History Book 1 PST by KH

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PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Contact: 0345-2149814 Facebook / YouTube / Instagram: PST BY Khizar Hayat
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These notes are designed according to the CAIE pattern and syllabus. I made these notes
according to the questions which can be asked by the examiner in CAIE / IGCSE examination.
Student can easily learn and practice it. Hope it can be a source of Good grades Insha’Allah.
Sir Khizar Hayat
Notes prepared by: Sir Khizar Hayat

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SOME GEMS FROM MY TREASURE

Tamanna Ilahi Sharjah School A*
Mahnoor Rais Stanmore School A*
Mohammad Bilal Karachi Cambrdige School A*
Mariya Vayani Stanmore School A*
Abdullah Amir Stanmore School A*
Suhana Bilal The Academy GC-II A*
Yassa Ahmer Khan The Academy GC-II A*
Syeda Zoha Asif The Academy GC-II A*
Sheheryar Wijdan Hampton School A*
Musab Muzammil The Academy BH A*
Ayesha Kamran The Academy BH A*
Sunidiya Devi Kingley School A*
Haseeb Khan The City School A*
Arsalan Khan The Academy BH A*
Muskan Syed The Academy BH A*
Areesha Usmani The Academy BH A*
Anfal Shah The Academy BH A*
Afrah Abid The Academy BH A*
Laiba Hasan Stanmore School A*
Hamna Imran The Academy BH A*
Wajiha Dildar The Academy BH A*
Rayyan Vayani The Academy BH A
Unisa Danish The Academy BH A
Nabiha Rizawan The Academy BH A
Maihak Batool The Academy BH A
Riva Naveed The Academy BH A
Shahwaiz Usmani The Academy BH A
Omer Aboya The Academy BH A
Shayan Tahir The Academy BH A
Hassan Obaid The Academy BH A
Wania Rehan The Academy BH A
Maryam Rehan The Academy BH A
Aliza Haider The Academy BH A
Sohan Ali The Academy BH A
Maherwaan Kumar The City School A
Siddiqui Ali The City School A
Armaan Ali The Academy BH A
Laiba Irfan The Academy BH A
Muzaina Shavez Stanmore School A

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Hina Mirza Stanmore School A

Armaan Nooruddin Stanmore School A
Manahil Nadeem Karachi Cambrdige School A
Saad Zubair Karachi Cambrdige School A
Syed Omar Karachi Cambrdige School A
Esha Muzammil Karachi Cambrdige School A
Hamna Ali Stanmore School A
Atika Amir Stanmore School A
Yousuf Khan Stanmore School A
Haniya Imran Stanmore School A
Maryam Shahzad The Academy GC-II A
Bisma Warsi The Academy GC-II A
Maria Kukda The Academy GC-II A
Mohammad Ahmed The Academy BH A
Aneesha Waheed The Academy BH A
Arsam Ansari The Academy BH A
Haris Junaid The Academy BH A
Shahmeer Ali The Academy BH A
Syeda Noor Dawood Public School A
Nawal Masood River Oaks Academy A
Bahisht Abdul Razzaq Karachi Cambrdige School B
Saim Nadeem Karachi Cambrdige School B
Emaan Ovais Anjerwala Karachi Cambrdige School B
Ashbal Ahmed Khan Stanmore School B
Abubakar Jawed Stanmore School B
Kashmala Khan Stanmore School B
Eera Ahmed Stanmore School B
Umama Hani Khan Stanmore School B
Marium Imran Stanmore School B
Syed Rohan Ali Stanmore School B
Ibrahim Khan Stanmore School B
Fizza Amin The Academy GC-II B
Ayeza Shakir The Academy GC-II B
Shanzae Imad The Academy GC-II B
Aliyan Ahmed The Academy GC-II B
Talha Wasiq The Academy BH B
Rahim Bilal The Academy BH B
Bilal Faisal The Academy BH B
Ayesha Majeed The Academy BH B

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CHAPTER NAME PAGE

How successful were the religious thinkers in
Chapter 01 8-14
spreading Islam in the subcontinent during the
18th and 19th centuries?
Chapter 02 What were the causes and consequences of the 15-23

decline of the Mughal Empire?
Chapter 03 What were the causes and consequences of the 17-21

War of Independence 1857–58?
How important was the work of Sir Syed Ahmed

Chapter 04 22-25
Khan to the development of the Pakistan
Movement during the 19th century?
To what extent have Urdu and regional

Chapter 05 26-29
languages contributed to the cultural
development of Pakistan since 1947?

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CHAPTER: 01
How successful were the religious thinkers in
spreading Islam in the subcontinent during the
18th and 19th centuries?

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SHAHWALIULLAH
Early Life
• He was a Muslim religious reformer, born in 1703, in Delhi.
• His real name was Qutub-ud-Din but due to his Piety he got the title of “Shah Waliullah” (SWU)
• His father, Shah Abdul Raheem, was the founder of a famous religious school “Madrassa Rahimiyia” in Delhi
where SWU completed his education.
Q. Why Shah Waliullah wish to revive Islam in Subcontinent? (7)
Moral & spiritual revival of Muslims

The moral and spiritual decline of the Muslim population in India worried Shah Waliullah. He realized the need for a
revival of Muslims' religious and spiritual identities and emphasized a return to Islam's basic principles, which included a
greater understanding of the Quran and Hadith (the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad).
Promoting unity & harmony

Additionally, Shah Waliullah tried to promote peace and brotherhood among Indian Muslims. He aimed to unite
Muslims under a shared Islamic identity because he was bothered by the divides and sectarianism among muslims.
To end all un-Islamic practices

ShahWaliullah wanted to remove all un-Islamic practices from the lives of Muslims and wanted to make them following
every single command of Allah SWT which may bring them closer to Allah.
WORK & CONTRIBUTION

Religious Efforts:
• Shah Waliullah translated the Holy Quran into Persian, which was the main language of the Indian Muslims of
that time
• Wrote famous Books like Hujatul Baligha and Izalat-al-Akhfa in which fundamentals of Islam and explanation of
Holy Quran were written
• Shah Waliullah wrote extensively on Hadith and Fiqah
• He altogether wrote 51 books, out of which 23 are in Arabic & 28 are in Persian
Social Efforts:
• Shah Waliullah tried to bridge this difference opinion by writing an account of the first four Khalifas of Islam in a
way that should acceptable to both the sects.
• He also worked for the unity of Muslims and to develop separate national identity.
• Convinced Muslims to fight for their rights
• Rejected combine unity and insure religion as only identification of Muslims.
• Shah Waliullah encouraged Ahmed Shah & pleased him to launch an attack, as it was the only way left to save
the Muslims of India.

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Economic Efforts:
• He requested the workers to work for more hours & spend less
• Laid great stress on Adi and Tawazen that is Justice and Equilibrium
• Stressed labour; peasants and craftsmen should be justly rewarded
• Also urged the traders & businessmen to adopt a fair system of trading & making money.
Death
Shah Waliullah was laid to rest in 1762. His sons & followers ably continued his work. Under his successors the
Madrassa-I-Rahimya also continued to flourish.
Q. Why Shah Waliullah translated Holy Quran into Persian language? (7)
Muslims forgotten message of Quran

He did so because he strongly believed that the biggest reason for the decline of Indian Muslims & Mughal empire was
that they had forgotten the message of Quran. They were not acting upon the teachings of Quran. Especially the ruling &
elite-class of Muslims had gone away from Quran & Islam. They were badly indulged in pleasure-seeking.
Arabic – Not a native language of Indians

Moreover, Quran is In Arabic Language which was not the native language of India. So only a small number of Indian
Muslims & scholars could understand the meanings of the verses of Quran. Shah Waliullah strongly believed that until
the Indian Muslims understand the meanings of Quran in their own language, they would not be able to act upon its
golden teachings.
Persian – Widely spoken language

Moreover, Persian at that time had been the official language of India since the Peak period of Mughal-Empire. So, the
majority of the common people living in India could easily write, speak and understand Persian very well that’s why he
selected Persian language to translate Quran.
SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARELVI

Early Life
• Syed Ahmed was born near Lucknow in the town of Rae Bareli
• He was faithful following of Shah Abdul Aziz
• In 1806 he enrolled in Madrassa of Shah Waliullah (Madrassa-I-Rahimiya)
• He graduated from Madrassa & joined a Pathan military force led by Amir Khan
Aims and Objective

• The purpose of Syed Ahmed’s life & struggle was not only confined to the spread of Islam by preaching &
persuasions but he believed in taking practical steps for this purpose.
• The main purpose before Syed Ahmed & his followers was the establishment of a state, which was based on the
Islamic principles.

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• His approach to freedom was based on the armed struggle & confrontation against the foreign (British) &non-
Muslim forces.
WORK & CONTRIBUTION

Jihad Movement:
• The Jihad Movement was started in 1823 against the cruel Sikh rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• Their religious liberties had been suspended by the Sikh govt
• Muslims were not allowed to practice Islam, Azaan was banned
• Further insult Muslims, Sikh army had converted Bad-shahi Masjid of Lahore into the stable of their horses
• So, Syed Ahmed raised an army of 80 thousand Muslim volunteers/Mujahideen against Sikhs forces
• This army inflicted crushing defeats to Sikh army at many places especially at Akora-Khattak & Hazro in K.P.K
(now KPK).
• He & his assistant Shah Ismail (the grandson of Shah-Waliullah) were killed in a surprise attack by Sikh forces at
Bala-kot in N.W.F.P.
Q. Why the Jihad Movement of Syed Ahmed failed? (7)
Conspiracy of Ranjit Singh

After the successes of Syed Ahmed in the wars against Sikhs, Ranjit Singh created disruption in the camp of the
Mujahedeen through his agents who called the reforms of Syed Ahmed as Un-Islamic. A conspiracy was hatched against,
the movement and an attempt were made on the life of Syed Ahmed by poisoning him, which he survived.
Betrayal of Sardar Yar Khan

Sardar Yar Muhammad was bribed to betray to Syed Ahmed & joined the Sikhs against Mujahideen. Some
misunderstanding arose between the Pathans and the Mujahedeen& the Pathans now deserted the Movement.
Lack of resources
Lack of proper funds to provide for different expenses of the Movement, Poor war equipment, Lack of proper military
training in the Mujahideen fighters.

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HAJI SHARIATULLAH
Early Life
• Haji Shariatullah was born in the district of Faridpur in the year 1781
• After receiving his early education in his village, he got an opportunity to perform Haji at the age of 18 He stayed
there in Hejaz for 20 years & studied religion & Arabic.
• He returned to Bengal in 1806.
Q. Why Haji Shariatullah started the Faraizi movement? (7)
Struggle for Muslims

It was launched to counter both the British & the Hindu zamindars as both were seen by HSU as anti-Muslim; 1750
onwards, Brit got political power & Hindus gained economic prosperity, leaving Muslims as poor farmers.
Importance of Jihad
He believed Jehad was needed to achieve the desired goal of improving the poor condition of Muslims of Bengal. He
wanted to make Bengali peasants to stand for their rights
Rid of Un-Islamic practices

He linked poor conditions of Muslims with their neglect of the Faraizi he believed, by observing Faraizi, Muslims could
bring about a good change in their daily living & get rid of the un-Islamic beliefs & practices they had adopted under the
Hindu influence.
WORK & CONTRIBUTION

Faraizi Movement:
• Haji Shariatullah started his Faraizi Movement,
• He emphasized on performing of Faraiz, which were the religious duties, imposed by Allah
• He also asked his Muslim brothers to give up all the un-Islamic practices
• His followers thus came to be known as Faraizi’.
Adopting Tauba:
• Haji shariatullah urged from his followers to adopt ‘Tauba’ as a manifestation of repentance for all the past sins
and a pledge to lead a righteous & God-fearing life in future.
Declared India as Dar-ul-Harb:

• Haji Shariatullah declared India as Dar-ul-Harb (Lands of Infidels) where Eid and Friday prayers could not be
offered.
• The Movement of Haji Shariatullah was direct, Jihad against the religious oppression & superstitions
• It infused a new life among the Bengali Muslims & especially among the peasants
• With this movement his sowed the seed of independence in Bengal.

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Death
Haji Shariatullah breathed his last in the year 1840 and was succeeded by his son Dadu Main who continued his father’s
movement.
TITU MIR
Early Life:
• He was a Muslim reformer and disciple of Syed Ahmed Shaheed
• His real name was Mir Nisar Ali
• He worked for the revival of Islam in West Bengal during the 1800’s.
Work & Contribution:

• He led a peasant rebellion against British colonial rule in Bengal
• He inspired the local population to resist British taxation
• Titu Mir established his own rule in Narkelbaria.
Death:
• British defeated and killed him in a battle in 1831.
DADU MIAN
Early Life:
• His real name was Mohsin ud din
• He was the son of Haji Shariatullah
• Born in 1819 in Madaripur, Bengal
• He carried on the Faraizi movement started by his father to purify the Islam and to call Muslims to observe their
duties known as Faraiz.
• He divided Bengal into circles
• Appointed each area under a Khalifa which was appointed for the social and economic welfare of its people
• He helped peasants to oppose excessive taxes
• His opposition to payment of taxes led to unrest in East Bengal but he went further and threatened to declare a
jihad
• Titu Mir established his own rule in Narkelbaria.
Death:
• He was imprisoned and after his death in 1862 the Faraizi movement declined.

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Additional Questions:
Q. Who were Zamindars?
It is the Urdu word for rich land owners who often acted as tax collectors too. After Aurangzeb’s death they gradually
became autonomous refusing to send taxes to the central government, and kept their own armies. Muslims were
usually oppressed by the Zamindars from 1800 onwards, especially in East Bengal. They imposed a special tax on Muslim
men who kept a beard. Haji Shariat Ullah and Titu Mir tried to organize poor Muslims against them.
Q1. Who was Ahmed Shah Durrani?

Early Life:
He was also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, and was a skilled Afghan commander who was born in Heart, Afghanistan in
1722.

• He led ten invasions into northern India from 1747 to 1769
• Three attacks on the Punjab between 1747 and 1753
• These invasions greatly weakened the Mughal Empire
• He defeated the Marathas in the third and last battle of Panipat in 1761, and broke their strength decisively.
Death:
He died in 1772 in Kandhar in Afghanistan.

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CHAPTER: 02
What were the causes and consequences of the
decline of the Mughal Empire?

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WHO WERE MUGHALS?

• Zahir ud din (Babur) was the founder of Mughal dynasty
• Six great rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, expanded their rule 1526 to 1707
• The Mughals achieved greatness in art, music, painting, and building.
• Following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, there were corrupt and incompetent successors who failed to
manage the affairs of a large kingdom.
• Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor was exiled to Rangoon and imprisoned.
• British started ruling India after removing Mughals
CONTRIBUTION OF AURANGZEB IN THE

DECLINE OF MUGHALS
Religious Intolerance:
• He followed a strict religious agenda, frequently at the expense of other religious groups
• He restored the Jizya (a tax on non-Muslims)
• He put restrictions on Hindus and Sikhs
• He also did other things that caused social instability between Indians
Impact: The Empire’s social unity suffered as a result of this approach, which grew conflicts.
Military Campaigns:
• The goal of Aurangzeb was to expand Mughal empire all across India
• Aurangzeb’s campaign in Deccan region to defeat various Deccan sultanates
• Aurangzeb's efforts to conquer the Marathan Empire in the South of India
• War action of Aurangzeb against Jats in Mathura,
• Aurangzeb's religious policies led to a series of Sikh uprisings, they engaged in armed resistance against the
Mughals
Impact: These military campaigns contributed to the weakening of the Mughal Empire over time.
High Taxes over Indians:

• The Mughal economy was burdened by the expenses of Aurangzeb's military campaigns
• Huge amount spent over maintaining and training of a large army.
• The agricultural sector was burdened by high taxes
• More custom charges implemented over Indian traders
Impact: These steps contributed to various revolts and uprisings in different parts of the empire.

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Resistance to change with time:

• Aurangzeb's refusal to change to conditions which were changing with time
• The empire became less flexible and less able to handle new problems such as changing military strategies and
economic developments
• No modernization of weapons for military
Impact: That’s why Mughals couldn’t resist British army
FACTORS CONTRIBUTED IN THE DECLINE OF

MUGHALS
REBELLION IN INDIA
Resistance from Nawabs & Zamindars:
• It was difficult for Aurangzeb to keep in touch with every part of his empire
• Local rulers were interested in protecting their economic interests
• They prioritized their own well-being over loyalty to the Mughal Emperor
• Zamindars (Landlords) kept the revenue collected in their regions for themselves instead of tribute it to the
Mughal treasury
Impact: This weakens the Mughal treasury which further results in unrest in empire
Resistance from Sultan Muazzam:

• Sultan Muazzam's rebellion against his father Aurangzeb in 1681 resulted in a civil war
• This rebellion also divided Mughal court and military
• Muazzam gained support from many provincial governors and nobles
• He also formed alliances with various regional powers, including the Marathas
Impact: Sultan Muazzam's rebellion played a pivotal role in weakening the power of Mughal Empire
Marathas:
• The Maratha Empire was founded by Shivaji in the 1670s
• Marathas were the militant Hindu community in the southern Indian state of Mahrashtra
• They gradually organized themselves and began to offer stiff resistance to the Mughals
• Aurangzeb spent about 25 years in the Deccan trying to eliminate the Marathas
Impact: On his return, he found the state treasury almost empty and this added to his difficulties

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PROBLEMS IN MUGHAL COURT

Incapable successors:
• Successors of Aurangzeb fell victim to extravagant and luxurious lifestyles
• Weak successors lacked the administrative skills
• They paid little attention to the defense of the empire
• They also allowed provincial governors to have greater autonomy
• They also faced difficulty in maintaining the loyalty of the military
Impact: Successors could not overcome the difficulties faced by various parts of the huge empire
No law of succession:
• The Mughals did not have a definite law of succession.
• On the death of an emperor, the princes got engaged in conspiracies
• Success of a candidate often depended on the support he could get from the military and ministers
• The frequent succession disputes and civil wars harm the prestige and image of the Mughal emperors
Impact: State resources were wasted on mutual fights instead of public welfare and defense of the empire
Weak army of Mughals:

• Corruption and a lack of resources hindered the maintenance and training of soldiers
• Army's discipline and training declined over time
• The Mughals were not able to adapt to new military strategies and technologies
• Many commanders and soldiers within the Mughal military shifted their loyalty to local rulers instead of
emperor
• Military's bonding and effectiveness were often hampered by internal disputes and sectarianism
Impact: Military became less capable of defending the empire and suppressing internal challenges
FOREIGN INVASIONS
Nadir Shah’s invasion:
• Nadir Shah was a military leader from Persia
• Nadir Shah's forces entered the Mughal capital, Delhi in 1739
• He invaded Delhi and the surrounding areas, causing serious harm and the loss of huge treasures
• He also took the famous Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor diamond
Impact: This invasion significantly weakened the Mughal Empire
Ahmed Shah’s invasion:

• Ahmad Shah Durrani was the founder of the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan
• Ahmed Shah repeatedly attacked India 1748 onwards
• Gradually, fighting wars became expensive and the military was stretched and suffered from inefficiency and
skills
Impact: It became hard to defend a vast empire with outdated weapons and fighting tactics

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British East India Company (EIC):

• It was a trading company that was granted the charter of trading rights in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I
• EIC earned huge profits, and made more headquarters in Madras, Bombay and Bengal
• Their intentions changed from trading to ruling
• They skillfully established themselves in India and eventually replaced the Mughals
• All important states were annexed by (EIC) between 1757 and 1856
• They also successfully applied their famous strategy of "divide and rule" to occupy the Indian subcontinent.
Impact: The Mughal Empire was no match to the British supremacy in warfare.
REASONS OF ATTRACTION OF BRITISH

TOWARD INDIA
To collect raw materials:
• India became known as the "golden sparrow" because of its fabulous wealth and resources
• They want to collected cotton, silk, jute, indigo, jewelry from India
• British needed these to feed their factory industry as they were a fast-industrializing nation
Want access to warm water:

• Indian surrounded by a warm water sea which never freezes
• Multiple ports could operate throughout the year in India
• This could greatly help British expand their trade in multiple directions
To remove rivals:
• British wanted to expel other European colonial powers such as the Dutch, Portuguese and French from India
• British wanted to enjoy monopoly of trade
• Dutch had driven British out of South East Asia and British had to turn towards India.

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BRITISH EXPANSION (1750 – 1852)

SUCCESS
1- BATTLES:
Battle of Arcot 1751:
• The Battle took place in November 1751 because of rivalry between the British and the French
• Chanda Sahib, supported by the French, claimed the throne of the Carnatic
• Muhammed Ali, rival of Chanda Sahib supported by the British
• French and Indian forces were greater in number then British
• Under the command of Clive, British managed to repel the French forces
Impact: The British victory at Arcot significantly boosted their reputation and influence in India
Battle of Plessey 1757:

• Fortification of British post on Calcutta was also against agreement with the Nawab of Bengal
• Siraj-ud-Daulah marched over Calcutta and seized Fort William and locked the British residents in a small room
• 23 out of 65 people died and so Battle of Plessey began
• Robert Clive led the British forces, which were significantly outnumbered approx. (3,000 soldiers)
• Siraj-ud-Daula's forces, which numbered around 50,000,
• Robert Clive succeeded in defeating Siraj by bribing one of his key men Mir Jaffer.
Impact: Jafar was made the new Nawab of Bengal and Bengal came under EIC’s rule.
Battle of Buxar 1764:

• Battle fought at Buxar, Bihar in 1764
• British East India Company was fighting against combined armies of Mir Qasim
• Nawab of Audh Shujauddaula and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, accompanied by Raja Balwant Singh of
Kashi made an alliance with Mir Qasim.
Impact: It was a decisive victory for the British East India Company
2- ANNEXATIONS:
Annexation of Sindh 1843:
• In 1841, all British troops were killed in a rebellion in Afghanistan
• This caused a serious damage to the British prestige
• In order to undo this damage, they decided to annex Sindh
• The Amirs of Sindh had been friendly to the British, since 1809, under the Treaty of Friendship
• They were provoked by the British general Charles Napier so much that they attacked the British Residency in
1843
Impact: The British, in turn, attacked and annexed Sindh by defeating the Amirs the same year

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Annexation of Punjab & NWFP 1849:

• After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, there was a political crisis in the Punjab
• The Sikhs, violating the Treaty of Perpetual Friendship of 1809, attacked the British
• British defeated Sikhs in the Battle of Aliwal in January 1846
• They were penalized and forced to sign the Treaty of Lahore
• In the Second Sikh War, 1848-1849, the Sikhs were defeated again
• Sikh Empire came to end.
Impact: The British annexed the Punjab and the NWFP on 30th March 1849
3- BLACK LAW:
Doctrine of Lapse 1852:
• Governor General Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Laps
• According to it, if a state ruler died without a male heir, the EIC would occupy the state
• Soon the states of Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were annexed
• It was also misused to take the state of Oudh in 1856, on the death of its Nawab though he had many sons.
• The Indian rulers resented the policy greatly,
Impact: Many states of India merged in British Empire
CHALLENGES
Battle of Maysore 1767-92:
• Hyder Ali, assisted by his son and the French naval force got a significant victory against British in the 1st Battle.
• Hyder Ali captured Arcot and cuddalore
• After his sudden death in 1782, his son Tipu continued to resist the British.
• He defeated Brigadier Mathews in 1783 and captured Bandore and Bangalore.
• With success from both sides, the 2nd Anglo-Mysore war ended in 1784 under the Treaty of Mangalore.
Impact: British found it very difficult to grip over Maysore
WHY BRITISH TOOK OVER CONTROL FROM

EIC?
Making India a proper colony:
British government wanted to make India its colony. Political affairs of the Indian Sub-Continent could no longer be run
by a trading company. Therefore, by passing a series of acts, the powers of the EIC were gradually restricted.

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EIC’s involvement in corruption:

Reports of mismanagement and corruption by the EIC in Bengal and other provinces. They were involved in financial
corruption regarding the Tax-collections of the states they had annexed. This was damaging the repute of the British
government. So, in 1813, the EIC lost its monopoly/control.
Threat from Russians:

Russia had been desperately looking for access to the warm water sea. By way of Afghanistan, it could invade India to
reach the ports Indian Ocean. Afghanistan had been used by several earlier invaders as a springboard to attack India
Therefore, in order to keep Russia from any such adventure the British government had to take control from the EIC.
WESTERNIZATION ATTEMPTS BY BRITISH

Social attempts:
• Hindu custom of Suttee was banned
• Remarriage of the widow was encouraged
• Introduction of the coeducation system in schools
• Restrictions were made over Purdah / Hijab
Educational attempts:
• British introduced western style educational system in India
• Christianity taught at school level to brain wash Indian students and to convert them into Christianity
• English was declared official language
• Lord Macaulay’s contemptuous remarks about the Indian educational standard.
Religious attempts:
• Christian missionaries were active at all public places like, schools, parks, markets
• British wanted to impose their culture and religion on all Indians
• Reports of forcible conversion of Indians into Christianity
• Brainwashing of young minds by teaching about Christianity in schools.

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ACTS IN INDIA
Pitt India Act 1784:
Historical Background / Personality / Date:
This Act was made by the youngest British prime minister William Pitt in 1784
Description / Features:
• British Government will direct control Indian possessions
• East India Company was restricted to trading activities, no ruling powers to them anymore
• Three presidencies were formed in India (Bombay, Madras and Bengal)
• A post of Commander-in-Chief was made
• Police force and civil services were also introduced in India
Consequence / Impact:
• The Act of 1784 was a significant step in the evolution of British colonial rule in India.
Permanent Settlement Act of Bengal 1793:

This act was enforced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793
• Landlords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land
• This act made Zamindars of Bengal to pay fixed amount of tax to the British
• The Zamindars’ proprietorship would stay as long as he paid the fixed revenue at the said date to the
government.
• If they failed to pay, their rights would cease to exist and the land would be auctioned off
• The amount to be paid by the landlords was fixed
This led to exploitation of peasants by the zamindars and hindered agricultural development.
Charter Act 1833:

In 1833 British tried to give Indian a more important part in running their own country.
• The charter act of 1833 said that Indians could be part of the civil administering India
• But in practice there was little change
• The Indian civil service employed about 1000 administrators
• They were chosen by open public examination, but those exams were taken in England, in English.
So, in reality India was governed by an able, but entirely British group of officials.

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Vernacular Press Act 1878:

The Vernacular Press act was introduced in 1878 by Lord Lytton. It gave British the power over the local press and the
newspapers.
• No one was allowed to write against the British in newspapers or he was to be arrested immediately.
It was re-imposed in 1905.

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CHAPTER: 03
What were the causes and consequences of the
War of Independence 1857–58?

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REASONS OF EMERGENCE OF WAR OF

INDEPENDENCE 1857
Social Factors:
• Hindu custom of Suttee was banned
• Remarriage of the widow was encouraged
• Introduction of the coeducation system in schools
• Restrictions were made over Purdah / Hijab
Impact: Muslims and Hindus considered these steps against their socio-religious traditions.
Educational Factors:
• British introduced western style educational system in India
• Christianity taught at school level to brain wash Indian students and to convert them into Christianity
• English was declared official language
• Lord Macaulay’s contemptuous remarks about the Indian educational standard.
Impact: Hindus and Muslims opposed this as they took such measures as an invasion on local cultural traditions.
Religious Factors:
• Christian missionaries were active at all public places like, schools, parks, markets
• British wanted to impose their culture and religion on all Indians
• Reports of forcible conversion of Indians into Christianity
• Brainwashing of young minds by teaching about Christianity in schools.
Impact: This promoted a sense of insecurity among Indians regarding their religion.
Military Factors:
• The British officers treated Indian subordinates in an arrogant way
• Promotion of white soldiers and officers only
• Indian were denied any promotion regardless of their services for the British
• Less salaries were given to Indian sepoys as compared to British
• Brainwashing of young minds by teaching about Christianity in schools
• British ordered to use new riffles – cartridges of those rifles were covered with grease (rumors spread that
grease was made from cow and pig fat) both communities denied to use.
Impact: This inculcated hatred and frustration among Indians.

25 | P a g e
Insert. Picture showing how to use the new riffle
Economic Factors:
• British introduced a new land revenue system that placed a heavy burden on Indian peasants
• Local cotton spinning and weaving workshops were replaced by British factories
• Millions of hand weavers of cotton were jobless
• British favored British traders and businessmen, discriminating against Indian merchants
Impact: These factors led to widespread poverty, deindustrialization, and the drain of India's wealth.
Doctrine of Lapse:
• It was enforced by Lord Dalhousie in 1852
• According to this law: “Any state whose ruler didn't have a son was annexed by the East India Company”
• States of Nana Sahib Peshwa (Kanpur) and Rani of Jhansi were unjustly annexed as both had sons.
Impact: Indians considered British East India Company as greedy land grabbers.

26 | P a g e
EVENTS OF WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

Place
Meerut Delhi Kanpur Lucknow Gwalior

Leader from
Indian side
Nana Sahib & Rani Laxhmi Bai &

Mangal Pandey Bahadur Shah Zafar Nawab Wajid Ali Shah
Tantya Tope Tanyta Tope
Commander from
British side
---- John Nicholson Hugh Wheeler Collin Campbell Hugh Rose
- British degraded - Small British - Indians captured - Sir Henry Lawrence, - British attempted to
and imprisoned 85 garrison at Delhi was Kanpur, near Lucknow sought refuge with annex Jhansi
Indian soldiers for not able to resist and held it out for 1000 English and 700
not using new riffle Indians three weeks Indian soldiers inside - Rani Lakshmi bai led
the Residency her troops into battle
Description
- The Indian soldiers - Consequently Delhi - Indians killed the to defend her
at Meerut broke into fell into Indian hands British officers and - The Indians did not kingdom
open revolt within 2 days slaughtered 300 make any concession
women and children and killed most of the - British forces
- Indian released - After a long siege of Englishman engaged in a fierce
their companions four months, the - The British sent battle with her.
and murdered a few British recovered reinforcements and
European officers Delhi recaptured the city.
Bahadur Shah Zafar After killing rani,

British captured
Result
Then mutineers was captured and British forces

Nana Sahib escaped Lucknow after a fierce
marched to Delhi sent to Rangoon emerged victorious in
battle
where he died the Battle
Possible Questions on events of War of Independence:

Q. What happened at Kanpur / Cawnpore? [4]
Q. Describe the event of Jhansi during 1858. [4]
Q. Who was Nana Sahib? [4]
Q. What happened at Meerut? [4]

27 | P a g e
REASONS OF FAILURE OF WAR OF

INDEPENDENCE
Lack of unity:
• There were religious, regional, and caste divisions among rebel forces
• A wide gap was there between the interests of Hindus and Muslims
• Hindus had no reason to fight for the restoration of the Mughal rule in India
• Many other groups were fighting for their own motives
Impact: These internal divisions weakened the rebels so less effective resistance against British.
No common leadership:
• The rebellion was marked by a lack of common leadership
• There were many different leaders across different regions of India
• Due to no common leader there was no common strategy among Indians
Impact: This hindered the rebels' ability to coordinated resistance
Limited resources:
• Rebel faced challenges in terms of resources
• At most of the places rebels were only relying over looted British treasures but it was no sufficient
• It was quite hard to feed the rebels and provide weapons to them
• Lack of resources also negatively impacted the morale of the rebel forces.
Impact: These limitations hampered their ability to defend against British counterattacks.
British strength:
• British had the most modern weapons and a regular and professionally trained army
• They had highly skilled and disciplined military commanders
• British force was free from all religious, regional and cast differences
• British army had been trained in dealing with such emergencies.
Impact: This military superiority made it difficult for the rebel forces to compete effectively

28 | P a g e
DID WAR OF INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVE

SOMETHING FOR INDIANS?
Positive Impacts
Sense of nationalism among Indians:

• A sense of nationalism was generated among Indians
• Indians from different background, cast and religion united against British
• This uprising inspired Indian generations to stand for their rights
• This also laid the foundation for future movements for independence
Political awareness among Indians:

• Indians accepted that they had no match to British military
• Therefore, now they would resist British rule politically
• Educated Indian elites played a crucial role in shaping political awareness
• The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885 to represent Indians
British reforms:
• British realized the needs of Indians
• A number of social and political reforms were passed by British Government
• The Civil Services Examination allowed Indians to compete for positions in the Indian Civil Service
• High Courts were also established in India, providing greater access to justice
East India Company abolished:

• British government abolished the EIC under Allahabad Declaration of 1858.
• Under this, all annexation policies were abandoned e.g. the doctrine of lapse.
• British government promised respect of local religious faiths and practices.
Negative Impacts
Persecution of Muslims:
• Muslims were exclusively targeted because British had taken political control from them
• British also wanted to erase sense of "imperial pride" from the minds of Muslims
• Mass executions were carried out publicly at many places
• Rebels were blown by the canons
• Dead were stitched in the pigskins
• Muslims were denied all respectable posts

29 | P a g e
Mughal Empire came to an end:

• Mughal rule was officially abolished
• The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon (Myanmar/Burma)
• Bahadur Shah Zafar was given death sentence that was commuted to life imprisonment
• Also his sons were beheaded.
Strong grip of British over India:

• British strengthen their grip over India
• Many taxes were implemented over Indians
• British also became cautious and selective in military matters
• Troops from the relatively loyal provinces such as Punjab KP and Kashmir recruited
• Large number of troops were deployed in every state to crush any rebellion
PERSONALITIES
Name
Bahadur Shah
Mangal Pandey Nana Sahib Rani Laxhmi Bai Tantya Tope
Zafar
Born on: October 24, Born on: July 19, 1827 Born on: May 19, Born on: November Born on: 1814
1775 1824 19, 1828
Early Life
Pandey joined the He was the close

He was a poet and a British East India Being stated as the She studied shooting, childhood friend of
writer rather than a Company's army in heir in the will of Baji horsemanship and Nana Saheb
powerful monarch 1849 Rao II, the British fencing.
refused to accept him
as the next Peshwa
- Made significant - On March 29, 1857, - Nana Saheb and the - She led her troops - He collaborated with
contributions to Urdu in Barrackpore, India, sepoys he led into battle against the Nana Sahib in Kanpur
literature with his he openly rebelled attacked the British British East India and Rani Laxmi Bai in
Work & Contribution
ghazals and other against his British entrenchment at Company's forces, Jhansi against British
works superiors. Kanpur and captured becoming a symbol of East India Company
it resistance
- Played his role in - He refused to use
the Indian Rebellion cartridges rumored to - She fiercely
of 1857 made him a be greased with defended her
unifying symbol for animal fat kingdom of Jhansi
those who sought to against British forces
challenge British during the rebellion
colonial rule in India
Exiled to Rangoon by Mangal Pandey was By 1859, he was Died while fighting in He was executed by
British hanged on 8th April believed to have Gwalior on 18th June the British on 18 April
Death
1857 escaped to Nepal 1858 1859

Died in 7 November
where he died.
1862.

30 | P a g e
CHAPTER: 04
How important was the work of Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan to the development of the
Pakistan Movement during the 19th century?

31 | P a g e
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Early life:
He was born in 1817, He was a retired judge, archaeologist and a famous educationist too.
• He set up many schools for the Muslim them in Ghazi pur, Muradabad and Ali Gharh
• His most famous Educational projects were MAO schools and College
• This college became university (Ali-Gharh Muslim University) after his death which proved to be a base-camp for
Pakistan-Movement.
• He was the creator of “Two Nation Theory”.
• He died in 1898
Q. Why Sir Syed wanted to improve the relations of Muslims with the British? (7)
• To change the minds of Muslims:

British had replaced Muslims as the new rulers of India but Muslims still carried a sense of imperial pride due to their
glorious past. It was important for them to accept the drastically changed political scenario of India. He also tried to
change the British mind in favor of Muslims.
• To improve Muslims socio-economic status:

Sir Syed knew that Muslims could hope for an improved socio-economic status only by making friends with the British
who had complete political control of India. If Muslims distanced themselves from the British, they would continue to
remain a backward and poor community. By improving relations with the British, Muslims had a better opportunity to
get better jobs.
• To educate Muslims:
Hindus began to acquire modern British education which most of the Muslims considered un-Islamic. Sir Syed knew that
this would cause a growing social and economic disparity between Hindus and Muslims and this would bring more
troubles for the Muslims.
Q. Why Sir Syed presented Two Nation Theory? (7)
• Hindi-Urdu controversy:
Hindus demanded that Hindi should be declared the official language of India in place of Urdu that enjoyed
the same status since 1825. This reflected the future plans of Hindu Raj over India. Sir Syed strongly opposed
this demand and predicted that in future there might be separation between Hindus and Muslims so he
presented this theory.
• Separate electorates:
INC demanded that elections of the councils in India should be held on the bases of modern Western
democracy. Sir Syed countered this demand by saying that Hindus, being a majority, might win election on all
seats. He suggested the idea of separate electorates for Muslims.

32 | P a g e
• Civil services examination:

He opposed another demand of the Congress that asked for the competitive examinations for the Civil Services in India.
He knew that Hindus were far more educated than Muslims and therefore, there was little chance for Muslims to get
any seat in the Civil Services. He argued that only when equal education opportunities were provided to both the
communities could such an idea work.
Q. Why Sir Syed persuaded Muslims to acquire modern education? (7)
• For better socio-economic condition:

Unless Muslims acquired modern British education, they could not get better jobs, and therefore, could not hope for
improving their socio-economic condition. After the War, they had been denied any respectable post in India and this
further added to their miseries.
• To compete with Hindus:

Hindus were becoming prosperous, rich and advanced. Muslims, therefore, needed to compete with Hindus in order to
ensure their survival and dignity in India. Educated Muslims had a better chance of being in the good books of the British
who hardly trusted them.
• To develop political awareness:

Sir Syed also told Muslims that it was vital to get modern education if they wanted to develop political awareness and
insight. With the emergence of the Hindu- dominated INC and its pro-Hindu policies, Sir Syed wanted Muslims to beware
of the clever policies of INC.
SIR SYED’S EFFORTS FOR MUSLIMS

Political Efforts:
• He was the one who presented the idea of “Two Nation Theory”
• Backed Urdu against the demand of Hindus for making Hindi as the official language
• Opposed demands of INC for competitive examinations for the civil services
• Demanded for separate electorates for the Muslims
Social Efforts:
Convinced British to make good approach toward Muslims:
• Wrote “Causes of Indian Revolts” to make British realize that they exaggerated the Indians for War of
Independence basically
• Wrote “Loyal Mohammadens of India” to show that Muslims were loyal to British like others
• Clarify the meaning of word “Nasara” which means helper, Muslim not to use this word to degrade British
Convinced Muslims to make good approach toward British:
• Convinced Muslims to accept British as a new ruler of India
• Wrote “Taba’yeen-al-kalam” to highlight similarities between Christianity and Islam
• In his book, proved that dinning with Christian is not un-Islamic

33 | P a g e
Educational Efforts:
• In 1859 he opened a school in Muradabad
• In 1864 another school in Ghazipore
• In 1863 Ghazipore Scientific Society, to translate Western subjects into Persian and Urdu
• In 1866, he issued the Aligarh Institute Gazette from Aligarh
• Encourage Muslims to acquire modern education
• Visited England in 1869 and decided to set up an institute for Muslims
• In 1875, he set up the MAO College, Aligarh where both western and local education was imparted
• In 1886, Muhammadan Education Conference was established in order to launch a campaign for raising
educational standard of Muslims
• Launched a magazine 'Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq'.
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
Background:
It was an educational and social movement started by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Description:
• Its main objective was to promote modern education and scientific knowledge among Muslims
• Emphasis on English education, in order to uplift and empower the Muslim community
• It led to the establishment of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College,
• Later became Aligarh Muslim University
This movement played a crucial role in advancing the cause of modern education among Muslims in India
TWO NATION THEORY

Background:
It was a political concept in India given by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Description:
It proposed that Hindus and Muslims were two distinct nations with different religious, cultural, and political identities,
and therefore, they should have separate political representation
This eventually led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim-majority state when India gained independence
from British rule

34 | P a g e
CHAPTER: 05
To what extent have Urdu and regional
languages contributed to the cultural
development of Pakistan since 1947?

35 | P a g e
IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE

National language is necessary to identify a country. It is to be recognized worldwide. It helps to show the culture. The
literature poetry is found in national language. It links one another. It helps in official work and is the language of
communication.
Q. Why Urdu was chosen as a national language of Pakistan? (7)
• Vast history:
One of the reasons of choosing Urdu as the national language was its long history of affiliation with the Muslim
community of India. It flourished a lot during the period of the Sultanate of Delhi when poets like Amir Khusrau and Wali
Dakni composed Urdu poetry. Later, during the Mughal period it was promoted by the Mughal kings and eventually it
became the court language.
• Rich background:
Urdu has a rich literary background both in prose and poetry. Three great poets, Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib and Iqbal
composed world class poetry while during the 19th century Urdu prose also began to flourish. At the same time Urdu
religious stock also grew when translations and commentaries on the Quran, Hadees and the Islamic law were written.
• Urdu as uniting force:

Pakistan has a huge variety of culture in its provinces with four major regional languages. In such a country one common
language was thought to be a source of promoting a sense of National unity. Urdu was the only option which could serve
as a uniting force between several cultural communities living in Pakistan.
PROMOTION OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL

LANGUAGES
Urdu
Historical Background:
• Urdu was the most developed language with a strong and rich literary background.
• In its journey of evolution many Urdu novels, short stories, essays, religious and non-religious writings had
become popular much before the creation of Pakistan.
• Translations of the Quran, Hadith, biography of the Holy Prophet and Islamic jurisprudence further enriched the
Urdu literature.
Contribution:
Allama Mohammad Iqbal, Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

36 | P a g e
How government of Pakistan promoted it:

• Medium of education in the public sector educational institutes
• In the private sector institutes, it became a compulsory subject in the primary and secondary education level
• Special awards were offered to the best writings in prose and poetry by the government
• Most of the programs, plays and news are broadcast on radio and TV in Urdu
• Federal Ministry of Information has been issuing the monthly "Mah-i-Nau" from Lahore
• A quarterly "Adabiyat" is issued by the Academy of Letters, Islamabad.
Sindhi
• It is the older language which is spoken in Sindhi
• It was written in Marwari and Arz Nagri Script
• Later written in Arabic script
• A number of famous poets and prose writers as Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
• In nineteenth century a famous journal Talim-ul-Alkashaf-ul-Tauheed was published.
Contribution:
Sachal Sarmast, Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.
• Bazm-i-Talib-ul-Maula" in 1954, and later, Sachal Sarmast Academy

• A department of Sindhology was set up in the Sindh University
• Under the 1972 Language Bill, Sindhi and Urdu were declared the national languages of Sindh
• Radio stations of Karachi, Hyderabad and Sukkur
• PTV Karachi have been broadcasting programs in Sindhi.
Punjabi
• It is the regional language of Punjab

• It was first used by Hafiz Barkhurdar in 1080
• It has words from Arabic, Persian, Turkish languages - famous folk tales are Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal, Sussi
Punnu etc.
Contribution:
Waris Shah, Baba Farid, Bullah Shah.
• University of the Punjab has been encouraging research work on Punjabi language and literature
• Government has supported poets and writers like Munir Niazi, Dr Anwar Sadeed, Habib Jalib and Ustad Daman
for their work
• PTV and Radio Pakistan, Lahore has been broadcasting Punjabi plays and other programs for the promotion of
Punjabi
• Movies, theatre and literary organizations like "Punjabi Adabi Sangrat” have also been patronized by the
government.

37 | P a g e
Pashto
• The first period of Pashto poet was Amir Khan Pehilvan

• The second period begins with the Mughal invasion of India in the early thirteenth century
• Perhaps the greatest scholar in this period was Hazrat Mian Umar.
• The third period extends to the establishment of British rule and is also considered to be a golden period for
Pashto literature.
Contribution:
Akhund Dardeeza and Khushal Khan Khattak
• Peshawar University was set up in 1950 and the Academy of Pashto was established in 1954 for the promotion
of Pashto language and literature
• This institute under the chairmanship of Maulana Abdul Qadir took great pains to compile the first Pashto
dictionary
• Pashto is taught at college and university level, and post graduate classes are held in Peshawar University"
• Radio Pakistan Peshawar and PTV Peshawar broadcast a variety of programs in Pashto
• Abasin Arts Council has been promoting Pashto theatre.
Balochi
• Balochi is the language spoken by the majority of people in Baluchistan

• There are many kinds of Balochi, 'Sulemanki' and 'Makrani'
• The Balochi language was brought into Baluchistan by tribes which migrated from north-west Iran
• They were nomadic People who rarely settled in any one place for long periods of time
• This explains why there has been little development in Balochi poetry
• Before partition, Balochi literature was beginning to decline there were few books or magazines published in
Balochi and even the Baluchistan gazetteer was published in English
Contribution:
Atta Shad, Ishaq Shamim, Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din.
• Balochi is the least developed regional language of Pakistan

• Radio Pakistan Karachi, and later, PTV Karachi broadcasted programs in Balochi after independence
• After the establishment of PTV Quetta, many more programs began to be telecasted
• Baloch Literary Association was set up for the same purpose
• Newspapers like "Awaam" and some weekly and monthly magazines like "Omaan", "Sangat" and "Mahatak"
were issued in Balochi

38 | P a g e
Q. Why regional languages promoted by Pakistani government? (7)
• Sindhi’s association with Islam:

Sindhi, among all regional languages, was the first to have adopted the Arabic script. This reflects its close association
with Islam. Several sufi poets, such as Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai and Sachal Sarmast wrote Sindhi verse. Therefore, it was
important to promote it.
• Pushto’s association with Pakistan movement:

Pashto is spoken in Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa (former NWFP) and its literature carries a strong element of resistance
against the foreign rule. Such an element of resistance is quite visible in the poetry of Khushhal Khan Khattak and
Rehman Baba. This way Pashto became associated wifh the Pakistan movement.
• Balochi under developed language:

Balochi is spoken in the largest province in terms of its area but the least populated province. It had traditionally been
underdeveloped due to a lack of its preservation in written form. Also, the people of Balochistan had to be assured of
their significance as a cultural unit of Pakistan and so, it had to be promoted.

39 | P a g e


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PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Notes prepared by: Sir Khizar Hayat

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

SOME GEMS FROM MY TREASURE

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Hina Mirza Stanmore School A

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

CHAPTER NAME PAGE

Chapter 02 What were the causes and consequences of the 15-23

Chapter 03 What were the causes and consequences of the 17-21

How important was the work of Sir Syed Ahmed

To what extent have Urdu and regional

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Q. Why Shah Waliullah wish to revive Islam in Subcontinent? (7)

Moral & spiritual revival of Muslims

Promoting unity & harmony

To end all un-Islamic practices

WORK & CONTRIBUTION

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Muslims forgotten message of Quran

Arabic – Not a native language of Indians

Persian – Widely spoken language

SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARELVI

Aims and Objective

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

WORK & CONTRIBUTION

Q. Why the Jihad Movement of Syed Ahmed failed? (7)

Conspiracy of Ranjit Singh

Betrayal of Sardar Yar Khan

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Q. Why Haji Shariatullah started the Faraizi movement? (7)

Struggle for Muslims

Rid of Un-Islamic practices

WORK & CONTRIBUTION

Declared India as Dar-ul-Harb:

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Work & Contribution:

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Q1. Who was Ahmed Shah Durrani?

Work & Contribution:

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

WHO WERE MUGHALS?

CONTRIBUTION OF AURANGZEB IN THE

High Taxes over Indians:

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

Resistance to change with time:

Impact: That’s why Mughals couldn’t resist British army

FACTORS CONTRIBUTED IN THE DECLINE OF

Resistance from Sultan Muazzam:

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

PROBLEMS IN MUGHAL COURT

Weak army of Mughals:

Impact: This invasion significantly weakened the Mughal Empire

Ahmed Shah’s invasion:

PAKISTAN STUDIES BY KHIZAR HAYAT

British East India Company (EIC):

REASONS OF ATTRACTION OF BRITISH