Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

SEMINAR ON
NANOMATERIA
LS
Presented by-
Dhirendra kumar Tiwari
Introduction
 Nanomaterials are application with morphological features
smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one
dimension.
 Nanomaterials are increasingly receiving recognition as
practical structural and functional materials with good
prospects, and have been developed extensively in recent
years.
 Because of the decrement in particle size, some physical and
mechanical properties of the Nanomaterials will be changed
greatly.
 Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very
different properties compared to what they exhibit on a
macroscale, enabling unique applications.
Classification of Nanostructured Materials
Sketches of Nanocrystalline Materials
(a) Crystalline (with vacancy) (b) Nanocrystalline (c) Amorphous solids
Nanocrystalline material with crystalline

grains, interfacial regions and a Large
volume fraction of pores.
Physical Properties of Nanomaterials
 Nanomaterials may have a significantly lower melting point or phase
transition temperature and appreciably reduced lattice constant due to a
huge fraction of surface atoms in the total amount of atoms.
 Mechanical properties of the Nano materials are one or two order of
magnitude higher than that of single crystals in the bulk form, due to
reduced probability of defects.
 Electrical conductivity decreases with a reduced dimension due to
increased surface scattering.
 Magnetic property of the nanostructured materials are distinctly
different from that of bulk materials. Ferromagnetism of bulk material
disappears and transfers to super magnetism in the nanometer scale due
to huge surface energy.
 Heat treatment of Nano materials increases the diffusion of impurities,
intrinsic structural defects and dislocations.
Materials Used In Nanotechnology
 Materials referred to as "nanomaterials“ generally fall into

two categories:-
 Fullerenes, and
 Inorganic nanoparticles
 Nanomaterials can be natural or manmade. For example,
Nanoparticles are produced naturally by plants, algae and
volcanic activity. They have also been created for thousands
of years as products of cooking and burning, and more
recently from vehicle exhausts. Some proteins in the body,
which control things
Fullerenes
 The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon which
conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or
spheres.
 These include the carbon nanotubes which are of interest
due to both their mechanical strength and their electrical
properties
 A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a
large current between two nearby graphite electrodes in
an inert atmosphere.
Nanoparticles
 Nanoparticles or nanocrystals made of metals,
semiconductors, or oxides are of interest for their
mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, chemical and
other properties
 Nanoparticles have been used as quantum dots and as
chemical catalysts
 Nanoparticles exhibit a number of special properties
relative to bulk material
 Nanoparticles have a very high surface area to volume
ratio.
 This provides a tremendous driving force for diffusion,
especially at elevated temperatures.
Nanocrystalline Materials
 Included here are ceramics, metals, and metal oxide

Nanoparticles.
 These materials are assembled from nanometer-sized
building blocks, mostly crystallites.
 Nanometals and oxides are also widely used in the
formation of nanocomposites.
Nanointermediates
 Nanostructured films, dispersions, high surface area

materials, and suprmolecular assemblies are the
high utility intermediates to many products with
improved properties such as solar cells and
batteries, sensors, catalysts, coatings, and drug
delivery systems. They have been fabricated using
various techniques.
Nanocomposites
 Nanocomposites are materials with a nanoscale structure
that improve the macroscopic properties of products.
Typically, nanocomposites are clay, polymer or carbon,
or a combination of these materials with nanoparticle
building blocks.
 Nanocomposites can greatly enhance the properties of
materials. For example, ppm level impurities can result
in the formation of nanoscale aluminide secondary
phases in aluminum alloys, increasing their strength and
corrosion resistance.
Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials
 Nanomaterials behave differently than other similarly-
sized particles
 It is therefore necessary to develop specialized approaches
to testing and monitoring their effects on human health
and on the environment.
 Increased rate of absorption is the main concern associated
with manufactured nanoparticles.
 The particles must be absorbed in sufficient quantities in
order to pose health risks.
Good Things Come In Small Packages
A Right Proverb For Nanomaterials

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SEMINAR ON

(a) Crystalline (with vacancy) (b) Nanocrystalline (c) Amorphous solids

Nanocrystalline material with crystalline

 Materials referred to as "nanomaterials“ generally fall into

 Included here are ceramics, metals, and metal oxide

 Nanostructured films, dispersions, high surface area

A Right Proverb For Nanomaterials

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