Ed Igcse Vietnam

The Vietnam Conflict, 1945–75
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First published 2020
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ISBN 978-1-913887-10-0
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Contents
How to use this book............................................................................................. 6 Silent Majority ...................................................................................................... 0
What is this book about? ..................................................................................... 7 Political Support for the Vietnam War ............................................................ 0
Revision suggestions ............................................................................................ 9 Peace Negotiations ............................................................................................... 0
Easter Offensive, 1972.......................................................................................... 0

Timelines
Paris Peace Accords, 1973.................................................................................... 0
Vietnam War ........................................................................................................ 10
Fall of Saigon, 1975 ............................................................................................... 0
The Struggle Against France for Independence, 1945–54 Cost of the Vietnam War..................................................................................... 0
French Rule of Vietnam ..................................................................................... 12 Reasons for the USA's Failure ............................................................................ 0
General Giap ........................................................................................................ 13 Impact on Civilians.............................................................................................. 0
Dien Bien Phu, 1954 ............................................................................................ 13 Richard Nixon ....................................................................................................... 0
Geneva Accords, 1954...........................................................................................0 Henry Kissinger.................................................................................................... 0
US Policy and Intervention, 1954–64 Ngo Dinh Diem ..................................................................................................... 0
Domino Theory......................................................................................................0 Walter Cronkite .................................................................................................... 0
Ho Chi Minh...........................................................................................................0 Glossary................................................................................................................. 15
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Vietcong ..................................................................................................................0 Index ...................................................................................................................... 18
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Strategic Hamlet Program...................................................................................0
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Phoenix Program ..................................................................................................0
Battle of Ap Bac, 1963............................................................................................0
Diem Government Overthrow ...........................................................................0
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Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964 .............................................................................0
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Tactics of the Vietcong..........................................................................................0
Tactics of the USA..................................................................................................0
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Confrontation in the Vietnam War, Escalation 1964–68
Siege of Khe Sanh, 1968........................................................................................0
Battle of Hue, 1968.................................................................................................0
Tet Offensive ..........................................................................................................0
Nixon and Ford’s Policies – Vietnamisation, Peace, and

Communist Victory,1969–75
Vietnamisation ......................................................................................................0
Nixon Doctrine ......................................................................................................0
Cambodia Attacks, 1970.......................................................................................0
Laos Attacks, 1971 ..................................................................................................0
North Vietnam Bombing .....................................................................................0
The Impact of Conflict on Civilians in Vietnam and Attitudes in

the USA
Opposition to Vietnam War ................................................................................0
Student Movement ...............................................................................................0
Draft System ..........................................................................................................0
My Lai Massacre, 1968..........................................................................................0
Kent State University Protests............................................................................0
Opposition from Politicians to the Vietnam War...........................................0
Hard Hats................................................................................................................0
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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
How
In to use
this study this
guide, book
you will see a series of icons, highlighted words and page references. The key below will help you quickly
establish what these mean and where to go for more information.
Icons
WHAT questions cover the key events and themes.
WHO questions cover the key people involved.
WHEN questions cover the timings of key events.
WHERE questions cover the locations of key moments.
WHY questions cover the reasons behind key events.
HOW questions take a closer look at the way in which events, situations and trends occur.
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IMPORTANCE questions take a closer look at the significance of events, situations, and recurrent trends and themes.
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DECISIONS questions take a closer look at choices made at events and situations during this era.
Highlighted words
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Abdicate - occasionally, you will see certain words highlighted within an answer. This means that, if you need it, you’ll find an
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explanation of the word or phrase in the glossary which starts on page 15.
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Page references
Tudor (p.7) - occasionally, a certain subject within an answer is covered in more depth on a different page. If you’d like to learn
more about it, you can go directly to the page indicated.
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WHAT IS THIS BOOK ABOUT?
What is this book about?

The Vietnam Conflict 1945 - 75 is a modern investigation and breadth study that details the key events and people
involved in the Vietnam Conflict. It covers the military conflict in Vietnam, the involvement of the USA, and the impact
of global political conflicts.The course also investigates the French occupation and the impact of the conflict. You will
focus on crucial events and study the different social, cultural, political and economic changes that occurred.
Purpose
This study enables you to understand the complexities and challenges of democracy versus communism, of war versus
peace and of protest versus nationalism. You will investigate themes such as democracy, communism, dictatorship,
government, propaganda, censorship, tactics, strategies and politics. This course will enable you to develop the
historical skills of causation and consequence, and encourage you to analyse and evaluate contemporary sources as well
as interpretations of the time period.
Topics
The Vietnam Conflict, 1945 - 75 is split into 5 key topics:
In Topic 1, The Vietnamese Struggle against France for independence, 1945 - 54, you will study the beginnings of
the Vietnam conflict. This includes the tactics of General Giap, the search for a diplomatic solution and the
French defeat at Dien Bien Phu.
In Topic 2, US policy and intervention in the Vietnamese War, 1954 - 64, you will examine life in North and South
Vietnam, as well as Ho Chi Minh's attempts to unite Vietnam and the Gulf of Tonkin incidents.
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In Topic 3, Confrontation in the Vietnam War, you will focus on the escalation in 1964 - 68, how the USA took the
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lead in the war, and the roles of McNamara, General Westmoreland and President Johnson.
In Topic 4, you will focus on President Nixon and President Ford's policies with regards to the Vietnam War. This
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will include the failure of the peace talks, how the war extended into Cambodia and Laos, and how it linked to
Vietnamisation.
In Topic 5, the impact of the conflict on civilians in Vietnam and attitudes in the USA, you will investigate the
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impact on civilians in Vietnam and the USA. You will also study the tactics of guerrilla warfare, the battle for
'hearts and minds', the Phoenix Program and bombing during the Vietnam War.
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Key Individuals
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Some of the key individuals studied on this course include:
Ho Chi Minh.
General Giap.
Ngo Dinh Diem.
President Truman.
President Kennedy.
President Eisenhower.
President Johnson.
President Nixon.
President Ford.
Henry Kissinger.
Key Events
Some of the key events you will study on this course include:
French defeat at Dien Bien Phu.
Vietnam split at the 17th parallel.
France leaving Vietnam.
Gulf of Tonkin incidents.
Tet Offensive.
My Lai Massacre.
Paris Peace Accords.
The draft.
Vietnamisation.
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WHAT IS THIS BOOK ABOUT?
US bombing of Cambodia and Laos.

Kent State Incident.
Pentagon Papers published.
The Fall of Saigon.
Assessment
The Vietnam Conflict 1945 - 75 forms part of paper 2 where you have a total of 1 hour and 30 minutes to complete. You
should spend 45 minutes on this section of the paper. There will be 1 exam question on The Vietnam Conflict 1945 - 75.
The question will be broken down into 4 sections; a, b, c(i) and c(ii). You will answer a, b and either c(i) or c(ii).
Question a is worth 6 marks. This question will require you to examine an extract and assesses your ability to
analyse and evaluate a historical interpretation. You will need to identify the author's opinion or perspective by
analysing the language the author uses and what they have chosen to comment on. You will explain how valid the
overall impression is by using your own knowledge to evaluate that impression.
Question b is worth 8 marks. This question will require you to explain two effects of an event on something else
by using your contextual knowledge and looking at the consequences. You will need to identify two effects and
then demonstrate how the event led to the effect you have identified.
Question c(i) and c(ii) are worth 16 marks. This question will require you to construct an argument to support and
challenge an interpretation stated in the question. You will be given two pieces of information to help jog your
memory but you must use information of your own. You will have the opportunity to show your ability to explain
and analyse historical events using 2nd order concepts such as causation, consequence, change, continuity,
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similarity and difference.
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VIETNAM WAR
Vietnam War TIMELINE
September - Ho Chi Minh created a Provisional Government (p.0)

1945
September - Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent (p.0)
1946 December - Indo-China war started
July - America pledged $15 million to France (p.12)

1950
1954 March - Dien Bien Phu started (p.13)
July - France left Vietnam (p.12)
April - President Eisenhower discussed 'Domino Theory' (p.0)
1955
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July - Geneva conference agreements announced (p.0)
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1956 February - USA began training South Vietnamese Troops (p.0)
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March - President Diem held elections in South Vietnam
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October - Saigon suffered first terrorists bombings 1957
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1960 December - National Liberation Front created
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November - John F Kennedy elected President of the United States
March - Strategic Hamlet program started (p.0)

1962
1963 November - President Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon B Johnson became

President of the United States
August - Gulf of Tonkin incidents (p.0)

1964
1968 January - Tet Offensive launched (p.0)
January - Iconic CBS News anchor, Walter Cronkite, claimed the

Vietnam War could not be won (p.0)
February - My Lai Massacre (p.0)
April - Dr Martin Luther King assassinated
May - Paris Peace Talks began (p.0)
January - President Nixon became President of the United States (p.0)

1969
March - Secret bombing of Cambodia and Laos started (p.0)
September - Ho Chi Minh died (p.0)
1970 May - Kent State Massacre (p.0)

VIETNAM WAR
June - Pentagon papers released 1971
1972 June - Watergate break in
November - Nixon won a second term as president (p.0)
January - Ceasefire signed 1973
March - Last American troops left Vietnam
1974 August - Nixon resigned; Gerald Ford became president
April - President Ford announced the end of the Vietnam War 1975
1974 April - Saigon evacuated the last remaining Americans
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FRENCH RULE OF VIETNAM
'Let us unite and unify our action to overthrow the Japanese and the French.'
Ho Chi Minh, 1941
Who controlled Vietnam before the Second World War?

France fully took over Indochina in the late 19th century. France lost control to the Japanese during the Second World
War, but wanted to regain it in 1945.
Who supported French rule in Vietnam?

French rule in Vietnam was supported by the USA, under President Truman, after March 1945. They provided around
$500 million a year in support.
Why did the USA support French rule in Vietnam?

The US wanted to prevent communism spreading in Asia, particularly after the fall of China to communism in 1949.
Who challenged French rule in Vietnam?
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French rule in Vietnam was challenged by the Vietminh, a Vietnamese resistance movement founded to fight the
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Japanese during the Second World War. It was led by the communist Ho Chi Minh (p.0).
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How was French rule in Vietnam defeated?
The Vietminh used guerrilla warfare to defeat the French.
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What were the reasons for the defeat of French rule in Vietnam?
a
There were 6 main reasons why the French were defeated in Vietnam.
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The Vietminh were able to use their excellent geographical knowledge to their advantage, using it to launch surprise
attacks on the French.
The Vietminh were aided by China and the USSR, who sent troops and supplies.
Villagers supported the Vietminh, by spying and deploying supplies.
The Vietminh used guerrilla warfare.
The French troops did not care about regaining control of Vietnam. France also underestimated the Vietminh.
There was limited assistance from the US.
When did the French rule end in Vietnam?

The French left Vietnam in July 1956.
Did you know: France gained control over North Vietnam following its victory over China in 1885.
France gained control over North Vietnam following its victory over China in
1885.

GENERAL GIAP
General Giap built a highly disciplined communist force that was to eventually force the US from
Vietnam.
Who was General Giap?

A Vietnamese Communist and eventual general of the North Vietnam Army.
What were General Giap's tactics?

He used 2 main tactics:
Guerilla warfare.
Waves of troops in huge numbers.
Did you know: Giap had no direct military training and was a history teacher. He said his two
greatest influences were T E Lawrence and Napoleon.
Giap had no direct military training and was a history teacher. He said his two
greatest influences were T E Lawrence and Napoleon.
DIEN BIEN PHU, 1954
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'Underestimation of nonconventional units or a guerrilla enemy by regular forces is a cardinal military
sin.'
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Howard R Simpson, historian
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What was Dien Bien Phu?
Dien Bien Phu was a decisive battle between French and North Vietnamese troops in 1954.
When did Dien Bien Phu take place?

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was fought for 57 days between 13th March and 7th May, 1954.
Who was involved at Dien Bien Phu?

France fought the Battle of Dien Bien Phu against North Vietnam and the Vietminh.
What was the result of Dien Bien Phu?

There were 5 significant results of Dien Bien Phu.
France lost the battle.
Over 3,000 French soldiers were killed and 8,000 were wounded.
The Vietminh lost 8,000 troops and a further 12,000 were wounded.
It was a massive humiliation for the French.
The remaining French soldiers were made to march to prisons located far away, with many dying during the journey.
Why did Dien Bien Phu happen?

The French felt one last large battle would defeat the communists.

How were the French defeated at Dien Bien Phu?
The French were defeated for 6 main reasons:
The 10,000 French soldiers defended an airfield known as Dien Bien Phu, which was in a valley.
The French were surrounded and had their supplies cut off by 50,000 Vietminh soldiers.
The Vietnamese were willing to use suicide bombers.
The Vietnamese managed to get artillery to the top of the surrounding hills and bombarded Dien Bien Phu.
They launched attacks with vast numbers of men and were willing to take heavy casualties.
The French ran out of essential supplies like water and medicines. Although they asked for help, neither the USA nor
Britain would come to their aid. The French surrendered on 7th May, 1954.
Why did the French surrender at Dien Bien Phu?

The French surrendered at Dien Bien Phu for 3 key reasons:
They had been defeated in the battle.
They could not secure support from outside parties such as Britain and the USA.
The French parliament voted 471 to 14 in support of ending the war and withdrawing from French Indochina.
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What were the consequences of Dien Bien Phu?
The defeat at Dien Bien Phu had 2 important consequences.
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It ended France's 8-year war with the Vietminh.
Over 400,000 soldiers and civilians lost their lives in the First Indochina War.
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GLOSSARY
Glossary
A
Containment - meaning to keep something under control or
within limits, it often refers to the American idea of stopping the
Air strike - an attack by aircraft, typically a bombing. spread of communism.
Allies - parties working together for a common objective, such as Corrupt - when someone is willing to act dishonestly for their
countries involved in a war. In both world wars, 'Allies' refers to own personal gain.
those countries on the side of Great Britain.
Culture - the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular
Ammunition - collective term given to bullets and shells. people or society.
Amputate, Amputation - to surgically remove a limb from

someone's body. D
Artillery - large guns used in warfare. Deadlock - a situation where no action can be taken and neither
side can make progress against the other; effectively a draw.
Assassinate - to murder someone, usually an important figure,
often for religious or political reasons. Defect - the act of defection; to leave your country or cause for
another.
Assassination - the act of murdering someone, usually an
important person. Demilitarised - to remove all military forces from an area and
forbid them to be stationed there.
Attrition - the act of wearing down an enemy until they collapse
through continued attacks. Democracy - a political system where a population votes for its
government on a regular basis. The word is Greek for 'the rule of
people' or 'people power'.
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B
Democratic - relating to or supporting the principles of
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Booby traps - seemingly harmless devices concealing something democracy.
that will kill, harm or surprise. Especially in warfare, booby traps
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were often set off by a wire and contained explosives. Deploy - to move military troops or equipment into position or a
place so they are ready for action.
Bribe, Bribery, Bribes - to dishonestly persuade someone to do
something for you in return for money or other inducements. Discriminate, Discrimination - to treat a person or group of
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people differently and in an unfair way.
a
C
E
Campaign - a political movement to get something changed; in
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military terms, it refers to a series of operations to achieve a goal. Economic - relating to the economy; also used when justifying
something in terms of profitability.
Casualties - people who have been injured or killed, such as
during a war, accident or catastrophe. Economy - a country, state or region's position in terms of
production and consumption of goods and services, and the
Ceasefire - when the various sides involved in conflict agree to supply of money.
stop fighting.
Embassy - historically, a deputation sent by one ruler, state or
Censorship - the control of information in the media by a country to another. More recently, it is also the accepted name for
government, whereby information considered obscene or the official residence or offices of an ambassador.
unacceptable is suppressed.
Civil rights - the rights a citizen has to political or social freedoms, F

such as the right to vote or freedom of speech.
Fatalities, Fatality - Deaths.
Civilian - a non-military person.
Foreign policy - a government's strategy for dealing with other
Claim - someone's assertion of their right to something - for nations.
example, a claim to the throne.
Communism - the belief, based on the ideas of Karl Marx, that all G
people should be equal in society without government, money or
private property. Everything is owned by by the people, and each Guerrilla tactics, Guerrilla warfare - a way of fighting that
person receives according to need. typically involves hit-and-run style tactics.
Communist - a believer in communism. Guerrillas - groups of small, independent fighters usually

involved in a war against larger, regular military forces.
Conference - a formal meeting to discuss common issues of
interest or concern.
H
Conscription - mandatory enlistment of people into a state
service, usually the military. Harvest - the process of gathering and collecting crops.

GLOSSARY
Hippies - Groups of Americans who 'dropped out' of traditional

life. Most did not go to college or work and travelled around the
N
country, organising music festivals and protests against the Napalm - a petrol based chemical, used to devastating effect in
Vietnam war and campaigning for world peace. conflict as it sticks to skin and causes terrible burns.
Nationalism, Nationalist, Nationalistic - identifying with your

I own nation and supporting its interests, often to the detriment or
exclusion of other nations.
Impeach, Impeachment - to charge someone, usually a
high-ranking government official, with treason or a crime against
the state. P
Independence, Independent - to be free of control, often meaning POW, Prisoner of war, Prisoners of war - somebody who has been
by another country, allowing the people of a nation the ability to captured and taken prisoner by enemy forces.
govern themselves.
Pacification - Making something, or someone, peaceful.
Industrial - related to industry, manufacturing and/or production.
Parliament - a group of politicians who make the laws of their
Industry - the part of the economy concerned with turning raw country, usually elected by the population.
materials into into manufactured goods, for example making
furniture from wood. Peasant - a poor farmer.
International relations - the relationships between different Persecution - hostility towards or harassment of someone, usually
countries. due to their race, religion or political beliefs.
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Phonetic Alphabet - A series of code words to indicate different
L letters of the alphabet, E.G 'Alpha' to mean 'A'.
l
Left wing - used to describe political groups or individuals with Poll - a vote or survey.
p
beliefs that are usually centered around socialism and the idea of
reform. Population - the number of people who live in a specified place.
Legislation - a term for laws when they are considered Poverty - the state of being extremely poor.
m
collectively, for example housing legislation.
President - the elected head of state of a republic.
a
Legitimacy, Legitimate - accepted by law or conforming to the
rules; can be defended as valid. Prevent, Preventative, Preventive - steps taken to stop something
from happening.
S
Limb - an arm or leg.
Propaganda - biased information aimed at persuading people to
think a certain way.
M
Prosecute - to institute or conduct legal proceedings against a
Mandate - authority to carry out a policy. person or organisation.
Massacre - the deliberate and brutal slaughter of many people. Psychological - referring to a person's mental or emotional state.
Mercenary - someone who takes action in order to earn money,

rather than out of principle. R
Middle class - refers to the socio-economic group which includes Radical, Radicalism - people who want complete or extensive
people who are educated and have professional jobs, such as change, usually politically or socially.
teachers or lawyers.
Raid - a quick surprise attack on the enemy.
Military force - the use of armed forces.
Rebels - people who rise in opposition or armed resistance against
Militia - an army created from the general population. an established government or leader.
Mine - an explosive device usually hidden underground or Reform, Reforming - change, usually in order to improve an
underwater. institution or practice.
Minister - a senior member of government, usually responsible Refugee, Refugees - a person who has been forced to leave where
for a particular area such as education or finance. they live due to war, disaster or persecution.
Monk - a member of a religious community, often living a simple Restoration - to return something to its former owner, place or
life of poverty, chastity and work. condition; this includes returning a monarch to the throne or a
head of state to government.
Morale - general mood of a group of people.
Revolution - the forced overthrow of a government or social
Morals - a person's set of rules about what they consider right and system by its own people.
wrong, used to guide their actions and behaviour.
Rig, Rigged - politically, to interfere in or fix an election to

GLOSSARY
determine the winner.
Right wing - a political view with beliefs centred around

nationalism and a desire for an authoritarian government
opposed to communism.
S
Sanctions - actions taken against states who break international
laws, such as a refusal to trade with them or supply necessary
commodities.
Scandal, Scandalous - something that angers or shocks people

because rules or accepted standards of behaviour have been
broken.
Search and destroy, Seek and destroy - a tactic used by the US in

Vietnam. Helicopters brought in soldiers who searched out the
enemy in a specific area, such as a village, destroyed them, and
then left.
Siege - action by enemy forces to surround a place or building,

cutting off access and supplies, with the aim of either destroying
it, gaining entry, or starving the inhabitants out.
e
Soviet - an elected workers' council at local, regional or national
l
level in the former Soviet Union. It can also be a reference to the
Soviet Union or the USSR.
p
Stalemate - a situation where no action can be taken and neither
side can make progress against the other; effectively a draw.
m
State, States - an area of land or a territory ruled by one
government.
a
Strategy - a plan of action outlining how a goal will be achieved.
S
Strike - a refusal by employees to work as a form of protest,
usually to bring about change in their working conditions. It puts
pressure on their employer, who cannot run the business without
workers.
Submission, Submit - a formal surrender and acceptance of a new

authority.
Superior - better or higher in rank, status or quality.
T
Tactic - a strategy or method of achieving a goal.
Terrain - a stretch of land and usually used to refer to its physical

features, eg mountainous, jungle etc.
Territories, Territory - an area of land under the control of a ruler/

country.
Treaty - a formal agreement, signed and ratified by two or more

parties.
V
Veteran, Veterans - an ex-soldier.

INDEX
Index
A
Kent State Protest - 0
Khe Sanh, Siege of - 0
Ap Bac, Battle of - 0
Kissinger, Henry - 0
Attrition - 0
L
B
Laos, invasion 1971 - 0
Booby traps, Vietcong - 0
M
C
Media war, Vietnam - 0
Cambodia, invasion 1970 - 0
My Lai Massacre - 0
Chemical weapons - 0
Cost of the Vietnam War - 0
N
Cronkite, Walter - 0
Nixon Doctrine - 0
Nixon, Richard - 0
D
North Vietnam, Easter Offensive - 0
Diem, President - 0
e
Diem, overthrow - 0
O
l
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of - 13
Operation Rolling Thunder - 0
Domino Theory - 0
p
Draft system - 0
P
Paris Peace Accords - 0
m
E
Peace negotiations, Vietnam War - 0
a
Easter Offensive, North Vietnam - 0
Phoenix Program - 0
Easter Offensive, US - 0
S
Political opposition to Vietnam War - 0
President Diem - 0
F
President Nixon - 0
Fall of Saigon - 0
French occupation of Vietnam - 12
R
Reasons for USA's failure in Vietnam - 0
G
General Giap - 13
S
Geneva Accords - 0
Saigon, Fall of - 0
Guerrilla warfare, Vietcong - 0
Search and destroy - 0
Gulf of Tonkin Incident, first - 0
Silent Majority - 0
Gulf of Tonkin Incident, second - 0
Strategic Hamlet programme - 0
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - 0
Student Movement - 0
Support for Vietnam War - 0
H
Hard Hats - 0
T
Ho Chi Minh - 0
TV during Vietnam War - 0
Ho Chi Minh Trail - 0
Tactics, USA - 0
Hue, Battle of - 0
Tactics, Vietcong - 0
Tet Offensive - 0
K
Tonkin, Gulf of - 0 0

INDEX
U
US
Political opposition to Vietnam War - 0
Support for Vietnam War - 0
The Silent Majority - 0
US tactics
Attrition - 0
Chemical weapons - 0
Helicopters - 0
Operation Rolling Thunder - 0
Search and destroy - 0
Vietnam - 0
V
VC - 0
Vietcong - 0
e
Booby traps - 0
l
Guerrilla warfare - 0
p
Ho Chi Minh Trail - 0
Tactics - 0
Tunnels - 0
m
Vietnam
a
Cost of war - 0
French occupation - 12
S
Impact on civilians - 0
Peace negotiations - 0
Political opposition - 0
President Diem - 0
Tet Offensive - 0
The media war - 0
Vietnamisation - 0

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The Vietnam Conflict, 1945–75

The Vietnam Conflict, 1945–75

Cover by: William James Cunneen on Crown Copyright / Wikimedia Commons

Icons by: flaticon and freepik

Edited by Paul Connolly and Rebecca Parsley

Design by Evgeni Veskov and Will Fox

All rights reserved

GCSEHistory.com GCSEHistory.com GCSEHistory.com GCSEHistory.com GCSEHistory.com GCSEHistory.com

STUDY GUIDE STUDY GUIDE STUDY GUIDE

China: Conflict, Crisis and Change,

Revision suggestions ............................................................................................ 9 Peace Negotiations ............................................................................................... 0

Easter Offensive, 1972.......................................................................................... 0

US Policy and Intervention, 1954–64 Ngo Dinh Diem ..................................................................................................... 0

Domino Theory......................................................................................................0 Walter Cronkite .................................................................................................... 0

Ho Chi Minh...........................................................................................................0 Glossary................................................................................................................. 15

Battle of Ap Bac, 1963............................................................................................0

Diem Government Overthrow ...........................................................................0

Tactics of the USA..................................................................................................0

Battle of Hue, 1968.................................................................................................0

Tet Offensive ..........................................................................................................0

Nixon and Ford’s Policies – Vietnamisation, Peace, and

Nixon Doctrine ......................................................................................................0

Cambodia Attacks, 1970.......................................................................................0

Laos Attacks, 1971 ..................................................................................................0

North Vietnam Bombing .....................................................................................0

The Impact of Conflict on Civilians in Vietnam and Attitudes in

Student Movement ...............................................................................................0

Draft System ..........................................................................................................0

My Lai Massacre, 1968..........................................................................................0

Kent State University Protests............................................................................0

Opposition from Politicians to the Vietnam War...........................................0

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WHO questions cover the key people involved.

WHEN questions cover the timings of key events.

WHERE questions cover the locations of key moments.

WHY questions cover the reasons behind key events.

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What is this book about?

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US bombing of Cambodia and Laos.

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Vietnam War TIMELINE

September - Ho Chi Minh created a Provisional Government (p.0)

September - Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent (p.0)

1946 December - Indo-China war started

July - America pledged $15 million to France (p.12)

1954 March - Dien Bien Phu started (p.13)

July - France left Vietnam (p.12)

April - President Eisenhower discussed 'Domino Theory' (p.0)

March - Strategic Hamlet program started (p.0)

1963 November - President Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon B Johnson became

August - Gulf of Tonkin incidents (p.0)

1968 January - Tet Offensive launched (p.0)

January - Iconic CBS News anchor, Walter Cronkite, claimed the

February - My Lai Massacre (p.0)

April - Dr Martin Luther King assassinated

May - Paris Peace Talks began (p.0)

January - President Nixon became President of the United States (p.0)