization of key service
metrics — so they can monitor the level of service they‘re getting from their provider. Also,
many customers use their own monitoring tools to determine whether their service level
requirements are being met.

Security

Many customers must take a leap of faith to trust that the cloud service is safe. Turning over
critical data or application infrastructure to a cloud-based service provider requires making sure
that the information can‘t be accidentally accessed by another company (or maliciously accessed
by a hacker). Many companies have compliance requirements for securing both internal and
external information. Without the right level of security, one might not be able to use a
provider‘s offerings.

• Cloud computing has mainly five characteristics:

1. On-demand self-service, the services are available on demand, the user can get the services at
any time, all it takes is an Internet connection.
2. Broad network access, the cloud is accessed remotely over the network, while the access to
the cloud is through the internet; it means that it is accessible to its computing capabilities,
software, and hardware from anywhere.
3. Resources pooling in an independent location and resources serve a large number of users
with all their different devices and their required resources.
4. Rapid elasticity, dealing with the cloud is very easy, the user can simply reduce or increase
the capacity, and also it’s faster than the regular computing types.
5. Measured Service, the cloud systems control and reuse the resources by using measurement
capabilities and according to the type of service, these services also have financial return,
depending on usage.

Applications:
• Email
– Gmail, Yahoo mail
• Online Collaboration tools
– Google docs for collaboration on documents
– Google Hangouts for video conferencing
 lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

• Big Data Analytics

– Provides a cost effective and scalable infrastructure to support big data and business
analytics.
• Test and Development
– now readily available environments tailored for your needs at your fingertips.
• Storage

Advantages of Cloud Computing

• Lower computer costs

• Instant software updates

• Unlimited storage capacity

• Increased data reliability

• Universal document access

• Device independence

• Lowers the outlay expense for start up companies

• Easier group collaboration

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

• Requires a constant Internet connection

• Does not work well with low-speed connections

• Governance and Regulatory compliance

– Not all service providers have well-defined

service-level agreements.

• Stored data might not be secure:

– Limited knowledge of the physical location of

stored data

– Multi-tenant platform

– Limited capabilities for monitoring access to

 lOMoAR cPSD| 30736168

applications hosted on cloud.

–
5 Real-World Examples of Cloud Computing
 Ex: Dropbox, Gmail, Facebook.
 Ex: Maropost for Marketing, Hubspot, Adobe Marketing Cloud.
 Ex: SlideRocket, Ratatype, Amazon Web Services.
 Ex: ClearDATA, Dell's Secure Healthcare Cloud, IBM Cloud.
 Uses: IT consolidation, shared services, citizen services
 lOMoAR cPSD|30 736 168

EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING AND BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

 lOM oARcP SD| 30 73 616 8

Cluster Computing
Cluster computing it’s a group of computers connected to each other and work together as a single computer.
These computers are often linked through a LAN.

The cluster is a tightly coupled systems, and from its characteristics that it’s a centralized job management
and scheduling system.

All the computers in the cluster use the same hardware and operating system, and the computers are the same
physical location and connected with a very high speed connection to perform as a single computer.

The resources of the cluster are managed by centralized resource manager.

Architecture: The architecture of cluster computing contains some main components and they are:

1. Multiple stand alone computers.

2. Operating system.

3. High performance interconnects.

4. Communication software.

5. Different applications

Advantages:
software is automatically installed and configured, and the nodes of the cluster can be added and managed
easily, so it’s very easy to deploy, it’s an open system, and very cost effective to acquire and manage, clusters
have many sources of support and supply, it’s fast and very flexible, the system is optimized for performance
as well as simplicity and it can change software configurations at any time, also it saves the time of searching
the net for latest drivers, The cluster system is very supportive as it includes software updates.

Disadvantages
it’s hard to be managed without experience, also when the size of cluster is large, it’ll be difficult to find out
something has failed, the programming environment is hard to be improved when software on some node is
different from the other.

Grid Computing
Grid computing is a combination of resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common
target, and this group of computers can distributed on several location and each a group of grids can be
connected to each other.

The computers in the grid are not required to be in the same physical location and can be operated
independently, so each computer on the grid is concerned a distinct computer.

The computers in the grid are not tied to only on operating system and can run different OSs and different
hardware, when it comes to a large project, the grid divides it to multiple computers to easily use their
resources.

Architecture:
Fabric layer to provide the resources which shared access is mediated by grid computing.
Connectivity layer and it means the core communication and authentication protocols required for grid
specific network functions.
Resource layer and it defines the protocols, APIs and SDK for secure negotiations, imitations, monitoring
control, accounting and payment of sharing operations on individual resources.
 lOM oARcP SD| 30 73 616 8

Collective layer which it contains protocols and services that capture interactions among a collection of
resources
Application layer, it’s user applications that operate within environment.

Advantages:
One of the advantages of grid computing that you don’t need to buy large servers for applications that can be
split up and farmed out to smaller commodity type servers,
secondly it’s more efficient in use of resources.
Also the grid environments are much more modular and don't have much points of failure.
About policies in the grid it can be managed by the grid software, beside that upgrading can be done without
scheduling downtime, and jobs can be executed in parallel speeding performance.

Disadvantages:
It needs fast interconnect between computers resources,
some applications may need to be pushed to take full advantage of the new model,
licensing across many servers may make it forbidden for some applications,
the grid environments include many smaller servers across various administrative domains. also political
challenges associated with sharing resources especially across different admin domains.

Utility Computing
Utility Computing refers to a type of computing technologies and business models which provide services
and computing resources to the customers, such as storage, applications and computing power.

This repackaging of computing services is the foundation of the shift to on demand computing, software as a
service and cloud computing models which late developed the idea of computing, applications and network
as a service.

Utility computing is kind of virtualization, that means the whole web storage space and computing power
which it’s available to users is much larger than the single time-sharing computer.

Multiple backend web servers used to make this kind of web service possible.

Utility computing is similar to cloud computing and it often requires a cloud-like infrastructure.

Advantages:
the client doesn't have to buy all the hardware, software and licenses needed to do business. Instead, the
client relies on another party to provide these services.
It also gives companies the option to subscribe to a single service and use the same suite of software
throughout the entire client organization.
it offers compatibility of all the computers in large companies.

Disadvantages:
The service could be stopped from the utility computing company for any reason such as a financial trouble
or equipment problems.
Also utility computing systems can also be attractive targets for hackers, and much of the responsibility of
keeping the system safe falls to the provider