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    Student Details 1

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    mirza ammar
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    STUDENT DETAILS 1

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    Student Details 1

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    mirza ammar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    NAME AMMAR AZMAT ROLL NO.

    3297 CLASS BSCS SEMESTER 2 ASSIGNMENT 2


    SUBJECT DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

    Q1 Define the term modes tollens and modes ponens with realife examples and link it with arguments.

    Answer:

    Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)

    This translates to "mode by affirming the placing." In simpler terms, it means if something is true (the
    antecedent), and it implies something else (the consequent), then the implied thing must also be true. Here's
    an example:

     Premise 1: If it rains (antecedent), the ground will be wet (consequent).

     Premise 2: It is raining (antecedent is true).

     Conclusion: Therefore, the ground must be wet (consequent is true).

    Modus Tollens (Denying the Consequent)

    This translates to "mode by denying the placing." Here, if something is true (the antecedent), and it implies
    something else (the consequent), then if the implied thing is not true (the consequent is denied), the original
    statement cannot be true.

    Here's an example:

     Premise 1: If I studied hard (antecedent), I will pass the exam (consequent).

     Premise 2: I did not pass the exam (consequent is denied).

     Conclusion: Therefore, I must not have studied hard (the antecedent cannot be true).

    Linking to Arguments

    These two rules help us evaluate arguments. A good argument should follow a valid structure.

     Modus ponens helps us reach a strong conclusion based on true premises. It strengthens arguments.

     Modus tollens helps us identify flaws in arguments. If the conclusion we expect from the premise isn't
    true, then the original premise might be shaky.

    Let's say someone argues, "If she is honest, she will tell the truth. She told the truth, therefore she must be
    honest." This argument follows modus ponens. However, the reverse ("If she's honest, she'll tell the truth. She
    lied, therefore she's not honest") is not necessarily true. There could be other reasons why she lied. This is
    where modus tollens helps us see the argument might have a gap.

    These are just two basic rules. Logic is a vast field, but understanding modus ponens and modus tollens gives
    us a strong foundation for evaluating arguments and forming our own sound reasoning.

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