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CHEMISTRY
By . Bharat Panchal Sir
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Gas
E
 IDEAL SOLUTION

CLASS-12 BOARDS Interaction of A-B are equal to interaction of A-A

and B-B

m Pi-
pe
= DA + PB -

bi AYmix

Alnix =
= o

i
S
egn-Hexane + U- Heptan

HA 2 =
mole Fraction (A = 0

xB =0
CB 2 =

By-Bharat Panchal Sir..

NON-IDEAL SOLUTION

·i Bharat Pantial Sir:. Chemistry Gurujic 0 . Positive Deviation Negative Deviation

A-B interaction
A-B interaction are weaker are

To help in our Journey than A-A and B-B interaction Stronger than A-A and
&B interaction
DVmix = tre & Vmix -Ve

YOU CAN DONATE

=

Allmix = tre Anmix = -re

+ PB

# I
+ PB
DA DA bi
-

pe
=
pe
=

SOLUTIONS
-
-

Mass Percentage W2 -

(WIw) % =
X 200
W
, W2 HA 2 =
mole Fraction XA = 0
HA 2 =
mole Fraction (A = 0

xB =0
CB 2 =
xB =0
CB 2 =

Volume Percentage (V/) % =

x10 minimum Maximum
form boiling Fam
boiling
A zeotropes a zeotropes
Mass by Volume Percentage (w/v) =
We
x100
Y (in mu) 2 Acetone Ethanol
g
acclonethlorotom
+ e
.

g
.

Mass Fraction

X2 = or Yz =
Wa Colligative Properties depend on number of solute

Wi + W2 We Relative lowering
W. +
=> b-PsB or illi
of V P -

(ppm)
.

Parts Per million X1 D'A

- Elevation in => DTb =
Kym or i kom
Point
Boiling
Molarity (M) Unit
X molylitre
=
Depression in
=

-> DT =
kem or Kom
freezing Point
Osmotic Pressure -T= CRT
Molality (m) =

XL9) Unit moles/kg

=
or
ART or
IXXRXT
molarity is inversely proportional Unit of Ky and Ky =
Kkg mol
to temperature ATD -
Elevation in BPt
DTy Ty-Tip
(X)
=

Mole Fraction
Atf-Depression in F Ot
UB
DTf =
T1-TS T - s Pt
of solution
Ya = A
XB =

NA UB na + UB Kb Ti - B. Pt
of pure solvent
XL X9)
+ ATD =

NA + XB = 1 mole fraction is a unitless - - foot of pure solvent

F Pt of solution
quantity DTF
-

Kf If
XW Xig)
:

~ partial pressure of gas Kn a molal elevation

Henry Law &
constant
p = Ku Y If a
molal depression
Vanit Hoff factor (i) constant
* mole fraction of solute
· = Normal Molecular Mass
RADULT'S LAW Chemistry Guruji 2 O .

Observed Molecular Mass

PACX A PBC XB i) 1 solute undergoes dissociation

Pa = DaX XA Pr =
bisXYn i <1 solute undergoes association

i =
1 no association no dissociation
for Volatile
Solute for Non-Volatile solute
Pe =
PA + OB Dy =
DA & dissociation = Es Cassociation =
-
i -
2

1
-2
u -

=
bAXICA
 Electrochemistry Kohlrausch's Law
cell-which convert one form of energy into

of
Am Electrolyte =
Juncation + In Anion
another form energy
~ degree of dissociation
Electrochemical Cell ElectrolyticCell
<= [Molar conductivity at concentration
chemical - electrical electrical - chemical m [Molau conductivity at infinite dilution

Representation of cell Dissociation Constant (KC

=
a ~

my Mn + Il M4 + /M
- -
Faraday's first Law
OxidationHalf cell Reduction Half Cell = Molar Mass
XIXt
W = zXIXt
Two solution separation
znet//Cust Faraday's Second Law
[where E equivale
e
NERNST EQUATION - weight]
Mr + Mis)
+neo >
-
Fuel cell
Fca-E-9 leguts At Anode-2H, + - - 40 + 4ee
YOU >

At Cathode -

Oct &H0 ++ ee >

-
OU-

Eccl =

Eel-091 lg
[Red]
at 298 Overall Reaction 24 + 02 >
-

240

Dry Cell
At Equilibrium Ecen = o
At Anode- In >
-
In2+ + 2e0

Excell =

091 ligk at 298 At Cathode 2MnOz [NHutteo + >

- (Mno(on) +LNHs
Overal In + 2N + [MnO >
- Zu2++ [ MnO(On) + &NH
,
pyn
Gibbs free Energy
·

Chemistry Guruji 2 O .

Lead-Storage Battery-
Aci = -If Fiel
PbSO - + 2e0
At Anode-Pb + 505- >
Aci = -
2 .

303RT lugK >

At Cathode P60, + So? >
- P6SO + 2H, 0
-

CONDUCTIVITY OF
LONC SOLUTIONS corrosion of iron
...
Unit = ohm-l
Conductance (4) =

= = or -
- 1
> 2 Feet
At Anode-2Fe- + 4ee
or Siemens
increases dilution larger nog ions At Cathode
~
on as
0 + 4n + + 400 >
-
CH0
are produced
Specific Conductance [CONDUCTIVITY) Overall reaction
2 fee +
Gre + 02 + 44 + >
-
+ CH 0
,

Unit
1
GX-
*
k =
or GX : ohm-1cm+
or
I
M
or Scm-l
Formula of rust -
fe Oz . +20
,
>
- decrease on dilution as number of ions per c.m3 decrease

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY
Unit 1 1cm2 Mol
+
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Mm kXY KX1000
=
=
or
Sm2 moll R P
-

or -
M
Increase with dilution due to large increase in V. Rate of Reaction
AR =
- -

Conductivity Jam am (
Limiting Molar or
UNIT OF RATE Mol(-1sect or mol ( +
min-
when concentration of electrolyte abbroaches Zero
rate Instantaneous rate
Average
variation of molar conductivity with concentration change in concentration at change in concentration at
instant of time
large time interval any
R- P
dTR) + &TP]

:
-

-
ATR] + DTP] at
I
at
= At

↑ strong electrolyte
like ke

Am weak electrolyte
like
crycoon
VI D

Debye-Huckel Equation
1m =
1m-AXI

Am = Molar conductivity at V dilution

C =
concenteration
A =
constant which depends upon
specific
rate constant
Rate
or
is
Plot of Am and against I a straight line with
(aW-aA + bB-
> Product
↑
reaction
rate

intercept hi slope equal KTATCTB]

to to .
equal and G
&B
-

Reaction
A

Rate of =

in actual used <

for weak electrolyte , on dilution very large increase condly Order = < +B
chane
for
strong electrolyte, on dilution only a small increase conductance
 Half life
ty is order
; where of
a COLLISION THEORY
Zero Order of collision blu the molecules
The number
reacting O

rate =
KTAJe
taking place per second per unit volume a

known as Collision
[A]e =
19t + [A] o
frequency
-

t =
RR
Plar e-Ealre
K
rate =

+1
=
Unit of K moL Lis -1
P-p called the probability steic factor
=

or

First Order
tyz
ZAs + Collision frequency for reactant A & B
.
Rate =
k[A]I
= 0 .

693/k
The d-and -Block Elements
Unit of K = sect
In [AJt = -

Kt + InTAJo
(n-1)d'10
·

ng0-2
t
2303 lg Chemistry Guruji 2 O General Electronic Confi
=
.

M Pt &B
Pt-High due to
strong metallic bond Strength of metallic
.
.
.

Loud due to unpaired

e0.
Enthalpies of Atomisation
High due to
strong interatomic interaction
Oxidation State Variable Oxidation state due to
participation of
7
-+
-

electrons Mr
us and (n-1) d [Highest in 3d Series
Atomic Radii-Decreases size remain
from left to
right ,
in midway
same and in the end of series size increases -

COMPLEX FORMATION small

form complex due to
high nuclear charge ,

size metal ions and availability of empty d-orbital

to accept lone pair of to donated by ligands
coloured compounds form coloured compounds due to d-d transition , due
to 20
unpaired .

Alloy formation Due to small similar atomic radie ,

alom of one metal

can
easily replace the of other metal
atom .
lattices , small aloms
Interstitial compound Due to empty space in their
accommodated
.
PSEUDO FIRST ORDER
can be easily paramagnetic
and their compounds
-
are
Those reaction which Magnetic Properties Transition metal ions
orbitals
due to presence of
unpaired 20 in (n-1)d and

are not truely of first order but under it i calculated formula M It =

by using where n i number

e0
of unpaired
certain conditions becomes of first order Oxides in oxidation state are
higher oxidation state are acidic, lower

Basic whereas the intermediate Oxi state are amphoteric

inversion of sugar in .

+f
+4
+2 +
8/3
MnOz Muz87
C2H22012tHO s CHizOG + CM1206 -
Mus
04 Acidic
Basic Amphoteric
Rate K [CinH2201e] Potassium Richromate [Kz(r01]
=

Arrhenius Equation 2-
P-
[ oAsmo-78 J
⑧

Ae-FaIRT
p [V D crop-
k =
160 o -0-
Dichromate ion chromate ion
logk lg A-RT
=

Preparation
H2SO4
where K Rate constant
Naz(Os Naot KNO7
Nago, >
= -

FeCu , On >
-

02 sod
. Dichromate pot .
Dichromate
Ferrochromate sod Chromate
A
=
Pre-exponential factor .

Croc
u+
Ea Activation Energy Kr 07
KarOd 1 12
=
-

T temp or
-

s - S
orange
log J
Yellow

G
Suz + sn4 +
oxidising
>
-

oxidising action in acidic medium Pest fest

Property
-

X- >
- X2
Cr2077+ 144+ + 600 2(03+ + 740
Role of
>
-
Catalyst :
a chemical substance which
alters the of reaction Potassium
without
rate
chemical
Permanganate (KMnOs)
undergoing any change O
Deep purple crystalline solid
, oxidising agent , having m pt 240

·
Il MnBz Perosite
A
Reaction Path
with Catalyst Mu

I se Konto ,
C
Mno: MnO+ KMnOy IKIMnO , > K MnO
[Permanganate to ,

Pot Pot Permanganate

.

Manganate .

Oxidising Action in Acidic Medium -

Oxidising Reactions in Neutral Medium .

MnO + 84 + + 50 - Muc ++ 440 MnO + 24 0 + 3e0 >

-
MnO + 50H-
y ,
I t oxidise
Product + > Fest Oxalic acd >
-
CO2 th I
-

-
105
HS
-

> S
-

Reaction Co-ordinate
His > S
-

So, -
HSUp
MnSO- >
- MnOa 5202--sor
Mu2 + MuO
- > Ic 420 Je Na
, So, > Na
-

, So t -

(thiosulphate to sulphate
 INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS [F-BLOCK) COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Actinoid (55) Addition
Compounds formed by combination of
Lanthanoids (uf)
-

enters in two simple

lasteo enters in
A last to or more
I
compounds

orbital 57 orbital Double Salt Coordination Compound

+ 14
(n-1)d "use
*
General electronic confit (n-2)f which
into its
dissociate
ions
completely retain
in
its identity
solid state and in solution
both

LANTHANOID CONTRACTION 2.9 K2504 Alz (Sonly 24 H20

[Co(NHj)s73
+
in
.

eg
.

decrease atomic and Potash alum

ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium gradual
. The
WERNER THEORY :

explain the nature of

bonding in complexes , metal show two kind of

and steady decrease across the period is called
valencies
lauthanoid
↑

contraction. ·

Chemistry Guruji 2 O .

Primary Valency secondary Valency

Non-directional and Ionisable Directional and non-ionisable
cause If orbitals have very poor
-

shielding effect and equal to oxi state of It is equal to the coordin

left to right nuclear charge increases and radius metal ion of metal
deve central a number

LIGANDS These are alom, ion or molecule which donate

consequences
·
separation of
uf elements becomes difficult lone pair of
eo to central metal alom
.

because there is small difference in their properties

.
ON THE BASIS OF CHARGE
·

ud and 5d transition series have same atomic radie

-
ve ligande the
ligands Neurtal ligands
Basic character
of hydroxides of Lanthanoides deceases
·

CN-F-, C
, NE NOSt , Not, Hi , Witty ,
Co :

from left to
right lacon), most Basic
NOj CHyNt
Lucon), least ,
On, 0- NHnT ,
basic
BASIS OF NUMBER OF DONOR SITES
Difference blu Lanthanoids and Actinoid
Monodentale Bidentale Polydentale
lanthanoids -
Actinoids only one donor Two donor More than two
site site donor site
·
They exhibit mainly +30 S . in
They exhibit +3 Oxi State
CH2COO
H: , its 100
oxalato NY CH 200-
addition they show and in addition they show doo- -

-N CH
+2
,

CH2-NHc Ethylene
<
100 -
+4 +5, 6
+7 oxi State ,
-4 Oxidation state , ·
-Nis diamine
CH,COO-
EDTA
show Lanthanoid They show Actinoid
·
They CHELATING LIGAND a bidentate or polydentale ligand
contraction contraction which form more in than one coordinate bond
is formed
Actinoids
such way that a ring
a
Most ions
Manthanoid Most ions
·

of of AMBIDENTATE LIGAND-Monodentate ligand which

are colourless are coloured .
contain more than one

Greater
co-ordinating aloms
.

lesser fendency to form fendency to MF- NO

·

M SCN MF CN
MFONO
complex from complex MENCS M + NC

They do not give oxo

.

They give oxocations ISOMERISM : Two or more substance have same

Molecular formula but different structure
eg post , Put el
or
calious .
spatial arrangement are called isomers
·
their compounds are · their compounds Structural Isomerism
are more Basic
less Basic & Ionisation -
Hydrate
·

they are non-radioactive ·

They are radioactive [Co Bu (NHs)5] SOt [Cu(0s] Hy
[20 Sop (NH3)5] Bu [C %- 4JC: HO
(except Prometrium)
·

Linkage Co-ordination
Chemistry Guruji c 0
>
-
-
.

ECO (NO)(NH3)5 C
[Co (NHj)6] [CU((N)6]
[Co((Nb] [Cr (NH316]
[Co CONO) (NH3)5]C
 STEREO ISOMERISM
-
CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY :

<
Geometrical optical
-

Metal-ligand bond is ionic in nature So, there

.

isomerism is electrostatic force of attraction blu metal and

This arises
Es same ligands occupy due to non-super imposable ligands
adjacent Position
mirror images =
for Octahedral for Tetrahedral complex
Trans-same ligands occuby
only in octahedral complexes
Complex
opposite Position
with 2 or 3 bidentate ligands
.
1

--
in Square Planar In Octahedral Trans
Cis

Active) (optically
MAzX2 - Coptically inactive)
MABX2 MARY2 MAyXy eg [CoCeCen]Jt

T
MAzXY A ente 7t
i
Cis Trans
MABXY Co

SPECTROCHEMICAL SERIES shape of d-orbitals

3
Arrangement ligands
of
in the order of increasing field strength
At =

Go
field field
weak
>
- Increasing order strong
ligande o (FSECDO) ligands

5 <Br < SCNO < C < S2-/F/OU' OXY H2O <

NCs- < edta"- (NHs < en < NO< CNO < 10

If Do P, a high spin complex is formed
.
VALENCE BOND THEORY-
If Do 0, a low spin complex is formed
.

INNER ORBITAL OUTER ORBITAL

COMPLEX COMPLEX

involve inner d-orbital involve outer d-orbital CLASS-12 BOARDS

i e
.

(n-1) d-orbital is nd-orbitals

Spin

m
low complex High Spin Complex
Have less or no
unpairedo Have
unpaired
large number
20
.
of

(NHs) ,33 +
p
e
g [Co
[Co((NJT4-eg[MnF673- CoFp]3-
.

Valence Bond

Acc to this
due to the donation
to central metal atom
Theory
theory
:

of
Chemistry
metal-ligand
electron pair
Gurujic O
bond arises
from
.

ligands
S
influence
the metal atom or ion under the By-Bharat Panchal Sir..
of ligands can use (n-11 d , us , up , no
orbitals for hybridisation ·i Bharat Pantial Sir : Chemistry Gurujic 0 .

Hybridisation C-N Geometry Example

To help in our Journey
Sp 2 linear
[Ag((N) ,
)
Trigonal planar [Hg 137
YOU CAN DONATE
-

Sb2 3

Sp3 4 Tetrahedral [NiCOlu] z -

square planar eNi((N)g]

dsp2 4
square pyramidal Fe((o)j
dsp3 5

[Cr (NH3), 13
+

dasp3 6 Octahedral (inner)

Sp3d
?
6 Octahedral (outer) (fef73-
Paramagnetism eo
of unpaired <No ·

magnetic In + 2) Moment=

a i no I unpaired te ·

like
strong field ligands
weak field ligands

CNO NO CN, NH
, cause like C ; Br Ho : are
, ,

unable to cause pairing

pairing geo ge0
 IDEAL SOLUTION

CLASS-12 Interaction of A-B are equal to interaction of A-A

and B-B

m Pi-
pe
= DA + PB -

bi AYmix

Alnix =
= o

i
S
egn-Hexane + U- Heptan

HA 2 =
mole Fraction (A = 0

xB =0
CB 2 =

JOIN
↑

T
NON-IDEAL SOLUTION

Positive Deviation Negative Deviation

A-B interaction
A-B interaction are weaker are

· Bharat Panctal Sir

A-A and
than
↑
A-A and B-B interaction Stronger than
&B interaction
DVmix = tre & Vmix =
-Ve
Allmix = tre Anmix = -re

I ·
bi DA + PB
bi
-
-

pe
=

SOLUTIONS
-
-

i T
Mass Percentage W2 -

(WIw) % =
X200
W
, W2 HA 2 =
mole Fraction (A = 0
HA 2 =
mole Fraction (A = 0

xB =0
CB 2 =
xB =0
CB 2 =

Volume Percentage (VI) % =

x10 minimum Maximum
form boiling san
boiling
A zeotropes a zeotropes
Mass by Volume Percentage (w/v) =
We
X100
Y (in mu) 2 Acetone Ethanol
g
acclonethlorotom
+ e
g
.

Mass Fraction

XI =
Wi or Xz =
Wa Colligative Properties depend on number of solute
>
-

Relative
lowering
Wi + W2 W. + We
ou is a
of V P
(ppm)
.

Parts Per million X1

- Elevation in DTb Kym or i kom
Point&
=

Boiling
Molarity (M) Unit
X molylitre
=
Depression in
=

-> DT =
km or Kom
freezing Point
Osmotic Pressure -T = CRT
Molality (m) =

XL9) Unit moles/kg

=
or
ART or
IXXRXT
molarity is inversely proportional Unit of Ky and Ky =
Kkg mol
to temperature &To Elevation in Bot
-

DTy Ty-Tib
(X)
=

Mole Fraction Atf-Depression in F Ot

UB
DTf =
T1-TS T - s Pt
of solution
Ya = A
XB =

NA UB na + UB Kb Ti - B Pt
of pure solvent
XL X9)
+ ATD =

XA + XB = 1 mole fraction is a unitless - - foot of pure solvent

F Pt of solution
quantity DTF
-

Kf If
XW Xig)
:

~ partial pressure of gas Kn a molal elevation

Henry Law &
constant
p = Ku Y If a
molal depression
* mole fraction of solute Vanit Hoff factor (i) constant

· = Normal Molecular Mass

RADULT'S LAW Chemistry Guruji 2 O .

Observed Molecular Mass

PACX A PBC XB i) 1 solute undergoes dissociation

Pa = DaX XA Pr =
bisXYn i <1 solute undergoes association
i =
1 no association no dissociation
for Volatile
Solute for Non-Volatile solute
Pe =
PA + OB Dy =
DA
=
bAXICA
[dissociation =

Fil Cassociation =E
-2
 Electrochemistry Kohlrausch's Law
cell-which convert one form of energy into

of
Am Electrolyte =
Juncation + In Anion
another form energy
↓ degree of dissociation
Electrochemical Cell ElectrolyticCell
[Molar Conductivity at concentrationaa
=
chemical - electrical electrical - chemical m
Representation of cell ~ Dissociation Constant (KC
=
a

my Mn + //m" +
Im
- -
Faraday's first Law
OxidationHalf cell Reduction Half Cell
MarMax
=
w = zX[Xt
Two solution separation
znet//cust Faraday's Second Law
[where E equivale
e
NERNST EQUATION - weight]
Mr +
Mis)
+neo >
-
Fuel cell
Fca-E-9 leguts At Anode-2H, + - - 40
YOU > + 4ee

At Cathode -

Oct &H0 ++ ee >

-
OU-

Eccl =

Eel-091 lg
[Red]
at 298 Overall Reaction 24 + 02 >
-

240

Dry Cell
At Equilibrium Ecen = o
At Anode- In >
-
In2+ + 2e0

Excell =

091 ligk at 298 At Cathode 2MnOz + [NHutteo >

- [Mno(on) +LNHs
Overal In + 2N + [MnO >
- Zu2++ [ MnO(On) + &NH
,
pyn
Gibbs free Energy
·

Chemistry Guruji 2 O .

Lead-Storage Battery-
Aci = -If Fiel
PbSO - + 2e0
At Anode-Pb + 505- >
Aci = -
2 .

303RT lugK >

At Cathode P60, + So? >
- PDSO + 2H, 0
-

CONDUCTIVITY OF
LONC SOLUTIONS corrosion of iron
. ..
Unit = ohm-l
Conductance (4) =

= = or -
- 1
> 2 Feet
At Anode-2Fe- + 4ee
or Siemens
increases dilution larger nog ions At Cathode
~
on as
0 + 4n + + 400 >
-
CH0
are produced
Specific Conductance [CONDUCTIVITY) Overall reaction
2 fee +
Gre + 02 + 44 + >
-
+ CH 0
,

Unit
2 GX-
*
k =
or GX : ohm-1cm+
or
M
or Scm-l
Formula of rust -
fe Oz . +20
,
- decrease on dilution as number of ions per c.m3 decrease

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY
Unit +cm mot
CHEMICAL KINETICS
KX3000
am
=
=
15 XV or
or Sm2 moll R - P

Increase with dilution due to large increase in V. Rate of Reaction

AR =
- -

Conductivity Jam am (
Limiting Molar or
UNIT OF RATE Mol(-1sect or mol ( +
min-
when concentration of electrolyte abbroaches Zero
rate Instantaneous rate
Average
variation of molar conductivity with concentration change in concentration at change in concentration at
instant of time
large time interval any
R- P
dir) + &TP]

:
-

Ar = D at
=
-

at

↑
strong electrolyte
like ke

Am weak electrolyte
like
crycoon
VI D

Debye-Huckel Equation
1m =
1m-AXI

Am = Molar conductivity at V dilution

C =
concenteration
A =
constant which depends upon

is Rate rate constant or Specia

Plot of Am and against I a straight line with
(aW-aA + bB-
> Product
↑
rate

intercept hi slope equal KTATCTB]"

to to .
equal
used
and -

Reaction
A

Rate of =

in actual
for weak electrolyte , on dilution very large increase condly Order = < +B
chane
for
strong electrolyte, on dilution only a small increase conductance
 Half life
ty is order
; where of
a COLLISION THEORY
Zero Order of collision blu the molecules
The number
reacting O

rate =
KTAJe
taking place per second per unit volume I

known as Collision
[A]e =
19t + [A] o
frequency
-

- Ri rate =
Plar e-Ealre
Unit of K Lis -1
stric factor
moL
P-p called the probability
=

or

First Order
tyz
ZAs + Collision frequency for reactant A & B
.
Rate =
k[A]I
= 0 .

693/k
In [AJt = -

Kt + InTAJo
Unit of K = sect
The d-and -Block Elements
Chemistry Guruji General (n-1)d'10 ng0-2
=
- Electronic Confi .

M Pt &B
Pt-High due to
strong metallic bond Strength of metallic
.
.
.

Loud due to unpaired

e0.
Enthalpies of Atomisation
High due to strong interatomic interactio
Oxidation State Variable Oxidation state due to participation of
Mr7
-+
-

us and (n-1) d electrons

[Highest in 3d Series
Atomic Radii-Decreases size remain
from left to
right ,
in midway
same and in the end of series size increases -

COMPLEX FORMATION small

form complex due to
high nuclear charge ,

size metal ions and availability of empty d-orbital

to accept lone pair of to donated by ligands
coloured compounds form coloured compounds due to d-d transition , due
to 20
unpaired .

Alloy formation Due to small similar atomic radie ,

alom of one metal

easily replace
can atom of other metal .
the
Interstitial compound Due to in their lattices small aloms
empty space ,

accommodated.
PSEUDO FIRST ORDER
can be easily are paramagnetic
and their compounds
-

Those reaction which Magnetic Properties Transition metal ions

in (n-1)d orbitals and
unpaired 20
due to presence of
are not truely of first order but under it i calculated formula M =
It
by using where n i number
e0
of unpaired
certain conditions becomes of first order Oxides in oxidation state are
higher oxidation state are acidic, lower
Basic whereas the intermediate Oxi state are amphoteric
inversion of sugar in .

s CHizOG
+2

Mus +no N
C2H22012tHO + CM1206 -
-

Acidic
Basic Amphoteric
Rate K [CinH2201e] Potassium Richromate [Kz(rc01]
=

Arrhenius Equation 2-
P-
[ o AsmoToa J
·
Ae-FaIRT
O (V D crop-
k =

o -0-
Dichromate ion chromate ion
log k lg A-RT
=

Preparation
Nao ,
where K =
Rate constant
Naz(Os Naco Ki07
Fecron-
>
Dichromate
02 sod
. Dichromate pot .

Ferrochromate sod Chromate

A
=
Pre-exponential factor .

CrOCO
u+
Ea = Activation Energy KO 1 12
-

T temp or
-

s - S
orange
log =
Yellow

Oberry
Suz + sn4 +
oxidising * >
-

in acidic medium Fast-fest

oxidising action
X- >
- X2
Cr2077+ 144+ + 600 >
- 2(03+ + 740
Role of Catalyst :
a chemical substance which
alters the of reaction Potassium
without
rate
chemical
Permanganate (KMnOs)
undergoing any change O
Deep purple crystalline solid
, oxidising agent , having m pt 240

·
A
Il MnBz Perosite
Mu

Ise Konto ,
Mno: MnO+ KMnOy CIKuMnOq > KMnO
[Permanganate to ,

Pot Pot Permanganate

.

Manganate .

Oxidising Action in Acidic Medium -

Oxidising Reactions in Neutral Medium ...

Mno + 84 + + 50 - Muc ++ 440 MnO + 24 0 + 3e0 >

-
MnO + 50H-
y ,
I t oxidise
Product + > Fest Oxalic acd >
-
CO2 th I
-

-
105
HS
-

> S
-

Reaction His > S

-

So, -
HSUp
MnSO- >
- MnOa 5202--sor
Co-ordinate
Mu2 + MuPz
- > Ic 420 Je Na
, So, > Na
-

, So t >
-

(thiosulphate to sulphate
 INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS [F-BLOCK) COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Actinoid (55) Addition
Compounds formed by combination of
Lanthanoids (uf)
-

enters in two simple

lasteo enters in
A last to or more
I
compounds

orbital 57 orbital Double Salt Coordination Compound

+ 14
(n-1)d "use
*
General electronic confit (n-2)f which
into its
dissociate
ions
completely retain
in
its identity
solid state and in solution
both

LANTHANOID CONTRACTION 2.9 K2504 Alz (Sonly 24 H20

[Co(NHj)s73
+
in
.

eg
.

decrease atomic and Potash alum

ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium gradual
. The
WERNER THEORY :

explain the nature of

bonding in complexes , metal show two kind of

and steady decrease across the period is called
valencies
lauthanoid
↑

contraction. ·

Chemistry Guruji 2 O .

Primary Valency secondary Valency

Non-directional and Ionisable Directional and non-ionisable
cause If orbitals have very poor
-

shielding effect and equal to oxi state of It is equal to the coordin

left to right nuclear charge increases and radius metal ion of metal
deve central a number

LIGANDS These alom, ion or molecule which donate

consequences are

·
separation of
uf elements becomes difficult lone pair of
eo to central metal alom
.

because there is small difference in their properties

.
ON THE BASIS OF CHARGE
·

ud and 5d transition series have same atomic radie

-
ve ligande the
ligands Neurtal ligands
Basic character
of hydroxides of Lanthanoides deceases
·

CN-F-, C
, NE NOSt , Not, Hi , Witty ,
Co :

from left to
right lacon), most Basic
NOj CHyNt
Lucon), least ,
On, 0- NUnt ,
basic
BASIS OF NUMBER OF DONOR SITES
Difference blu Lanthanoids and Actinoid
Monodentale Bidentale Polydentale
lanthanoids Actinoids only one donor Two donor More than two

·
They exhibit mainly + 30.s in" They exhibit +3 Oxi State
site site donor site

CH2COO
H: , its 100
oxalato NY CH 200-
addition show and in addition they show doo- -

-N CH
+2
,
they
CH2-NHc Ethylene
<
100 -
+4 +5, 6
+7 oxi State ,
-4 Oxidation state , ·
-Nis diamine
CH,COO-
EDTA
show Lanthanoid They show Actinoid
·
They CHELATING LIGAND a bidentate or polydentale ligand
contraction contraction which form more than one coordinate bond in
is formed
Actinoids
such way that a ring
a
·
Most ions Santhanoid Most ions
of
of AMBIDENTATE LIGAND-Monodentate ligand which
are colourless are coloured
. contain more than one

Greater
co-ordinating aloms
.

lesser fendency to form fendency to MF- NO

·

M SCN MF CN
MFONO
complex from complex MENCS M + NC

They do not give oxo

.

They give oxocations ISOMERISM : Two or more substance have same

Molecular formula but different structure
eg post , Put el
or
calious .
spatial arrangement are called isomers
·
their compounds are · their compounds Structural Isomerism
are more Basic
less Basic & Ionisation -
Hydrate
·

they are non-radioactive ·

They are radioactive [Co Bu (NHs)5] SOt [Cu(0s] Hy
[20 Sop (NH3)5] Bu [C %- 4JC: HO
(except Prometrium)
·

Linkage Co-ordination
Chemistry Guruji c 0
>
-
-
.

ECO (NO)(NH3)5 C
[Co (NHylg] [CU((N) 6]
[Co((Nb] [Cv (NH316]
[Co CONO) (NH3)5]C
 STEREO ISOMERISM
-
CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY :

<
Geometrical optical
-

Metal-ligand bond is ionic in nature So, there

.

isomerism is electrostatic force of attraction blu metal and

This arises
Es same ligands occupy due to non-super imposable ligands
adjacent Position
mirror images =
for Octahedral for Tetrahedral complex
Trans-same ligands occuby
only in octahedral complexes
Complex
opposite Position bidentate ligands
with 2 or 3 .
1

--
in Square Planar In Octahedral Trans
Cis

Active) (optically
MAzX2 - Coptically inactive)
MABX2 MARYy MAyXy eg [CoCeCen]Jt

T
MAzXY A ente 7t
i
Cis Trans
MABXY Co

SPECTROCHEMICAL SERIES shape of d-orbitals

3
Arrangement ligands
of
in the order of increasing field strength
At =

Go
field field
weak
creasing order >
= strong
ligande o (FSECDO) ligands

5 <Br < SCNO < C < S2-/F/OU' OXY H2O <

NCs- < edta"- (NHs < en < NO< CNO < 10

If Do P, a high spin complex is formed
.
VALENCE BOND THEORY-
If Do 0, a low spin complex is formed
.

INNER ORBITAL OUTER ORBITAL

COMPLEX COMPLEX

involve inner d-orbital involve outer d-orbital

i e
.

(n-1) d-orbital is nd-orbitals

low Spin complex High Spin Complex
Have less or no
unpairedo Have
unpaired
large number
20
.
of

e
g [Co (NHs)jj3 + p

<g[MnF673-[CoFs]3-
.

[Co((No ? 4-
Valence Bond Theory Chemistry Guruji 2 O CLASS-12 BOARDS
: ·
.

Acc to this
theory , metal-ligand bond arises
due to the donation electron pair from ligands
of

Fu
to central metal atom
the metal atom or ion under the
influence of ligands can use (n-11 d , us , up , no
orbitals for hybridisation
Geometry

S
Hybridisation C-N Example

Sp 2 linear
[Ag((N) ,
)
Trigonal planar [Hg 137
-

Sb2 3

sp3 4 Tetrahedral [NiCOlu] z

By-Bharat Panchal
-

square planar eNi((N)g] Sir..

dsp2 4

asp3 5
square pyramidal Fe((o)j
3t
·i Bharat Pantial Sir : Chemistry Gurujic 0 .

dasp3 6 Octahedral (inner) [Cr (NH3)]

To help in our Journey
Sp3d
?
6 Octahedral (outer) (fe73-
Paramagnetism <No ·
eo
of unpaired YOU CAN DONATE
Moment=v 2)
magnetic n+

a i no
I unpaired te
·

like
strong field ligands weak field ligands
CNO, NO, CN, NH, cause like C; Br Ho : are
unable to cause pairing
pairing geo ge0
 NAME REACTION

N2C Br
SAND MEYER REACTION
~
-
Xo]
+ Bu a
By
GATTERMANN REACTION Nucl Powder 2-
use I
17
+ nB > Loy
FINKELSTEIN REACTION
~
R-X + Nat
acctone
R-I + Nax ; <Hs-U + NaI
>
- GH5r]
SWARTS REACTION
mmm R-X + AgF -oR-f + AgX ; (H5-Br +AgF- -Us-f >

MARKOYNIKOV'S RULE
ChyCh CRztUBr -CHy-CU-Cs
=

ANTI-MARKOUNIKOV'S RULE :
- Chy-c =
CH2 + HBr Organic a CHy-Choch
Peroxide Bu
WURTZ REACTION
R-X + 2 Na + X- Ru R-R + 2NaX
einen

FITTIG REACTION EY-X + Na + X-Y May EY +ENax

einen

WURTZ FITTIG REACTION R-X + NatX-YY AR-t) +&NaX

echen

HUNSDIECKER REACTION ROAg + Br R-Bu + CO2 + AgBr

DOWS PROCESS
I
C Noon
6231 temp
H By-Bharat Panchal
E Loy
,

no
sooams sir
 NAME REACTION

HYDRATION OF ALKENE
Chych =
CK2 RO E Cry-CY-CHS
OH

UYDROBORATION OXIDATION Chy-CH = Ch

,
i) BMs ,
Try Chy-CH2-Che
ii) UzO2 ,
One on
Cry
CUMENE PROCESS in i) On On
CUz- - S N
I

ii) 4y0 +

ne
LUCAS TEST [For 19 ze # Turbidity ; 20 Turbidity ; 1
+eng No
2 J alcohol) Alcohol Inch immediately alcohol inc i 5 mins alcohol Turb .

KOLBE i
t
REACTION is Naon CO2
ii) ne
,
S
F coon

REIMER TIEMANN REACTION on

M
,
i) Naou
ii) nee
,
CNCy
stone
WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS SN3 R-OR + Nax ; R-X should
R-ONa + R-X -
Mech
be primary
nALOGENATION
Not + X EDY NITRATION [ + CONCUNO
, N
SULPHONATION
+ 1504 -
CsOgn FRIEDAL CRAFT ACYLATION
FRIEDAL CRAFT

A
RCox -COR
ALKYLATION Y +
is 201
+ B-X
 NAME REACTION

ALDOL CONDENSATION
] Chy-col
Tcarbony have
C3-C M
< .
=0 +
+ dil . Noon 4 Non
GROSS ALDOL CONDENSATION
Chy-c
Cz- CC-
= 0
+

Ih3
CANNIZZARO REACTION have
GAldehyde
no don + common J 2 Eoycno + Concron -
Schon + E-Co0Na
DECARBOXYLATION ROY R-Coona + Naol z R-K + NazCOy
U 1 2 Reaction R-C-coon 12
R-C-con
. :
+

CARBYLAMINE RXU R-NH2 + CHCz + 3 kon -- R-NG + 3KC + 3420

COUPLING REACTION LTNU + -G -
Natex4
E-NK , On]
-

HOFFMANN BROMAMIDE DEGRADATION

R-CONU2 + BEARON -
D-NH2
GABRIEL PUTALIMIDE SYNTHESIS
-COM i) MOU ii) R-X
iii) 120
YOU RN

HOFFMANN AMMONOLYSIS
NHs + R-X +
R-NA2 + R-X -
RiNH tRX- PIN
DIAZOTIZATION REACTION FNU + HONO + UC ANIL

Ortho & para

directing META DIRECTING &

Con IS

i n-R] =
2 win on - CEN -c - on
-

XpT
,
, ,
,
My
C-R
-

- 0]
X , -
,
 NAME REACTION

&

ROSENMUND
REDUCTION :
R-GC the
Pd-BaSOA
> R - n +nice
Poisoned bys
STEPHEN REDUCTION :
R-CEN is Such the
3 R - CHO By-Bharat
ii) Us0 + Panchal Sir
GATTERMANN KOCH REACTION Ho

+ co + -
ETARD REACTION CH3 CrO2Cz Hy
,
CSuc -
Fo ii) 430t
CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION
Aldehyde / Ketone zn-Ug + HC > Hydrocarbon
iP
WOLF-KISHNER REDUCTION MN-WH2 R- CH3
R -
C -
4 >
-

RI Kor R- CH2-RA
R- -

TOLCEN'S REAGENT ⑧
AgNOz
[Aldehydes R-c-n > Agn + R-COON
N + On
FENING SOLUTION
[Aliphatic & A +B Cu, 0 + R-CoOn
Aldehyde] R-c-4 + Cyst Y
COONG
A cuson B
noto
:

OZONOLYSIS 03
-

F 50 + 01
0
HALOFORM REACTION
(For Chy-CH-On] CHy-Cs + NaOX-ChXz + CULOONa
-Chy-i + NaOH