Lec.3 Nanocomposites

Lecture Contents
• Definitions of nanomaterials
• Challenges
• Nanocomposites
•Synthesis of nanocomposites
Introduction: Lec.3 1/12/2021 11

What is
nanotechnology?
Technology that deals with

materials/ particles in nano-
size.
• Nano = 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 m
• 1 nm = 1/1 000 000 m
• Nano-size means atom

level
1/12/2021 22
Welcome to the world of nanocomposites
!
✓ A broad class of materials, with microstructures modulated in zero to
three dimensions on length scales less than 100 nm.
✓ Materials with atoms arranged in nanosized clusters, which become
the constituent grains or building blocks of the material.
✓ Any material with at least one dimension in the 1-100 nm range.
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What are nanocomposites ?
❑ Constituents have at least one dimension in the nanometer scale.

1. Nanoparticles (Three nano-scale dimensions)
2. Nanofibers (Two nano-scale dimensions)
3. Nanoclays (One nano-scale dimension)
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Why nanocomposites ?
Why nanocomposites ? → Multifunctionality
➢ Small filler size and distance
between fillers - high surface to
volume ratio
➢ Mechanical Properties : - Increased
ductility with no decrease of
strength, - Scratching resistance
➢ Optical properties: - Light
transmission characteristics particle
size dependent
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Nanocomposites
❑Nanotechnology is structuring or production of materials in

dimensions less than 100nm.
❑Nanocomposites are materials with a small content of nano

scale materials. Usually less than 5% of nanomaterials are used
to improve thermal or mechanical properties.
❑Three types of nanomaterial are commonly mixed with plastics:

Nanoclay, nanotubes and nanoscale particles (SiO2, Al2O3,Ag).
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Nanocomposites
❑ Nanocomposites is particularly effective (giving high performance

composites), when nanofiller are fully dispersed and well
distributed in the polymer matrix, and the properties of the
nanoscale filler are different or better than those of the matrix
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Classification of Nanocomposites
As in the case of nanocomposite materials can be classified, according
to their matrix materials, in three different categories:
1. Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs);
2. Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNCs);
3. Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNCs)
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1/12/2021 9
1. Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs);

1. In this group of composites the main part of the volume is occupied by a
ceramic, i.e. a chemical compound from the group of oxides, nitrides,
borides, silicide etc.
2. In most cases, ceramic-matrix nanocomposites encompass a metal as the

second component. Ideally both components, the metallic one and the
ceramic one, are finely dispersed in each other in order to elicit the
particular nanoscopic properties.
3. Nanocomposite from these combinations were demonstrated in improving

their optical, electrical and magnetic properties as well as tribological,
corrosion-resistance and other protective properties. 1
1/12/2021 10
0
2. Metal matrix nanocomposites

❑ This type of composites can be classified as continuous and non-
continuous reinforced materials.
❑ One of the more important nanocomposites is Carbon nanotube metal

matrix composites, which is an emerging new material that is being
developed to take advantage of the high tensile strength and electrical
conductivity of carbon nanotube materials.
❑ In addition to carbon nanotube metal matrix composites, boron nitride

reinforced metal matrix composites and carbon nitride metal matrix
composites are the new research areas on metal matrix nanocomposites
1
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1/12/2021
1
3. Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs);

❑ In the simplest case, appropriately adding nanoparticulate to a polymer
matrix can enhance its performance, often dramatically, by simply
capitalizing on the nature and properties of the nanoscale filler (these
materials are better described by the term nanofilled polymer
composites) .
❑ This strategy is particularly effective in yielding high performance

composites, when good dispersion of the filler is achieved and the
properties of the nanoscale filler are substantially different or better than
those of the matrix.
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12
Challenges in nanotechnology
For the fabrication of nanomaterials, the following challenges must be
met:
1. Overcome the huge surface energy, a result of enormous surface
area or large surface to volume ratio
2. Ensure all nanomaterials with desired size, uniform size
distribution, morphology, crystallinity, chemical composition and
microstructure that altogether result in desired physical properties.
3. Prevent nanomaterials and nanostructures from concerning
through either Ostwald ripening or agglomeration
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13
Challenges in nanotechnology
❑ Many nanoparticles agglomerate or aggregate.
❑ Agglomeration is the dispersion of particles so forming
clusters rather than remain as isolated single molecules
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14
Fabrication of Nanocomposites
Manufacturing of nanocomposites:
1)Electrospinning process
2)Ultrasonic process
3)Magnetic stirrer
4)Mechanical mixer
1/12/2021 15
15
Manufacturing of nanocomposites
1)Electrospinning process
❑ Electro-Spinning is a process
that utilizes high electrical
voltage to produce polymer
nano fibers from polymer
solutions or melts.
❑ A polymer solution particulate

is loaded in to the syringe and
this liquid is extruded from the
needle tip at a constant rate
by a syringe pump.
1
16
1/12/2021
6
❑ When a sufficiently high voltage is applied to a liquid droplet, the body of
the liquid becomes charged, and electrostatic repulsion counteracts
the surface tension and the droplet is stretched; at a critical point a stream
of liquid erupts from the surface. This point of eruption is known as
the Taylor cone.
Photograph showing a fibre being Scanning electron microscopy image of

electrospun polycaprolactone fibers.
1
electrospun from a Taylor cone. 1/12/2021 17
7
Protective clothing
Nanofibersas a physical
barrier to insects 1/12/2021 18
18
2) Ultrasonic process
❑ The nanoparticles are dispersed in to
resin with ultrasonic liquid processor
❑ In order to avoid rise in

temperature during
sonication, the mixing
beaker is placed in a
cooling mixture of ice
and water.
1
19
1/12/2021
9
❑The Nano powder is added into the mixing beaker for a sufficient time
❑ The hardener is added to the mixture
(Araldite with nanoparticles)
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20
The mixture is poured in a mold. The plate was completely

cured at room temperature.
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21
2) Magnetic stirrer
❑ A magnetic stirrer or magnetic mixer is a laboratory
device that employs a rotating magnetic field to cause
a stir bar (also called "flea") immersed in a liquid to
spin very quickly, thus stirring it.
❑ The rotating field created by a rotating magnet, placed

beneath the vessel with the liquid.
❑ The limited size of the bar means that magnetic stirrers

can only be used for relatively small (under 4 liters)
experiments. They also have difficulty dealing with 2
22
viscous liquids or thick suspensions. 1/12/2021
2
2) Magnetic stirrer
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23
Magnetic stirrer
1/12/2021 24
24
2) Mechanical mixer
Different types of mixers ,such as tumbling mixers, convective
mixers, fluidized bed mixers and shear mixer are used
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25
❑For example: Ball milling are commonly used for solids dispersion
and particle size reduction due to the high shear conditions they
develop.
Proposed schematic diagram of the high energy ball milling

synthesis mechanism for the fabrication of RP-TiO 2 nanohybrids.
1/12/2021 26
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1/12/2021 27

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Lecture Contents

Introduction: Lec.3 1/12/2021 11

Technology that deals with

• Nano-size means atom

❑ Constituents have at least one dimension in the nanometer scale.

❑Nanotechnology is structuring or production of materials in

❑Nanocomposites are materials with a small content of nano

❑Three types of nanomaterial are commonly mixed with plastics:

❑ Nanocomposites is particularly effective (giving high performance

1. Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs);

2. In most cases, ceramic-matrix nanocomposites encompass a metal as the

3. Nanocomposite from these combinations were demonstrated in improving

2. Metal matrix nanocomposites

❑ One of the more important nanocomposites is Carbon nanotube metal

❑ In addition to carbon nanotube metal matrix composites, boron nitride

3. Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNCs);

❑ This strategy is particularly effective in yielding high performance

❑ A polymer solution particulate

Photograph showing a fibre being Scanning electron microscopy image of

❑ In order to avoid rise in

The mixture is poured in a mold. The plate was completely

❑ The rotating field created by a rotating magnet, placed

❑ The limited size of the bar means that magnetic stirrers

Proposed schematic diagram of the high energy ball milling

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