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    02 2 0 RulesOfInference

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    murad25.cse
    The document discusses rules of inference used to construct valid arguments in propositional logic. It defines an argument as a sequence of statements ending in a conclusion. Rules of inference like modus ponens are used to derive conclusions from premises in a way that preserves logical validity. Modus ponens, also called law of detachment, allows deriving a conclusion if one of the premises affirms the antecedent of a conditional statement whose consequent is the conclusion. While valid arguments can lead to incorrect conclusions if premises are false, the argument form itself remains valid if it follows rules of inference.

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    02 2 0 RulesOfInference

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    murad25.cse
    15 views17 pages
    The document discusses rules of inference used to construct valid arguments in propositional logic. It defines an argument as a sequence of statements ending in a conclusion. Rules of inference like modus ponens are used to derive conclusions from premises in a way that preserves logical validity. Modus ponens, also called law of detachment, allows deriving a conclusion if one of the premises affirms the antecedent of a conditional statement whose consequent is the conclusion. While valid arguments can lead to incorrect conclusions if premises are false, the argument form itself remains valid if it follows rules of inference.

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    The document discusses rules of inference used to construct valid arguments in propositional logic. It defines an argument as a sequence of statements ending in a conclusion. Rules of inference like modus ponens are used to derive conclusions from premises in a way that preserves logical validity. Modus ponens, also called law of detachment, allows deriving a conclusion if one of the premises affirms the antecedent of a conditional statement whose consequent is the conclusion. While valid arguments can lead to incorrect conclusions if premises are false, the argument form itself remains valid if it follows rules of inference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views17 pages

    02 2 0 RulesOfInference

    Uploaded by

    murad25.cse
    The document discusses rules of inference used to construct valid arguments in propositional logic. It defines an argument as a sequence of statements ending in a conclusion. Rules of inference like modus ponens are used to derive conclusions from premises in a way that preserves logical validity. Modus ponens, also called law of detachment, allows deriving a conclusion if one of the premises affirms the antecedent of a conditional statement whose consequent is the conclusion. While valid arguments can lead to incorrect conclusions if premises are false, the argument form itself remains valid if it follows rules of inference.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Rules of Inference

    Rosen 1.5
    Proofs in mathematics are valid arguments

    An argument is a sequence of statements that end in a conclusion

    By valid we mean the conclusion must follow from the truth of the preceding
    statements or premises

    We use rules of inference to construct valid arguments


    Valid Arguments in Propositional
    Logic
    Is this a valid
    argument?

    If you listen you will hear what I’m saying


    You are listening
    Therefore, you hear what I am saying

    Let p represent the statement “you listen”


    Let q represent the statement “you hear what I am saying”

    The argument has the


    form:
    Valid Arguments in Propositional
    Logic

    is a tautology (always true)

    This is another way of saying


    that
    Valid Arguments in Propositional
    Logic

    When we replace statements/propositions with propositional


    variables
    we have an argument form.

    Defn:
    An argument (in propositional logic) is a sequence of propositions.
    All but the final proposition are called premises.
    The last proposition is the conclusion
    The argument is valid iff the truth of all premises implies the conclusion is
    true
    An argument form is a sequence of compound propositions
    Valid Arguments in Propositional
    Logic

    The argument form with


    premises
    and
    conclusion
    is valid when is a
    tautology

    We prove that an argument form is valid by using the laws of


    inference

    But we could use a truth table. Why


    not?
    Rules of Inference for Propositional The 1st law
    Logic

    modus ponens
    aka
    law of detachment

    modus ponens (Latin) translates to “mode that affirms”


    Rules of Inference for Propositional modus ponens
    Logic

    If it’s a nice day we’ll go to the beach. Assume the hypothesis


    “it’s a nice day” is true. Then by modus ponens it follows that
    “we’ll go to the beach”.
    Rules of Inference for Propositional modus ponens
    Logic

    A valid argument can lead to an incorrect


    conclusion
    if one of its premises is wrong/false!
    Rules of Inference for Propositional modus ponens
    Logic

    A valid argument can lead to an incorrect


    conclusion if one of its premises is wrong/false!

    The argument is valid as it is constructed using modus


    ponens
    But one of the premises is false (p is false)
    So, we cannot derive the conclusion
    The rules of Page 66
    inference
    Another view on what we are
    doing

    You might think of this as some sort of game.

    You are given some statement, and you want to see if it is a


    valid argument and true

    You translate the statement into argument form using propositional


    variables, and make sure you have the premises right, and clear what
    is the conclusion

    You then want to get from premises/hypotheses (A) to the conclusion


    (B)
    using the rules of inference.

    So, get from A to B using as “moves” the rules of inference


    Using the rules of inference to build An example
    arguments

    It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than


    yesterday.
    If we go swimming it is sunny.
    If we do not go swimming then we will take a canoe trip.
    If we take a canoe trip then we will be home by sunset.
    We will be home by sunset
    Using the rules of inference to build An example
    arguments

    1. It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than


    yesterday.
    2. If we go swimming it is sunny.
    3. If we do not go swimming then we will take a canoe trip.
    4. If we take a canoe trip then we will be home by sunset.
    5. We will be home by sunset

    propositions hypotheses
    Using the rules of inference to build An example
    arguments
    Using the resolution rule (an
    example)

    1. Anna is skiing or it is not snowing.


    2. It is snowing or Bart is playing hockey.
    3. Consequently Anna is skiing or Bart is playing
    hockey.

    We want to show that (3) follows from (1) and (2)


    Using the resolution rule (an
    example)
    1. Anna is skiing or it is not snowing.
    2. It is snowing or Bart is playing hockey.
    3. Consequently Anna is skiing or Bart is playing
    hockey.

    hypotheses proposition
    s

    Resolution rule

    Consequently Anna is skiing or Bart is playing


    hockey

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