Name: __________________

Global History and Geography II

Regents Exam Review
Regional Review
Asia
Label the following on the map below:
- China - Taiwan - Afghanistan
- India - Philippines - Pakistan
- Thailand - China Sea - Red Sea
- Vietnam - Suez Canal - Indian Ocean
- Cambodia - Iran - North Korea
- Japan - Turkey - South Korea

North
Turkey Korea Japan
Afghanistan South
China
Iran Korea
Suez Pakistan
Canal
India Taiwan
Red Sea China Sea
Thailand
Cambodia Philippines

Indian
Ocean
 Review Outline
1. India (review book pages 35-36, 99-100, 204-207)
A. Mongol/Muslim rule (700 – 1700 CE) : Islam becomes the second biggest religion in the region
a. Turkish/Mongol Muslims invade in waves
b. Mughal dynasty (1500s – 1850s)
i. Akbar the Great promoted religious tolerance
ii. Slowly declined as a result of British imperialism
c. leads to conflict throughout later history
B. British Colonialism (1850-1947 CE)
a. British East India Company takes control of India
Eects of British Rule in India
Directions: List 3 positive eects and 3 negative eects.
Positive Eects Negative Eects
Trade relationship (until GB took full Exploitation of Indian labor and
control) resources
Railroads built Limited rights of Indians

Schools established Disregard for traditional

culture/religion

C. Sepoy Rebellion
a. Indians in the British army rebel because of rumor that their rifle cartridges were smeared with
animal fat (oends both Muslims and Hindus). The rebellion fails, but it is the beginning of
Indian independence movement
D. INC - Indian National Congress : Created in the 1880’s to fight for independence from the British
E. Muslim League – Organized by Muslims to fight for an independent country for Muslims
F. Gandhi
a. Independence leader in India
b. Civil Disobedience (define):the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines,
as a peaceful form of political protest
c. Passive Resistance: Peaceful protest (non-violence)
d. Actions:
i. boyco - Indians refuse to buy British cloth and make their own
ii. Salt March- Gandhi leads a 300 mile march to the sea to make salt, which was illegal
(the British taxed the salt and everyone had to buy it from the British)

2
G. Independence & Partition (division) (1947)
a. Britain granted India independence in 1947, but two countries were created Hindu India and
Muslim Pakistan
i. Muslims wanted their own country because they feared a nation dominated by Hindus
ii. Border problems ensued between India and Pakistan
iii. Pakistan was actually separated – East and West Pakistan, with India in between
1. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971

b. India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru (1950’s & 1960’s)

i. World’s largest democracy
c. Mixed Economy (socialist)– India’s economy had both capitalism (private ownership) and
socialism (government ownership – like communism)
d. Nonalignment- India’s foreign policy, which meant that it was neutral during the Cold War
e. Made the caste system illegal – but it still exists, especially in rural areas
f. India’s second prime minister – Indira Gandhi (1970’s)
i. Assassinated, by Sikh separatists
H. Modern Issues
a. Problems between Pakistan and India
i. Kashmir: Territory between India and Pakistan that they are fighting over
ii. Nuclear Weapons: Both sides have nuclear weapons and have threatened to use them
b. Population Growth: India may soon surpass China; the green revolution (the use of science to
grow more food (irrigation & fertilizers) has helped but new technology is expensive and many
people still live in poverty
c. Lack of Investment Capital: India is still a poor country (developing country). As India
becomes more modern some traditional ways of life are challenged. 3
2. China (review book pages 40, 102-103, 154, 211-215)
A. Dynasties (ruling family): Mandate of Heaven (Divine Right) – emperor rules by God given power
a. Qing Dynasty:
i. Middle Kingdom
ii. Ethnocentrism: idea – China at the center of the universe
iii. refused to trade with other nations. They wanted lile contact with “barbarians”
iv. Major advances: printing press, paper and porcelain
B. Imperialism
a. Opium Wars(1839-1842) – Britain started trading Opium in China. The Chinese government
demanded that Britain stop. Britain refused – leading to war. The resulting treaty (Treaty of
Nanjing) allowed the following:
i. British occupation of China (Hong Kong and 5 ports)
ii. Opium trade continues by British after winning the war
iii. Start of Spheres of Influence- areas under control of colonial powers with exclusive
trading rights
b. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): Chinese peasant rebellion against corrupt Qing rulers.
c. Boxer Rebellion (1900)
i. Anti-western war (wanted to remove all foreign influence)
ii. Chinese “boxers” lose to westerners and nationalists in China seeking to end dynasty
d. Open Door Policy
i. U.S. wanted China opened to trade for all countries.
C. Revolution & Civil War
a. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
i. Led the Revolution of 1911
ii. Overthrew the last (Qing) dynasty
iii. Founded the Nationalist party and Chinese Republic in 1911
b. Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
i. Took over after Sun’s death.
ii. Led war against Communists and warlords.
c. Civil War takes place between Communists and Nationalists.
d. Communists under Mao Zedong begin the “Long March” to the northwest and escaped the
Nationalists. Gains support of peasants
e. World War II stopped the civil war for a while.
f. With peasant support, Mao and the Communists (1949) took over China
g. The Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. 4
D. Communism under Mao Zedong
a. Set up communism in China
b. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
i. Weakened all traditional families and economic ties
ii. Goal: Increase agricultural and industrial production
iii. communes were set up where people worked & held property in common
iv. Failed – production decreased & widespread famine occurred
c. Mao started the Cultural Revolution to renew people’s loyalties to communism
i. Students joined the Red Guard
ii. Enforced the teachings of Mao and his “Lile Red Book”
iii. Aacked reactionaries (intellectuals, professionals and enemies of Mao)

E. Deng Xiaoping (1976-1997) – leader after Mao dies

a. A moderate (for a communist) leader who set aside many of Mao’s programs
b. His program of “Four Modernizations” brought some capitalism to China. It allowed some
private ownership and incentives. Peasants could keep extra food that they grew
c. He welcomed foreign investment and technology.
d. Built a modern military with, modern weapons.
e. Reforms brought a beer standard of living for some Chinese
f. Tiananmen Square Massacre (June 1989)
i. Pro-Western democrats opposed the government and called for human rights
ii. Chinese soldiers shot and killed 1,000s of demonstrators
iii. This caused anti-Chinese feelings in the West

F. Remaining Issues Today

a. Overpopulation – one child policy
b. World’s 2nd largest economy
c. Return of Hong Kong to China from Britain
d. Pressure from Western nations
i. Many Western nations are pressuring China to increase human rights for its people
ii. Chinese aggression against Taiwan
1. Ongoing threats by China to invade

5
3. Japan (review book pages 37-38, 114-116, 158, 168, 171, 173, 209-211)
A. Geography
a. Korea acts as a cultural bridge between Japan and China
b. Japan as an island
c. Lack of natural resources – led to imperialism in the early 1900’s. Today, Japan has to trade in order to
gain its natural resources
d. Lack of fertile land
i. Terrace farming (cuing into the mountainside to create farmland)
e. Vietnam and pacific islands are sources of raw materials
i. They were taken over by European nations during the age of imperialism
B. History
a. Selective borrowing from China
b. Feudalism (define): a social system in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them
protection and the use of land in return
c. Rigid social class system (lile social mobility)
i. Social classes –
1. Shogun - Military leader of Japan
2. Daimyo - nobility
3. Samurai - Warrior
4. Peasants - majority of the population, farmers
5. Merchants – (why last?) it was believed that they profited o the labor of more
productive peasants and artisans
C. Tokugawa Seclusion Policy 1632-1854
a. Fear of European interference convinced Shogun to limit contact with the outside
b. Led to isolation of Japan
c. Japan fell behind the world in technological development
D. Opening of Japan
a. Mahew Perry forced Japan to trade with the U.S.
b. Japan then begins to modernize
i. Meiji Restoration
1. modeled government after Germany
2. Copied educational system of the West
3. Copied technology of the West
4. Rapidly industrialized Japan
c. Became imperialistic in order to obtain raw materials
i. Russo-Japanese War (Russia & Japan)
ii. Sino-Japanese War (China & Japan)
6
E. Involvement in WWII
a. Invasion of China
b. Aack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor
c. Form of government – nationalist/militarist dictatorship
d. Defeated by the U.S.: nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

F. Post WWII
a. Occupied by the U.S. for nearly a decade
b. Helped Japan adopt a new constitution that created a representative democracy and
renounces war
c. Japan begins to rebuild itself
d. Japanese government helps businesses grow by oering loans
e. Zaibatsu - large family businesses (ex. Mitsubishi)
f. Japan becomes third largest economic power in the world by the 1980’s. This is known as the
“Japanese Economic Miracle”
i. Key Factors Are:
technological change, accumulation of capital, increased quantity and quality of
labor, and increased international trade

G. Current Issues
a. 1990’s – Trade wars with the U.S. has caused tension. Japan refuses to allow many goods into
its country from the U.S. in order to protect its industries

H. Culture
a. Selective borrowing from China
b. Important religions – both reflect the importance of nature
i. Confucianism
ii. Zen-Buddhism

7
4. Korea (review book pages 210, 213, 216, 261)
A. History
a. Land bridge between China and Japan
b. Controlled by China, Russia, and Japan at dierent points
c. After WWII, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel. North was communist, South was
democratic
B. Korean War
a. In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded democratic South Korea
b. The U.S., with authorization from the UN, sent troops in to liberate South Korea. These troops
were led by General MacArthur
c. U.S. pushed North Korean troops back all the way to the border with China
d. China then sends troops in to support North Korea
e. Eventually, the 38th parallel is reestablished as the dividing line between the two
f. Today, North Korea is communist and the south is democratic/capitalist

C. Korea Today
a. North Korea is communist and poor: It is considered a “rogue nation” (A nation that is isolated,
dangerous and uncontrollable)
b. South Korea is democratic/capitalist and wealthy. It’s economy has done well and is
considered one of the four “Asian Tigers”
c. The four countries are Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong
i. They are called the Four Asian Tigers because
All four economies have been fueled by exports and rapid industrialization, and have
achieved high levels of economic growth since the 1960s.

8
5. Southeast Asia (review book pages 15, 98, 104-105, 155, 207-209
A. Geography
a. Monsoons are important for rain, similar to India
b. Jungle-like environment provides lots of natural resources (rubber trees, oil, etc.)
B. History of Vietnam
a. Colonized by Europeans for their raw materials
b. Vietnam War - Seen as a bale against imperialists (French and U.S.) by the Vietnamese. U.S.
saw it as a bale against communism.
c. French left Vietnam after WWII, they were too weak to control the colony anymore
d. Vietnam was divided –
i. North – Communist (led by Ho Chi Minh)
ii. South – Democratic
e. U.S. aided South Vietnam. Communists in South Vietnam (Vietcong) were aided by the
communists in North Vietnam (Viet minh) and fought against the U.S. in order to overthrow
the democratic government in South Vietnam
f. American troops were sent to Vietnam, but eorts fail due to protests at home in the U.S. and
guerilla warfare used by the Vietnamese.
g. 1975 – All of Vietnam became communist.
h. Today: recent aempts to increase trade between U.S. and Vietnam.
C. History of Cambodia
a. Colonized by the French – gained independence in 1953
b. 1970’s - Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (communist group) takes over as dictator
c. Pol Pot aempts to create a “peasant nation”
d. He kills over 1,000,000 of his own people, anyone who wasn’t a peasant. Referred to as the
“killing fields”. Example of genocide
e. Vietnam invaded Cambodia in the late 1970’s and ran the country until 1989
f. The Khmer Rouge was forced from power and Pol Pot died in the 1990’s
D. History of the Philippines
a. 1945 – First nation in Southeast Asia to become independent after WWII (1945)
b. Ruled with U.S. support
c. Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) ran the nation as a dictator who was pro U.S.
d. American naval bases in the area provided employment and aid for the people of the
Philippines
e. Corazon Aquino led a movement against Marcos, after the death of her husband. She became
President and exiled Marcos to the U.S. 9

f. Recently, the U.S. bases have been removed and political problems are present
6. Southwest Asia - aka the Middle East (review book pages 15-17, 126, 130, 152-153, 224-233,
252, 261)
A. Ooman Empire
a. Conquered the region in the 1400’s
b. Closed trade routes between Europe and Asia
i. At its height, it spanned across 3 continents:Europe, Africa, and Asia
c. Eventually becomes very weak and known as (“ The Sick Man of Europe”)
i. Collapsed after WWI
B. Nationalist Movements
a. Turkish Nationalism under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
i. Gains power in Turkey and aempts to westernize and modernize nation
ii. Secularism – separated religion and government: Islam not taught
b. Iranian Nationalism under Reza Shah- Modernized and westernized Iran
c. Arab Nationalism- Wanted Arab nations to work together (Pan-Arabism)
d. Zionism- Belief that a Jewish state should be set up in Palestine
C. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
a. Creation of Israel (1948)
b. Land is considered holy to Jews; Promised Land - according to the Torah .
c. Expelled from the land by the Romans - Diaspora
d. Jews were persecuted wherever they went (Russia-Pogroms; Europe-Black Death)
e. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was led by Yasser Arafat

British a pair of
Government political
statement agreements
supporting the signed by
establishment Egyptian
of a "national President
home for the Anwar Sadat
Jewish people" and Israeli
in Palestine Prime Minister
Menachem
Begin
10
D. Iranian Revolution (1979)
a. In 1953, Britain and the U.S. helped Muhammad Reza Pahlevi gain control of the government
i. He proclaimed himself the Shah
ii. Westernized and modernized the country
iii. Ruled as a dictator
b. In the 1970’s, opposition to the shah was led by the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini.
c. Islamic Fundamentalism took control and declared Iran an Islamic Republic (theocracy)
d. Islamic government took rights away from women
e. The new Iranian government is extremely hostile to the West
f. Strict adherence to Islamic religious tradition
g. Today, the world concerns continue to focus on Iran’s nuclear program
E. Modern Middle East:
a. Iran-Iraq War
i. War erupts over territory (border disputes)
ii. Lasts for 10 years
F. Afghanistan (2001 – 2021)
a. The Taliban government supported and aided Al-Qaeda.
b. After 9/11 a US led coalition invaded Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban.
c. War continued as Taliban and forces continue to fight back.
d. The US withdrew from Afghanistan in 2021 which led to the Taliban quickly reconquering the
country.
G. Persian Gulf War
a. Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein aacked Kuwait to gain control of its oil supply, and had his eyes
on Saudi Arabia.
b. Pressured by Saudi Arabia, the U.N, led by the U.S., aacked Iraq to protect the oil supply.
c. Hussein left Kuwait, but lit hundreds of oil wells on fire, hurting the environment.
d. In response to his aggression, the U.N. put economic sanctions in place
H. Iraq War (2003 – 2011)
a. U.S. and its coalition forces invade Iraq, due to concerns about weapons of mass destruction.
Saddam Hussein was captured. After a lengthy trial he was found guilty of crimes against
humanity (later executed)
I. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
a. Group of countries, mostly from the Middle East
b. Created to give these nations more control over the supply and price of oil
11
Multiple Choice Practice
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the passage and your knowledge of social studies.

The power of the [Ooman] Empire was waning [fading] by 1683 when the second and last aempt was
made to conquer Vienna. It failed. Without the conquest of Europe and the acquisition of significant new
wealth, the Empire lost momentum and went into a slow decline.
Several other factors contributed to the [Ooman] Empire’s decline:
● Competition from trade from the Americas
● Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East
● Development of other trade routes
● Rising unemployment within the Empire
● Ooman Empire became less centralised, and central control weakened
● Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the administration of the
Empire
● Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion
Source: “Ooman Empire (1301–1922),” BBC online, 2009 (adapted)

1. Which region was controlled by the Ooman Empire in 1683?

a. Central America
b. South Asia
c. East Asia
d. Middle East

2. Based on the passage, identify an issue faced by the Ooman Empire in the 1600s.
a. The empire became too large to govern.
b. Global trade routes shifted.
c. Rulers were responsive to the needs of people living in the empire.
d. Trade increased in the empire.

Create a list of as many enduring issues that you can think of that relate to
Enduring Issues Practice each of the events listed below.
Creation of Israel-Palestine Pol Pot’s Rule of Cambodia Boxer Rebellion

● Desire for power

● Impacts of ● Impacts of ● Impacts of
nationalism nationalism nationalism
● Conflict ● Impacts of ● Impacts of
● Impacts of ideas and imperialism imperialism
beliefs ● Human rights
violations
12
Multiple Choice Practice

Base your answers to questions 3, 4, and 5 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan

● Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

● No Japanese is permied to go abroad. If there is anyone who aempts to do so

secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner
arrested, and the maer must be reported to the higher authority.

● If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. . . .

● Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of padres (Christians) must
be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking padre, he
must be given one hundred pieces of silver. For those of lower ranks, depending on the
deed, the reward must be set accordingly. . . .
Source: David John Lu, Sources of Japanese History, McGraw-Hill

3. These rules reflect the Japanese policy of

a. totalitarianism
b. appeasement
c. interdependence
d. Isolationism

4. Which of the following events was a reason the Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan was issued?
a. War with China
b. Trade with Europeans
c. The Black Death
d. Korean influence in Japan

5. Identify the best use of this document for a historian.

a. To determine the eects of the Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan on merchants
b. To find out how Japanese Christians felt about the Tokugawa shogunate
c. To explore the views of the Japanese government towards outsiders in 1635
d. To identify the goods exported by Japanese merchants

13
Enduring Issues Practice
Describe the impacts of imperialism on each of the following:

● India
- Exploitation of indian laborers and natural resources
- Disregard for traditional culture and religion
- Improved infrastructure, but for the benefit of exporting goods by the
British
- Taxation on goods and services put into place by the British hurt the
Indian economy
- Increased Indian Nationalism
- Sepoy Rebellion
- Amritsar Massacre
- Salt March

● China
- Opium Wars
- Spheres of influence
- Foreigners had extraterritorial rights: behaved poorly in China
without consequences
- Unfavorable balance of trade for Chinese
- Increased nationalism in China
- Boxer Rebellion
- Chinese Civil War
- Creation of the CCP

● Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand)

- Exploitation of people and resources
- Withdrawal of imperialist nations led to nationalistic/communist
dictatorships
- Vietnam War was a Cold War Hot Spot
- Cambodian Genocide under Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge

14
Enduring Issues Practice
Describe aempts to fix and solutions to the problems listed below:

● Economic Inequalities in 20th Century China

- Removal of the last emperor
- Establishment of the Chinese Communist Party
- Mao gained support of peasants; defeated nationalists
- Collectivization
- Great Leap Forward
- Cultural Revolution
- Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations, shift toward free market economy

● Disputes over Israel-Palestine

- Balfour Declaration
- Camp David Accords
- Unsuccessful: still disputed

● Middle Eastern Oil Conflicts

- Creation of OPEC
- Invasions of oil-rich countries

● Japanese Aggression/Expansion
- League of Nations was ineective at stopping Japan
- WWII

● Discontent Between Muslim and Hindu Indians

- Upon independence from Great Britain, India and Pakistan were established as
separate nations for Hindus and Muslims

15
Multiple Choice Practice
Base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the wood block drawing below and on your knowledge of social
studies.

Source: James L. Human, Modern Japan, A History in Documents, Oxford University Press from the NYS Global
History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2010.

6. During which period of Japanese history did the changes shown in this wood block print occur?
a. Heian court
b. Tokugawa shogunate
c. Meiji Restoration
d. United States occupation

7. Identify one eect of the historical period depicted in this image.

a. Modernization of Japan
b. Isolation of Japan
c. Invasion of Japan
d. Chinese influence of Japan

16
Making Connections
Spheres→ Boxers

● Foreigners who were in

China for trade also
spread influence like
Boxer ●
Christianity
Threatened the power of
Rebellion ●
Chinese within
Increased nationalism in
China
● Boxers - nationalist
group - attacked
foreigners

Spheres of
Opium Wars→ Spheres
Influence in
● Britain would not stop
importing Opium into
China
China
● China attacked British
ships
● China was defeated
● Had to sign unequal
treaties with the British
that established Spheres
of Influence

Opium Wars
17
Making Connections
Sepoys → Partition
● Sepoy Rebellion was
defeated, Britain took
total control of India as a
result
● Growing nationalism and
Partition of desire for independence
in India
India ● Disagreement of how to
achieve and establish
independence between
Hindus and Muslims
● Created separate nation
of Pakistan for Muslim
Indians

BEIC → Sepoys
● British East India
Company begins trade in Sepoy
●
India
Starts acting as a Rebellion
semi-government in India
● Establishes the Sepoys -
army of Indians to protect
British trade in India
● New gunpowder
cartridges were rumored
to be made with pig/cow
lard, which violated the
Muslim/Hindu religion

British East India

Company Begins to Take
Over Indian Economy 18
Making Connections
Balfour→ Conflict

● British promise was

disputed between Israelis
and Palestinians
● Continued conflict to the
Israel-Palestine ●
present day
Violence from groups like
Conflict Hamas

(present day)

Persecution→ Balfour
● Persecution such as
Russian Pogroms led to
Balfour
the spread of Zionism
(belief in the
Declaration
establishment of a
Jewish homeland in holy
land)
● British promise Palestine
to Jews
● Palestinians were living
in the region where Jews
were moving to
● Disputes over territory

Persecution of 19

Jews
● Explain three ways the Indian people “fought” against British colonialism.
1. Sepoy Rebellion
2. Civil disobedience
3. Salt March

● Explain one modern issue in India today.

Rapidly growing population - impact on food supply and environment

● Explain two geographic features of Japan and how they have impacted the development of Japan.
1. Mountainous island nation with lile land for living/farming
2. Very few natural resources

● Who opened Japan to trade with foreigners?

Emperor Meiji (Japan) and Commodore Mahew Perry (United States)

● List three examples of conflicts that Japan got involved in for natural resources.
1. Russo-Japanese War
2. Sino-Japanese War
3. Manchurian Incident/Rape of Nanking

20
● Explain two eects of World War II on Japan.
1. Nuclear weapons decimated 2 cities
2. Demilitarized and lost territory
3. Occupation by United States

● List three key words for Korea.

Cultural diusion, containment, communism, dictatorship, nuclear

● Who was the nationalist leader of Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh

● List three key words for Cambodia.

Nationalism, genocide, Pol Pot

● Explain “Middle Kingdom” (in the context of the Qing Dynasty in China)

Chinese ethnocentrism - center of all culture, superior to all others

● List 2 examples of the Chinese trying to remove foreign influences (imperialist powers).

Opium Wars & Boxer Rebellion

● How did Mao Zedong and the Communists come to power in China?

Chinese Civil War - between CCP and Guomindang (nationalists)

● List one positive and one negative eect of communism in China.

Unification of China under Mao

Collectivization from the Great Leap Forward killed 45 million

● List one positive and one negative eect of Deng Xiaoping’s policies in China.

More free-market based reforms increased GDP

Not a democracy, few personal freedoms, Tiananmen Square protests/massacre

21
 Context Practice
Directions: For each of the following eects, describe the cause (aka the context or “historical
circumstances that led to…”).

Cause Eect

Tokugawa Shogunate closed off Japan

from the rest of the world, which put
them behind technologically - when
Meiji Restoration
western nations arrive during age of
new imperialism, Japan could not
defend themselves and had no option
other than to rapidly industrialize to
keep up

British tax on Indian salt, along with

ongoing exploitation of Indian labor
Salt March
and goods. Gandhi led a policy of civil
disobedience, passive resistance,
boycotts

Secular policies were a threat to the

power of religious leadership - Shah
was repressive, lived in luxury. Shah Ayatollah Khomeini comes to
was overthrown and a theocratic power in Iran
government was established in Iran

Chinese communist victory in the Civil

War brought the CCP to power. Mao
promised more equality, especially for Great Leap Forward
peasants. China needed to boost up
agricultural and industrial production

22
 Cause Eect

Japanese territorial expansion and

aggression during WWII and refusal to Nuclear Bombings of
surrender to the United States at the Hiroshima and Nagasaki
end of WWII

Deng Xiaoping was a dictator in China

- increased access to education -
many students wanted democratic Tiananmen Square
reforms in China and protested the Massacre
Chinese Government and Deng

Japanese human rights abuses in

Manchuria and other parts of East
Asia during WWII- perpetrators Tokyo Trials
needed to be brought to justice

Rapidly growing population - food

production could not keep up. New
Green Revolution in India
scientific and technological
innovations in farming

23
 Cause Eect

Tokugawa Shogun worked to

consolidate power and wanted to
remove foreign influence that Japanese Exclusion Edicts
threatened his power - missionaries
and merchants from abroad

Japan’s lack of natural resources and

rapid industrialization under Emperor
Meiji created a desire for more
Japanese Invasion of
territory - began expanding westward Korea, Manchuria, etc.
and aggressively taking over

After independence, Cambodia was

ruled by a dictator, Pol Pot, who
wanted to reestablish Cambodian
culture - targeted foreigners, anyone Cambodian Genocide
who did not support the communist
regime, intellectuals

During the Cold War, the US and USSR

competed to spread their influence
Korean War
around the world. USSR supported the
North’s communist regime and the US
got involved to help the South resist
the communist North

24
 Cause Eect

During the Cold War, the US and USSR

competed to spread their influence
Vietnam War
around the world. USSR supported the
North’s communist regime and the US
got involved to help the South resist
the communist North

Korean War resulted in a divided

Korea - North is still a communist
dictatorship. Kim Jong Un is trying to
establish the nation as another Nuclear Threats by North
nuclear power to compete with the Korea
rest of the world - views nations like
the US as an enemy

Conflict between Iran & Iraq over

borders, Kuwait's oil reserves,
Saddam Hussein's goal of reuniting all Persian Gulf War
Arabs.

After WWI and the collapse of the

Ottoman Empire, Turkish nationalists
wanted Turkey to be able to compete Modernization &
with the rest of the industrialized Westernization of Turkey
world

25
Before the Turkish “Hat Law” was passed In 1925, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk gave a speech now known as “The Hat
Sermon” during which he argued in support of ideas that would later lead to the “Hat Law.” The speech was given in a
Turkish town the inhabitants of which Atatürk refers to as “masters,” which is how he customarily referred to most
audiences. During the speech he placed a top hat on his head when stating “Here it is.”

The people who constitute the Turkish nation are a civilized bunch. It is historically and
essentially civilized. But I have to inform you, as a brother of yours, as your friend and as your
father … that members of the Turkish nation who call themselves civilized must prove and
show that they are intellectually civilized as well. They must show how civilized they are
through their family life and lifestyles.
Is our dress nationalistic? Is our dress civilized and universal?
Does it make sense to daub [coat] a very precious jewel with mud? If there is a jewel inside
the mud then we need to wipe away the mud in order to reveal the jewel; this is only natural
and necessary.
We shall wear Oxford shoes or alternately, ankle shoes from now on; and trousers,
waistcoats, shirts, ties, removable collars, jackets and most naturally, hats. This is something
like a redingote, a bonjour, a smoking coat, a frock. Here it is.
Some people say it is not lawful to wear it. And I say to them you are absent minded and
ignorant!

Source: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, “The Hat Sermon,” 1925. Excerpted from “Tukey’s Glorious Hat Revolution” by
Kaya Genç, LA Review of Books, 2013.

1. Explain Mustafa Kemal Atatürks purpose for delivering “The Hat Sermon.”

Ataturk’s goal was to modernize and westernize Turkey. He did so by establishing a

secular nation and embraced western ideas and culture. Part of this process was
implementing a new dress code reflecting the clothing worn by westerners. His
purpose is to inform the Turkish population of these changes and to encourage them
to participate in these changes.

26
 Growth of the Japanese Empire, 1931–41

Source: Historical Maps on File, Revised Edition, Volume II, Facts on File (adapted) from NYS
Global History and Geography II Regents Exam Prototype.

Geographic Context - refers to where this historical event/development is taking place and
why it is taking place there.

1. Describe the geographic context for the event shown in the document above.

After the Meiji Restoration in Japan, a period of rapid industrialization took place.
Japan, being a mountainous, island nation, lacked the natural resources necessary for
industrial expansion. As a result, Japan began to imperialize their Asian neighbors for
resources.

27
 Who? What? Where?

Began the Tokugawa Shogunate,

Tokugawa Ieyasu Japan
unified Japan, closed o to foreigners

Modernized, Westernized,
Emperor Meiji Japan
Industrialized

Nationalist leader, worked with

Sun Yat Sen communist party to unite against China
foreigners

Leader of CCP, Long March, Great Leap

Mao Zedong China
Forward (failure), Cultural Revolution

CCP member, introduced free-market

Deng Xiaoping reforms, rejected democratic ideas, China
Tiananmen Square Protests/Massacre

Kemal Ataturk Modernized and westernized Turkey

Modernized and westernized;

Reza Shah Pahlavi overthrown for living lavish lifestyle Iran
with population struggled

Ayatollah Khomeini Religious leader Iran

Led invasion of Kuwait for oil, accused

Saddam Hussein by US of having “weapons of mass Iraq
destruction”

Independence leader, believed in

28
Mohandas Gandhi nonviolence/passive resistance/civil India
disobedience
 Who? What? Where?

First Prime Minister of India, follower of

Jawaharlal Nehru India
Gandhi in independence movement

Yassir Arafat Chairman of the PLO Egypt, Palestine

Leader of Cambodia after

independence - Khmer Rouge,
Pol Pot Cambodia
genocide as a result of purging the
nation of his “enemies”

Communist leader, prime minister, and

Ho Chi Minh Vietnam
then president

Suleiman the Promoted religious tolerance in

Ooman Empire
Magnificent empire, led empire at its height

Promoted religious tolerance in

Akbar the Great Mughal Empire
empire, led empire at its height

Originally opposed Boxer Rebellion

Empress Dowager
until a foreign plot to overthrow her China
CiXi
was discovered

Leader of the Indian Muslim League,

Ali Jinnah became leader of Pakistan after India & Pakistan
partition

Nationalized Suez Canal, promoted

Gamal Abdel Nasser pan-Arabism, chose nonalignment in Egypt
Cold War, supported Palestinians

Won Nobel Peace Prize with Israel for 29

Anwar Sadat Egypt
establishing peace between nations