Mock Exam Practise Qs

Chemistry A (H032, H432)
Mock Exam Practise Qs

Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9
Islam Daoud
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1(a) This question is about the properties and reactions of the Group 2 element strontium.
The relative atomic mass of strontium can be determined using a mass spectrometer.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term relative atomic mass of an element.
[2]
(ii) A sample of strontium has a relative atomic mass of 87.73.
The sample consists of:
• 82.9% Sr-88
• 6.9% Sr-87
• one other isotope.
Determine the other isotope of strontium in the sample.
isotope of strontium = ...................................................... [2]
(b) When hydrated strontium chloride is heated, the water of crystallisation is removed, leaving a residue of
anhydrous strontium chloride.
A student carries out an experiment to find the value of x in the formula of hydrated strontium chloride,
SrCl2•xH2O.
The student’s method is outlined below.
Step 1
Weigh an empty crucible.
Add SrCl2•xH2O to the crucible and reweigh.
Step 2
Heat the crucible and contents for 10 minutes.
Allow to cool and reweigh.
Step 3
Heat the crucible and residue for another 5 minutes.
Allow to cool and weigh the crucible and residue.
Repeat step 3 a further two times.
The student’s results are shown below:
Mass of empty crucible / g 15.96

Mass of crucible + SrCl2•xH2O / g 18.65
First mass of crucible + residue / g 17.66
Second mass of crucible + residue / g 17.61
Third mass of crucible + residue / g 17.58
Fourth mass of crucible + residue / g 17.58
(i) Calculate the value of x in SrCl2•xH2O.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
x = ...................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest why the student takes four readings of the mass of the crucible and residue.
[1]
(iii) Suggest two modifications to the method that would reduce the percentage uncertainty in the mass of the
residue.
[2]
2(a) A solution of magnesium nitrate can be prepared by reacting magnesium carbonate, MgCO3,with nitric acid,
HNO3(aq).
The equation is shown below.
MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the minimum volume, in cm3, of 1.75 mol dm–3 HNO3 that is needed to prepare a solution containing
5.00 g of Mg(NO3)2.
volume =......................................................cm3 [3]

(b) Magnesium nitrate decomposes when heated, as shown in the equation.
2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Using oxidation numbers, show which element has been oxidised and which has been reduced when
magnesium nitrate decomposes.
State the changes in oxidation numbers, including all signs.
Element oxidised ......................................................
Oxidation number change: from ............. to .............
Element reduced ......................................................
Oxidation number change: from ............. to .............
[2]
3 This question is about nickel and its compounds.
A student completely reacts 0.192 g of nickel with 0.150 mol dm–3 HCl(aq).
(i) Calculate the minimum volume, in cm3, of 0.150 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) that the student needs for the reaction.
minimum volume of HCl(aq) = .................................................. cm3 [3]
(ii) Calculate the volume of H2(g), in cm3, that would be produced at RTP.
volume of H2(g) = .................................................. cm3 [1]
(iii) The student repeats the experiment with 0.192 g of magnesium instead of nickel, using the same volume of
0.150 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) as in (i).
State and explain whether the volume of H2(g) produced would be greater than, smaller than, or the same
as, the value you have calculated in (ii).
[2]
4(a) Enthalpy changes of combustion can be determined directly by experiment.
A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of cyclohexane, C6H12,
using the apparatus shown in the diagram.
In the experiment, 0.525 g of cyclohexane are burnt, and the temperature of the 200 cm3 of water changes from
21.0 °C to 41.0 °C.
Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, Δc H, of cyclohexane in kJ mol–1.
Δc H = ............................................ kJ mol–1 [4]

(b) The student finds that their experimental value for Δc H is less exothermic than the value in a data book.
The student evaluates the experimental results.
(i) The uncertainty in each thermometer reading is ±0.5 °C and the uncertainty in the measured volume of water
is ±2 cm3.
Determine whether the temperature change or the measured volume of water has the greater percentage
uncertainty.
[2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons, apart from measurement uncertainties, why the experimental value for Δc H is less
exothermic than the data book value.
Reason 1
Reason 2
[2]
(iii) In the experiment the water in the beaker was heated for 5 minutes. The student thought that the experiment
could be improved by heating the water for 10 minutes.
Explain whether the accuracy in the student’s calculated value for Δc H may or may not be improved by
heating for longer.
[2]
5(a) Glutaric acid is used in the production of polymers.
The formula of glutaric acid can be represented as HOOC(CH2) n COOH, where n is a whole number.
A student carries out a titration to find the value of n.
1. The student dissolves 2.891 g of glutaric acid in water and makes up the solution to 250.0 cm3 in a
volumetric flask.
2. The student transfers 25.0 cm3 of this solution into a conical flask.
3. The student titrates the solution with 0.240 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) in the burette.
Equation:
HOOC(CH2) n COOH(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaOOC(CH2) n COONa(aq) + 2H2O(l)
The student uses phenolphthalein as the indicator.

Phenolphthalein is colourless in acid and pink in alkali.
State the colour change observed at the end point of the titration.
Colour from ....................................................... to ....................................................... [1]

(b) The student carries out a trial titration followed by three further titrations, 1, 2 and 3.
The results are shown in the table below.
Titration Trial 1 2 3
3
Final reading / cm 18.70 36.55 18.30 36.60
3
Initial reading / cm 0.20 18.50 0.10 18.30
3
Titre / cm
[1]
(i) Complete the table to show the titre in each titration.
[1]
(ii) Why does the student carry out a trial titration?
[1]
(iii) Calculate the mean titre of NaOH(aq) that the student should use for analysing the results.
mean titre = .................................................. cm3 [1]
(iv) In the titration, the uncertainty in each burette reading is ± 0.05 cm3.
Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the titre for Titration 1.
percentage uncertainty = ..................................................... % [1]
(c) Calculate the value of n in HOOC(CH2) n COOH.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
n = .......................................................... [5]
3 3
(d) A 25.0 cm pipette was used to measure out the 25.0 cm of glutaric acid solution for each titration.
Before use, one student washed the pipette out with water instead of the glutaric acid solution.
State the effect of this mistake on the titre.
Explain your answer.
Effect
Explanation
[2]
6(a) Lime is a citrus fruit containing citric acid, C6H8O7.
A student carries out a titration to determine the mass of citric acid in a lime.
The student follows the method below:
• Squeeze the juice out of two limes.
• Transfer the juice into a 250.0cm3 volumetric flask and make up to the mark with distilled water.
• Pipette 25.0cm3 of the diluted lime juice into a conical flask and add a few drops of phenolphthalein
indicator.
• Titrate this solution with 0.800 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq).
The student carries out a trial titration, followed by three further titrations.
The diagram shows the burette readings for the three further titrations.
Each reading is measured to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(i) Record the student’s burette readings in the table below.
Calculate the mean titre, to the nearest 0.05 cm3, that the student should use to analyse the results.
Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3

3
Final reading/cm
Initial reading/cm3
Titre/cm3
mean titre .................................................. cm3 [4]
(ii) Citric acid, C6H8O7, is neutralised by NaOH as shown in the equation below.
C6H8O7 + 3NaOH→Na3C6H5O7 + 3H2O
Calculate the mass, in g, of citric acid in one lime.
Assume that citric acid (M r = 192.0) is the only acid in lime juice.
mass of citric acid in one lime = ...................................................... g [5]
(b) The student’s teacher thinks that there is an unnecessary safety risk in using a sodium hydroxide concentration
of 0.800 mol dm–3 for the titration.
Suggest how the student could modify the method using a sodium hydroxide concentration of 0.200 mol dm–3
instead of 0.800 mol dm–3.
The student should aim to have the same titre as in the original method.
Justify your answer
[2]
7(a) 2-Bromobutane, CH3CH2CHBrCH3, can be prepared by several different methods.
The relative molecular mass, M r, of 2-bromobutane is 136.9.
2-Bromobutane can be prepared by reacting butane with bromine (Reaction 5.1).
CH3CH2CH2CH3 + Br2 → CH3CH2CHBrCH3 + HBr Reaction 5.1
The reaction is initiated by the formation of bromine radicals from bromine.
(i) State the conditions for the formation of bromine radicals from bromine.
[1]
(ii) Write two equations for the propagation steps in the mechanism for Reaction 5.1.
Use structural formulae for organic species and dots (·) for unpaired electrons on radicals.
CH3CH2CH2CH3 + ................ → ......................................... + ................
.................................. + ................ → ......................................... + ................

............
[2]
(iii) The yield of CH3CH2CHBrCH3 is only 30%.
Suggest two reasons why the yield of CH3CH2CHBrCH3 is so low.
[2]
(b) 2-Bromobutane can also be prepared by reacting but-2-ene, CH3CH=CHCH3, with hydrogen bromide, HBr
(Reaction 5.2).
CH3CH=CHCH3 + HBr → CH3CH2CHBrCH3 Reaction 5.2
Explain, in terms of atom economy, why Reaction 5.2 is more sustainable than Reaction 5.1.
Include calculations to justify your answer.
[2]
(c) 2-Bromobutane can be prepared by reacting butan-2-ol, CH3CH2CHOHCH3, with sodium bromide and sulfuric
acid (Reaction 5.3).
CH3CH2CHOHCH3 + H+ + Br– → CH3CH2CHBrCH3 + H2O Reaction 5.3
2-Bromobutane is a liquid with a boiling point of 91 °C and does not mix with water.
(i) A student plans to prepare 10.0 g of 2-bromobutane using Reaction 5.3.
The percentage yield is 67.0%.
Calculate the mass of CH3CH2CHOHCH3 needed for this preparation.
mass = ...................................................... g [3]
(ii) The student mixes butan-2-ol, sodium bromide and sulfuric acid in a pear-shaped flask, and refluxes the
mixture.
After 1 hour, the mixture in the flask has separated into two layers: an aqueous layer and an organic layer.
Describe the procedures the student would need to carry out to obtain a pure, dry sample of 2-bromobutane
from this mixture.
[3]
8(a) The table below shows two physical properties of the element strontium.
Melting point high

Electrical conductivity very good
Explain these physical properties of strontium, in terms of bonding and structure.

Include a labelled diagram in your answer.
Diagram
Explanation
[5]
(b) A student adds a small amount of strontium to water.
When the reaction has finished, the student measures the pH of the final solution.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of strontium with water.
[1]
(ii) Describe two observations which would be different if the student had used calcium in place of strontium.
[2]
9 Magnesium nitrate is used in fertilisers as a source of nitrogen.
* A student plans to prepare 250.0 cm3 of a 0.4000 mol dm–3 solution of magnesium nitrate, starting from
magnesium nitrate crystals, Mg(NO3)2•6H2O.
Describe how the student would prepare the solution, giving full details of quantities, apparatus and method.
[6]
Nickel reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid in a redox reaction.
Ni(s) + 2HCl (aq) NiCl 2(aq) + H2(g)
Explain, in terms of the number of electrons transferred, whether nickel is oxidised or reduced.
[1]
11 Enthalpy changes of combustion can be determined directly by experiment.
Explain the term enthalpy change of combustion, Δc H.
[2]
A student is provided with samples of three nickel compounds.
One sample is nickel(II) bromide, another is nickel(II) sulfate and the third is nickel(II) carbonate. The student
doesn’t know which sample is which.
Describe the tests that the student could carry out to identify the anion (negative ion) in each sample, and write
equations for any reactions.
[6]
13(a) This question is about some elements in Period 4 of the periodic table.
The Period 4 element selenium is in the same group of the periodic table as oxygen.
Selenium and oxygen both form compounds with hydrogen with the formulae H2Se and H2O respectively.
(i) H2Se can be prepared by reacting aluminium selenide, Al 2Se3, with water.
Aluminium hydroxide and hydrogen selenide are formed.
Write the equation for this reaction.
[1]
(ii) The boiling points of H2O and H2Se are shown below.
Compound Boiling point / °C

H2O 100
H2Se –41
Explain why H2O has a higher boiling point than H2Se.
[3]
(b) Calcium reacts with bromine to form calcium bromide, CaBr2.
(i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in CaBr2.
Show outer electrons only.
[2]
(ii) The reaction of barium with bromine is more vigorous than the reaction of calcium with bromine.
Explain why.
[3]
14(a) This question is about compounds of sulfur.
Potassium sulfide, K2S, shows ionic bonding.
(i) Explain what is meant by ionic bonding.
[1]
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in K2S.

[2]
(b) Sulfur difluoride, SF2, shows covalent bonding.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in SF2.
[2]
(c) At room temperature, K2S is a solid, but SF2 is a gas.
Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain this difference.
[3]
15 A student carries out an investigation to find the enthalpy change for the decomposition of magnesium
carbonate, ΔH1 (Reaction 1).
Reaction 1 MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH1
This enthalpy change cannot be found directly. It can be determined indirectly from the enthalpy changes for the
reactions below, which can be found by experiment.
Reaction 2 MgCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ΔH2

Reaction 3 MgO(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH3
The enthalpy cycle is shown in Fig. 4.1.
Fig. 4.1
Determination of ΔH2 for Reaction 2
Student’s method
• Weigh a 250 cm3 polystyrene cup.
• Add about 100 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid (an excess) to the polystyrene cup and record the
initial temperature of the HCl (aq).
• Add 4.215 g MgCO3, stir the mixture, and record the final temperature.
• Weigh the polystyrene cup containing the final solution.
Results
Mass of polystyrene cup / g 21.415

Mass of polystyrene cup + final solution / g 124.425
Initial temperature of HCl (aq) / °C 20.40
Final temperature of solution / °C 25.40
Determination of ΔH3 for Reaction 3
The student uses the same method as for Reaction 2 but with MgO in place of MgCO3.
The student calculates ΔH3 for Reaction 3 as –136.1 kJ mol–1.
Use the student’s results to calculate ΔH2 for Reaction 2 and determine the enthalpy change ΔH1 , in kJ mol–1,
for the decomposition of magnesium carbonate (Reaction 1), using the energy cycle in Fig. 4.1.
Assume the specific heat capacity, c, of the reaction mixture is the same as for water.
[6]
16 Element A is in period 3 of the periodic table (Na-Ar).
The first six ionisation energies (I.E.) of element A are shown below.
1st I.E. / kJ 2nd I.E. / kJ 3rd I.E. / kJ 4th I.E. / kJ 5th I.E. / kJ 6th I.E. / kJ
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1
mol mol mol mol mol mol–1
789 1577 3232 4356 16091 19785
Identify element A.

Element A =
Explanation
[2]
17(a) A student investigates the rate of reaction between strontium and water.
Sr(s) + 2H2O(l) → Sr(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
The student’s method is shown below.

• Pour 100 cm3 of water into a conical flask.
• Add 0.26 g of strontium and quickly connect a 100 cm3 gas syringe.
• Measure the volume of gas produced every 10 seconds until all the strontium has reacted.
The student plots a graph of volume of gas produced against time as shown in Fig. 6.1.
Fig. 6.1
Draw a best fit curve on Fig. 6.1.

Use the graph to determine the rate of reaction, in cm3 s–1, at 50 s.
Show your working below and on the graph.
rate at 50 s ............................................. cm3 s–1 [3]
(b) A second student suggests that the experiment could be improved by measuring the loss in mass in the conical
flask over time.
The student places a conical flask containing 100 cm3 of water on a 2 decimal place balance, and then adds
0.26 g of strontium.
The mass is recorded every 10 seconds.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using this method compared to the gas collection method.
Advantage:
Disadvantag
e:
[2]
(c) A third student repeats the original experiment using the same amount, in moles, of barium as strontium.
(i) Calculate the mass of barium that the student uses.

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
mass of barium = ...................................................... g [2]
(ii) The student observes that the rate of reaction for barium is different from the rate of reaction with
strontium.
On Fig. 6.1 sketch the graph the student would obtain using barium instead of strontium.
[2]
(iii) Describe and explain the difference in reactivity of barium and strontium with water.
[4]
18(a) This question is about some Group 2 elements and their compounds.
Strontium and calcium both react with water.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction of strontium with water.

[1]
(ii) Using oxidation numbers, explain why the reaction of strontium with water is a redox reaction.
[2]
(iii) Explain why calcium reacts more slowly with water than strontium does.
[3]
(b) A student adds barium oxide, BaO, to water.
A reaction takes place forming a colourless solution.
(i) Predict the approximate pH of the colourless solution.
pH = ................ [1]
(ii) A student adds a few drops of dilute sulfuric acid to the colourless solution.
Describe what the student would observe, and give the formula of the barium compound produced.
Observation
Formula of barium compound
[2]
19 A student investigates some reactions of zinc compounds and zinc metal.
The student investigates the reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ΔH = –140 kJ mol–1
Copper(II) sulfate is a catalyst for this reaction.
• The student adds a piece of zinc to each of two test tubes.

• The student adds a few drops of aqueous copper(II) sulfate to one of the test tubes, forming a pale blue
solution.
• The student adds an excess of dilute sulfuric acid to each test tube.
(i) Describe two differences the student would observe between the test tubes.
2
[2]
(ii) Using the axes below, sketch an enthalpy profile diagram for the reaction with and without the catalyst.
On your diagram, include the following labels:
• ΔH, the enthalpy change

• E a, the activation energy without a catalyst
• E c, the activation energy with a catalyst.
[3]
20 This question is about the manufacture of hydrogen, H2.
Hydrogen can be manufactured by reacting ethanol with steam, as shown in Equilibrium 4.2.
Average bond enthalpies are shown in the table below.
Bond C–H C–C C–O O–H H–H C=O

Average bond +415 +347 +358 +464 +435 +805
enthalpy/kJ
mol–1
Calculate ΔH, in kJ mol–1, for the forward reaction in Equilibrium 4.2.
ΔH = ............................................ kJ mol–1 [3]
21(a) A student carries out a titration to determine the molar mass and structure of a weak acid A.
The student follows the method below.
• Dissolve a weighed mass of A in 100 cm3 of distilled water and make the solution up to 250 cm3 in a
beaker.
• Add the solution of A to a burette.
• Titrate the solution of A with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
The student carries out a trial, followed by three further titrations.

The diagram shows the initial and final burette readings for the three further titrations.
The student measures all burette readings to the nearest 0.05 cm3.

Initial reading Final reading Initial reading Final reading Initial reading Final reading
(i) Record the student’s readings and the titres in the table below.
Calculate the mean titre, to the nearest 0.05 cm3, that the student should use for analysing the results.

3
Final reading/cm
Initial reading/cm3
Titre/cm3
mean titre = cm3 [4]
(ii) The uncertainty in each burette reading is ± 0.05 cm3.
Calculate the percentage uncertainty for the titre in Titration 1.
percentage uncertainty = % [1]
(iii) The student realised that the solution of A had not been prepared correctly.
How should the student have made up the solution?
[1]
(b) A student repeats the titration to determine the molar mass and structure of A.
• The student prepares a 250.0 cm3 solution from 1.513 g of A.
• The solution of A is added to the burette and titrated with 25.0 cm3 volumes of 0.112 mol dm−3 NaOH(aq).
• 1 mol of A reacts with 2 mol of NaOH.
• The student obtains a mean titre of 27.30 cm3.
(i) Calculate the molar mass of A from these results.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Show your working.
molar mass of A = g mol−1 [4]
(ii) A is an organic acid, containing C, H and O only.

One molecule of A contains two COOH groups.
Suggest the structure of A.
[1]
22(a) This question is about halogens.
Bromine is used to extract iodine from a solution containing iodide ions.
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction.
[1]
(ii) Explain why iodine is less reactive than bromine.
[3]
(b) Iodine can be used for the small-scale purification of drinking water.
(i) Iodine reacts with water as shown below.
I2 + H2O ⇌ HI + HIO
Using oxidation numbers, explain why this reaction is a disproportionation.
[3]
(ii) Chlorine is used to purify water on a large scale.
State one disadvantage of using chlorine for the purification of drinking water.
[1]
(c) Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride, HCl:
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) ΔH = −184 kJ mol−1
Table 3.1 shows bond enthalpies.
Bond Bond Enthalpy / kJ mol−1

H−H +436
Cl−Cl +243
Table 3.1
Calculate the bond enthalpy for the H–Cl bond from the information above.
bond enthalpy = kJ mol−1 [2]
(d) ‘Enthalpy change of vaporisation’ is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance changes from a liquid to
a gas at its boiling point.
(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the enthalpy change of vaporisation of bromine.
[1]
(ii) Suggest whether the enthalpy change of vaporisation of bromine is exothermic or endothermic.
[1]
23 The reaction of ammonia, NH3, with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide, NO, is an important industrial process.
The equation for this reaction is shown in equilibrium 4.1 below.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH = −905 kJ mol−1 Equilibrium 4.1
The forward reaction in equilibrium 4.1 converts NH3 into NO.
(i) Complete the enthalpy profile diagram for this reaction.
On your diagram:
• Label the activation energy, Ea
• Label the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH
• Include the formulae of the reactants and products.
[2]
(ii) 5.10 tonnes of NH3 are converted into NO.
Calculate the energy released, in kJ, for this conversion.
Give your answer in standard form and to an appropriate number of significant figures.
energy released = kJ [4]
24(a) A student carries out a titration to determine the molar mass and structure of a weak acid A.
The student follows the method below.
• Dissolve a weighed mass of A in 100 cm3 of distilled water and make the solution up to 250 cm3 in a
beaker.
• Add the solution of A to a burette.
• Titrate the solution of A with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
What is meant by the term standard solution?
[1]
(b) Sodium hydroxide is an alkali.
What is meant by the term alkali?
[1]
25(a) Selenium is in the same group of the periodic table as sulfur.
(i) Complete the full electron configuration of a selenium atom.
1s2 [1]
(ii) Sodium selenide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a toxic gas, B, with a relative molecular mass of 81.0.
Identify gas B and write an equation for this reaction.
Gas B
Equation [2]
(b) Sodium sulfide, Na2S, is an ionic compound of sodium, Na, and sulfur, S.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in sodium sulfide.
[2]
26(a) Barium chloride, BaCl2, is soluble in water.
(i) Compare the electrical conductivities of solid and aqueous barium chloride.
Explain your answer in terms of the particles involved.
[2]
(ii) Describe the use of aqueous barium chloride in qualitative analysis.
[2]
(iii) Hydrated barium chloride can be crystallised from solution.
Hydrated barium chloride has the formula BaCl2•xH2O and a molar mass of 244.3 g mol −1.
Determine the value of x in the formula of BaCl2•xH2O.
Show your working.
x = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ [2]
(b) Barium nitride is formed when barium is heated with nitrogen.
(i) Complete the electron configuration of a nitride ion.
1s2 [1]
(ii) Solid barium nitride is reacted with water, forming an alkaline solution A and an alkaline gas B.
Identify A and B.
Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction.
[4]
27(a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
A student carries out an experiment to measure the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcH, of hexane.
The student finds that combustion of 1.29 g of hexane changes the temperature of 200 g of water from 20.5 °C
to 65.5 °C.
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcH, of hexane, in kJ mol−1.
Give your final answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
ΔcH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ mol−1 [4]
(ii) The calculated value of ΔcH for hexane from this experiment is different from the data book value.
Suggest two reasons for this difference.
[2]
(b) Data book values for the standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ∆cHθ , of the first four alkanes are shown in
the table.
Alkane methane ethane propane butane
∆cHθ / kJ mol−1 –890 –1560 –2219 –2877
(i) The values for the first three alkanes are plotted on the graph below.
Plot the value for butane on the graph.
[1]
(ii) Use the graph to estimate the energy released during complete combustion of 1.80 g of pentane.
Show relevant working below and on the graph.
energy released = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ [3]
(c) The equation for the complete combustion of cyclohexane is shown below.
C6H12(l) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Standard enthalpy changes of formation, ∆fHθ , are shown in the table.
Substance C6H12(l) CO2 (g) H2O(l)
∆fHθ / kJ mol−1 –156.3 –393.5 – 285.8
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion, ∆cHθ , of cyclohexane.
∆cHθ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ mol−1 [3]
END OF QUESTION PAPER
Mark Scheme
Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance
1 a i (Weighted) mean/average mass of an 2(AO1.1x DO NOT ALLOW mean mass of an

atom ✓ 2) element i.e. ‘atom’ essential
compared with 1/12th mass of carbon-12 Both marks available based on mole:
OR compared with mass of carbon-12 ALLOW mass of 1 mole of atoms ✓
which is 12 ✓ compared to 1/12th 1 mole/12 g of
carbon-12 ✓
ALLOW mass of one mole of atoms ✓

1/12th mass of one mole/12 g of carbon-12
✓
Examiner’s Comments
Most candidates were given at least one

mark but lost the second mark due to
omitting the word “atom”, or “mean” or “one-
twelfth”
ii Use of isotope data 2(AO1.2x

Use of 87 × 6.9 AND 88 × 82.9 AND 10.2 2)
anywhere ✓
Calculation of isotopic mass ALLOW 877.5 = 10.2A

ALLOW
ALLOW
ALLOW
DO NOT ALLOW Sr-86 with no

working/justification
ALLOW any unambiguous representation
Algebra was used very well here and

allowed most candidates to obtain at least
one mark, with the majority obtaining 2
marks
Mark Scheme
b i FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 5.8 award 3 marks
--------------------------------------------------
(AO3.1x Calculator: 0.01021437579
2)
Calculator: 0.05944444444
ALLOW ECF from n(SrCl2) and/or n(H2O)

= 5.8 ✓
(AO3.2) Answer must be to TWO significant figures
ALLOW 2 marks for 5.83 (answer must be

to 2 SF)
Most students managed to gain some

marks on this question. The most common
error was rounding to 6, something they
have been taught to do for water of
crystallisation. This caused them to lose a
mark as the question asked for two
significant figures. Many rounded too early
so a variety of responses were seen.
ii To make sure all the water had been 1(AO3.4) IGNORE just ‘to weigh to constant mass’
removed ✓
The majority of candidates answered this

correctly, the main incorrect answer was
“to achieve constant mass”.
Mark Scheme
iii Use balance that weighs to 3/more decimal 2(AO3.4× ALLOW more precise/more accurate/ more
places ✓ 2) sensitive/higher resolution/smaller
division/weigh to 0.001
IGNORE ‘less error/smaller interval

balance’
Use a larger mass (of hydrated strontium

chloride) ✓ IGNORE any reference to lid on crucible
(water can’t escape)
IGNORE ‘weigh straight after heating’
IGNORE idea of repeating the experiment/

taking an average/ getting concordant
results /larger sample size, etc.
Most candidates identified either using a

larger mass or a more accurate balance,
not many stated both. The most common
incorrect answers involved heating for
longer or taking less measurements.
Total 10
Mark Scheme
2 a FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3(AO2.8×

ANSWER LINE 3)
If answer = 38.5 cm3 award 3 marks
--------------------------------------------------
n(HNO3) = 2 × 0.0337 …….. = 0.0674 ALLOW ECF from n(Mg(NO3)2)

……… (mol) ✓ Calculator: 0.06743088334
ALLOW ECF from n(HNO3)
3 SF required Examiner’s Comments
This question was answered well, with the

majority of the candidates obtaining 3
marks.
b 2(AO2.2× MAX 1 mark if no ‘+’ sign for oxidation

2) number
Element oxidised: Oxygen/O ALLOW 2–

Change from: –2 to 0 ✓
ALLOW 5+ AND 4+
Element reduced: Nitrogen/N
Change from +5 to +4 ✓ ALLOW O2 for oxygen
ALLOW 1 mark for all oxidation numbers

correct, but oxidised and reduced the
wrong way around
IGNORE numbers around equation

i.e. treat as rough working
Less than half the candidates answered

this question correctly. This may be
because they are not used to assigning
oxidation numbers within formulae that
contain brackets.
Total 5
Mark Scheme
3 i FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 3 ALLOW 3.27 × 10–3 up to calculator value

ANSWER LINE of 3.270868825 × 10–3
If answer = 43.6 (cm3) award 3 marks
ALLOW 6.54 × 10–3 up to calculator value
(AO1.1×1 of 6.541737649 × 10–3
)
n(Ni) = = 3.27… × 10–3 (mol)✓
(2.4×2)
n(HCl) = 3.27 × 10–3 × 2 = 6.54… × 10–3
Most candidates were able to make some
(mol)✓
progress with this calculation. Common
errors included omitting to multiply by two
to find the number of moles of HCl or not
Volume HCl = × 1000 multiplying their volume in dm3 by 1000 to
= 43.6 (cm3) ✓ 3 SF required give an answer in cm3.
ii Volume H2 = 3.27 × 10–3 × 24000 = 78.5 1 ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(Ni) from (i)
(cm3) ✓ (AO2.4×1 ALLOW 78.48 (cm3)
)
More candidates struggled with this part of

calculation. A significant number of
candidates used the number of moles
rounded to 3 SF but then gave a final
answer to 4 SF, giving an answer of 78.48
cm3. This was given credit as correct
calculation had been carried out for one
mark.
A couple of candidates correctly used the

ideal gas equation and were given credit
for this, but made it more complicated than
necessary for one mark.
iii Volume is the same ✓ 2 Examiner’s Comments

(AO3.4×2
Mg is in excess ) Very few candidates managed to gain
OR marks here. Most did not recognise that
Volume of H2 depends on HCl/HCl is HCl was the limiting reagent in the reaction
limiting reagent ✓ and suggested that a greater volume of H2
would be produced, as same mass of Mg
would give a greater number of moles.
Total 6
Mark Scheme
4 a FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE 4 ALLOW 16700 J or 16.7 kJ up to calculator

ANSWER LINE value of 16720 J (Must be at least 3 SF)
If answer = – 2680 (kJ mol–1) award 4
marks
If answer = (+) 2680 (kJ mol-1) award 3 (AO3.1×2
marks ) ALLOW ECF from incorrect M(C6H12) or
energy change
Energy released in J OR kJ = 200 × 4.18 ×
20.0 IF energy released above rounded to
= 16720 (J) OR 16.72 (kJ) ✓ 16700, Energy per mole = (–)2672 by ECF
3 marks ΔcH = – 2670 to 3SF 4 marks
(AO3.2×1 COMMON ERROR

n(C6H12) = = 0.00625 (mol) ✓
) -7.02 (kJ mol-1) award 3 marks
(AO1.2×1 Nearly all candidates managed to gain at

Energy per mole = OR ) least one mark for correctly calculating the
(–)2675.2 (kJ mol–1) moles of cyclohexane burnt and the
majority also used q = mcΔT. However,
ΔcH = – 2680 (kJ mol–1) very few candidates managed to gain all 4
Value to 3SF marks, most frequently losing the final
AND ‘–‘ sign mark for SF and sign. Other common
errors included using the mass of
cyclohexane in calculation of q, using Gas
Constant R rather than specific heat
capacity of water, or not using ΔT but using
293 K instead.
b i 2 Award 1 mark if uncertainties are given as

(AO2.8×2 0.05
% uncertainty in temp. rise = × 100 =
) AND 0.01 with correct statement
5% ✓
% uncertainty in volume = × 100 = A significant number of candidates

1% struggled to correctly calculate the %
uncertainties for the apparatus given or did
AND temp rise has greater % uncertainty not back up their claims with any
✓ calculations. Even the highest-attaining
candidates often did not account for two
measurements for temperature, or tried to
calculate the % uncertainty for each
temperature measurement taken.
Mark Scheme
ii Any two from: 2 ALLOW heat loss

Heat released to the surroundings ✓ (AO3.2×2
) IGNORE reference to evaporation
Incomplete combustion OR incomplete
reaction OR not everything burns ✓ Examiner’s Comments
Non-standard conditions ✓ Most candidates gained at least one mark

here from one of the three acceptable
responses. There was some evidence of
candidates being confused here by the use
of average bond enthalpies to find values
of enthalpy of combustion. Others
discussed human errors, need for repeat
measurements or precision of equipment,
demonstrating a lack of understanding with
regard to the language used in scientific
measurement.
iii Less accurate due to greater heat losses ✓ 2 ALLOW less accurate due to evaporation
(AO3.4×2 of water
More accurate due to smaller % )
uncertainty in temperature change OR ALLOW error for uncertainty
mass of fuel burnt ✓
ALLOW for both marks
May not change as
increase in temperature change
OR increase in mass of fuel burned would
decrease % uncertainty
BUT
may be outweighed by increased heat loss
to surroundings
OWTTE
This was a challenging question. Some

candidates gained one mark for reduced
accuracy due to increased heat loss or
water evaporation. The responses given
demonstrated that candidates often do not
understand the factors that influence the
accuracy in scientific experiments. Some
indicated that repeating results would
improve accuracy. Another common
response was that a longer time would
allow for complete combustion, failing to
understand that degree of combustion is
due to the availability of oxygen, not the
time taken.
Mark Scheme
Total 10
Mark Scheme
5 a From colourless to pink ✓ 1 (AO2.3)
b i Titre: 18.50, 18.05, 18.20, 18.30 ✓ 1 (AO2.4) DO NOT ALLOW responses given to only
All titres with 2 DP and ending with 1 decimal place
‘0’ OR ‘5’
ii To estimate the titre ✓ 1 (AO2.3) ALLOW ‘getting a rough idea of the titre’
(or similar wording)
iii 18.25 cm3 ✓ 1 (AO2.4)
iv 1 (AO2.4) ALLOW ECF from incorrect subtraction in

(i) or incorrect mean
% uncertainty = × 100 = 0.55 % ✓
ALLOW calculation from other titre values
c FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 5 ALLOW ECF throughout

ANSWER LINE (AO2.8×4
If answer = 3 AND M = 132(,0)…. award 5 ) (AO3.2) ALLOW ECF from (b)(iii)
marks
--------------------------------------------- Answers should be to at least 3 significant
figures for first 4 marks.
n(NaOH) = = 4.38 × 10–3
✓
n(acid) in 25 cm3 = = 2.19 ×

10–3 (mol) ✓
n(acid) in 250 cm3 = 2.19 × 10–2 (mol) ✓
M(acid)
= = 132(.0)…… (g mol–1)
M(CH2)n = 132 – 90 OR (132.0…. – 90)

OR 42 (seen anywhere)
AND n = =3✓ whole number

required
Mark Scheme
d The titre would be less ✓ 2 (AO3.3

× 2)
Glutaric acid would be less
concentrated/more dilute ✓
Total 12
Mark Scheme
6 a i Titratio Titratio Titratio 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

n1 n2 n3 (AO 1.2 × CROSSES ETC
Final 27.35 27.65 27.85 4)
ALLOW missing zeroes throughout except

for last marking point
3
Initial 0.05 0.10 0.45 e.g. 0.1 for 0.10
ALLOW ECF from incorrect burette

3
readings
Titre/cm3 27.30 27.55 27.40
Initial and final readings

All titration readings (×6) correct ✓
IF MEAN IS CALCULATED FROM ECF, IT
Titres MUST BE FROM CLOSEST TITRES
Correct subtractions to obtain final titre ALLOW any number of decimal places for
values ✓ mean titre for this mark
Mean titre calculated from concordant Note: Question asks for mean titre to
results nearest 0.05 cm3
Correct mean titre = 27.35 (cm3) ✓
Reading recorded to accuracy of burette
All values including mean titre recorded Although most candidates gained some
to two decimal places with the last figure marks here, there were a significant
either 0 or 5 ✓ number who did not gain all 4 marks.
Some candidates need to practice reading
burettes and recording their values – this
can be checked during practical work. The
most common errors included not
recording values to 2 decimal places
(especially if final number was 0), readings
recorded the wrong way round in the table,
and misreading 0.05 as 0.5. Most
candidates were able to identify
concordant results, but some still
calculated the mean from all values. This
led to an average that needed to be
rounded to the nearest 0.05, as asked for
in the question, resulting in them losing
both the mean titre mark and mark for
accuracy. Some had errors which lead to
values which weren’t concordant – this
should be a flag to students that they have
Mark Scheme
made a mistake.
ii FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 5 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

ANSWER LINE (AO 2.8 CROSSES ETC
If answer = 7.(00) award 5 marks ×4) ----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------- (AO 2.4) ALLOW ECF from incorrect titre calculated
in 1(b)(i)
n(NaOH) Throughout:
ALLOW 3 SF or more, correctly rounded
e.g. n(NaOH) = 0.0219 for 0.02188
n(A) in 25.0 cm3
ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NaOH)
n(A) in 250 cm3 ALLOW ECF for all subsequent steps

= 10 × 0.00729(33) = 0.0729(33) ✓
mass citric acid in 250 cm3
= 0.0729 × 192 = 14(.0032) (g) ✓
From n(NaOH) = 0.0219,
mass citric acid in one lime n(A) = 0.073(0)
mass citric acid = 14(.016)
mass in 1 lime = 7(.008)
Most candidates managed to gain at least

1 mark for this question. The most
common mark lost was for not multiplying
by 10, having missed that only 25cm3 of
250 cm3 citric acid solution was used in the
titration. Another mark that was often lost
was for not dividing by 2 to find mass in 1
lime rather than the 2 used in experiment.
Some candidates used 25cm3 to calculate
their moles of NaOH rather than the titre
value from (i).
It is vital that candidates are given the

opportunity to practice more complex multi-
step calculations of this type, with
modelling given for lower-attaining
candidates. Identifying which information
goes with each reactant is vital. All steps in
the calculation should be separate and
clearly labelled to help avoid confusion.
Encourage candidates to keep full values
in their calculators to avoid intermediate
Mark Scheme
step rounding. When writing down

intermediate values, ideally write down the
full calculator value or where this is not
possible the value must be given to at least
3 significant figures (correctly rounded). It
is helpful to the examiner to know if
calculator values are used and this could
be indicated by using truncated answers
followed by … , for example 0.00729… for
n(A).
Exemplar 1
The exemplar shows a response where

each step of the calculation is shown
clearly. The candidate has also used
pictures to aid them, recognising that the
NaOH is in the burette and lime juice in the
conical flask. All values are identified and
there is no intermediate rounding. All 5
marks are given here.
b Action taken to modify method 2 ALLOW any feasible method that would
Use half a lime (AO 3.4 × give a dilution factor of 4
OR 2)
Make up lime juice (solution) in 1 dm3
volumetric flask ✓
Dilution ratio to justify

4 times less citric acid/lime juice ALLOW quartered
OR
NaOH is 4 times more dilute (giving same
titre)
OR
1:4 ratio for NaOH concentration ✓
A very challenging question with very few

candidates scoring both marks. The
Mark Scheme
response needed a clear indication of how

the method would be altered and a
justification for why this would work. Lots of
candidates recognised the need to dilute
the citric acid to obtain the correct titre but
were not able to give a method of how to
do this or any indication of quantities
needed. Some candidates said to use a
larger volume of NaOH – not recognising
that this would be the titre value, e.g. “in
order to keep the same titre but lower
concentration of NaOH the student should
titre more NaOH”. Some gave the method
of how to dilute the NaOH or even just said
to add water. A few suggested using a
higher concentration of lime juice.
Candidates need to be given opportunities

to plan practical work to fully appreciate the
impact that any changes will have
(specification 1.1.1).
OCR support
Further information about practical skills

assessed on written exams can be found in
section 3 of the practical skills handbook -
https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/208932-che
mistry-practical-skills-handbook.pdf. If
using our suggested practicals, then
encourage candidates to answer the
extension opportunity questions to help
develop a deeper understanding in
preparation for written assessments.
Total 11
Mark Scheme
7 a i UV OR ultraviolet ✓ 1 ALLOW Sunlight

(AO1.1) IGNORE Temperature
Most candidates gave the correct response

to this question. Incorrect responses
included use of high temperatures and/or
catalyst.
ii 2 ALLOW Displayed or Skeletal formulae

(AO 2.5 × ALLOW 1 mark if BOTH equations are
2) ‘correct’ using molecular formulae, i.e.
CH3CH2CH2CH3 + Br • → C4H9 • + HBr
C4H9 • + Br2 → C4H9Br + Br • ✓
IGNORE position of • within

CH3CH2CHCH3 •
ALLOW 1 mark if incorrect structure of

intermediate radical is used, e.g.
CH3CH2CH2CH2 • for CH3CH2CHCH3 •
✓
Candidates always find radical

mechanisms tricky and this one had the
added complexity of forming 2-bromo
isomer. However, a majority of students
still gained marks. Many candidates
formed the incorrect radical removing H
from C-1 i.e. CH3CH2CH2CH2 · therefore
scoring only 1 mark. Some responses were
a little messy making it very easy to miss
off a dot or H or Br. Many candidates
reacted with Br· in the first step but added
Br to the radical intermediate (as well as
forming HBr). Candidates should always
check equations so that they balance in
terms of atoms.
Mark Scheme
iii Further substitution 2 ALLOW multisubstitutation, including

OR formation of di/ tri / etc. bromobutanes (AO 3.2 × examples
OR produces different termination products 2) ALLOW an example of a different
OR more than one termination step ✓ termination product
ALLOW more than one hydrogen (atom)
can be replaced
ALLOW radicals react with each other to
form other products
Formation of 1-bromobutane
OR (Br) subsitution in a different position ✓
Candidates found this question very

challenging and few scored both marks.
Many responses considered only the
formation of HBr (other product) and/or
general statements about other products
with no indication of how they were formed.
Some described losses due to the
purification method or incomplete reaction
(due to conditions such as T and P) or low
atom economy. Some referred to the
stability of the radical intermediate,
showing possible confusion with
electrophilic addition.
Candidates who understood the

mechanism were more confident in
answering this question, at least
recognising that further substitution was
possible.
Mark Scheme
b % atom economy for butane and bromine 2 Calculator: 62.85583104

(5.1) (AO 2.2)
(AO1.2)
ALLOW calculation for 5.2

atom economy for but-2-ene and HBr (5.2)
is 100% ✓ ALLOW Calculations not expressed as a %
i.e. 0.629 and 1.
Despite the question asking for

calculations to be included, many
candidates didn’t include them and so lost
both marks. Some gained one mark as
recognised that 5.1 has 100% atom
economy but either didn't or incorrectly
calculated for 5.2 (30% was seen
frequently). Care needs to be taken with
rounding of final values.
Mark Scheme
c i FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 ALLOW ECF throughout

ANSWER LINE (AO 2.4 ×
If answer = 8.07 g award 3 marks 3) IGNORE trailing zeroes in intermediate
CARE: Intermediate rounding may give working, e.g. 0.073 for 0.0730
8.06 g which is
acceptable for 3 marks ALLOW 3 SF or more, correctly rounded
-------------------------------------------------------
n(2-bromobutane)
n(CH3CH2CHOHCH3)
ALLOW alternative method mass
• Theoretical mass of 2-bromobutane
mass CH3CH2CHOHCH3
= 0.109 × 74.0 = 8.07 g ✓
3 SF required Calculator: 14.925373
• Theoretical n(CH3CH2CHBrCH3)
• Mass of CH3CH2CHOHCH3
= 0.109 × 74.0 = 8.07 g ✓
Common Errors for 2 marks

5.41 g (no % yield)
3.62 g (inverted yield)
The most common errors were omitting the

yield or inverting the yield, as given on
mark scheme, resulting in 2 marks. Clear
working was vital here to help marks to be
given even if the final answer was
incorrect. Many candidates did not gain the
final mark due to incorrect significant
figures. As with other multi-step
calculations, rounding of intermediate
values could also cause marks to be lost.
Mark Scheme
ii Separating funnel (to separate aqueous 3

and organic layers) ✓ (AO 3.3 × ALLOW Use a drying agent
3) ALLOW appropriate example of an
Dry organic layer with anhydrous salt ✓ anhydrous salt e.g. MgSO4, CaCl2
Distil and collect fraction at 91°C ✓ Examiner’s Comments
This question was not answered well with

over half the candidates failing to score
any marks. While some candidates
seemed familiar with the techniques
required, describing the process to
separate the layers, they often struggled to
name the separating funnel. Common
approaches were to attempt to ‘filter’ the
layers or to use heat (via evaporation or
distillation) to drive off the water. Some
attempted to use Na2CO3 or NaOH to dry
the organic layer – perhaps confusing
neutralisation of any remaining acid.
Although distillation appeared frequently
many did not give the temperature so did
not gain marks. The order of the procedure
was also not always clear with distillation
before using a drying agent. Some
described attempts to crystallise the
organic layer. The range of answers
suggests students may need more
practical experience with separating
organic liquids.
Total 13
Mark Scheme
8 a Bonding and structure 5 Diagram must have at least two rows and a
(AO1.1× minimum of two ions per row (allow Sr+ or
3) Sr2+)
ALLOW for labels: + ions, positive ions,

cations
ALLOW e– OR e as label for electron
Metallic bonding diagram

Regular arrangement of labelled + ions
✓
scattering of labelled electrons

between other species ✓
Properties linked to explanation

metallic bond or attraction between the (AO2.1×
electrons and the positive ions/cations 2)
✓
DO NOT ALLOW intermolecular forces
bonds are strong/require a lot of
energy to break
AND high melting point ✓
ALLOW mobile electrons
Delocalised electrons move
AND good conductivity ✓ Examiner’s Comments
In general, the diagrams were poorly

drawn or inadequately labelled. Many
candidates lost marks as they did not
specify the movement of electrons as the
reason why metals conduct electricity. Too
many candidates wrote “delocalised
electrons carry the charge” or negated the
metallic bonding description with
“intermolecular forces” in their responses.
Exemplar 1
This candidate scored 3 marks for the

description but lost 2 marks as the
Mark Scheme
electrons were not throughout the

structure, merely drawn around the ions,
and the positive ions were not labelled.
Exemplar 2
This candidate scored 5 marks for the

excellent description with a well drawn and
labelled diagram, clearly showing the
electrons throughout the structure in-
between the ions.
b i Sr + 2H2O → Sr(OH)2 + H2 ✓ 1(AO2.6) ALLOW correct multiples including

fractions
IGNORE state symbols
Nearly half of the candidates did not

answer this question correctly, mainly
because of incorrect balancing or the
formation of strontium oxide instead of
strontium hydroxide.
ii Two points (✓✓) from 2(AO2.3× IGNORE gives out less/more heat, less
With calcium: 2) reactive, less gas
1. less vigorous
fizzing/bubbling/effervescence Most candidates were able to identify at
2. dissolves more slowly/slower reaction least one difference, although a significant
3. solution has a lower pH/less alkaline number of responses stated the opposite
4. precipitate forms/less soluble trend
Total 8
Mark Scheme
9 Please refer to the marking instructions on 6(AO2.8× Indicative scientific points may include:
this mark scheme for guidance on how to 2)
mark this question. Calculation:
Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Calculates the correct mass of
M(Mg(NO3)2•6H2O) = 256.3
Mg(NO3)2•6H2O or Mg(NO3)2.
Mass = 0.1000 × 256.3 = 25.63 g
AND
Explains the preparation steps, with most
OR M(Mg(NO3)2) = 148.3
fine detail. (AO2.3×
Mass = 14.83 g
2)
There is a well-developed line of reasoning
ALLOW small slip/rounding errors such as
which is clear and logically structured. The
errors on Mr (e.g. use of 24 instead of 24.3
information presented is relevant and
for Mg Ar)
substantiated.
Preparation steps (apparatus and method):
Attempts a calculation which is partly
Weigh mass of crystals
correct.
Dissolve in (distilled/deionised) water
AND
Transfer to 250 cm3 volumetric flask
Outlines the preparation steps, with some
Make up to the mark with more water
fine detail.
so that bottom of meniscus is on the
(AO2.7×
mark
There is a line of reasoning presented with 2)
some structure. The information presented
IGNORE removing the water of
is relevant and supported by some
crystallisation
evidence.
Fine detail:
Attempts the calculation but makes little
2 or more decimal place balance
progress or makes errors.
Rinse beaker and transfer washings to
OR
flask
Briefly outlines the preparation steps,
Use of dropping pipette when filling to
which may be incomplete
mark
Stopper, invert several times to mix
There is an attempt at a logical structure
with a line of reasoning. The information is
in the most part relevant.
Most candidates focused on removing the
0 marks
water of crystallisation, often going to great
No response or no response worthy of
depths of explanation, with apparatus
credit.
diagrams, of how to remove it. Some
candidates then went on to explain how to
make a standard solution and could be
given marks. Calculations for the mass
required were often correct or could be
given some marks.
Mark Scheme
Exemplar 3
This in a response of a common approach

to this question, it was given 4 marks.
Despite calculating the mass properly, the
candidate then put all their efforts into
describing removing the water of
crystallisation and left out the valuable fine
detail required for a Level 3 response.
Total 6
10 Oxidised 1 IGNORE reference to oxidation numbers

AND (AO2.1) (even if incorrect)
nickel has lost/donated two electrons ✓
A considerable number of candidates did

not score the mark here despite knowing
that it was an oxidation reaction. They
either omitted to give the number of
electrons lost or gave their justification
using oxidation numbers. This question
highlights the importance of reading the
question carefully and answering the
question asked, not one that may have
been seen previously.
Total 1
Mark Scheme
11 (The enthalpy change) for complete 2 ALLOW energy change for combustion in
combustion ✓ AO(1.1×2 excess oxygen
) OR reacts in excess oxygen
OR reacts completely in oxygen
OR energy released during complete
combustion OR energy change for
combustion in excess air
of 1 mol (of substance) ✓ IGNORE energy required
ALLOW element OR compound OR

reactant
DO NOT ALLOW atoms
Most candidates managed to gain at least

one mark for this question having learnt the
definition. Some lost a mark for stating one
mole of substance gives one mole of
product, clearly confusing their definitions.
Total 2
Mark Scheme
12 Please refer to the marking instructions on 6 Indicative scientific points

page 4 of this mark scheme for guidance (AO1.2×2 Tests for anions
on how to mark this question. ) Carbonate test:
(AO2.7×2 Add HNO3(aq)/HCl(aq)/H2SO4(aq)/H+(aq)
Level 3 (5–6 marks) ) fizzing/ forms CO2(g) → Carbonate
The candidate gives a clear description of (AO3.4×2 identified
all three tests with correct observations. ) Sulfate test:
AND Add Ba(NO3)2(aq) OR BaCl2(aq)
Equations are mostly correct. White precipitate → Sulfate identified
AND Bromide test
Some fine detail included in answer. Add AgNO3(aq)
Cream precipitate → Bromide identified
There is a well-developed line of reasoning Equations (ionic or full)
which is clear and logically structured. The IGNORE state symbols (even if wrong)
information presented is relevant and Carbonate
substantiated. 2H+ + CO32– → CO2 + H2O
OR 2H+ + NiCO3 → Ni2+ + CO2 + H2O
Level 2 (3–4 marks) OR 2HNO3 + NiCO3 → Ni(NO3)2 + H2O +
The candidate describes all three tests with CO2
correct observations. OR 2HCl + NiCO3 → NiCl2 + H2O + CO2
OR H2SO4 + NiCO3 → NiSO4 + H2O +
OR CO2
Sulfate
Describes two tests with a few omissions. Ba2+ + SO42– → BaSO4
AND OR Ba(NO3)2 + NiSO4 → BaSO4 +
Includes at least one correct equation. Ni(NO3)2
OR BaCl2 + NiSO4 → BaSO4 + NiCl2
There is a line of reasoning presented with Bromide
some structure. The information presented Ag+ + Br– → AgBr
is relevant and supported by some OR 2AgNO3 + NiBr2 → 2AgBr + Ni(NO3)2
evidence Fine Detail (NOT inclusive)
Sequence of tests on samples
Level 1 (1–2 marks) Carbonate → Sulfate → Bromide
The candidate attempts to describe two Solubility of AgBr
tests and observations, but explanations Soluble in concentrated ammonia
are incomplete. State symbols in ionic or full equations
OR e,g.
Gives a thorough description and
explanation of one of the tests and
attempts one equation. 2H+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
OR 2H+(aq) + NiCO3(s) → Ni2+(aq) +
There is an attempt at a logical structure CO2(g) + H2O(l)
with a line of reasoning. The information is Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
in the most part relevant. Ag+(aq) + Br–(aq) → AgBr(s)
0 marks Examiner’s Comments

credit. * Very few candidates managed to score
full marks for this question. Even the
Mark Scheme
highest-attaining candidates struggled with

writing balanced chemical equations. The
most successful candidates used ionic
equations with state symbols in their
responses. A large proportion of
candidates gave unnecessary details such
as testing for CO2 using limewater or the
colours of other silver halide precipitates.
The best responses broken down their
response to cover each test in turn, giving
clear and concise details for each.
Total 6
Mark Scheme
13 a i Al2Se3 + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2Se 1 Examiner’s Comments

(AO2.6×1
) This was dependent on candidates’ ability
to give correct formula of aluminium
hydroxide, Al(OH)3. Writing correct
formulae is an important skill in chemistry,
which should be practised regularly in
different topics to help candidates master
the skill.
ii H2O has hydrogen/H-bonds (between 3 ALLOW permanent dipole-dipole

molecules) ✓ (AO1.1×2 interactions
)
H2Se has induced dipole(-dipole) Examiner’s Comments
interactions
OR London forces ✓ (AO2.1×1 Most candidates were able to recognise
) that water had the higher boiling point due
H-bonds are stronger (than other to hydrogen bonding. However, it was
intermolecular forces) evident in a number of responses that they
OR more energy needed to overcome H- were unclear that this is an example of an
bonds ✓ intermolecular force and doesn’t just refer
to the covalent bond formed between O
and H.
Most avoided discussing the intermolecular

forces present in H2Se even although both
London forces and permanent dipole-
dipole interactions were accepted as they
may not have come across this specific
example and had not been given
electronegativity data.
Mark Scheme
b i 2 ALLOW separate Br– ions, i.e.
Ca shown with either 8 or 0 electrons (AO1.2×1

AND )
Br shown with 8 electrons with 7 crosses
and 1 dot (or vice versa) ✓
(AO2.5×1
Correct charges on both ions ✓ For first mark, if eight electrons are shown
)
around Ca, the ‘extra’ electrons around Br
must match the symbol chosen for the
electrons for Na.
IGNORE inner shells
Circles or brackets not required
Most candidates were able to give the

correct diagrams for ionic bonding,
although care needs to be taken that
diagrams are well drawn with both charges
given. Some gave diagrams for covalent
bonding.
Mark Scheme
ii Atomic radius 3 Comparison required throughout

Ba has a greater atomic radius than Ca ORA throughout
OR Ba has more shells
OR Ba has more shielding ✓ (AO1.1×1 For more shells, ALLOW higher energy
) level
Attraction IGNORE more orbitals OR more sub-shells
Nuclear attraction is less in Ba IGNORE ‘different shell’ or ‘new shell’
OR (outer) electrons in Ba are less
attracted (to nucleus) ALLOW Ba has less nuclear pull’
OR Increased distance / shielding in Ba OR ‘Ba electrons are less tightly held’
outweighs increased nuclear charge ✓
IGNORE less effective nuclear charge’
Ionisation energy (AO2.3×2 IGNORE ‘nuclear charge’ for ‘nuclear
Ionisation energy of Ba is less ) attraction’
attracted (to nucleus) ALLOW easier to oxidise Ba
OR easier to remove (outer) electrons in
Ba ✓ Examiner’s Comments
It was important to answer the question

asked. A number of responses lost marks
for describing the general trend down
group 2 without making reference at all to
calcium and barium. Most candidates
managed to score at least one mark here
but a considerable proportion missed the
second marking point explaining that
nuclear attraction was less in Ba.
Total 9
Mark Scheme
14 a i (Electrostatic) attraction between 1 (AO1.1) IGNORE force

oppositely charged ions ✓
IGNORE references to transfer of electrons
ii 2 (AO2.5 ALLOW separate K+ ions, i.e.

× 2)
Dot and cross

2 × K shown with either 8 or 0 electrons
AND
shown with 8 electrons with 2 crosses
and 6 dots (or vice versa) ✓ If 8 electrons are shown around K, ‘extra
Charges electrons’ around S must match symbol
Correct charges on K+ AND S2– ions ✓ chosen for electrons around K, e.g.
Shell circles NOT needed

IGNORE inner shell electrons
b 2 (AO2.5 Shell circles NOT needed

× 2) IGNORE inner shells
ALLOW Non-bonding electrons shown as

unpaired
Bonded pairs
Electron pairs in covalent bonds shown
correctly using
dots and crosses in SF2 molecule ✓
Lone pairs
Lone pairs correct on S and 2 F atoms ✓
c K2S: ionic bonds are strong 3 (AO1.1 ALLOW induced OR permanent dipole
OR has a giant ionic lattice ✓ × 2) interactions
SF2: London forces/ dipole-dipole (AO1.2)
forces are weak ✓ ALLOW intermolecular forces are weak for
between molecules ✓ 2 marks for SF2
IGNORE van der Waals forces, vdW
Total 8
Mark Scheme
15 Please refer to the marking instructions on 6 (AO3.1 Indicative scientific points may include:
page 4 of this mark scheme for guidance × 4) 1. Processing experimental data
on how to mark this question. (AO3.2 × Energy change from mcΔT
2)
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Energy in J OR kJ
Calculates CORRECT enthalpy change Using 103.01 g or 100.0 g
with correct signs for = 103.01 × 4.18 × 5.0
ΔH2 for reaction 2 = 2152.909 (J) OR 2.153 (kJ)
AND 3SF or more (2.152909 unrounded)
ΔH1 for reaction 1.
OR 100.0 × 4.18 × 5.0
There is a well-developed line of reasoning = 2090 (J) OR 2.09 (kJ)
which is clear and logically structured. The ____________________________________
information presented is relevant and
substantiated.
Amount in mol of MgCO3 n(MgCO3) =
Calculates a value of ΔH2 for reaction 2
from the:
= 0.0500 (mol)
Energy change AND
--------------------------------------------------
Amount in mol of MgCO3.
2. ± value of ΔH2 for reaction 2
There is a line of reasoning presented with
some structure. The information presented From m = 103.01 g = ± = ±43.06
–1
is relevant and supported by some (kJ mol ) (–43.05818 unrounded)
evidence.
From m = 100.0 g = ± = ±41.8
Level 1 (1–2 marks) –1
(kJ mol )
Processes experimental data to obtain the
---------------------------------------------------
Energy change from mcΔT
3. CORRECT enthalpy changes for
OR
Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 with signs
Amount in moles of MgCO3
(using 103.01 g ONLY)
There is an attempt at a logical structure
Reaction 2 = –43.06 (kJ mol–1)
with a line of reasoning. The information is
3SF or more with correct – sign
in the most part relevant.
Reaction 1 ΔH1 = ΔH2 – ΔH3
= –43.06 – (–136.1) = +93.04 (kJ mol–1)
0 marks
3SF or more with correct – sign
ALLOW omission of trailing zeroes, e.g. 93
credit.
for 93.0
NOTE: If 100 g used, ΔH is incorrect and
L3 cannot be attained
Total 6
Mark Scheme
16 Element A is silicon/Si ✓ 2 (AO3.1) ALLOW an indication of a different shell

AND (AO3.2) (from removal of 5th electron)
A large increase between the 4rd and 5th IE
5th electron is removed from shell closer to

the nucleus OR there are 4 electrons in the
outer shell ✓
Total 2
Mark Scheme
17 a Best fit curve ✓ 3 (AO1.2) DO NOT ALLOW interpolation (taking a

(AO2.4 × direct reading from graph), answer must be
Tangent drawn at approximately t = 50 s ✓ 2) derived from taking a gradient
Gradient calculated: 0.44 ± 0.2 (cm3 s–1) ✓ ALLOW ECF from incorrectly drawn
tangent
b Advantage: no loss of gas ✓ 2 (AO3.4 IGNORE easier to set up

Disadvantage: small loss in mass ✓ × 2)
c i FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 2 (AO3.3 ALLOW ECF from incorrect moles of Ba
ANSWER LINE × 2) Calculator: 2.96803653 × 10–3
If answer = 0.41 (g) award 2 marks
--------------------------------- NOTE 3 × 10–3 also gives 0.41 g
n(Ba) = OR 2.9…….. × 10–3 OR 3 ×

10–3 ✓
mass = 137.3 × 2.9.…….. × 10–3

Ba
= 0.41 g ✓ 2 DP required
ii Steeper initial gradient AND levels off 2 (AO3.1

earlier ✓ × 2)
Same volume of gas produced ✓
iii Reactivity 4 (AO1.1 Comparison required throughout

Ba is more reactive (than Sr) ✓ × 4) ORA throughout
Atomic radius For more shells, ALLOW higher energy

Ba has a greater atomic radius (than Sr) level
OR Ba has more shells IGNORE more orbitals OR more sub-shells
OR Ba has more shielding ✓ IGNORE ‘different shell’ or ‘new shell’
Attraction ALLOW Ba has less nuclear pull’

Nuclear attraction is less in Ba OR ‘Ba electrons are less tightly held’
attracted (to nucleus) IGNORE less effective nuclear charge’
OR Increased distance / shielding in Ba IGNORE ‘nuclear charge’ for ‘nuclear
outweighs increased nuclear charge ✓ attraction’
Ionisation energy ALLOW easier to oxidise Ba

Ionisation energy of Ba is less
OR easier to remove (outer) electrons in
Ba✓
Total 13
Mark Scheme
18 a i Sr + 2H2O → Sr(OH)2 + H2 1 IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS

(AO2.6)
All formulae and balancing correct ✓ ALLOW multiples
IGNORE state symbols (even if wrong)
Around half of all candidates did not score

this mark. The most common error was
giving SrO as the product rather than the
hydroxide. Other errors included incorrect
balancing (missing 2 on H2O, SrOH as the
formula of the hydroxide and no hydrogen
formed (often giving H2O instead)).
Assessment for learning
Regular practice writing formulae and

balancing chemical equations will help to
consolidate these concepts, avoiding basic
errors such as giving formula of group 2
hydroxide as SrOH.
Mark Scheme
ii Oxidation 2 ALLOW 2+ for +2 and 1+ for +1

Sr from 0 to +2 ✓ (AO 2.1 × ‘+’ is required in +2 and +1 oxidation
2) numbers
Reduction
H from +1 to 0 ✓
ALLOW H2 for hydrogen
ALLOW 1 mark for elements AND all

oxidation numbers correct but oxidation
and reduction wrong way round OR not
given.
IGNORE numbers around equation in (i)

(treat as rough working)
Most candidates managed to score at least

1 mark for this question. The most
common reason for losing a mark, despite
demonstrating a good understanding of
redox, was stating that H changed from +2
to 0 (need to give oxidation number per
atom). Other errors seen included only
giving change for Sr, descriptions in terms
of electrons rather than oxidation numbers,
Sr change from 0 to +1 (linked to SrOH),
oxygen being reduced rather than H and
mixing up oxidation/reduction or not
specifying.
Mark Scheme
iii Atomic radius 3 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

Ca has smaller atomic radius (AO 1.2) --------------------------------------------------------
OR fewer shells ✓ (AO 1.2) ORA in terms of Sr
(AO 1.2) Comparison needed for each mark.
ALLOW ‘fewer energy levels’

ALLOW ‘electrons closer to nucleus’
Effect of nuclear charge/shielding IGNORE fewer orbitals OR fewer sub-

Ca has less/decreased shielding ✓ shells
OR different shell
Nuclear attraction
Ca has greater nuclear attraction (for
electrons)
OR Ca has a higher ionisation energy ALLOW more electron repulsion from inner
OR more energy is required to lose the shells
outer electrons✓
IGNORE nuclear charge/effective nuclear

charge
ALLOW ‘less nuclear pull’
OR ‘electrons held less tightly’
Most candidates gained some marks here

although a significant proportion were
unable to score all 3 marks covering
atomic radius, shielding, nuclear
attraction/IE. The mark most often missed
was for shielding. Some candidates did not
answer the question asked and gave the
trend down the group so could not be given
marks unless they made it clear Sr is
below Ca in the group. Care must be taken
to answer question asked not similar
questions they have seen before. The best
responses were those with direct
comparative statements, e.g. “Ca has a
smaller atomic radius than Sr”. It is worth
noting that harder/easier to lose electrons
didn’t gain marks, but was seen fairly
frequently, as response needs to be in
terms of energy required or linked to
nuclear attraction.
Mark Scheme
b i Any value in range: 8–14 ✓ 1

(AO1.1) Examiner’s Comments
Most candidates gained this mark. The

most common incorrect response was pH
7 with a few giving a pH value of less than
7.
ii White precipitate/white solid ✓ 2

(AO 3.1) Examiner’s Comments
BaSO4 ✓ (AO 3.2)
Most candidates were able to give the
formula of the barium compound as
BaSO4. However, they did not recognise
that this would cause a white ppt to be
seen, presumably as not in the context of
qualitative ions testing. Many candidates
said they would see bubbling/fizzing. Some
gave a colour change as they were
possibly considering what would be seen if
an indicator is present. Others mentioned a
precipitate but with no colour given.
Some candidates gave the incorrect

formula, such as Ba2SO4 or Ba(SO4)2,
again showing the importance of practising
writing formulae. In addition, some
candidates wrote out the whole equation
for the reaction.
OCR support
We have produced a topic support pack to

assist with learning about the reaction of
group 2 elements and their compounds:
http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/364103-che
mistry-of-group2.docx
Total 9
Mark Scheme
19 i More vigorous bubbling ✓ 2 AW, e.g. bubbles/fizzes more quickly

(AO 2.7 ×
Zinc dissolves/disappears more quickly ✓ 2) For 1 alternative marking point ALLOW
responses related to displacement of Cu
from CuSO4 by Zn:
EITHER red/brown/black precipitate/solid
formed OR (blue solution) turns colourless
Candidates found this question very

challenging. Most recognised that the
addition of the catalyst would speed up the
reaction but could not translate this into
observations for this specific practical. For
example, “reacts faster”, “releases more
hydrogen” or “stops reacting quicker”.
Giving candidates the opportunity to
observe a range of both familiar and
unfamiliar reactions, noting qualitative
observations can help to improve their
skills here. Many just noted that one tube
would be blue and the other colourless
rather than considering the reaction taking
place. Some indicated that only 1 tube
would react and the other would not. A few
candidates recognised that a competing
displacement reaction would take place
between Zn and CuSO4 so were given
marks for this.
ii 3 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

(AO 2.1) CROSSES ETC
(AO 1.1)
(AO 1.1) IGNORE state symbols
ΔH DO NOT ALLOW –ΔH

DO NOT ALLOW double headed
arrow on ΔH
ALLOW ΔH arrow even with small gap
ΔH ΔH labelled with product (ZnSO4 + H2)
at the top and bottom, i .e. line does
below reactant
not quite reach reactant or product
AND
line.
Arrow downwards ✓
Ea Ea correctly labelled ✓
Ea and Ec
Ec Ec correctly labelled with Ec < Ea ✓
ALLOW no arrowhead or arrowheads
at both end of Ea or Ec lines
Mark Scheme
Ea or Ec lines must reach maximum (or

near to maximum) on curve
For Ea, ALLOW AE OR AE
ALLOW marks for Ea and Ec for correctly

labelled endothermic diagram (i.e. ECF
from ΔH)
Less than half of all candidates managed

to gain all 3 marks giving the correct
enthalpy profile diagram. Many
demonstrated a lack of understanding
about what an enthalpy profile diagram
shows as seen by labelling of curves for
Ea/Ec rather than the enthalpy change or
arrows for ΔH extending to the x-axis.
Other errors also seen included, -ΔH,

double headed ΔH arrow, activation energy
lines starting at products, endothermic
profiles, Ea and Ec the wrong way round
and missing or incorrect labels.
Some candidates found it tricky to give

activation lines for both catalysed and
uncatalysed reactions on the same
diagram, these often overlapped or did not
extend to the top of the energy barrier.
Total 5
Mark Scheme
20 FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 FULL ANNOTATIONS MUST BE USED

ANSWER LINE (AO 2.2 × ---------------------------------------------------------
IF answer = (+)198 award 3 marks 2) -----------
--------------------------------------------------------- (AO 2.6)
---------------
Energy for bonds broken
(1 × C–C + 5 × C–H + 1 × C–O + 7 × O–H) IGNORE sign
347 + 5(415) + 358 + 7(464)
OR 6028 (kJ) ✓
IGNORE sign
Energy for bonds made ( 6 × H–H + 4 × ----------------------------------------
C=O ) ALLOW ECF
6 × 435 + 4 × 805 DO NOT ALLOW – sign
OR 2610 + 3220
OR 5830 (kJ) ✓ Common errors for 2 marks
–198 (incorrect cycle)
ΔH correctly calculated from above –149 (missed C-C from bonds broken)
ΔH = 6028 – 5830 –2586 (missing 6 x O-H from H2O)
= (+)198 (kJ mol–1) ✓
Despite the structures being drawn out with

displayed formula, a significant number of
candidates did not correctly count all the
bonds. Common errors included missing C-
C from ethanol or O-H bonds in water.
Most candidates set out their working
clearly, so it was easy to identify any errors
in calculation steps and award ECF
appropriately.
Some also had the calculation the wrong

way round (made – broken) missing the
essential idea that energy is needed to
break bonds and released to make bonds,
as well as link to endothermic changes
being positive and exothermic changes
being negative.
Assessment for learning
It is important to evaluate candidates

understanding of enthalpy changes and
build on prior knowledge from KS4. We
Mark Scheme
have produced a transition guide for KS4

to KS5 on enthalpy:
https://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/361305-ent
halpy-changes-ks4-ks5.pdf. This includes a
checkpoint task which is very useful for
checking understanding of this topic,
including the difference between
endothermic and exothermic reaction,
drawing profile diagrams, and calculating
enthalpy changes from bond enthalpies.
Total 3
Mark Scheme
21 a i Final 27.30 27.00 27.75 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

reading/ CROSSES ETC
cm3
Initial 0.45 0.60 1.25
reading/
ALLOW missing zeroes for burette
cm3
readings
Titre/cm3 26.85 26.40 26.50 i.e. 0.6 for 0.60
27 OR 27.0 for 27.00
Initial and final readings
All burette readings (×6) correct ✓ ALLOW ECF from incorrect burette
readings
Titres recorded to two decimal places with
the last figure either 0 or 5
Correct subtractions to obtain final IF MEAN IS CALCULATED FROM ECF, IT
titre values ✓ MUST BE FROM CLOSEST TITRES
Mean titre calculated from concordant ALLOW ecf from incorrect mean
results DO NOT ALLOW 26.5 cm3
Correct mean titre = 26.45 (cm3) ✓ Question asks for nearest 0.05 cm3
Mean titre recorded to accuracy of burette Examiner’s Comments

Final answer recorded to two
decimal places with Most candidates were able to accurately
the last figure either 0 or 5 ✓ record the burette readings and made the
correct subtractions. Despite the
examination question requesting the mean
titre to be recorded to the accuracy of the
burette, many candidates did not do this. A
common error was taking a mean of all
three readings instead of only the
concordant results; this led the candidates
to give an answer of 26.58 which lost them
2 marks.
ii 1 ALLOW 0.4 up to full calculation display of

0.372439478
ALLOW ECF FOR CORRECT
CALCULATION FROM 1 (c) (i) OR USE
OF ANY TITRE
A good attempt by many candidates but

some did not know how to calculate this or
did not multiply by 2.
Mark Scheme
iii Use a (250 cm3) volumetric flask (instead 1 IGNORE graduated flask
of a beaker)✓
Although there were some excellent

descriptions of the correct processes, such
as inverting the apparatus to ensure mixing
and then making the solution up to the
mark, many candidates could not name a
volumetric flask.
b i FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

LINE CROSSES ETC
If answer = 118 (g mol–1) award 4 marks Throughout: IGNORE trailing zeroes in
If answer = 108 (g mol–1) award 3 marks intermediate working,
___________________________________ e.g. For n(NaOH) ALLOW 0.0028 for
n(NaOH) 0.00280
n(A) in 25.0 cm3 ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NaOH)
ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(A) OR

3 n(NaOH)
n(A) in 250 cm
ALLOW 3 sig fig up to full calculator
display correctly rounded (0.012820512)
ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NaOH)

Molar mass, M(A) to nearest whole _____________________________________
number. Possible ECFs for 3 marks
1.513 ÷ (0.00140 × 250/25) = 108
1.513 ÷ 0.00140 = 1081
No ÷2 for n(A)
• Molar mass A = 59 (g mol–1)
Using mean titre of 26.45 cm3 from 1c(i)
Using 27.3 × 0.112 in M1 and then 25.0 in
M3
Although there were some excellent

descriptions of the correct processes, such
as inverting the apparatus to ensure mixing
and then making the solution up to the
mark, many candidates could not name a
volumetric flask.
Mark Scheme
ii Structure of dicarboxylic acid 1 ALLOW correct structural OR skeletal OR

HOOCCH2CH2COOH OR displayed formulae OR a combination
HOOCCH(CH3)COOH ✓
ALLOW incorrect connectivity e.g –HO
STRUCTURE MUST MATCH Mr from
answer to 1 d) i) (within 10 AMU) ALLOW ECF from incorrect molar mass in
(d)(i) but only if 2 × COOH possible and Mr
is a close match to (d) (i) within 10 AMU
Most candidates that obtained a sensible

value for the previous question managed to
draw a creditable structure. Allowing error
carried forward meant that feasibly derived
structures could be credited a mark.
Total 11
Mark Scheme
22 a i Br2 + 2I– → I2 + 2Br– ✓ 1 ALLOW multiples
Around 50% of candidates answered this

correctly. The most common error was not
balancing the equation, and many did not
know what an ionic equation was.
ii Iodine has a larger atomic radius ✓ 3 ORA

ALLOW iodine is larger / bromine is
smaller
ALLOW electron added to a shell further

Iodine has greater shielding / more shells from the nucleus
✓
Iodine has weaker / less nuclear attraction ALLOW bromine has greater nuclear
(on electron gained than bromine) ✓ attraction
IGNORE ‘gained less easily’ for ‘weaker

attraction’
IGNORE references to ionisation energy
DO NOT ALLOW mention of losing

electrons for M3
ALLOW ‘pull’ for ‘attraction’
IGNORE just ‘greater attraction’ OR

greater force
This question was answered well by most

candidates, although some omitted the
word ‘nucleus’ when explaining attracting
electrons, or answered in terms of losing
electrons, and did not have the final
marking point credited.
Mark Scheme
Exemplar 1
This candidate was credited all three

marks. Some candidates managed to be
credited for all 3 marks in one short
sentence that covered all 3 marking points.
Mark Scheme
b i Disproportionation 3
Oxidation AND reduction of same ALLOW I or I2 for iodine
element/iodine IGNORE numbers around equation for
oxidation states
OR
Iodine has been oxidised and Iodine ALLOW 1– for –1 AND 1+ for +1
has been reduced ✓
NOTE (for iodine/I2) from 0 only needs to
Oxidation be seen once, does not need to be stated
from 0 to +1 in HIO ✓ twice
Reduction ALLOW 1 mark for 3 ox nos correct but no

from 0 to –1 in HI ✓ mention of words oxidation/reduction:
0 in I2 AND –1 in HI AND +1 in HIO
ALLOW 1 mark for species missing:

Iodine oxidised (from 0) to +1
AND iodine reduced (from 0) to –1
Most candidates were aware of

disproportionation but lost marks by not
stating the species or whether the process
was oxidation or reduction.
Exemplar 2
Here the candidate has lost a mark for not

stating the initial oxidation number of
elemental iodine as 0.
Mark Scheme
ii Chlorine is toxic/poisonous 1 ALLOW (reacts with hydrocarbons to) form

OR carcinogens/toxic compounds
forms halogenated hydrocarbons
OR IGNORE
forms carcinogens/toxic compounds ✓
chlorine causes cancer
harmful/dangerous
chlorine causes breathing problems
The majority of candidates stated that

chlorine is toxic or forms carcinogens,
although some stated that chlorine is a
carcinogen which was not credited. 12
c FIRST CHECK ON ANSWER LINE 2 ALLOW to 3 SF i.e. 432

If answer = (+) 431.5 (kJ mol–1) award 2
marks
If answer = –431.5 (kJ mol–1) award 1 mark
(wrong sign)
______________________________________
2 × H–Cl bond enthalpy correctly
calculated
= +436 +243 +184 = +863 (kJ mol–1) ✓ ALLOW 1 mark for (+)247.5 / 248
(wrong expression) i.e. (436+243–184)/2
H–Cl bond enthalpy correctly calculated
–1
+863/2 = (+)431.5 (kJ mol ) ✓
Most candidates made a good attempt at
this question. The most common mistake
was to use the wrong sign when
incorporating the enthalpy change into the
calculation, or not to incorporate it at all.
d i Br2(l) → Br2(g) ✓ 1
A good attempt by many candidates but

some lost marks by having the wrong state
of bromine, even though the question
stated it was a liquid changing to a gas.
Many added water or oxygen, some
confused the equation with bond enthalpy
and answers such as Br2 (l) → 2Br(g) were
commonly seen.
Mark Scheme
ii Endothermic 1 Mark independently of 3 (d) (i)

AND
Energy required to overcome induced ALLOW endo to break intermolecular
dipole–dipole forces/London forces ✓ forces/bonds
ALLOW bonds between molecules
DO NOT ALLOW van der Waals’ forces
The majority of candidates answered this

question incorrectly. Only 10% of
candidates mentioned
intermolecular/London forces. Most stated
‘exothermic’ or described breaking
covalent bonds.
Total 12
Mark Scheme
23 i 2 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

CROSSES ETC
ALLOW 1 mark for a correctly labelled

endothermic diagram
Ea ALLOW no arrowhead or arrowheads

at both end of Ea line.
Ea line must reach maximum (or near

Reactants, products and Ea to maximum) on curve
Reactants on LHS 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
AND For Ea, ALLOW AE OR AE
Products on RHS 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
AND
Activation energy correctly labelled / Ea
✓ ΔH DO NOT ALLOW –ΔH
DO NOT ALLOW double headed
arrow on ΔH
ΔH
ΔH labelled with product below reactant ALLOW ΔH arrow even with small gap
AND at the top and bottom, i.e. line does
Arrow downwards ✓ not quite reach reactant or product
line.
ALLOW –905 for ΔH
Most candidates were able to gain the first

mark, but many lost the second mark by
putting a double headed arrow or –ΔH.
Mark Scheme
ii FIRST CHECK ON ANSWER LINE 4 IGNORE (-) SIGN

If answer = 6.79 × 107 (kJ) award 4 marks Throughout: IGNORE trailing zeroes in
If answer = 2.72 × 108 (kJ) award 3 marks intermediate working,
(no ÷ 4) e.g. For n(NH3) ALLOW 3 × 105 for 3.00 ×
__________________________________ 105
n(NH3) ______________________________________
Stoichiometry and ΔH
1 mol NH3 releases OR 226.25 (kJ) ✓
Energy released
ALLOW ECF from incorrect n(NH3) OR
905/4
ALLOW 3 SF up to calc value correctly

rounded.
Value will depend on intermediate rounding
Final answer to 3SF AND standard form
Common Errors
= 6.79 × 107 (kJ) ✓
1.09 × 109 (× 4 instead of ÷ 4) 3 marks
standard form AND 3 SF required
2.72 × 108 (no ÷ 4) 3 marks
6.79 × 101 (no tonnes → g) 3 marks
Most candidates were able to convert from

tonnes to moles and then went on to
complete the majority of the calculation
steps. Many omitted to divide by 4 and
were credited 3 marks. Some candidates
lost marks by not stating the answer to
standard form or quoted their answer to
more than 3 significant figures. A number
of candidates attempted to use Q = mcΔT
and did not get very far in the calculation.
Total 6
Mark Scheme
24 a A solution of known concentration ✓ 1 ALLOW description of concentration
Many candidates gave a good description

of standard conditions or stated 1 mol
dm–3, but that did not answer the question
so no marks could be credited.
b Releases OH– (ions in aqueous solution) 1 ALLOW containing OH– ions

✓ IGNORE mention of pH
Many candidates stated a Brønsted–Lowry

definition or gave pH values. Of the
candidates that did mention OH- ions, most
did not state ‘releases’ OH- ions in solution,
although they were credited with the mark.
Total 2
Mark Scheme
25 a i (1s2) 2s22p63s23p63d104s24p4 ✓ 1 ALLOW subscripts
Look carefully at (1s2) 2s22p63s23p6 ALLOW in any order i.e. 3d10 after 4s2 or
– there may be a mistake after 4p4
ALLOW upper case D, etc and subscripts,

e.g. ……3S23P6
DO NOT ALLOW [Ar] as shorthand for

1s22s22p63s23p6
Most candidates answered this correctly.

The most common error seen was 4p6
instead of 4p4
ii Gas B 2
H2Se / Hydrogen selenide / Selenium ALLOW SeH2
hydride ✓
ALLOW correct multiples
Equation
Na2Se + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2Se IGNORE STATE SYMBOLS
All formulae and balancing ✓ DO NOT ALLOW H2S for gas B

BUT ALLOW ECF from H2S for equation:
Na2S +2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S
The majority of candidates obtained 1 or 2

errors seen were identifying the gas as
H2S or incorrect balancing.
Mark Scheme
b 2 ALLOW 2[Na]+
ALLOW [Na]+2
Brackets not required
For first mark,

if eight electrons are shown around Na, the
‘extra’ electrons around S must match the
symbol chosen for the electrons for Na.
Na shown with either 0 or 8 electrons IGNORE inner shells

AND
S shown with 8 electrons with 6 dots and 2 Circles not required
crosses (or vice versa) ✓
Correct charges ✓
The majority of candidates obtained full
errors were incorrect charges or covalent
structures.
Total 5
Mark Scheme
26 a i Barium chloride does not conduct 2 IGNORE use of ‘free’ instead of ‘mobile’
electricity when solid ALLOW ions are not free to move
AND ALLOW ions are held (in position / in
because it has ions which are fixed (in lattice)
position / in lattice) ✔ ALLOW ions are not mobile
IGNORE charge carriers
Barium chloride conducts when in aqueous DO NOT ALLOW electrons moving
solution ALLOW one mark for comparison that
AND does not identify (s) and (aq).
because it has
mobile ions Examiner’s Comments
Many precise answers gained full marks by

describing the fixed position of ions in a
lattice and the mobility of ions in aqueous
solution. Delocalised or free electrons were
occasionally mentioned. Vague answers
often used the terms ‘free’ instead of
mobile, ‘charge carrier’ instead of ion and
‘carry a charge’ instead of conduct
electricity.
ii Test for sulfate / SO42- ✔ 2 IGNORE hydrochloric acid
White precipitate forms (when barium ALLOW white solid

chloride solution is mixed with a solution IGNORE cloudy
containing sulfate ions) ✔ DO NOT ALLOW test result linked to
incorrect anion
There was some confusion with the

displacement reactions of halogens, the
test for halide ions and the use of silver
nitrate but the majority of students could
recall the use of aqueous barium chloride
to test for sulfate ions. Occasionally
candidates described the use of dilute
hydrochloric acid to remove carbonate ions
from solution before their creditworthy
description of the sulfate test.
Mark Scheme
iii FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 2

ANSWER LINE
IF answer = 2 award 2 marks
M(BaCl2) = ((137.3 + (35.5 × 2)) ✔ ALLOW 208 (g mol-1)

= 208.3 (g mol-1)
244.3 - 208.3 = 36 ALLOW ECF for incorrectly calculated

AND molar mass provided the final answer is
36/18 = 2 ✔ rounded to nearest whole number
Very well answered, the majority of

candidates scored full marks for this simple
calculation.
b i (1s2) 2s2 2p6 1 IGNORE 1s2 seen twice

✔ ALLOW upper case letters AND subscripts
Many incorrect answers but I am happy to

report that the use of incorrect notation,
mentioned in last year’s report, was not an
issue in the 2017 paper.
Mark Scheme
ii Products of reaction 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

A = Barium hydroxide / Ba(OH)2 ✔ CROSSES ETC
B = Ammonia / NH3 ✔ ALLOW one mark for correct products
Formula for barium nitride incorrectly labelled
Ba3N2 ✔ Formulae must be correct
Balanced equation AND state symbols No ECF from any incorrect formula
Ba3N2(s) + 6H2O(l) → 3Ba(OH)2(aq) ALLOW multiples
+ 2NH3(g) ✔ Correct equation with state symbols scores
State symbols are required 4 marks
Examiner’s Comment:
This question discriminated well and only

the most able candidates were able to
score full marks with a correctly balanced
equation including state symbols. Weaker
candidates were able to pick up some
marks for identifying barium hydroxide or
ammonia, although barium oxide and
nitrogen were not uncommon. Some failed
to score the more accessible marks
because they used an incorrect formula
instead of writing the name of the product.
Total 11
Mark Scheme
27 a i FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 4 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

ANSWER LINE CROSSES ETC
IF answer = –2510 (kJ mol-1) award 4
marks
IF answer = 2508 / 2507 (kJ mol-1) award 3
marks
(not rounded to 3SF, ignore sign)
IF answer = + 2510 (kJ mol-1) award 3
marks
(incorrect sign)
IF answer = –2510000 (kJ mol-1) award 3
marks
(used J instead of kJ)
...................................................................
Moles moles = 1.29/86.0
n(C6H14) = 0.0150 mol ✔ IGNORE trailing zeros
Energy
q calculated correctly = 37620 (J) OR q = 200 × 4.18 × 45.0
37.620 (kJ) ✔ ALLOW correctly rounded to 3 sig figs:
37.6 kJ
ALLOW ECF from incorrect q
ALLOW ECF from incorrect molar mass or

incorrect moles of hexane to 3 SF or more
Calculating ΔH correctly rounded
Correctly calculates ΔH in kJ mol-1
AND to 3 or more SF ✔ IGNORE sign at this intermediate stage
IGNORE working
ΔH = 37.62/0.015 = 2508 (kJ mol-1)
ΔH = 37.6/0.015 = 2507 (kJ mol- 1)
Rounding AND sign
calculated value of ΔH rounded to 3 SF
AND ‘-‘sign ✔ ΔH = –2510 (kJ mol-1)
Final answer must have ‘–‘ sign and 3 SF
A high proportion of candidates lost marks

on this question for a variety of reasons
including errors in the calculation of moles
and / or energy change. Many candidates
did not express their final answer to three
significant figures and so failed to score the
final mark. An incorrect or missing sign
also resulted in loss of the final mark.
Mark Scheme
ii Any two from the following: 3

✔✔
Heat released to the surroundings ALLOW heat loss
Incomplete combustion ALLOW incomplete reaction OR not

everything burns
Non-standard conditions IGNORE reference to evaporation
Almost all candidates scored at least one

mark for this well-rehearsed practical
question. There was some confusion
regarding the use of average bond
enthalpy values obtained from a data book
which was not relevant to this question.
b i Value for butane plotted accurately on the 3 relative molecular mass = 58

graph ✔
ΔcΗo̶ = -2877 kJ mol-1
Check accuracy:
There must be a visible point

Vertically: touching the 58 line
Horizontally: between 2800 and 2900
Most, but not all, candidates were able to

plot the value for butane accurately on the
graph.
Mark Scheme
ii FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 relative molecular mass = 72

ANSWER LINE
IF energy released = 87.5 (minimum) to 90 ΔcΗo̶ = - 3509 KJ mol-1
(maximum)
AND line is extrapolated to 72 (molar
mass) award 3 marks
IF energy released <87.5 OR > 90.0 check
the estimated value of ΔcΗo̶ from the graph
Estimation of AcΗo̶
extrapolated (straight) line of best fit (see
graph)
AND
correctly estimated value ΔcΗo̶ from
graph ✔
Expected value within range:

Calculation of energy released (–)3500 to (–)3600 (kJ mol-1)
n(C5H12) = 0.0250 mol ✔
moles = 1.80/72.0
energy released
= 0.0250 × correctly estimated value of IGNORE sign
ΔcΗo̶
✔ ALLOW ECF from incorrectly calculated
moles of pentane OR incorrectly estimated
ΔcΗo̶
A good proportion of candidates scored full

marks for their estimate but some did not
extrapolate the line on the graph and many
did not calculate the amount of pentane.
This restricted their answer to an estimate
of the energy released by one mole of
pentane and this could only score one
mark.
Mark Scheme
c FIRST, CHECK THE ANSWER ON 3 ANNOTATE ANSWER WITH TICKS AND

ANSWER LINE CROSSES ETC
IF enthalpy change = –3919.5 (kJ mol-1) IF there is an alternative answer, check to
award 3 marks see if there is any ECF credit possible
IF enthalpy change
= (+)3919.5 (kJ mol-1) award 2 marks
.....................................................................
Working for CO2 AND H2O seen anywhere

(1 mark)
6 × (–)393.5 AND 6 × (–)285.8
OR (–)2361 AND (–)1714.8
OR (–)4075.8 ✔
Calculates ΔcH
A further 2 marks for correct answer
AND correct sign ALLOW 3 marks for ΔCH = –3920
FINAL answer rounded to 3 SF
= (6 × –393.5) + (6 × –285.8) – (–156.3)
Common incorrect answers are shown

= –3919.5 (kJ mol-1) ✔ ✔ below
ALLOW 2 marks for ΔCH = –3924
From ΔcH = (6 χ–394 + 6 ×–286) – (–156)
Data rounded to 3 sig figs

ALLOW 2 marks for ΔCH = –4232.1
All data added together
(6 × –393.5) + (6 × –285.8) + (–156.3)
ALLOW 1 mark for ΔcH = (+)4232.1
This calculation was generally well

answered but there were a variety of errors
that could lead to candidates scoring just
one or two marks. These included incorrect
signs associated with the data during the
calculation, adding all the data together or
missing out the sign associated with the
final answer.
Total 13
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Chemistry A (H032, H432)

Mock Exam Practise Qs

OCR supplied materials:

Other materials required:

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

(ii) A sample of strontium has a relative atomic mass of 87.73.

The sample consists of:

isotope of strontium = ...................................................... [2]

The student’s method is outlined below.

Repeat step 3 a further two times.

The student’s results are shown below:

Mass of empty crucible / g 15.96

(i) Calculate the value of x in SrCl2•xH2O.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

The equation is shown below.

MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

volume =......................................................cm3 [3]

2Mg(NO3)2(s) → 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

State the changes in oxidation numbers, including all signs.

Element oxidised ......................................................

Oxidation number change: from ............. to .............

Element reduced ......................................................

Oxidation number change: from ............. to .............

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

minimum volume of HCl(aq) = .................................................. cm3 [3]

volume of H2(g) = .................................................. cm3 [1]

Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, Δc H, of cyclohexane in kJ mol–1.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Δc H = ............................................ kJ mol–1 [4]

The student evaluates the experimental results.

A student carries out a titration to find the value of n.

The student uses phenolphthalein as the indicator.

Colour from ....................................................... to ....................................................... [1]

The results are shown in the table below.

(i) Complete the table to show the titre in each titration.

(ii) Why does the student carry out a trial titration?

mean titre = .................................................. cm3 [1]

Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the titre for Titration 1.

percentage uncertainty = ..................................................... % [1]

State the effect of this mistake on the titre.

Explain your answer.

(i) Record the student’s burette readings in the table below.

Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3

mean titre .................................................. cm3 [4]

C6H8O7 + 3NaOH→Na3C6H5O7 + 3H2O

Calculate the mass, in g, of citric acid in one lime.

mass of citric acid in one lime = ...................................................... g [5]

Justify your answer

7(a) 2-Bromobutane, CH3CH2CHBrCH3, can be prepared by several different methods.

The relative molecular mass, M r, of 2-bromobutane is 136.9.

2-Bromobutane can be prepared by reacting butane with bromine (Reaction 5.1).

The reaction is initiated by the formation of bromine radicals from bromine.

CH3CH2CH2CH3 + ................ → ......................................... + ................

.................................. + ................ → ......................................... + ................

(iii) The yield of CH3CH2CHBrCH3 is only 30%.

Suggest two reasons why the yield of CH3CH2CHBrCH3 is so low.

CH3CH=CHCH3 + HBr → CH3CH2CHBrCH3 Reaction 5.2

Include calculations to justify your answer.