Case Study: The Missing Middle Class in Bangladesh

Introduction: The middle class is a dynamic and complex socio-economic group that holds a
pivotal place in the societal framework of Bangladesh. Occupying the position between the upper
and lower strata, the middle class serves as a bridge that has significant influence over economic
growth, political stability, and social development. The definition of the middle class varies in
literature, with debates about whether it can be defined by "cash," "credentials," or "culture".In
the context of Bangladesh's history, the middle class has been a pathway for change, particularly
during its struggle for independence. However, over time, its role and impact have experienced a
shift due to various challenges and evolving dynamics.

Defining the Middle Class: The middle class, within the Bangladeshi context, signifies a
segment of society that occupies the space between the affluent and the less privileged. This
group consists of individuals whose income, education, and cultural disposition position them as
a driving force of economic growth and social progress. Some categorize the middle class based
on financial status, categorizing them into the "cash class." Others consider their educational
achievements, identifying them as the "credential class." Additionally, there's the "culture class,"
which highlights the significance of cultural values and lifestyle. These distinctions in
perspectives contribute to the controversies and importance surrounding the middle class
concept.

Influence of the Middle Class on Bangladesh's History: The middle class in Bangladesh has
historically played a pivotal role in shaping the nation's trajectory. During the struggle for
independence in 1971, the middle class, comprising educated professionals, bureaucrats, and
intellectuals, emerged as the driving force behind the movement for self-determination. Their
voices and efforts were significant in advocating for civil rights, social justice, and political
freedoms. This commitment to democratic regulations and human rights played an important role
in forming of Bangladesh as an independent nation.

Declining Role and Influence: In recent times, the Bangladeshi middle class has faced
numerous challenges, leading to a decline in their influence. Economic disparities, political
polarization, and changing societal dynamics have all contributed to this decline. Economic
disparities, driven by rapid development, have resulted in a widening gap between the middle
class and other segments of society. This economic strain has, in turn, limited their ability to be
as influential as they were in the past.

Reasons for Declining Voice and Participation: Economic growth has increased the income
disparity in the last few years, affecting the middle class's stability and aspirations. Furthermore,
political divisions have fragmented the middle class's collective voice which diminished its
capacity to drive change. Additionally, changing cultural values have shifted some middle-class
individuals' focus from civic engagement to personal gain. This transition from communal
interests to personal aspirations has indirectly lessened the middle class's role as a societal
catalyst for change.
Rural vs. Urban Middle Class: The middle class in Bangladesh is diverse, existing in both
rural and urban settings. The urban middle class benefits from better access to education,
healthcare, and institutional opportunities, enabling them to engage more extensively in
economic, social, and political activities. In contrast, the rural middle class faces distinct
challenges due to limited access to infrastructure, education, and employment opportunities. The
urban middle class, enjoying the advantages of urbanization, often has a higher influence in
shaping policies and contributing to national development. This disparity gives birth to an
inequality between the classes of Bangladesh.

Challenges Faced by the Middle Class: The Bangladeshi middle class, despite its historical
significance, has encountered a series of challenges that have eroded its influence over time. One
of the most pressing challenges is the economic pressure resulting from rapid growth and
urbanization. The rising cost of living has created a considerable strain on the middle class,
making it increasingly difficult to maintain their economic stability and aspirations. This
financial burden has not only hampered their ability to accumulate wealth but has also
heightened feelings of economic insecurity. Additionally, the middle class became affected of
political polarization, with internal divisions along political lines disrupting its once-unified
voice. This disunity has weakened their collective power, hindering their ability to advocate for
social change and reforms effectively. Moreover, changing societal dynamics have placed the
middle class into adapting to evolving cultural norms and expectations. With the increase of
materialistic views, individuals within the middle class have shifted their focus from civic
engagement and social responsibility to personal gain. This shift has raised concerns about the
maintenance of their historically strong commitment to ethical values and community welfare.

Strengths, Values, and Ethics of the Middle Class: Despite these challenges, the Bangladeshi
middle class possesses distinct strengths, values, and ethics that continue to define their character
and potential influence. Their appreciation for education paved a path to social mobility and
personal development. This dedication led them to prioritize investing in the educational growth
of their children and recognize role of education. Civic engagement has also remained a factor of
the middle class's identity. Throughout history, they have demonstrated a commitment to
advocating for social justice, human rights, and democratic principles and actively got involved
in public affairs. Furthermore, the middle class exhibits remarkable resilience in the face of
economic hardships and societal pressures. Instead of giving up to challenges, they often seek
innovative solutions to overcome obstacles, reflecting their determination to enhance their socio-
economic status while obliging to their core values. Ethical values, such as integrity,
responsibility, and community engagement, also define the middle class's approach to life. By
upholding these ethical standards, the middle class continues to contribute to the societies of
Bangladesh.

Conclusion: The middle class in Bangladesh has a storied history of influencing the nation's
development, especially during pivotal moments like the struggle for independence. While they
have faced challenges such as economic pressures, political divisions, and changing societal
dynamics, their strengths, values, and ethics remain foundational. Education, civic engagement,
resilience, and ethical values continue to define the middle class's identity and potential
contributions to shaping the country's future. Recognizing and harnessing these qualities is
essential for revitalizing their role and influence within Bangladeshi society.
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or-culture/

Hossain, M. A. (2021). Who are the Middle Class in Bangladesh? The Business Standard.
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Kapsos, S. (2005). The Global Distribution of Household Wealth. International Labour

Khan, A. H. (2021). Bangladesh's Rising Middle Class: Myths and Realities. The Financial
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middle-class-myths-and-realities-1614610680

The Daily Star. (2021). Inflation and Its Effect on the Livelihood of Middle-Class Families.
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