ALGEBRA

2-4
Reasoning in Algebra
2-4
1. Plan
Objectives
What You’ll Learn Check Skills You’ll Need GO for Help Lesson 1-6
1 To connect reasoning in
• To connect reasoning in For Exercises 1–5, use the figure at the right.
algebra and geometry
algebra and geometry
1. Name &1 in two other ways. lAOB, lBOA A Examples
. . . And Why 2. Name the vertex of &2. O 1 Justifying Steps in Solving an
To justify steps in a logical S 1
3. If &1 > &2, name the bisector of &AOC. OB O Equation
argument, as in Example 1 2 B
4. If m&AOC = 90 and m&1 = 45, find m&2. 45 2 Justifying Steps in Solving an
C Equation
5. If m&AOC = 90, name two perpendicular rays. S S 3 Using Properties of Equality
OA and OC
and Congruence
New Vocabulary • Reflexive Property • Symmetric Property
• Transitive Property

Math Background
There are three types of
1 Connecting Reasoning in Algebra and Geometry properties in mathematics:
assumed, defining, and deduced.
In geometry you accept postulates and properties as true. You use deductive Assumed properties are actual
reasoning to prove other statements. Some of the properties that you accept postulates. Defining properties
as true are the properties of equality from algebra. They are listed below in terms are in definitions. Deduced
of any numbers a, b, and c. properties are concluded from
theorems. Simplifying expressions
and solving equations both
Key Concepts Summary Properties of Equality represent a series of justified
steps. A proof with a given and
Addition Property If a = b, then a + c = b + c.
only one justified conclusion is
Subtraction Property If a = b, then a - c = b - c. often called a one-step proof.
Multiplication Property If a = b, then a · c = b · c.
More Math Background: p. 78D
Division Property If a = b and c 2 0, then ac 5 bc .
Reflexive Property a=a
Lesson Planning and
Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a. Resources
Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c.
See p. 78E for a list of the
Substitution Property If a = b, then b can replace a in any expression. resources that support this lesson.

PowerPoint

You also assume that other properties from algebra are true. Bell Ringer Practice
Check Skills You’ll Need
Key Concepts Property The Distributive Property For intervention, direct students to:
a(b + c) = ab + ac Finding Angle Measures
Lesson 1-6: Examples 1, 3
Extra Skills, Word Problems, Proof
Practice, Ch. 1

Lesson 2-4 Reasoning in Algebra 103

Special Needs L1 Below Level L2

Have students write examples of the Properties of Solve several equations on the board in which the
Congruence next to its corresponding Property of Transitive and Substitution Properties justify steps. Ask
Equality. For the Reflexive Property students can write students to name the property used. In some cases,
XY  XY and XY = XY ; &A  &A and m&A = m&A. both properties may apply.

learning style: visual learning style: visual 103

2. Teach You use deductive reasoning every time you solve an equation. You can
justify each statement that you make with a postulate, a property, or a
definition. When you solve problems involving angle measures, you can
use the Angle Addition Postulate.
Guided Instruction
1 EXAMPLE Justifying Steps in Solving an Equation
1 EXAMPLE Alternative Method Algebra Solve for x and justify each step.
B
The reason given for writing Given: m&AOC = 139
A x
x + 2x as 3x is “Simplify.” Write (2x  10)
x + 2x = 1x + 2x = (1 + 2)x = 3x
O C
on the board to show the class GO for Help
how the Distributive Property m/AOB 1 m/BOC 5 m/AOC Angle Addition Postulate
was used to simplify the sum. To review the Angle
Addition Postulate, x 1 2x 1 10 5 139 Substitution Property
Ask: Which equation shows the go to p. 38.
Distributive Property? 3x 1 10 5 139 Simplify.
1x ± 2x ≠ (1 ± 2)x 3x 5 129 Subtraction Property of Equality
x 5 43 Division Property of Equality
2 EXAMPLE Teaching Tip
Quick Check 1 Fill in each missing reason.
Ask: What is the key difference ) M
between Example 1 and Given: LM bisects &KLN. (2x  40)
Example 2? Example 1 uses the
K 4x
Angle Add. Post., and Example 2
) L N
uses the Segment Add. Post. LM bisects &KLN. Given
Point out that students will use m&MLN = m&KLM Definition of angle bisector
both postulates.
4x = 2x + 40 9 Substitution Prop.
Error Prevention! 2x = 40 9 Subtraction Prop. of Equality
Because the properties discussed x = 20 9 Division Prop. of Equality
in this lesson apply to both equality
and congruence, students may
erroneously extend them to com- You can use the Segment Addition Postulate to justify statements about lengths
parative relations such as greater of segments.
than and less than. Ask: Do the
Reflexive, Symmetric, and Transitive 2 EXAMPLE Justifying Steps in Solving an Equation
Properties apply to the relations
“greater than” and “less than”? Algebra Solve for y and justify each step. 2y 3y - 9
only the Transitive Property
Given: AC = 21 A B C
GO for Help
AB 1 BC 5 AC Segment Addition Postulate
To review the Segment 2y 1 (3y 2 9) 5 21 Substitution Property
Addition Postulate,
go to p. 32. 5y 2 9 5 21 Simplify.
5y 5 30 Addition Property of Equality
y56 Division Property of Equality

Quick Check 2 Find AB and BC by substituting y = 6 in the expressions in the diagram above.
Check that AB + BC = 21. AB ≠ 12; BC ≠ 9; AB ± BC ≠ 12 ± 9 ≠ 21

The Reflexive, Symmetric, and Transitive Properties of Equality have corresponding

properties of congruence. You can use properties of congruence to justify statements.

104 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

Advanced Learners L4 English Language Learners ELL

Have students determi which of the properties of Discuss as a class how students can determine when
equality apply to the relations  and . to name a property of equality and when to name a
property of congruence. Emphasize that there is no
Substitution Property of Congruence.

104 learning style: verbal learning style: verbal

 PowerPoint

Key Concepts Summary Properties of Congruence Additional Examples

Reflexive Property AB > AB
1 Justify each step used to solve
&A > &A
5x - 12 = 32 + x for x.
Symmetric Property If AB > CD, then CD > AB. 1. 5x = 44 + x Addition
If &A > &B, then &B > &A. Property of Equality
Transitive Property If AB > CD and CD > EF, then AB > EF. 2. 4x = 44 Subtraction Property
If &A > &B and &B > &C, then &A > &C. of Equality
3. x = 11 Division Property
of Equality

2 Suppose points A, B, and C

3 EXAMPLE Using Properties of Equality and Congruence
are collinear with point B between
Name the property of equality or congruence that justifies each statement. points A and C. Solve for x if
AB = 4 + 2x, BC = 15 - x, and
a. &K > &K
AC = 21. Justify each step.
Reflexive Property of Congruence
AB ± BC ≠ AC
b. If 2x - 8 = 10, then 2x = 18. (Seg. Add. Post.),
Addition Property of Equality (4 ± 2x) ± (15 – x) ≠ 21
(Subst. Prop. of Equality),
c. If RS > TW and TW > PQ, then RS > PQ.
19 ± x ≠ 21 (Simplify),
Transitive Property of Congruence
x ≠ 2 (Subtr. Prop. of Equality)
d. If m&A = m&B, then m&B = m&A.
Symmetric Property of Equality 3 Name the property that
justifies each statement.
Quick Check 3 Name the property of equality or congruence illustrated. a. If x = y and y + 4 = 3x, then
a. XY > XY Reflexive Prop. of O x + 4 = 3x. Substitution Property
b. If m&A = 45 and 45 = m&B , then m&A = m&B. Transitive or Substitution of Equality
Prop. of Equality b. If x + 4 = 3x, then 4 = 2x.
Subtraction Property of Equality
c. If &P  &Q, &Q  &R, and
EXERCISES For more exercises, see Extra Skill, Word Problem, and Proof Practice.
&R  &S, then &P  &S.
Transitive Property of
Practice and Problem Solving Congruence

A Practice by Example x 2 Algebra Fill in the reason that justifies each step. E Resources
Examples 1 and 2 1. Solve for x. • Daily Notetaking Guide 2-4 L3
a–b. See left. x (3x + 20) • Daily Notetaking Guide 2-4—
(page 104) m/CDE 1 m/EDF 5 180 a. 9 C D F
GO for
Adapted Instruction L1
x 1 (3x 1 20) 5 180 b. 9
Help
4x 1 20 5 180 c. 9 Simplify.
1a. Angle Addition Post.
4x 5 160 d. 9 Subtraction Prop. of Equality
b. Substitution Prop. Closure
x 5 40 e. 9 Div. Prop. of Equality
Joy and Hue solve the equation
2. Solve for n. 3(n + 4) 3n 3x = 18. Each writes x = 6. Joy
Given: XY = 42 X Z Y names the Division Property of
XZ + ZY = XY a. 9 Segment Addition Post. Equality to justify the step. Hue
names the Multiplication Property
3(n + 4) + 3n = 42 b. 9 Substitution Prop.
of Equality to justify the step.
3n + 12 + 3n = 42 c. 9 Distributive Prop. Explain why both Joy and Hue
6n + 12 = 42 d. 9 Simplify. are correct. Division by 3 is the
6n = 30 e. 9 Subtraction Prop. of Equality same as multiplication by 13.
n=5 f. 9 Division Prop. of Equality

Lesson 2-4 Reasoning in Algebra 105

105
3. Practice x 2 Algebra Give a reason for each step.
4a. Distr. Prop. 3. 1 x 2 5 5 10 Given 4. 5(x + 3) = -4 Given
2
b. Subtr. Prop. of ≠
Assignment Guide 2 Q 12 x 2 5 R 5 20 a. 9 Mult. Prop. of ≠ 5x + 15 = -4 a. 9
c. Div. Prop. of ≠
x 2 10 5 20 b. 9 Distr. Prop. 5x = -19 b. 9
1 A B 1-30
x 5 30 c. 9 Add. Prop. of ≠ x = 2 19
5
c. 9
C Challenge 31-37
a–c. See left.
Example 3 Name the property that justifies each statement.
Test Prep 38-42
(page 105)
Mixed Review 43-53 5. &Z > &Z Reflexive Prop. of O 6. 2(3x + 5) = 6x + 10 Distr. Prop.
7. If 12x = 84, then x = 7. Div. Prop. of ≠ 8. If ST > QR, then QR > ST.
Homework Quick Check Symmetric Prop. of O
To check students’ understanding 9. If m&A = 15, then 3m&A = 45. 10. XY = XY
Mult. Prop. of ≠ Reflexive Prop. of ≠
of key skills and concepts, go over 11. If 3x + 14 = 80, then 3x = 66. 12. If KL = MN, then MN = KL.
Exercises 2, 8, 20, 25, 29. Subtr. Prop. of ≠ Symmetric Prop. of ≠
13. If 2x + y = 5 and x = y, 14. If AB - BC = 12,
Visual Learners then 2x + x = 5. then AB = 12 + BC.
Subst. Prop. Add. Prop. of ≠
Exercise 1 Before they read the 15. If &1 > &2 and &2 > &3, then &1 > &3.
steps, have students examine the Trans. Prop. of O
diagram and think of a method to B Apply Your Skills Use the given property to complete each statement.
find x. This approach will help 16. Addition Property of Equality 17. Subtraction Property of Equality
them work with proofs later.
If 2x - 5 = 10, then 2x = 9. 15 If 5x + 6 = 21, then 9 = 15. 5x
Error Prevention! 18. Symmetric Property of Equality 19. Symmetric Property of Congruence
If AB = YU, then 9. YU ≠ AB If &H > &K, then 9 > &H. lK
Exercise 2 Students often confuse
the Transitive and Substitution 20. Reflexive Property of Congruence 21. Distributive Property
Properties. Here, the Substitution 25. Answers may vary. &PQR > 9 lPQR 3(x - 1) = 3x - 9 3
Property of Equality justifies the Sample: LR and RL
are different ways to 22. Substitution Property 23. Transitive Property of Congruence
second step because terms in an
name the same If LM = 7 and EF + LM = NP, If &XYZ > &AOB and
equation are replaced with their
segment and lCBA then 9 = NP. EF ± 7 &AOB > &WYT, then 9.
equivalents. and lABC are lXYZ O lWYT
different ways to 24. Multiple Choice Which expression is equivalent to the left side of this
Exercises 24 Encourage students name the same l.
equation? 24x 1 7y 1 1 (12x 2 3y) 5 180
to write each step in their
C
simplification process to avoid 3
careless mistakes. 8x 1 4y 6y 1 8 6y 8x

25. Writing Jero claims that the statements LR > RL and &CBA > &ABC are
both true by the Reflexive Property of Congruence. Explain why Jero is correct.
GO nline See left.
26. Use what you know about transitive properties to complete the following:
Homework Help
Visit: PHSchool.com The Transitive Property of Falling Dominoes:
GPS Guided Problem Solving L3 Web Code: aue-0204
If domino A causes domino B to fall, and domino B causes domino C to fall,
Enrichment L4
then domino A causes domino 9 to fall. C
Reteaching L2
Adapted Practice L1
Practice
Name Class Date L3
Practice 2-4 Reasoning in Algebra

Use the given property to complete each statement.

1. Symmetric Property of Equality

If MN = UT, then 9.

2. Division Property of Equality

If 4m&QWR = 120, then 9.

3. Transitive Property of Equality

If SB = VT and VT = MN, then 9.

4. Addition Property of Equality

If y - 15 = 36, then 9.

5. Reflexive Property of Congruence

JL  9

Give a reason for each step.

6. 7x - 4 = 10 7. 0.25x + 2x + 12 = 39
7x = 14 2.25x + 12 = 39
x=2 2.25x = 27
225x = 2700
x = 12

Name the property that justifies each statement.

8. If m&G = 35 and m&S = 35, then m&G  m&S. 106 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof
9. If 10x + 6y = 14 and x = 2y, then 10(2y) + 6y = 14.
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. If TR = MN and MN = VW, then TR = VW.

11. If JK  LM, then LM  JK.

12. If &Q  &S and &S  &P, then &Q  &P.

Fill in the missing information. Solve for x, and justify each step.

13. 14.
5x
Q
T K L
2x  4
(2x)
(x  6) P M
W X
m&QWT + m&TWX = 90 KL = 3(PM)
2x + (x + 6) = 9 5x = 39
9+6 = 90 5x = 9
9 = 9 9 = -12
x = 9 x = 9

106
 x 2 27. Algebra Fill in the reason that justifies each step.
4x 2x + 12
4. Assess & Reteach
Given: C is the midpoint of AD.
A C D PowerPoint
C is the midpoint of AD. a. 9 Given
AC = CD b. 9 Def. of midpoint Lesson Quiz
4x = 2x + 12 c. 9 Subst. Prop. of ≠
2x = 12 d. 9 Subtr. Prop. of ≠ Name the justification for each
x=6 e. 9 Division Prop. of ≠ statement.

x 2 28. Algebra In the figure at the right, KM = 35. 2x - 5 2x 1. ab = ab Reflexive Prop.

GO for Help a. Solve for x. Justify each step. See margin. K L M
of Eq.
For a guide to solving b. Find the length of KL. 15 2. If m&ABC + 40 = 85,
Exercise 28, see p. 109. then m&ABC = 45.
x 2 29. Algebra In the figure at the right, m&GFI = 128. G
Subtraction Prop. of Eq.
(9x - 2) E
GPS a. Solve for x. Justify each step. See margin. 3. If k = m and k + w = 12, then
b. Find m&EFI. 40 4x m + w = 12. Substitution
F I Prop. of Eq.
30 a. By construction )
x 2 30. Algebra ) C is on the crease when you fold
Point See left.
4. If B is a point in the
b. Def. of l Bisector BD onto BA . Give the reason that justifies each
interior of &AOC, then
c. Subst. Prop. step. (Hint: See page 102, Exercises 4 and 5.)
d. Subtr. Prop. of ≠ ) m&AOB + m&BOC = m&AOC.
BC bisects &ABD. a. 9 Angle Add. Post.
e. Div. Prop. of ≠ o
m/ABC 5 m/CBD b. 9 A (6n + 1) C 5. Fill in the missing information.
6n 1 1 = 4n 1 19 c. 9 (4n + 19)o
Given: AC = 36
2n 5 18 d. 9 D 3x 2x + 1
B A B C
n59 e. 9
C Challenge 31. Error Analysis The steps below “show” that 1 = 2. Find the error. a. AB + BC = AC i. ?
In the fifth step, each side is divided by (b 2 a). Segment Add. Post.
Given: a = b But b 2 a 5 0 and division by 0 is not defined.
b. 3x + 2x + 1 = 36 ii. ?
a5b Given Substitution Prop. of Eq.
ab 5 b2 Multiplication Property of Equality c. ? iii. Simplify.
2 2
ab 2 a 5 b 2 a 2 Subtraction Property of Equality 5x ± 1 ≠ 36
a(b 2 a) 5 (b 1 a)(b 2 a) Distributive Property d. 5x = 35 iv. ?
a5b1a Division Property of Equality Subtraction Prop. of Eq.
a5a1a Substitution Property e. x = ? v. ?
7; Division Prop. of Eq.
a 5 2a Simplify.
152 Division Property of Equality
Alternative Assessment
Relationships The relationships “is equal to” and “is congruent to” are reflexive,
symmetric, and transitive. In a later chapter, you will see that this is also true for Have students work in pairs.
the relationship “is similar to.” Consider the following relationships among people. Each student should write a
State whether each relationship is reflexive, symmetric, transitive, or none of these. linear equation that can be
Sample: The relationship “is younger than” is transitive. If Sue is younger solved for x. Then have partners
than Fred and Fred is younger than Alana, then Sue is younger than Alana. exchange equations and solve,
The relationship “is younger than” is not reflexive because Sue is not younger justifying each step.
Real-World Connection
than herself. It is also not symmetric because if Sue is younger than Fred,
President Calvin Coolidge,
Fred is not younger than Sue.
advice columnist Ann Landers,
and musician Bill Withers 32. has the same birthday as 33. is taller than transitive
were all born on the Fourth reflexive, symmetric, transitive
of July. Each one of them 34. lives in the same state as 35. lives in a different state than
“has the same birthday as” reflexive, symmetric, transitive symmetric
either one of the others. 36. is the same height as 37. is a descendant of transitive
reflexive, symmetric, transitive

lesson quiz, PHSchool.com, Web Code: aua-0204 Lesson 2-4 Reasoning in Algebra 107

28. a. KL ± LM ≠ KM Segment Add. Post. 29. a. mlGFE ± mlEFI ≠ mlGFI l Addition Post.
2x – 5 ± 2x ≠ 35 Subst. Prop. 9x – 2 ± 4x ≠ 128 Subst. Prop.
4x – 5 ≠ 35 Simplify. 13x – 2 ≠ 128 Simplify.
4x ≠ 40 Add. Prop. of ≠ 13x ≠ 130 Add. Prop. of ≠
x ≠ 10 Div. Prop. of ≠ x ≠ 10 Div. Prop. of ≠

107
Test Prep
Test Prep
Resources
For additional practice with a Multiple Choice 38. Which property justifies this statement? D
variety of test item formats: If 4x = 16, then 16 = 4x.
• Standardized Test Prep, p. 121 A. Multiplication Property of Equality
• Test-Taking Strategies, p. 116 B. Transitive Property of Equality
• Test-Taking Strategies with C. Reflexive Property of Equality
Transparencies D. Symmetric Property of Equality

39. The Multiplication Property of Equality justifies which statement below? H

F. If 3 x 5 6, then 3x 5 6. G. If 3 x 1 5 5 6, then 3 x 5 1.
4 4 4 4
3
H. If x 5 6, then 3x 5 24. 3
J. If x 2 18 5 6, then 3 x 5 24.
4 4 4
40. A transitive property justifies which statement below? D
A. If y 2 17 5 g, then y 5 g 1 17.
B. If AM 5 RS, then RS 5 AM.
C. If 5(3a 2 4) 5 120, then 15a 2 20 5 120.
D. If /J > /R and /R > /H, then /J > /H.
41. Which equation follows from 1
3m 1 1 5 10 by the Multiplication Property
of Equality? F
F. m 1 3 5 30 G. 1 m 5 9 H. 1 m 2 9 5 0 J. m 2 27 5 0
3 3

Short Response 42. In the diagram, x = 2y + 15 and x + y = 120. See margin.

42. [2] a. 2y ± 15 ± y ≠ 120 a. Use a Property of Equality to explain why 3y + 15 = 120. y
Subst. Prop. b. Solve for y. Justify each step. Then find the value of x. x
3y ± 15 ≠ 120
Simplify.
b. 3y ≠ 105 Subtr.
Prop. of Equality Mixed Review
y ≠ 35 Div. Prop.
of Equality Lesson 2-3 Reasoning Use logical reasoning to draw a conclusion.
x ≠ 2y ± 15 GO for
Help 43. If a student is having difficulty in class, then that student’s teacher is concerned.
x ≠ 2(35) ± 15 Elena is having difficulty in history class. Elena’s teacher is concerned.
x ≠ 85
44. If a person has a job, then that person is earning money.
[1] solved for y only, OR If a person is earning money, then that person can save money each week.
no work shown If a person has a job, then that person can save money each week.
Lesson 1-6 Use the diagram at the right and find each measure. O
A E
45. m&AOC 80 46. m&AOD 125 25
60
47. m&DOB 65 48. m&BOE 90 45
B C D
49. In the diagram, name an obtuse angle and 20
a right angle.
Answers may vary. Sample: lAOD, lBOE
Lesson 1-1 Find the next two terms in each sequence.
50. 19, 21.5, 24, 26.5 51. 3.4, 3.45, 3.456, 3.4567 3.45678, 3.456789
29, 31.5
52. -2, 6, -18, 54 53. 8, -4, 2, -1 1 1
2 , -4
–162, 486

108 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

108