Storage Tank Assignment

DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS FOR ETHANOL AND RAW
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR ITS PRODUCTION
Team Members
Ashlesh Gajbhiye (BT17CME016)
Eashan Bhat (BT17CME025)
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
NAGPUR
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Acknowledgement
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our Professor
Sachin Mandavgane Sir who gave us the Golden Opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic of Storage Tank Design for various
Materials, which helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to
know about so many new things. We are really thankful to him.
THANK YOU, SIR!
Eashan Bhat
Ashlesh Gajbhiye
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INDEX
SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

- Acknowledgement 2
MSDS DATA
1 Ethanol Data 4
2 Ethene Data 10
3 Water Data 16
4 Phosphoric Acid Data 19
UNIT PROCESS
- Manufacture of Ethanol 24
TANK DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS
1 Ethanol Storage Tank 25
2 Ethene Storage Tank 28
3 Water Storage Tank 30
4 Phosphoric Acid Storage Tank 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- References 36
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Material Safety Data Sheet
Ethanol
Section 1 - Chemical Product
MSDS Name: Ethanol, Absolute
Synonyms: Ethyl Alcohol; Ethyl Alcohol Anhydrous; Ethyl Hydrate; Ethyl Hydroxide;
Fermentation Alcohol; Grain Alcohol
Section 2 - Composition and Information on Ingredients

CAS#: 64-17-5
Chemical Name: Ethanol
Percent: 100% Ethanol
EINECS/ELINCS: 200-578-6
Hazard Symbols: F
Risk Phrases:11
Section 3 – Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye
contact (irritant), of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact
(permeator), of ingestion.
Potential Chronic Health Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact
(sensitizer).
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for human or
animal.) by ACGIH.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for
bacteria and/or yeast.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN for human.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Development toxin [PROVEN]. Classified
Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE]. The
substance is toxic to blood, the reproductive system, liver, upper respiratory tract, skin,
central nervous system (CNS). Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can
produce target organs damage.
Section 4 – First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with
running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used.
Get medical attention.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover
the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold
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water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
reuse. Get medical attention.
Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek medical attention.
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer
oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek
medical attention.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such
as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5 – Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: 363°C (685.4°F)
Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 12.78°C (55°F). OPEN CUP: 17.78°C (64°F)
(Cleveland).
Flammable Limits: LOWER: 3.3% UPPER: 19%
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2).
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of
open flames and sparks, of heat. Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of
oxidizing materials.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the
product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Slightly explosive in
presence of open flames and sparks, of heat, of oxidizing materials, of acids.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in
water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam,
water spray or fog.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Containers should be grounded. CAUTION: MAY
BURN WITH NEAR INVISIBLE FLAME Vapor may travel considerable distance to
source of ignition and flash back. May form explosive mixtures with air. Contact with
Bromine pentafluoride is likely to cause fire or explosion. Ethanol ignites on contact
with chromyl chloride. Ethanol ignites on contact with iodine heptafluoride
gas. It ignites than explodes upon contact with nitrosyl perchlorate. Addition of
platinum black catalyst caused ignition.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Ethanol has an explosive reaction with the
oxidized coating around potassium metal. Ethanol ignites and then explodes on
contact with acetic anhydride + sodium hydrosulphate (ignites and may explode),
disulfuric acid + nitric acid, phosphorous (III) oxide platinum, potassium-tert-butoxide+
acids. Ethanol forms explosive products in reaction with the following compound:
ammonia + silver nitrate (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate), iodine + phosphorus
(forms ethane iodide), magnesium perchlorate (forms ethyl perchlorate), mercuric
nitrate, nitric acid + silver (forms silver fulminate) silver nitrate (forms ethyl nitrate)
silver(I) oxide + ammonia or hydrazine (forms silver nitride and silver fulminate),
sodium (evolves hydrogen gas). Sodium Hydrazide + alcohol can produce an
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explosion. Alcohols should not be mixed with mercuric nitrate, as explosive mercuric
fulminate may be formed. May form explosive mixture with manganese perchlorate +
2,2-dimethoxypropane. Addition of alcohols to highly concentrate hydrogen peroxide
forms powerful explosives. Explodes on contact with calcium hypochlorite.
Section 6 – Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and
place in an appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill: Flammable liquid. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of
ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with DRY earth, sand or other non-
combustible material. Do not touch spilled material. Prevent entry into sewers,
basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Be careful that the product is not present
at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local
authorities.
Section 7 – Handling and Storage

Precautions: Keep locked up. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of
ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe
gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient
ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice
immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis, moisture.
Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-
ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all
possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
Section 8 – Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection
Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to

keep the airborne concentrations of vapours below their respective threshold limit
value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-
station location.
Personal Protection: Splash goggles. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Use a respirator if the exposure
limit is exceeded.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient;
consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
Exposure Limits: TWA: 1900 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]
TWA: 1000 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]
TWA: 1900 (mg/m3) from NIOSH [United States]
TWA: 1000 (ppm) from NIOSH [United States]
TWA: 1000 (ppm) [United Kingdom (UK)]
TWA: 1920 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)]
TWA: 1000 STEL: 1250 (ppm) [Canada]Consult local authorities for acceptable
exposure limits.
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Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Liquid. (Liquid.)
Odour: Mild to strong, rather pleasant; like wine or whiskey. Alcohol-like; Ethereal,
vinous.
Taste: Pungent. Burning.
Molecular Weight: 46.07 g/mole
Colour: Colourless. Clear
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: 78.5°C (173.3°F)
Melting Point: -114.1°C (-173.4°F)
Critical Temperature: 243°C (469.4°F)
Specific Gravity: 0.789 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 5.7 kPa (@ 20°C)
Vapor Density: 1.59 (Air = 1)
Volatility: Not available.
Odour Threshold: 100 ppm
Water/Oil Dist. Coefficient: The product is more soluble in water; log(oil/water) = -
0.3
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, methanol, diethyl ether, acetone.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in methanol, diethyl ether, acetone.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, heat, sources of ignition.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids,
alkalis.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Ethanol rapidly absorbs moisture from the air. Can
react vigorously with oxiders. The following oxidants have been demonstrated to
undergo vigorous/explosive reaction with ethanol: barium perchlorate, bromine
pentafluoride, calcium hypochlorite, chloryl perchlorate, chromium trioxide, chromyl
chloride, dioxygen difluoride, disulfuryl difluoride, fluorine nitrate, hydrogen peroxide,
iodine heptafluoride, nitric acid nitrosyl perchlorate, perchloric acid permanganic acid,
peroxodisulfuric acid, potassium dioxide, potassium perchlorate, potassium
permanganate, ruthenium(VIII) oxide, silver perchlorate, silver peroxide, uranium
hexafluoride, uranyl perchlorate. Ethanol reacts violently/explodes with the following
compounds: acetyl bromide (evolves hydrogen bromide) acetyl chloride, aluminium,
sesquibromide ethylate, ammonium hydroxide & silver oxide, chlorate, chromic
anhydride, cyanuric acid + water, dichloromethane + sulfuric acid + nitrate (or) nitrite,
hydrogen peroxide + sulfuric acid, iodine + methanol + mercuric oxide, manganese
perchlorate + 2,2-dimethoxy propane, perchlorates, permanganates + sulfuric acid,
potassium superoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, silver & nitric acid, silver perchlorate,
sodium hydrazide, sulfuric acid + sodium dichromate, tetrachlorisilane + water.
Ethanol is also incompatible with platinum, and sodium. No really safe conditions exist
under which ethyl alcohol and chlorine oxides can be handled. Reacts vigorously with
acetyl chloride
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
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Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation.
Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals:
WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF
A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 3450 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute
toxicity of the vapor (LC50): 39000 mg/m3 4 hours [Mouse].
Chronic Effects on Humans: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: A4 (Not classifiable for
human or animal.) by ACGIH. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for
mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS: Classified PROVEN for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified
Development toxin [PROVEN]. Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female,
Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE]. Causes damage to the following
organs: blood, the reproductive system, liver, upper respiratory tract, skin, central
nervous system (CNS).
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of
inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of ingestion.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Lowest Published Dose/Conc:
LDL[Human] - Route: Oral; Dose: 1400 mg/kg LDL [Human child] - Route: Oral; Dose:
2000 mg/kg LDL[Rabbit] - Route: Skin; Dose: 20000 mg/kg
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:
May affect genetic material (mutagenic) Causes adverse reproductive effects and birth
defects (teratogenic), based on moderate to heavy consumption. May cause cancer
based on animal data. Human: passes through the placenta, excreted in maternal milk.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute potential health effects:
Skin: causes skin irritation Eyes: causes eye irritation Ingestion: May cause
gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and alterations in
gastric secretions. May affect behaviour/central nervous system (central nervous
system depression - amnesia, headache, muscular incoordination, excitation, mild
euphoria, slurred speech, drowsiness, staggering gait, fatigue, changes in
mood/personality, excessive talking, dizziness, ataxia, somnolence, coma/ narcosis,
hallucinations, distorted perceptions, general anaesthetic), peripheral nervous system
(spastic paralysis) vision (diplopia). Moderately toxic and narcotic in high
concentrations. May also affect metabolism, blood, liver, respiration (dyspnoea), and
endocrine system. May affect respiratory tract, cardiovascular (cardiac arrhythmias,
hypotension), and urinary systems. Inhalation: May cause irritation of the respiratory
tract and affect behaviour/central nervous system with symptoms similar to ingestion.
Chronic Potential Health Effects: Skin: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause
dermatitis, an allergic reaction. Ingestion: Prolonged or repeated ingestion will have
similar effects as acute ingestion. It may also affect the brain.
Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity: Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 14000 mg/l 96 hours [Rainbow trout]. 11200
mg/l 24 hours [fingerling trout].
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation: Possibly hazardous short-term degradation products
are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
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Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of
degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and
local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid.
Identification: Ethanol UNNA: 1170 PG: II
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations: California prop. 65: This product contains the
following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause cancer, birth
defects or other reproductive harm, which would require a warning under the statute:
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof (in alcoholic beverages) California prop. 65: This product
contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause
birth defects which would require a warning under the statute: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof
(in alcoholic beverages) Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Ethyl alcohol 200
Proof Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof
Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Pennsylvania RTK:
Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Florida: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Minnesota: Ethyl alcohol 200
Proof Massachusetts RTK: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Massachusetts spill list: Ethyl
alcohol 200 Proof New Jersey: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof Tennessee: Ethyl alcohol 200
Proof California - Directors List of Hazardous Substances (8 CCR 339): Ethyl alcohol
200 Proof TSCA 8(b) inventory: Ethyl alcohol 200 Proof
Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS B-2: Flammable liquid with a flash point lower than 37.8°C
(100°F). CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects
(VERY TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC): R11- Highly flammable. S7- Keep container tightly closed. S16- Keep
away from sources of ignition - No smoking.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 2
Fire Hazard: 3
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 2
Flammability: 3
Reactivity: 0
Protective Equipment: Gloves. Lab coat. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator when
ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.
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Ethene
MSDS Name: Ethylene
Synonyms: Ethene; Acetene; Olefiant Gas; Refrigerant Gas

CAS#: 74-85-1
Chemical Name: Ethene
Percent: 100% Ethene

GHS Hazards: Gases under pressure - Compressed Gas, Flammable Gases-
Category 1, Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)-Category 3 (Narcotic
Effect)
OSHA Hazards: Simple Asphyxiant
Hazard statements (GHS-US): H220 - EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE GAS H280 -
CONTAINS GAS UNDER PRESSURE; MAY EXPLODE IF HEATED H336 - May
cause drowsiness or dizziness OSHA-H01 - MAY DISPLACE OXYGEN AND CAUSE
RAPID SUFFOCATION. CGA-HG04 - MAY FORM EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES WITH
AIR CGA-HG01 - MAY CAUSE FROSTBITE.
Precautionary statements (GHS-US):
P202 - Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210 - Keep away from Heat, Open flames, Sparks, Hot surfaces. - No smoking
P261 - Avoid breathing gas
P262 - Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P271+P403 - Use and store only outdoors or in a well-ventilated place.
P377 - Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.
P381 - Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so.
CGA-PG05 - Use a back-flow preventive device in the piping.
CGA-PG12 - Do not open valve until connected to equipment prepared for use.
CGA-PG06 - Close valve after each use and when empty.
CGA-PG11 - Never put cylinders into unventilated areas of passenger vehicles.
CGA-PG02 - Protect from sunlight when ambient temperature exceeds 52°C (125°F).
Other Hazards: Contact with liquid may cause cold burns/frostbite.

First-aid measures after inhalation: Remove to fresh air and keep at rest in a
position comfortable for breathing. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, trained personnel should give oxygen. Call a physician.
First-aid measures after skin contact: The liquid may cause frostbite. For exposure
to liquid, immediately warm frostbite area with warm water not to exceed 105°F (41°C).
Water temperature should be tolerable to normal skin. Maintain skin warming for at
least 15 minutes or until normal colouring and sensation have returned to the affected
area. In case of massive exposure, remove clothing while showering with warm water.
Seek medical evaluation and treatment as soon as possible.
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First-aid measures after eye contact: Immediately flush eyes thoroughly with water
for at least 15 minutes. Hold the eyelids open and away from the eyeballs to ensure
that all surfaces are flushed thoroughly. Contact an ophthalmologist immediately.
First-aid measures after ingestion: Ingestion is not considered a potential route of
exposure.
SECTION 5 - Firefighting measures

Suitable extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, Dry chemical, Water spray or fog.
Fire hazard: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE GAS. If venting or leaking gas catches fire,
do not extinguish flames. Flammable vapours may spread from leak, creating an
explosive reignition hazard. Vapours can be ignited by pilot lights, other flames,
smoking, sparks, heaters, electrical equipment, static discharge, or other ignition
sources at locations distant from product handling point. Explosive atmospheres may
linger. Before entering an area, especially a confined area, check the atmosphere
with an appropriate device.
Explosion hazard: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE GAS. Forms explosive mixtures
with air and oxidizing agents.
Reactivity: No reactivity hazard other than the effects described in sub-sections
below.
Firefighting instructions: Danger: FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR. Evacuate
all personnel from danger area. Use self-contained breathing apparatus. Immediately
cool surrounding containers with water spray from maximum distance, taking care
not to extinguish flames. Avoid spreading burning liquid with water. Remove ignition
sources if safe to do so. If flames are accidentally extinguished, explosive reignition
may occur. Reduce vapours with water spray or fog. Stop flow of liquid if safe to do
so, while continuing cooling water spray. Remove all containers from area of fire if
safe to do so. Allow fire to burn out. On-site fire brigades must comply with OSHA 29
CFR 1910.156 and applicable standards under 29 CFR 1919 Subpart L - Fire
Protection.
Special protective equipment for fire fighters: Standard protective clothing and
equipment (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus) for fire fighters.
Other information: Containers are equipped with a pressure relief device.
(Exceptions may exist where authorized by DOT).
SECTION 6 - Accidental release measures

General measures: Danger: Flammable, liquefied gas. FORMS EXPLOSIVE
MIXTURES WITH AIR. Immediately evacuate all personnel from danger area. Use
self-contained breathing apparatus where needed. Remove all sources of ignition if
safe to do so. Reduce vapours with fog or fine water spray, taking care not to spread
liquid with water. Shut off flow if safe to do so. Ventilate area or move container to a
well-ventilated area. Flammable vapours may spread from leak and could explode if
reignited by sparks or flames. Explosive atmospheres may linger. Before entering
area, especially confined areas, check atmosphere with an appropriate device.
Environmental Precautions: Try to stop release. Reduce vapor with fog or fine water
spray. Prevent waste from contaminating the surrounding environment. Prevent soil
and water pollution. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with
local/regional/national/international regulations. Contact supplier for any special
requirements.
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SECTION 7 - Handling and Storage
Precautions for safe handling: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open
flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. Use only non-sparking tools. Use only
explosion-proof equipment. Wear leather safety gloves and safety shoes when
handling cylinders. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide or
drop. While moving cylinder, always keep in place removable valve cover. Never
attempt to lift a cylinder by its cap; the cap is intended solely to protect the valve. When
moving cylinders, even for short distances, use a cart (trolley, hand truck, etc.)
designed to transport cylinders. Never insert an object (e.g., wrench, screwdriver, pry
bar) into cap openings; doing so may damage the valve and cause a leak. Use an
adjustable strap wrench to remove over-tight or rusted caps. Slowly open the valve. If
the valve is hard to open, discontinue use and contact your supplier. Close the
container valve after each use; keep closed even when empty. Never apply flame or
localized heat directly to any part of the container. High temperatures may damage
the container and could cause the pressure relief device to fail prematurely, venting
the container contents.
Storage conditions: Store only where temperature will not exceed 125°F (52°C). Post
“No Smoking/No Open Flames” signs in storage and use areas. There must be no
sources of ignition. Separate packages and protect against potential fire and/or
explosion damage following appropriate codes and requirements (e.g., NFPA 30,
NFPA 55, NFPA 70, and/or NFPA 221 in the U.S.) or according to requirements
determined by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). Always secure containers
upright to keep them from falling or being knocked over. Install valve protection cap, if
provided, firmly in place by hand when the container is not in use. Store full and empty
containers separately. Use a first-in, first-out inventory system to prevent storing full
containers for long periods. For other precautions in using this product, see section
16. OTHER PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING, STORAGE, AND USE: When handling
product under pressure, use piping and equipment adequately designed to withstand
the pressures to be encountered. Never work on a pressurized system. Use a back-
flow preventive device in the piping. Gases can cause rapid suffocation because of
oxygen deficiency; store and use with adequate ventilation. If a leak occurs, close the
container valve and blow down the system in a safe and environmentally correct
manner in compliance with all international, federal/national, state/provincial, and local
laws; then repair the leak. Never place a container where it may become part of an
electrical circuit.
SECTION 8 - Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection

Appropriate engineering controls: Use an explosion-proof local exhaust system.
Local exhaust and general ventilation must be adequate to meet exposure
standards. MECHANICAL (GENERAL): Inadequate - Use only in a closed system.
Use explosion proof equipment and lighting.
Eye protection: Wear safety glasses when handling cylinders; vapor-proof goggles
and a face shield during cylinder changeout or whenever contact with product is
possible. Select eye protection in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133.
Skin and body protection: Wear metatarsal shoes and work gloves for cylinder
handling, and protective clothing where needed. Wear appropriate chemical gloves
during cylinder changeout or wherever contact with product is possible. Select per
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132, 1910.136, and 1910.138.
Respiratory protection: When workplace conditions warrant respirator use, follow a
respiratory protection program that meets OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134, ANSI Z88.2, or
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MSHA 30 CFR 72.710 (where applicable). Use an air-supplied or air-purifying
cartridge if the action level is exceeded. Ensure that the respirator has the
appropriate protection factor for the exposure level. If cartridge type respirators are
used, the cartridge must be appropriate for the chemical exposure. For emergencies
or instances with unknown exposure levels, use a self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or positive pressure
airline with mask are to be used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Thermal hazard protection: Wear cold insulating gloves when transfilling or
breaking transfer connections.
SECTION 9 - Physical and chemical properties

Physical state: Gas
Appearance: Colourless gas.
Molecular mass: 28 g/mol
Colour: Colourless.
Odour: Sweetish.
Odour threshold: No data available
pH: Not applicable.
Melting point: -169 °C
Freezing point: No data available
Boiling point: -102.4 °C (at 700 mmHg)
Flash point: -136.1 °C TCC
Critical temperature: 9.6 °C
Auto-ignition temperature: 450 °C
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): 2.7 - 36 vol %
Vapor pressure: Not applicable.
Critical pressure: 5041 kPa
Relative vapor density at 20 °C: No data available
Relative density: 0.57
Density: 0.974 g/cm³ (at 15 °C)
Relative gas density: 0.975
Solubility: Water: 130 mg/l
SECTION 10 - Stability and reactivity

Chemical stability: Stable under normal conditions.
Reactivity: No reactivity hazard other than the effects described in sub-sections
below.
Possibility of hazardous reactions: May occur.
Conditions to avoid: May decompose violently at high temperature and/or pressure
or in the presence of a catalyst.
Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, Halogens, Halogenated compounds,
Chlorine, Acids, Aluminium chloride.
Hazardous decomposition products: Thermal decomposition may produce: Carbon
dioxide, Carbon monoxide.
SECTION 11 - Toxicological information

Acute toxicity: Not classified
Skin corrosion/irritation: Not classified
pH: Not applicable.
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Serious eye damage/irritation: Not classified
Respiratory or skin sensitization: Not classified
Germ cell mutagenicity: Not classified
Carcinogenicity: Not classified
Reproductive toxicity: Not classified
Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure: May cause drowsiness or
dizziness.
Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure: Not classified
Aspiration hazard: Not classified
SECTION 12 - Ecological information

Ecology - general: No known ecological damage caused by this product.
Persistence and degradability: The substance is biodegradable. Unlikely to persist.
BCF fish 1: 4 - 4.6
Log Pow: 1.13
Log Kow: Not applicable.
Bio accumulative potential: Not expected to bioaccumulate due to the low log Kow
(log Kow < 4).
Mobility in soil: No data available.
Ecology – soil: Because of its high volatility, the product is unlikely to cause ground
or water pollution.
Effect on ozone layer: None.
Effect on the global warming: No known effects from this product.
SECTION 13 - Disposal considerations

Product/Packaging disposal recommendations: Do not attempt to dispose of
residual or unused quantities. Return container to supplier.
SECTION 14 - Transport information

Transport document description: UN1962 Ethylene, 2.1
UN-No. (DOT): UN1962
Proper Shipping Name (DOT): Ethylene
Class (DOT): 2.1 - Class 2.1 - Flammable gas 49 CFR 173.115
Hazard labels (DOT): 2.1 - Flammable gas
Emergency Response Guide (ERG) Number: 116P
Other information: No supplementary information available.
Special transport precautions: Avoid transport on vehicles where the load space is
not separated from the driver's compartment. Ensure vehicle driver is aware of the
potential hazards of the load and knows what to do in the event of an accident or an
emergency. Before transporting product containers: - Ensure there is adequate
ventilation. - Ensure that containers are firmly secured. - Ensure cylinder valve is
closed and not leaking. - Ensure valve outlet cap nut or plug (where provided) is
correctly fitted. - Ensure valve protection device (where provided) is correctly fitted.
SECTION 15 - Regulatory information

Listed on the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) inventory Subject
to reporting requirements of United States SARA Section 313
SARA Section 311/312 Hazard Classes: Immediate (acute) health hazard Sudden
release of pressure hazard Fire hazard
14
SARA Section 313 - Emission Reporting: 1 %
Listed on the Canadian DSL (Domestic Substances List)
Listed on the EEC inventory EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial
Chemical Substances)
Listed on the AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances)
Listed on IECSC (Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances Produced or Imported in
China)
Listed on the Japanese ENCS (Existing & New Chemical Substances) inventory
Listed on the Korean ECL (Existing Chemicals List)
Listed on NZIoC (New Zealand Inventory of Chemicals)
Listed on PICCS (Philippines Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances)
Listed on INSQ (Mexican National Inventory of Chemical Substances)
Listed on CICR (Turkish Inventory and Control of Chemicals)
State or local regulations:
U.S. - Massachusetts - Right to Know List
U.S. - New Jersey - Right to Know Hazardous Substance List
U.S. - Pennsylvania - RTK (Right to Know) - Environmental Hazard List
U.S. - Pennsylvania - RTK (Right to Know) List
15
Water
MSDS Name: Water
Synonym: Dihydrogen Oxide

CAS#: 7732-18-5
Chemical Name: Water
Percent: 100% Water

Potential Acute Health Effects: Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-
sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritating to the eyes. Non-hazardous
in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-
sensitizer for lungs. Noncorrosive to the eyes. Non-corrosive for lungs.
Potential Chronic Health Effects: Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-
sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-irritating to the eyes. Non-hazardous
in case of ingestion. Non-hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-
sensitizer for lungs. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.

Eye Contact: Not applicable.
Skin Contact: Not applicable.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation: Not applicable.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion: Not Applicable
Serious Ingestion: Not available
Section 5 - Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not Applicable
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Not available.
16
Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures
Small Spill: Mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate
waste disposal container.
Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate
waste disposal.
Section 7 - Handling and Storage

Precautions: No specific safety phrase has been found applicable for this product.
Storage: Not applicable.
Section 8 - Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Not Applicable
Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Not Applicable
Exposure Limits: Not available.

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.
Door: Odourless.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 18.02 g/mole
Colour: Colourless.
pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]
Boiling Point: 100°C (212°F)
Melting Point: Not available.
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1 (Water = 1)
Door Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Dispersion Properties: Not applicable
Solubility: Not Applicable

Conditions of Instability: Not available.
Incompatibility with various substances: Not available.
Corrosivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
17
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Eye contact.
LD50: [Rat] - Route: oral; Dose: > 90 ml/kg LC50: Not available.
Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Non-corrosive for skin. Non-irritant for skin. Non-
sensitizer for skin. Non-permeator by skin. Non-hazardous in case of ingestion. Non-
hazardous in case of inhalation. Non-irritant for lungs. Non-sensitizer for lungs. Non-
corrosive to the eyes. Noncorrosive for lungs.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Not available.

Ecotoxicity: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short-term degradation products are not likely. However, long term
degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of
degradation are not toxic.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.


DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).
Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.

Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Water
Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing
Commercial Chemical Substances.
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC): This product is not classified according to the EU regulations. Not
applicable.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 0
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: a
Flammability: 0
Protective Equipment: Not applicable. Lab coat. Not applicable. Safety glasses.
18
Phosphoric Acid
MSDS Name: Phosphoric Acid, Crystal
Synonyms: Phosphoric Acid, Phosphoric Acid, Orthophosphoric Acid

CAS#: 7664-38-2
Chemical Name: Phosphoric Acid
Percent: 100% Phosphoric Acid
Section 3 - Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects: Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of
eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,
permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung
sensitizer). Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue damage particularly on mucous
membranes of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce burns.
Inhalation of the spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract,
characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Severe over-exposure can
result in death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and
itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or,
occasionally, blistering.
Potential Chronic Health Effects: CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to blood,
liver, skin, eyes, bone marrow. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can
produce target organs damage. Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may
produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged
exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent
attacks of bronchial infection. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may
produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human
organs.
Section 4 - First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact,
immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be
used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated
skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact: Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated
skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation: Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen
tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer
oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
19
WARNING: It may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek
immediate medical attention.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If large quantities of this
material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight clothing such as a
collar, tie, belt or waistband.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5 - Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.
Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: of metals
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Non-explosive in
presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Reacts with metals to liberate flammable
hydrogen gas. Formation of flammable gases with aldehydes, cyanides, mercaptins,
and sulphides.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Mixtures with nitromethane are explosive.
(Phosphoric Acid)
Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and
place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary: Neutralize the
residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill: Corrosive liquid. Poisonous liquid. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with
DRY earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do not get water inside
container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to divert vapor drift.
Use water spray to reduce vapours. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or
confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the
residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Be careful that the product is not
present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local
authorities.
Section 7 - Handling and Storage

Precautions: Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water
to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment.
If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing
agents, combustible materials, metals, alkalis. May corrode metallic surfaces. Store in
a metallic or coated fibreboard drum using a strong polyethylene inner package.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.
20
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to
keep the airborne concentrations of vapours below their respective
threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal
to the work-station location.
Personal Protection: Face shield. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves. Boots.
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Vapor
respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self-contained breathing apparatus should be used to
avoid inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient;
consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.
Exposure Limits: Phosphoric Acid TWA: 1 STEL: 3 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV)
[United States] TWA: 1 STEL: 3 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States] TWA: 1
STEL: 3 (mg/m3) from NIOSH TWA: 1 STEL: 3 (mg/m3) [Mexico]Consult local
authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Physical state and appearance: Liquid. (Syrupy liquid Viscous liquid.)
Odour: Odourless.
Taste: Acid.
Molecular Weight: Not applicable.
Colour: Clear Colourless.
pH (1% soln/water): Acidic.
Boiling Point: 158°C (316.4°F)
Melting Point: 21°C (69.8°F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 1.685 @ 25 C (Water = 1)
Odour Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility: Easily soluble in hot water. Soluble in cold water.

Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents,
combustible materials, metals, alkalis.
Corrosivity: Extremely corrosive in presence of copper, of stainless steel (304), of
stainless steel (316). Highly corrosive in presence of aluminium. Non-corrosive in
presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Reacts with metals to liberate flammable hydrogen
gas. Incompatible with sodium tetra hydroborate producing a violent exothermic
reaction. Heat generated with: alcohols, glycols, aldehydes, amides, amines, azo-
compounds, carbamates, caustics, esters, ketones, phenols and cresols,
organophosphates, epoxides, combustible materials, unsaturated halides, organic
21
peroxides. Formation of flammable gases, with aldehydes, cyanides, mercaptins, and
sulphides. Formation of toxic fumes with cyanides, fluorides, halogenated organics,
sulphides, and organic peroxides. Do not mix with solutions containing bleach or
ammonia. Incompatible with nitromethane, chlorides + stainless steel. (Phosphoric
Acid).
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Minor corrosive effect on bronze. Severe corrosive
effect on brass. Corrosive to ferrous metals and alloys.

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation.
Ingestion.
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 1530 mg/kg [Rat]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): 2740 mg/kg
[Rabbit].
Chronic Effects on Humans: May cause damage to the following organs: blood, liver,
skin, eyes, bone marrow.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Extremely hazardous in case of inhalation (lung corrosive). Very hazardous in case of
skin contact (irritant), of ingestion. Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,
permeator), of eye contact (corrosive).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available.
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute Potential Health
Effects: Skin: Corrosive and causes severe skin irritation and can cause severe skin
burns. May affect behaviour (somnolence or excitement) if absorbed through skin.
Eyes: Corrosive. Liquid or vapor causes severe eye irritation and can cause severe
eye burns leading to permanent corneal damage or chemical conjunctivitis. Ingestion:
May be harmful if swallowed. Causes irritation and burns of the gastrointestinal
(digestive) tract. Causes severe pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea hematemesis,
gastrointestinal haemorrhaging, and shock. May cause corrosion and permanent
tissue destruction of the oesophagus and digestive tract. May affect behaviour and
urinary system, liver (hepatocellular damage, hepatic enzymes increased), blood
(blood dyscrasia).

Ecotoxicity: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short-term degradation products are not likely. However, long term
degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less
toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

22
DOT Classification: Class 8: Corrosive material
Identification: : Phosphoric acid (Phosphoric Acid) UNNA: 1805 PG: III
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.

Federal and State Regulations:
Connecticut hazardous material survey.: Phosphoric Acid Illinois toxic substances
disclosure to employee act: Phosphoric acid Illinois chemical safety act: Phosphoric
acid New York release reporting list: Phosphoric acid Rhode Island RTK hazardous
substances: Phosphoric acid Pennsylvania RTK: Phosphoric acid Minnesota:
Phosphoric acid Massachusetts RTK: Phosphoric acid Massachusetts spill list:
Phosphoric acid New Jersey: Phosphoric acid New Jersey spill list: Phosphoric acid
Louisiana spill reporting: Phosphoric acid California Director's list of hazardous
substances: Phosphoric acid TSCA 8(b) inventory: Phosphoric Acid; Water SARA 313
toxic chemical notification and release reporting: Phosphoric acid CERCLA:
Hazardous substances.: Phosphoric acid: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg)
Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
WHMIS (Canada): CLASS E: Corrosive liquid.
DSCL (EEC):
R34- Causes burns. S26- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty
of water and seek medical advice. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 3
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Protective Equipment:
Gloves. Full suit. Vapor respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or
equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Face shield.
23
Process of Manufacture of Ethanol
Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene with steam in presence pf Phosphoric (V)
Acid. The Reaction is reversible and the formation of Ethanol is Exothermic.
CH2=CH2 (g) + H2O (g) CH3CH2OH (g) ∆H=-45kJ mol-1
Only 5% of the ethene is converted into ethanol at each pass through the reactor. By
removing the ethanol from the equilibrium mixture and recycling the ethene, it is
possible to achieve an overall 95% conversion.
A flow scheme for the process:
Considering 95% Yield, for producing 1000 kg of Ethanol (21.739 kmol) about 641.868
kg of Ethene (22.883 kmol) and 412.123 kg of Water (22.883 kmol) are required.
About 560.526 kg of Phosphoric Acid Crystals (5.720 kmol) as catalyst is required for
the given number of reactants.
24
Storage Tank for Ethanol (C2H5OH)
General Properties of Ethanol

Chemical Formula: C2H6O
Molecular Mass: 46.07 kg kmol-1
Density: 789.3 kg m-3
Melting Point: -114.14°C (159.01K)
Boiling Point: 78.24°C (351.39K)
Solubility in Water: Miscible
Vapour Pressure: 5.95 kPa (20°C)
Acidity: 15.9
Viscosity: 1.2 mPa.s (20°C)
Dipole Moment: 1.69 D
Statistics about 1000kg of Ethanol

Weight of Ethanol = 1000kg
Weight 1000
Volume of Ethanol = = = 1.2669 m3
Density 789.3
H
Let ratio be 1.5,
D
L=1.5D
D2
Volume of Cylinder = π H
4
D2
1.2669 = π × 1.5D
4
D = 1.0245 m
H = 1.53675 m
For safety, extra 25% Length is added to the tank
Ht = 1.92094 m
Now, Pg = ρ g Ht
Pg = 14868.822 Pa = 14.868 kPa
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = (Pg + Patm) × 1.2= 139.4316 kPa
Material of Construction
Stainless Steel 304
Density: 7850 kg m-3
Yield Stress (σ): 215 MPa
Ethanol does not react with Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to
various types of corrosion
25
Thickness of Shell
Pabs D
ts =
2σJ−P
where Pabs is Absolute Pressure,
D is Diameter of tank,
σ is Yield Stress of Material used
J is Joint Efficiency
Hence ts = 3.909 mm
Considering safety factor of 25%
ts = 4.886 mm ≈ 5 mm
Thickness of Bottom
3ρHt A2
tb = √
4σ
where 𝜌 is the density of material being stored
H is the height of the tank
D2
A is the surface area of bottom (A=π )
4
σ is the Yield Stress of material of tank
Hence tb = 18.958 mm
tb = 23.6975 mm ≈ 24 mm
Thickness of Conical Roof

Pabs D
tr =
2σsinθ
where, Pabs is Absolute Pressure
D is the Diameter of Tank
θ is the Semi-vertical angle of cone
Here θ = 45°
Hence tr = 4.698 mm
tr = 5.8725 mm ≈ 6 mm
Statistics of Ethanol Storage Tank

Volume of Tank = 1.5835 m3 = 1583.5 litres
Maximum Pressure = 139.4316 kPa
Diameter of Tank = 1.0245 m
Height of Tank = 1.92094 m
Thickness of Shell = 5 mm
Thickness of Bottom = 24 mm
Thickness of Roof = 6 mm
26
Design of Cylindrical Storage Tank with Conical Roof for Ethanol
(All Dimensions are in metres)
27
Storage Tank for Ethene (C2H4)
General Properties of Ethene

Chemical Formula: C2H4
Boiling Point: -103.7°C (169.55K)
Solubility in Water: 3.5 mg / 100 ml
Acidity: 44
Dipole Moment: 0 D
Statistics about 641.868kg of Ethene

Weight of Ethene = 641.868kg
No. of moles = 22.883 kmol
Assuming Ethene to be an ideal gas,

PV = nRT
General Pressure for Storage of Ethene is 22 bar and Temperature is about 250K
Hence V = 21.6088 m3
For Safety, extra 25% volume is considered

V = 27.011 m3
πD3
Volume of Sphere =
6
πD3
27.011 =
6
D = 3.7226 m
Now,
Pg = 2200 kPa
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = (Pg + Patm) × 1.2= 2761.59 kPa
Stainless Steel 304
Ethene does not react with Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to
Thickness of Spherical Shell

Pabs D
tss =
4σJ−0.4P
28
Hence tss = 14.085 mm

tss = 17.60625 ≈ 18 mm
Statistics of Ethene Storage Tank

Volume of Tank = 27.011 m3 = 27011 litres
Design of Spherical Storage Tank for Ethylene

29
Storage Tank for Water (H2O)
General Properties of Water

Chemical Formula: H2O
Melting Point: 0°C (273.15K)
Boiling Point: 100°C (373.15K)
Acidity: 13.995
Viscosity: 0.89 mPa.s (20°C)
Statistics about 412.123kg of Water

Weight of Water = 412.123kg
Weight 412.123
Volume of Water = = = 0.4129m3
Density 998.0
H
Let ratio be 1.5,
D
L=1.5D
D2
4
D2
0.4129 = π × 1.5D
4
D = 0.7050 m
H = 1.0575 m
Ht = 1.3218 m
Now, Pg = ρ g Ht
Pg = 12936.505 Pa = 12.936 kPa
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = (Pg + Patm) × 1.2= 137.1132 kPa
Stainless Steel 304
Water does not react with Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to
30
Thickness of Shell
Pabs D
ts =
2σJ−P
Hence ts = 2.645 mm
ts = 3.30625 mm ≈ 3.5 mm
Thickness of Bottom
3ρHt A2
tb = √
4σ
D2
4
Hence tb = 8.374 mm
tb = 10.4675 mm ≈ 10.5 mm

Pabs D
tr =
2σsinθ
Here θ = 45°
Hence tr = 3.179 mm
tr = 3.96875 mm ≈ 4 mm
Statistics of Water Storage Tank

Volume of Tank = 0.51598 m3 = 515.98 litres
Thickness of Shell = 3.5 mm
Thickness of Bottom = 10.5 mm
Thickness of Roof = 4 mm
31
Design of Cylindrical Storage Tank with Conical Roof for Water
32
Storage Tank for Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
General Properties of Phosphoric Acid

Chemical Formula: H3PO4
Boiling Point: 158°C (341.15K)
Solubility in Water: 446 g / 100 ml (14.95°C)
Acidity: 2.148
Statistics about 560.526 kg of Phosphoric Acid

Weight of Ethanol = 560.526 kg
Weight 560.526
Volume of Ethanol = = = 0.276 m3
Density 2030
H
Let ratio be 1.5,
D
L=1.5D
D2
4
D2
0.276 = π × 1.5D
4
D = 0.6165 m
H = 0.92475 m
Ht = 1.1560 m
Now, Pg = ρ g Ht
Pg = 23013.069 Pa = 23.013 kPa
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = (Pg + Patm) × 1.2= 149.2056 kPa
Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester (E-glass)
Ethanol does not react with Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 304 is resistant to
33
Thickness of Shell
Pabs D
ts =
2σJ−P
Hence ts = 1.57 mm
ts = 1.9625 mm ≈ 2 mm
Thickness of Bottom
3ρHt A2
tb = √
4σ
D2
4
Hence tb = 2.134 mm
tb = 2.6675 mm ≈ 3 mm

Pabs D
tr =
2σsinθ
Here θ = 45°
Hence tr = 1.888 mm
tr = 2.36 mm ≈ 2.5 mm
Statistics of Phosphoric Acid Storage Tank

Volume of Tank = 0.276 m3 = 276 litres
Thickness of Bottom = 3 mm
Thickness of Roof = 2.5 mm
34
Design of Cylindrical Storage Tank with Conical Roof for Phosphoric Acid
35
References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber
6. https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/ethanol.html
7. http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mq304a
36

Storage Tank Assignment

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DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS FOR ETHANOL AND RAW

MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR ITS PRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our Professor

Sachin Mandavgane Sir who gave us the Golden Opportunity to do this

wonderful project on the topic of Storage Tank Design for various

Materials, which helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to

know about so many new things. We are really thankful to him.

THANK YOU, SIR!

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Section 2 - Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 3 – Hazards Identification

Section 4 – First Aid Measures

Section 5 – Fire and Explosion Data

Section 6 – Accidental Release Measures

Section 7 – Handling and Storage

Section 8 – Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Section 12: Ecological Information

Section 14: Transport Information

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Section 2 - Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 3 – Hazards Identification

Section 4 – First Aid Measures

SECTION 5 - Firefighting measures

SECTION 6 - Accidental release measures

SECTION 8 - Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection

SECTION 9 - Physical and chemical properties

SECTION 10 - Stability and reactivity

SECTION 11 - Toxicological information

SECTION 12 - Ecological information

SECTION 13 - Disposal considerations

SECTION 14 - Transport information

SECTION 15 - Regulatory information

Section 2 - Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 3 – Hazards Identification

Section 4 – First Aid Measures

Section 5 - Fire and Explosion Data

Section 7 - Handling and Storage

Section 8 - Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 12: Ecological Information

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

Section 14: Transport Information

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Section 2 - Composition and Information on Ingredients

Section 3 - Hazards Identification

Section 4 - First Aid Measures

Section 5 - Fire and Explosion Data

Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures

Section 7 - Handling and Storage

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Section 12: Ecological Information

Section 13: Disposal Considerations