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Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

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These notes are designed according to the CAIE pattern and syllabus. I made these notes
according to the questions which can be asked by the examiner in CAIE / IGCSE examination.
Student can easily learn and practice it. Hope it can be a source of Good grades Insha’Allah.
Sir Khizar Hayat

Notes prepared by: Sir Khizar Hayat

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
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SOME GEMS FROM MY TREASURE

Tamanna Ilahi Sharjah School A*
Mahnoor Rais Stanmore School A*
Mohammad Bilal Karachi Cambrdige School A*
Mariya Vayani Stanmore School A*
Abdullah Amir Stanmore School A*
Suhana Bilal The Academy GC-II A*
Yassa Ahmer Khan The Academy GC-II A*
Syeda Zoha Asif The Academy GC-II A*
Sheheryar Wijdan Hampton School A*
Musab Muzammil The Academy BH A*
Ayesha Kamran The Academy BH A*
Sunidiya Devi Kingley School A*
Haseeb Khan The City School A*
Arsalan Khan The Academy BH A*
Muskan Syed The Academy BH A*
Areesha Usmani The Academy BH A*
Anfal Shah The Academy BH A*
Afrah Abid The Academy BH A*
Laiba Hasan Stanmore School A*
Hamna Imran The Academy BH A*
Wajiha Dildar The Academy BH A*
Rayyan Vayani The Academy BH A
Unisa Danish The Academy BH A
Nabiha Rizawan The Academy BH A
Maihak Batool The Academy BH A
Riva Naveed The Academy BH A
Shahwaiz Usmani The Academy BH A
Omer Aboya The Academy BH A
Shayan Tahir The Academy BH A
Hassan Obaid The Academy BH A
Wania Rehan The Academy BH A
Maryam Rehan The Academy BH A
Aliza Haider The Academy BH A
Sohan Ali The Academy BH A
Maherwaan Kumar The City School A
Siddiqui Ali The City School A
Armaan Ali The Academy BH A
Laiba Irfan The Academy BH A
Muzaina Shavez Stanmore School A

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

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Hina Mirza Stanmore School A

Armaan Nooruddin Stanmore School A
Manahil Nadeem Karachi Cambrdige School A
Saad Zubair Karachi Cambrdige School A
Syed Omar Karachi Cambrdige School A
Esha Muzammil Karachi Cambrdige School A
Hamna Ali Stanmore School A
Atika Amir Stanmore School A
Yousuf Khan Stanmore School A
Haniya Imran Stanmore School A
Maryam Shahzad The Academy GC-II A
Bisma Warsi The Academy GC-II A
Maria Kukda The Academy GC-II A
Mohammad Ahmed The Academy BH A
Aneesha Waheed The Academy BH A
Arsam Ansari The Academy BH A
Haris Junaid The Academy BH A
Shahmeer Ali The Academy BH A
Syeda Noor Dawood Public School A
Nawal Masood River Oaks Academy A
Bahisht Abdul Razzaq Karachi Cambrdige School B
Saim Nadeem Karachi Cambrdige School B
Emaan Ovais Anjerwala Karachi Cambrdige School B
Ashbal Ahmed Khan Stanmore School B
Abubakar Jawed Stanmore School B
Kashmala Khan Stanmore School B
Eera Ahmed Stanmore School B
Umama Hani Khan Stanmore School B
Marium Imran Stanmore School B
Syed Rohan Ali Stanmore School B
Ibrahim Khan Stanmore School B
Fizza Amin The Academy GC-II B
Ayeza Shakir The Academy GC-II B
Shanzae Imad The Academy GC-II B
Aliyan Ahmed The Academy GC-II B
Talha Wasiq The Academy BH B
Rahim Bilal The Academy BH B
Bilal Faisal The Academy BH B
Ayesha Majeed The Academy BH B

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

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Contact: 0345-2149814
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CHAPTER NAME PAGE

How successful was the establishment of an
Chapter 11 independent nation between 1947 and 1948? 06-11

How far did Pakistan achieve stability following

Chapter 12 the death of Jinnah? 12-22

Why did East Pakistan seek and then form the

Chapter 13 independent state of Bangladesh? 23-28

How successful was Pakistan in the twenty years

Chapter 14 following the “Decade of Progress”? 29-38

How effective were Pakistan’s governments in the

Chapter 15 final decade of the 20th century? 39-46

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CHAPTER: 11
How successful was the establishment of an
independent nation between 1947 and 1948?

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EARLY PROBLEMS (1947-1948)

Geographical Problems:
• East and West Pakistan were separated by a 1600 km long Indian territory
• No road and railway access between East and West Pakistan
• This created difficulties of communication between the two wings
• This geographical gap was exploited by India to create difficulties for Pakistan.

Financial Problems:
• Pakistan was to receive 750 million rupees
• India agreed to pay 200 million rupees initially rest of the amount stopped due to war between India and
Pakistan on Kashmir issue.
• After the protest from Pakistan and the threat of hunger strike from Gandhi, Nehru forced to pay another
500 million rupees.
• However, the remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid.

Social Problems:
• Language controversy was started between East and West Pakistan.
• West Pakistan had different traditions, cultures, languages and lifestyle.
• East and West Pakistan had little in common except for Islam.
• Difficult for Jinnah to unite the people.

Refugee Problems:
• Unjust distribution of Punjab result in more migration
• Ferozpur and Gurdaspur Muslim majority areas were given to India
• Muslims living there were forced to migrate to Pakistan.
• The government of Pakistan had little to provide shelter, medical care and food to millions of refugees on
urgent grounds.
• They were accommodated in refugee camps and military barracks without appropriate facilities of living.

. Administrative Problems:
• Inexperienced team of politicians and civil servants expect of few like Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan & Khuwaja
Nazimuddin
• Shortage of the state buildings and office equipment.
• Pakistan found it difficult to build a strong political base.
• The process of making a constitution was also delayed as there were not many experts in the Constituent
Assembly.

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Canal Water Problem:

• After partition the head works of Ferozepur and Madhupur which controlled the rivers in Pakistan were left
in India
• India claimed that it had complete rights over the head works
• India stopped the water flow in 1948
• Pakistan is an agro based country, million hectares of agricultural land threatened
• Pakistan’s agriculture relies on irrigation mainly on canals.

Economic Problems:
• Calcutta was Industrial Hub which was given to India
• Mostly business community was Hindus who were transferring their assets to India.
• Chittagong port was in East Pakistan which wasn’t developed enough to handle the large-scale export of
Jute to other countries.
• Pakistan had to send its Jute through Calcutta to India on low price.

Military division Problem:

• India gave ratio of 36% of military assets to Pakistan
• Pakistan received damaged and worn out weapons
• Pakistan’s required 150,000 soldiers and 4000 officers but only 2500 Muslim officers were available.
• There were 16 ordnance factories and all were situated in India.
• Eventually a financial settlement was made and Pakistan was given 60 million rupees towards its share in
the ordnance factories.

Issue of Princely States:

Kashmir

Junagadh Hyderabad

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Kashmir Issue

• Kashmir was the largest princely state in the subcontinent

• Majority of the population (4 million=77%) was of the Muslims but ruler
was Sikh (Maharaja Hari Singh)
• Maharaja did not want to join Pakistan.
• Muslims rose up against Hari Singh In Kashmir
• Maharaja agreed that Kashmir should join India to seek military help from
India against rebels in Kashmir.
• Hari Singh signed “Instrument of Accession” which made Kashmir as a part
of India.
Maharaja Hari Singh

Junagadh Issue

• Junagadh was a small state with a population of 700,000, Majority of

Hindus
• Muslim ruler of Junagadh “Nawab Mahabat Khan” wanted to join Pakistan
• Indian government refused to accept the accession.
• Pakistan called for a referendum (Voting) but India refused an invaded
Junagadh.
• Jinnah appealed in UNO against Indian act but no string response from
UNO.
Nawab Mahabat Khan

Hyderabad Issue

• Hyderabad a biggest princely state wished to remain independent or join to

Pakistan
• Majority of its population was Hindu but the ruler “Mir Osman Ali” was a
Muslim
• The Indian government, however, was determined not to allow Hyderabad
to join Pakistan.
• Hyderabad appeal in UNO against Indian threats but no response from
UNO.
• On 13th September 1948 just two days after the death of Quaid-e-Azam,
India invaded and took over Hyderabad.
Mir Osman Ali Khan

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ROLE OF JINNAH AS GOVERNER GENERAL

Formation of government:
• Jinnah declared Karachi as the capital of Pakistan
• Inaugurated the headquarters of the armed forces and the civil secretariat.
• Appointed himself as first Governor General (GG) of Pakistan
• Appointed the first Constituent Assembly and the first cabinet with Liaqat Ali Khan as the Prime Minister.
• The 1935 Act was adopted as the interim constitution with some amendments.

Building nation:
• Jinnah declared Urdu as the national language
• In order to ensure the protection of religious minorities Jinnah declared himself as the "Protector General of
Minorities".
• In his address to the Constituent Assembly, he had made it clear that all Pakistanis were free to follow their
religion without any fear

Settlement of refugees:
• He set up the Quaid-e-Azam relief fund for the accommodation of refugees
• Shifted his headquarter temporarily from Karachi to Lahore to personally supervise the process of
accommodation.
• He urged the people of Pakistan to help their fellow Muslims generously coming from India.
• However, despite his best-efforts millions of refugees continued to suffer for many years.

Building Economy:
• He inaugurated “the State Bank of Pakistan” in July 1948
• Pakistan issued its own currency in both paper and metallic form.
• A Development Board was set up in 1948 for planning a strategy for the industrial development.
• Mr. Jinnah persuaded the Indian government to release some water so that Pakistan's agriculture was not
destroyed.

Efforts for princely states:

• Jinnah wanted to resolve the issue of the three princely states of Hyderabad, Junagadh and Jammu and
Kashmir but could not get any success
• India occupied the first two states by force and imposed a war on Pakistan
• Jinnah's dream of peaceful relations with India was shattered.

Analysis: In the light of above factors, it may be concluded that Jinnah was quite successful in overcoming most of
the early problems because, against all odds and wishes of India, Pakistan not only survived but also began to make
progress in various sectors of economy and became an important country in the regional and global politics.

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Q. Why Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? (7)

• Communal Violence:

Hindus and Sikhs began to target Muslims living in the non-Muslim majority areas and forced them to leave India.
The migrating families were attacked by the armed mobs and this caused numerous human tragedies including rape
and massacre. This became the reasons for more refugees in Pakistan.

• Lack of resources:

A huge number of Muslims had left all their possessions in India and so, they reached Pakistan without any assets.
The newly made government of Pakistan did not have resources to provide food, clothing, shelter and medical care
to so many refugees.

• Safe exit of minorities:

At the same time, Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan became victim of similar violence and were forced to migrate
to India. Thus, the government of Pakistan faced the additional problem of monitoring a safe departure of these
non-Muslims migrating to India while receiving Muslim refugees coming from India.

Possible Questions
4 Marks Questions

Q. What was Canal Water Dispute?

Q. What was Geographical problem faced by Pakistan in 1947?
7 Marks Questions

Q. Why Pakistan faced refugee crisis in 1947?

Q. Why Pakistan faced economic crisis?
14 / 10 Marks Questions

Q. Formation of a government was the most important challenge faced by the newly created state of Pakistan in 1947.
Do you agree? Explain.
Q. "Dealing with economic issues was the most important contribution made by the Quaid-e-Azam as the first Governor-
General of Pakistan." Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Q. How successful was Jinnah in solving the early problems of Pakistan? Explain your answer.

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CHAPTER: 12
How far did Pakistan achieve stability following
the death of Jinnah?

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GOVERNER GENERALS OF PAKISTAN

Mohammad Ali Jinnah 15th August 1947 – 11th September 1948
Khuwaja Nazimuddin 14th September 1948 – 17th October 1951
Malik Ghulam Mohammad 19th October 1951 – 15th October 1955
Major General Iskander Mirza 16th October 1955 – 22nd March 1956

PRESIDENTS / CHIEF MARTIAL LAW

ADMINISTRATORS OF PAKISTAN
Major General Iskander Mirza 23rd March 1956 – 27th October 1958
General Ayyub Khan 27th October 1958 – March 1969
General Yahya Khan 25th March 1969 – 20th December 1971
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 20th December 1971 – 15th July 1977
Chaudhry Fazal Elahi 14th August 1973 - 16th September 1978
General Zia-ul-Haq 15th July 1977 - 17th August 1988
Ghulam Ishaq Khan 17th August 1988 - 8th July 1993

MARTIAL LAWS IN PAKISTAN

1st Martial Law Iskander (7th October 1958) – Ayyub (1st March 1962)
2nd Martial Law Yahya (25th March 1969) – Bhutto (1st March 1972)
3rd Martial Law Zia-ul-Haq (7th March 1977) - Zia-ul-Haq (December 1985)

PRIME MINISTERS OF PAKISTAN

Liaqat Ali Khan: He became the 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan on 15th August 1947, shot dead on 16th October
1951.

Khwaja Nazim uddin: Assume power on 17th October 1951, dismissed by Ghulam Mohammed on 17th April
1953.

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Mohammad Ali Bogra: Appointed (twice by Ghulam Mohammad on 17th April 1953, Ghulam Mohammed
dissolved the Constituent Assembly on 11th August 1955.

Chaudri Mohammad Ali: Elected by the members of the members of the Constituent Assembly as the Prime
Minister on 11th August 1955, forced to resign when lost majority in the Assembly on 12th September 1956.

Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy: Assume power on 12th September 1956, forced to resign when lost majority in
the Assembly on 17th October 1957.

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar: Assume power on 18th October 1957, forced to resign when lost majority in the
Assembly on 16th December 1957.

Feroz Khan Noon: Assume power on 18th December 1957, removed when Martial Law was imposed on 17th
October 1958.

General Ayyub Khan: On 22nd October 1958, Major General Iskander Mirza appointed General Ayub Khan as the
Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Noor-ul-Amin: Nominated by General Yahya Khan on 7th December 1971, removed after the separation of East
Pakistan on 20th December 1971.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: He became the 1st democratically elected Prime Minister of Pakistan on 12th August 1973,
removed by General Zia-ul-Haq on 5th July 1977, when Martial Law was imposed on the country.

Mohammad Khan Junaijo: Appointed by General Zia-ul-Haq as the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 23rd March
1985, dismissed by Zia-ul-Haq on 29th May 1988.

Benazir Bhutto: After the election held in October 1988, Benazir Bhutto (daughter of Z.A. Bhutto) becoming the
1st woman Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 1988.

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TENURE (1948-1951)
Governor General Prime Minister

Khuwaja Nazimuddin Liaquat Ali Khan

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION 1949:

• First attempt to give Pakistan her first constitution
• Basic Principles committee was setup to decide the principle on which constitution of Pakistan should be based.
- It contained the principle of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as laid down in Islam.
- Muslims and other religious groups should bind in accordance with their faith.
- Minorities and poor should be protected and fundamental rights be guaranteed.
- Judicial system be independent of government.
• After several criticisms constitutional proposals were withdrawn.

Q. Why Objective resolution received so much criticism? (7)

• Resistance from East Pakistan:

East Pakistan objected to equal share in the parliament as it had 10% more population than West Pakistan. It also
criticized on Urdu being the only national language because Bengali was also a developed and only language spoken
throughout Pakistan.

• Resistance from Regional politicians:

Local and provincial politicians also criticized the powers proposed for the head of state and the central government.
They did not want to give approval to it.

• Resistance from religious groups:

Criticism from religious groups because they wanted the constitution entirely according to the Shariah.

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PRODA 1949:
• Proda (Public Representative Office Disqualification Act) was implemented by Liaquat Ali Khan
• Aimed to curb the corruption
• According to Proda – Any civil servant / government official found in corruption an inquiry will be made, if he
found guilty then suspended from office.
• However, corruption would continue to bother future governments.

LIAQUAT NEHRU PACT 1950:

• Pact signed by Liaquat Ali Khan and Nehru in 1950
• It was signed to stop the movement of minorities across the Pak-India border
• Minorities encouraged to stay back in their native state
• Physical and religious protection were promised by both countries to their minorities
• However, the movement of minorities continued across the border as they did not trust any such statements
made by the government.

RAWALPINDI CONSPIRACY 1951:

• It was a military conspiracy to overthrow Liaquat Ali Khan’s government in 1951
• Their goal was to established a pro soviet government in Pakistan
• However conspiracy was exposed and masterminds were arrested

DID YOU KNOW

Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, was assassinated on October 16, 1951. He was shot and killed
while addressing. The assassin, identified as Syed Akbar, was immediately shot and killed by the police and security
personnel present at the event.

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TENURE (1951-1955)
Governor General Prime Minister Prime Minister

Malik Ghulam Mohammad Khuwaja Nazimuddin Mohammad Ali Bogra

STEPS TAKEN:
• Introduced the scheme of 6 Year Plan that was later changed into a 5 Year Plan.
• Its aim was to make economic planning regarding agriculture, industry, power and transport sectors.
• Planning Board was setup in 1953 to review various developments schemes.
• A major jute processing plant was set up in 1952 in East Pakistan
• Oil and gas reserves were explored; natural gas was discovered at Sui in Balochistan in 1952.
• Export of cotton and jute so positive balance of trade.

CHALLENGES:
• There was serious food shortage due to severe drought in East and West Pakistan.
• People started protest which turned into religious protest.
• Religious parties demanded removal of Zafar Ullah Khan from the foreign ministry
• Malik Ghulam Muhammad blamed and dismissed Khawaja Nizam ud Din in April 1953
• When new PM Bogra tried to curb the powers of Governer General, Ghulam Mohammad dismissed Bogra's
government and dissolved the Constituent Assembly in September 1954.
• The new Constituent Assembly was elected in June 1955.

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TENURE (1955-1958)
Governor General Prime Minister Prime Minister Prime Minister

Gen. Iskander Mirza Mohammad Ali Bogra Chaudhry Mohammad Ali Hussain Shaheed Soharwardy

Prime Minister Prime Minister

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigarh Malik Feroz Khan Noon

STEPS TAKEN:

1956 Constitution:
• It was the first constitution of Pakistan made by General Iskander Mirza.
• It gave the president the power to choose the Prime Minister and dissolve the national assembly
• President must be a Muslim and above 40 years of age.
• The Prime Minister could only choose the Cabinet which should be from the national assembly.
• The cabinet could only 'advise' the president.
• Urdu and Bengali would be the twin languages.

One Unit Scheme:

• Also known as Bogra’s Formula, aimed to counter the population of East Pakistan
• Four provinces and various states of West Pakistan were merged into One Unit
• East Pakistan was already one province since independence
• This scheme received criticism and strong opposition from East Pakistan, Khairpur, Bahawalpur and
Balochistan.

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Developments:
• Mirza also started some industrialization and development plans
• Rural development schemes
• Karachi airport was completed, railways were modernized and telephone network was expanded.
• Steps were taken for provision of health and education.

FAILURE:

1956 Constitution:
• Mirza failed to have good relations with his Prime Ministers and dismissed five prime ministers at short
intervals. This worsened political situation in Pakistan

1st Martial Law:

• Finally, on 7th Oct., 1958 he declared Martial Law and appointed General Ayub Khan as the CMLA (Chief Marital
Law Administrator).

Q. Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958? (7)

• Inexperienced politicians:

Pakistan did not have a good team of skilled politicians. Jinnah died in 1948 without accomplishing his mission of
providing a strong political base to Pakistan. Murder of Liaqat Ali Khan in 1951 worsened the political conditions and
the country went in the hands of inexperienced and selfish politicians

• Difficulties made by India:

The Indian government was bent upon creating difficulties for Pakistan. It imposed a war on Pakistan in 1948 as a
result of which Pakistan was forced to pay more attention on its defense instead of building a strong political
foundation.

• Resistance from East Pakistan:

East Pakistan wanted a share in the government according to its population size that was 10% greater than that of
West Pakistan but it was given equal seats in the National Assembly under the undemocratic One Unit Scheme and
the rule of parity.

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 20 | P a g e

GENERAL AYYUB KHAN (1958-1969)

Q. Why Ayyub Khan came in power? (7)

• Political Instability:

Political instability worsened between 1955 and 1958 as several Prime Ministers were dismissed in this period.
Differences between West and East Pakistan grew as the latter wanted a share in the government according to its
population size, undemocratic One Unit Scheme and the rule of parity.

• Change of governments:

President Iskander Mirza terminated as many as four governments between 1955 and 1958 as a result of which he
began to lose popularity and power. PM Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy challenged Mirza to hold a vote in the Assembly
to test his popularity. Mirza feared a defeat and, therefore, decided to declare martial law.

• Executive head:

Ayyub had already declined an offer from Ghulam Muhammad to take over the country as its executive head. Now he
could see the nominal powers of Mirza who was holding his post forcefully. Therefore, Ayyub decided to assume power
himself. He removed Mirza from office and himself became the executive head of state.

REFORMS OF AYYUB KHAN

Agricultural Reforms (Green Revolution):
• Landowners were only allowed to have 1000 acres of un-irrigated or 500 acres of irrigated land holdings. The
excess land was to be taken by the government and given to the poor farmers.
• Mechanization, chemical fertilizers, HYV (High Yield Variety) or GM (genetically modified) seeds, insecticides
/pesticides were introduced.
• Tube wells were installed
• Indus Water Treaty was signed 1960
• Three new dams and several perennial canals were built.
• Loans were given to poor farmers.

Result: These reforms caused economic disparity between the rich and the poor farmers because the main
beneficiaries were the rich farmers.

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Industrial Reforms:
• Oil refinery was setup at Karachi to reduce the import cost of oil.
• Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation PMDC was formed
• Number of incentives was offered to industries that included subsidies and taxes, tax holiday and the Export
Bonus Scheme (EBS).
• Large scale industrialization took place
• Economic growth rate of 7%, one of the highest in the world.

Result: However, these reforms too caused huge disparity between the rich and the poor because only 22 families
were major beneficiary of these reforms. Hence, sense of deprivation grew among the East Pakistanis as most of the
development was in W Pakistan.

Political Reforms:
• Ayyub introduced the Basic Democracies System
• A four-tier system under which elections were held at village, tehsil, district and division level to elect the union
council, tehsil council, district council and divisional council.
• In the first elections of 1959-60, there were 80,000 democrats elected
• Later these democrats were increased to 120,000.
• They also formed an Electoral College to elect the members of the assemblies and thence to the President.
• Ayyub shifted the Capital from Karachi to Islamabad.

Constitution of 1962
• Introduced Presidential form of government.
• President, elected by the Electoral College for five years, had all executive powers.
• President could pass any laws and reject / annul any laws made by the National Assembly
• President could dissolve the assemblies under his emergency powers
• The National Assembly, also elected by the Electoral College, had equal seats of East & West Pakistan under the
One Unit Schemes
• There were two provincial assemblies one each for East & West Pakistan

Result: These reforms ensured political stability for many years but the indirect election and powers of the President
were criticized specially by E Pakistan.

Social Reforms:
• New curriculum for schools and new textbooks were published.
• Government began an extensive literacy program, building new schools and colleges.
• Ayyub khan appointed General Azam Khan the rehabilitation minister to settle 75,000 refugees in newly built
dwellings near Karachi.
• Family Planning Programs were also launched (funded by America).
• Medical and Nursing schools were also set up to increase the number of doctors and nurses.

Result: These had some degree of success.

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Q. Why Ayyub khan shifted capital from Karachi to Islamabad? (7)

• Climatic factor:

Karachi has a warm and humid climate whereas Islamabad was located at the Margalla hills near Murree with a pleasant
climate suitable for working. It was an abandoned place where it was easier to build a planned city with a desired layout.

• Less distance from GHQ:

Ayyub wanted to be closer to the army's command headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi in the northern Punjab which he
considered vital in times of martial law. Also, he got closer to Punjab and the NWFP (KPK) that provided bulk of troops
for the armed forces of Pakistan.

• Karachi not safe:

Karachi's location on the Indus Delta Coast made it vulnerable to attacks by the Indian navy. In such a case, there was a
fear of huge cost of reconstruction if it was destroyed by the Indians in case of a war. Islamabad, being a land locked
city, was at a reasonable distance from the Pak-lndia border and was a much better option.

Q. Why Ayyub khan fall from power? (7)

• Economic disparity:
His agricultural reforms had created huge disparity between the rich and the poor farmers. As a result of his
industrial reforms, only 22 families of West Pakistan became owners of 66% of Pakistan's industries and 80% of
banking and insurance companies. East Pakistan also felt frustrated as most of the beneficiaries of Ayyub’s reforms
were from West Pakistan.

• Rigging in 1965 elections:

His political reforms also became target of criticism as he was accused of intimidation and vote-rigging in the second
presidential elections that were held in January 1965. Concentration of powers with the president was considered
undemocratic as the National Assembly could not pass any law without his consent.

• Tashkent Accord:

Ayyub had been assuring his people of Pakistan's victory in the war but the Tashkent Accord of 1966 contained no
reference to this or the Kashmir issue. Bhutto resigned in protest and founded the PPP/Pakistan People’s Party in
1967. Being a very charismatic leader, he mobilized masses and launched an anti-Ayyub campaign.

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 23 | P a g e

CHAPTER: 13
Why did East Pakistan seek and then form the
independent state of Bangladesh?

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BACKGROUND
• Ayyub Khan hand over power to General Muhammad Yahya Khan, on March 25, 1969.
• General Yahya Khan decided to transfer power to the elected representatives of the people
• General elections of 1970 were announced
• The one-unit plan and the ‘1962ʹ Constitution were annulled
• Pakistan’s four provinces reestablished
• Political activity resumed
• The various parties began campaigning to elect a national assembly of 300 members.

Result of 1970 Elections:

West East All Pakistan total
Awami League - 160 160
PPP 81 - 81
Muslim League (PML) 9 - 9
Other parties 33 1 34
Independence 15 1 16
Total 138 162 300

REASONS OF SEPARATION OF EAST PAKISTAN

FROM WEST PAKISTAN
Economic Factors:
• Over time, the gap in wealth between East and West Pakistan widened
• Policies of Ayyub Khan in the 1960s mostly benefitted West Pakistan
• The 22 richest families of West Pakistan owned 66% of the industries and 80% of banking and insurance
companies of Pakistan
• East Pakistan was the largest producer of jute in the world but its economic growth was slower than that of
West Pakistan
• Revenue earned by East Pakistan flown to West Pakistan
• All the developments were made in West Pakistan and East was deprived

Result: Hence, sense of deprivation grew among the East Pakistanis.

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Political Factors:
• East Pakistan was 10% greater in population in West, wanted share in government according to population
• This was denied to them under the One Unit Scheme, 1956 and 1962 Constitutions
• Most of the political decision making was done in West Pakistan
• Less representation of East Pakistanis in armed forces and civil services
• Headquarters of the armed forces and important buildings were located in West Pakistan
• The Awami League of Sheikh Mujeeb in East Pakistan won an overall majority in the 1970 elections
• Mujeeb was denied power and arrested.

Result: The political dynamics and issues between the two wings contributed to the eventual separation.

Cultural Factors:
• Bengalis were the 55% of total population but Jinnah declared Urdu as the national language
• This was resented by East Pakistan as Bengali was the only language spoken throughout East Pakistan
• The Bengalis took this as a step of West Pakistan's attempts to dominate them
• Diversity of culture in West Pakistan but East was having only Bengali culture

Result: These cultural differences contributed to a sense of discrimination, and a growing desire for autonomy
among the Bengali population in East Pakistan.

Geographical Factors:
• It was difficult to effectively manage and control Pakistan due to the geographical distance between its two
wings
• The distance between West Pakistan and East Pakistan was more than 1,600 kilometers
• There were no convenient means of transportation or communication between the two wings
• East Pakistan felt alone as a result of its geographic isolation
• Communication with the West Pakistani government was also difficult.

Result: This geographical separation had several implications that contributed to the desire for autonomy and
separation.

Sheikh Mujeeb’s Six Points

(i) A directly elected government.

(ii) The federal government to control defense and foreign policy. all other decisions to be made at provincial level.

(iii) Separate currencies and financial policies foe East Pakistan, to stop all the money flowing from East Pakistan to West
Pakistan.

(iv)The provinces to tax their people and send a share to the federal government, The federal government not to tax
people.

(v) Each province to set up its own trade agreements with other countries and to control the money spent through this
trade.

(vi)Each province to have its own troops.

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OPERATION SEARCH LIGHT:

Historical Background:
It was a military operation launched by General Yahya in March 1971. Its aim was to crush Bengali nationalism.
Description:
• Under the operation, Bengali intelligentsia, academics and Hindus were targeted
• Thousands of Bengalis were killed and press censorship was imposed in East Pakistan
• In retaliation, on 26th March 1971, the Bengalis announced in a secret radio broadcast the formation of the
'Sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh'.
Consequence:
• Yahya sent more troops but the situation continued to worsen and escalated to the third Pak-lndia war in
December 1971.

Q. Why was India successful in 1965 and 1971 war? (7)

• Miscalculations of Ayyub Khan:

The 1965 war was fought on the two gross miscalculations of Ayyub Khan who thought India was not prepared for a full-
scale war. He also expected a massive Kashmiri uprising in favor of Pakistan army. However, against all his expectations,
India attacked with full force and Lahore was caught unprepared on 6th September 1965, though Pakistan defended it
well.

• No western aid to Pakistan:

The US military aid was stopped for both Pakistan and India. It affected Pakistan more as India continued to receive the
Soviet aid. Americans and Chinese wanted Pakistan to resolve the matter on its own. Pakistan also expected some aid by
the SEATO but that too was not provided. This resulted in failure of Pakistan’s army

• East Pakistan’s support to India:

India supported East Pakistan by training and equipping the Bengali militant separatist body, the Mukti Bahini against
Pakistan. People of East Pakistan, in general, wanted freedom from West Pakistan. Therefore, they did not support West
Pakistan's army resulted in isolation of West’s army.

Q. Why did the victory of Awami League cause a constitutional crisis? (7)

• Entire cabinet from East:

AL won 160 out of a total of 162 seats of East Pakistan and 300 seats of the National Assembly. Such a huge victory of
the Awami League allowed it to form the government on its own. The future Prime Minister and his entire Cabinet could
come from East Pakistan without involving the PPP of West Pakistan. This was not accepted by West Pakistan.

• Bhutto’s resistance:

Bhutto did not want to sit in opposition, he kept all MNAs from attending national assembly session which has to be
held in Dhakka. He threatened MNAs to break the legs of those who attend session. This promotes hatred and anger
among the Bengalis MNAs as they felt betrayed. The session of Dhakka was postponed.

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• Mujeeb’s controversial six points:

AL had won the election on the basis of Mujeeb's six points that asked for a complete internal autonomy of East
Pakistan. He wanted provincial governments controlling foreign trade and taxation policy. This would greatly reduce the
funds available to the central government in West Pakistan in addition to limiting its powers in general.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
Q. Who was Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rahman? (4)
Early Life:
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was born on March 17, 1920, in Tungipara, Bangladesh. He became involved in politics during
his college years and joined the All-India Muslim League, later the Awami League, which advocated for the rights and
autonomy of East Pakistan.
Work & Contribution:
• He became the leader of the Awami League
• Delivered his six point to safe guard rights of the Bengali people of East Pakistan
• He got a thundering majority in the elections of 1970 against Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• After independence of East Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the country's first Prime Minister and
later its President of Bangladesh'.
Death:
• Sheikh Mujib's life was cut short when he and many members of his family were assassinated in a military coup
on August 15, 1975.

Q. Who was General Yahya Khan? (4)

Early Life:
• Yahya Khan was born on February 4, 1917, in Chakwal, Pakistan.
• He served British military in world war 2
Work & Contribution:
• Yahya Khan played a role in the 1965 India-Pakistan war as a commander
• He was appointed as the President of Pakistan in 1969
• He deployed forces in East Pakistan to suppress Bengalis
• Yahya Khan resigned as President on December 20, 1971.
Death:
• He passed away on August 10, 1980, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Q. What was Agartala Conspiracy? (4)

Historical Background:
• In January 1968, the government of Pakistan, led by President Ayub Khan, alleged that a conspiracy was taking
place in Agartala, a city in the Indian state of Tripura, to secede East Pakistan from the rest of Pakistan.
Description / Details:
• Some of the prominent individuals accused in the Agartala Conspiracy Case included Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
• The case was highly controversial, with India being accused of supporting the alleged conspirators
• Pakistan's government claimed that India was providing financial and logistical support to the conspirators
• Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rahman was arrested.

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Result / Impact:
• The Agartala Conspiracy Case had a significant impact on the political landscape of Pakistan.
• The events surrounding the case ultimately contributed to the rise of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami
League.

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 29 | P a g e

CHAPTER: 14
How successful was Pakistan in the twenty
years following the “Decade of Progress”?

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 30 | P a g e

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971-1977)

Background:
• The 1970 election however had given the PPP an overwhelming majority in the NA.
• 20 December 1971, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became President and chief martial law administrator.
• Formed Federal security force (FSF) to assist the police.

Q. Who was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto? (4)

Early Life:
• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was born on January 5, 1928, in Larkana, Pakistan.
• He was well-educated, earning degrees from the University of California and Oxford
• He joined Pakistan's civil service but later entered politics
• Eventually becoming a member of the cabinet of President Ayub Khan.
Work & Contribution:
• Bhutto served as Pakistan's Foreign Minister from 1963 to 1966 and later became the country's Prime Minister
• In 1967, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP)
• He also started Nuclear program in 1972
• After independence of East Pakistan, Bhutto became the Civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator and then
Prime Minister
• He gave Pakistan the constitution of 1973
Death:
• He was removed from office in a military coup led by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in July 1977
• After a controversial trial, Bhutto was sentenced to death and executed on April 4, 1979, on charges of
conspiracy to commit murder.

IMMEDIATE STEPS TAKEN BY BHUTTO:

Simla Agreement 1972:
Background:
• After creation of Bangladesh, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited India to meet PM Indra Gandhi on 1972
• A bilateral agreement signed between two countries at Shimla (State of Himachal Pradesh)
Description:
• Both countries committed to resolving all issues, including the Kashmir dispute through peaceful means and
bilateral negotiations
• India also agreed to release prisoners of war of 1971
• Both nations pledged to respect each other's sovereignty
Consequences:
• The agreement increased Bhutto's popularity in Pakistan.

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Constitution of 1973:
On 14 august 1973 the new constitution became law. The most significant features of the new constitution were:

(i) There would be two houses, the senate and the Assembly.

(ii) The leader of the party with a majority in the Assembly would become PM and select a cabinet.

(iii) The president became largely a figurehead, whose orders had to be signed by the PM.

(iv)Pakistan was an Islamic Republic and both the PM and president had to be Muslims.

(v) Pakistan was a federal state. Each province had its own assembly

REFORMS OF ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO

. INDUSTRIAL REFORMS:

• Bhutto wanted to control of the government on sources of production

• Improve the standard of living of industrial workers and allowed them to make unions
• Most of the large-scale industries were nationalized, only cotton textile sector was spared
• To finance these industrial units, five commercial banks were also nationalized

Result: However, Industrial growth slowed down as the nationalized units were given to civil servants who were
not trained for the job.

Q. Why were industrial reforms of Bhutto not successful? (7)

• Poor management:

The sudden and massive nationalization of industries and banks took a lot of administrative and technical know-how.
The government's inexperience in managing these sectors resulted in inefficiencies, poor management, and a decrease
in the efficiency of these nationalized companies.

• Corruption:

In the public sector, which has grown rapidly as a result of nationalization, bureaucracy, corruption, and lack of
efficiency hampered the functioning of nationalized units, resulting in their loss of competitiveness and productivity.

• No investments:

The nationalization policies of Bhutto created a sense of insecurity and scared people away from investing in Pakistan. A
lot of business people and investors were scared to do business in Pakistan because of the fear of more nationalization.

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AGRICULTURAL REFORMS:
• Bhutto reduced the maximum amount of land, 250 acres from 500 acres irrigated and 500 from 1000 acres un-
irrigated
• The additional land could be sold to the smaller farmers to make better profits
• Bhutto also wanted to give tenants security of tenure of the land they farmed
• The tenants can purchase their farmed land from landlord but cannot sell to a third party

Result: However, these reforms were not successful because large scale eviction of tenants, illegal
documentation of lands etc.

EDUCATIONAL REFORMS:
• In order to improve literacy most of the private sector schools were nationalized
• Primary education was made free and compulsory
• New Schools were opened and the old ones were upgraded
• Introduction of uniform syllabus in all schools

Result: However, these reforms were not successful because very less budget for education, crowded schools
because of free education and opposition to education from rural areas.

Q. Why were educational reforms of Bhutto not successful? (7)

• Overburdened schools:

Due to nationalization of schools, there was a drop in the standard of education as they were over-burdened and could
not cater to the increased number of students without an increase in the trained staff.

• Less budget:

The government had allocated only 13% of the education budget to primary schools. With such a small amount of funds
the desired results could not be achieved. Improving literacy rate and educational standard is a time taking process.

• Child labor:

Most of the rural families were not interested in the formal education or literacy. They usually preferred to make their
children work on the farm and thus share the economic burden of the family. They could not afford the loss of earnings
even if they were offered free education.

HEALTH REFORMS:
• Bhutto wanted to improve life expectancy and infant mortality rate
• BHU's (Basic Health Units) and RHU's (Rural Health Centers) were set up in rural and urban areas
• One year service in rural areas was made compulsory for fresh doctors
• New medical colleges and hospitals were set up.
• Family planning and vaccination programs started

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• Brand names of drugs were abolished, so that medicines were available at cheaper prices.

Result: However, resulted in declining earning of chemists and many pharmaceutical companies closed their
business in Pakistan.

Q. Why Bhutto adapted the policy of nationalization? [7]

• Economic equality:
He wanted to raise the living standard of the industrial workers who, together with other ordinary people, constituted
bulk of his vote bank. Profits from the nationalized companies were to be spent on improving public services such as
health and education

• To promote economic growth:

By nationalizing industrial units, the government could control industrial output and channel the profits and investment
into industrialization. This way the popularity of his party, the PPP, was also expected to increase with the urban
populace that was an important sector of the party's support.

• To remove Ayyub’s economic disparity:

He also wanted to even out the inequalities resulting from Ayyub’s industrial reforms the 1960s. These reforms had
benefitted only some people, the famous 22 families that had become owner of about 80% of Pakistan's large-scale
industry.

FEDERAL SECURITY FORCE (FSF)

Background:
• The Federal Security Force (FSF) was a paramilitary organization in Pakistan established during the rule of
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s.
Description / Detail:
• Its primary role was to provide additional security and maintain order, particularly during times of civil unrest
and political rallies.
• The FSF was controversial and often criticized for its involvement in political activities and alleged human rights
abuses.
Consequences:
• General Zia ul Haq abolished (FSF) in 1977.

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Q. Why Bhutto arrested and executed? [7]

• Failure of reforms:
As his industrial and educational reforms began to lose popularity, Bhutto was sharply criticized. Nationalization of
industries led to a decline in economic growth. Similarly, nationalization of private educational institutes resulted in
overcrowded classrooms and poor pace of improvement in literacy rate.

• PNA resistance:
The election results of 1977 were rejected by the combined opposition, the PNA (Pakistan National Alliance) on the;
basis of large-scale rigging in elections, though rigging had been reported only in some constituencies. Bhutto
miscalculated the opposition and was forced to negotiate with the PNA but it was too late.

• Zia’s took over:

The Army took it Bhutto's weakness, and the military chief General Zia-ul-Haq toppled his government on 5th July, 1977
and thus 3rd Martial Law was imposed on Pakistan. Bhutto and opposition leaders were arrested.

• Murder of Nawab Mohammad Khan:

An old murder case against Bhutto was reopened: murder of Nawab Muhammad Khan, father of Ahmad Raza Kasuri
who was a PPP leader but had developed differences with Bhutto. The Lahore High Court and then the Supreme Court of
Pakistan awarded death sentence to Bhutto.

ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COUNCIL (OIC)

• After attack on Al-Aqsa mosque, Muslim countries joined to form OIC
• In 1969, first conference was summit in Rabat, Morocco attended by 24 Muslim countries
• In 1974, second conferences was summit in Lahore attended by 35 Muslim countries
• Pakistan was highlighted as an important country in OIC.

SECURITY OF TENURE SCHEME

• Bhutto wanted to give security to tenant cultivators
• Under this scheme, landowners cannot sell their land without the consent of tenants
• Tenants has the first right to buy the land from landowner
• Influential landowners exploited this scheme and evicted many tenants

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 35 | P a g e

GENERAL ZIA-UL-HAQ (1977-1988)

Background:
• When political tension reached its climax due to the deadlock between Bhutto and the leadership of Pakistan
National Alliance on the issue of general elections, Zia-ul-Haq took advantage of the situation.
• On July 5, 1977, he carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto's government and enforced Martial Law in
the country.

REFORMS OF GEN. ZIA UL HAQ

ECONOMIC REFORMS:
• All the nationalized sectors were privatized
• Industrial units were returned to their owners
• Export processing zones were made
• Tax concessions were given to industries to boost export
• Loans were given to farmers

Result: As result of these reforms, millions of overseas Pakistanis began to send heavy remittances that were
spent on several development schemes.

ISLAMIZATION:
• Enforced a series of Hudood Ordinances (Islamic punishments)
• Punishments for major offences were:

❖ Zina/adultery (100 stripes)

❖ Theft (cutting off the right hand)
❖ Drinking (80 stripes) and
❖ Qazaf/false accusation of adultery (80 stripes)
❖ Imprisonment or fine or death sentence was prescribed for those who disrespect to the Holy Prophet
(PBUH).

• Under the Zakat and Usher Ordinance of June 1980, a wealth tax of 2.5% was levied on the bank savings

Result: As result of these reforms, Zia won support of religious political parties and his popularity increase among
people.

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CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS:
• Zia had suspended the 1973 constitution
• Implemented PCO (Provisional Constitutional Ordinance) restrained all the Courts from challenging any of the
decisions of the military rule
• Several military officers were appointed in civil services
• In 1984 referendum he got elected as the President for five years
• In 1985, elections were held on non-party basis, and a very obedient parliament was elected.
• Nawaz Sharif was appointed as CM Punjab and Mohammad Khan Junjo as PM
• Zia restored the Constitution with the 8th amendment [article 58-2(b)] that empowered him to dismiss the
elected government and dissolve the assemblies

Result: Thus, all the major powers were in Zia’s hand.

SOCIAL REFORMS:
• Programs on Radio and TV were started to promote Arabic language
• Teaching of Islamiyat and Pak Studies was made compulsory
• Extra marks were given to the memorizers of the Quran in the Civil Services
• Interest-based banking was replaced with the profit - loss sharing banking
• Media censorship was imposed

Result: These reforms had some degrees of success.

Q. Why Zia introduced Islamization between 1979 to 1988? [7]

• To win support of people:

A military coup brought Zia in power. Since Pakistan is a country with a predominately Muslim population, he tried to
unite his government with Islamic values in order to legalize it and win over people.

• Ideology of Pakistan:
He planned to prove that Pakistan had been created in the name of Islam, and therefore, people should live according to
the Islamic teachings. Moreover, he also wanted to undo the socialist effect of Bhutto’s government.

• Pakistan – a welfare state:

He wanted to make Pakistan a truly Islamic welfare state where needs of the poor and the unsupported were satisfied
by the government according to the financial teachings of Islam. In order to achieve this, he promulgated the Zakat and
'Ushr Ordinance.

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 37 | P a g e

Q. What difficulties did Zia find in ruling Pakistan during late 1980s? [7]

• Communal Violence:
There was a serious breakdown of law and order during the late 1980s. Sindh, with Karachi as the largest city of
Pakistan, became a victim of violence, sectarian riots, kidnap for ransom and drug trafficking. Arrival of the Afghan
refugees facilitated the availability of weapons and drugs like heroin. went into a clash with the Sindhi speaking
population. There were several incidents of communal violence in Karachi and Hyderabad.

• Sectarian Violence:
Zia's strict Islamic reforms resulted in sectarian differences leading to armed clashes between the Sunni and the Shi'a
community of Pakistan. Extremist religious organizations got weapons to fight against the rival groups. Jhang, a city in
Punjab, began to breed many extremist organizations.

• Ojhri Camp Incident:

In April 1988, the explosion at the Ojhri damp in Rawalpindi caused deaths of several innocent people, and the PM Mr.
Junejo announced to conduct a transparent inquiry of the tragedy. This created a serious difficulty for Zia as he feared
inclusion of top military officers in the inquiry. He could not afford the loss of military support, and therefore, dismissed
Junijo's government in May 1988. This worsened the political crisis for Zia.

AFGHAN MIRACLE:
• The USSR/Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979
• This made Pakistan a vital ally of the US, and Zia a leader of a Muslim state on the frontline against the Soviet
communist forces
• The US and the Western Europe extended huge financial and military aid to Pakistan
• Military aid was given to help the Afghan Mujahideen
• Also, the purpose of the economic aid was to enable Pakistan to accommodate millions of Afghan refugees
• Zia was able to use some of these funds for the economic growth of Pakistan by starting several development
projects
• This way the Soviet attack on Afghanistan became a miracle for Zia's military rule.

KARAKORAM HIGHWAY:
• Pakistan and China started a joint project in 1966 to construct an 800-mile highway connecting Pakistan with
China
• The project was completed in 1978 by following the old Silk Road route in China
• It was financed by China and built mainly by its engineers
• It passes through the dangerous highlands of Gilgit Baltistan and enters China through the Khunjerab Pass
• Several thousand workers were killed during the construction
• It is known as the Friendship Highway in China.

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OJHRI CAMP INCIDENT:

• On 10th April 1988, an army weapons dump at Ojhri Camp, Rawalpindi blew up mysteriously.
• It caused hundreds of deaths of the civilians with thousands more injured
• PM Junejo announced an immediate transparent inquiry
• Zia and army could not afford such an inquiry
• Therefore, on 29th May 1988, using his powers under the 8th constitutional amendment, Zia dismissed Junejo's
government and dissolved the National Assembly.

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 39 | P a g e

CHAPTER: 15
How effective were Pakistan’s governments in
the final decade of the 20th century?

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 40 | P a g e

BENAZIR BHUTTO - REGIME I (1988-1990)

Steps taken

Ended bans:
• She ended a ban on the making of trade unions and students' unions
• Tried to win the confidence of industrial workers and students
• Declared general pardon and released all political prisoners

Services for women:

• She took some steps exclusively for the welfare of women
• First Women's Bank was opened in 1989
• She recruited women in police and civil services
• Also appointed for the first-time women judges of the High Courts.

Foreign policy:
• Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth in October 1989
• She paid a successful visit to the USA in June 1989 and the Bush administration promised an aid of over $400
million
• Indian PM, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi first time visited Pakistan
• Agreements were signed between India and Pakistan in 1989 to promote mutual peace and cooperation.

Challenges
Strong opposition:
• She tried abandon the strict Islamic policies of Zia but this was hard to achieve
• She couldn't make any legislation because the opposition dominated the Senate
• Largest province Punjab was under her rival Mr. Nawaz Sharif who was giving her tough time in Government
• Nawaz Sharif was able to table a no confidence motion against Benazir in the National Assembly
• Though the motion was defeated by just twelve votes, it was a serious blow to her government.

Failed to full fill promises:

• Hudood Ordinance could not be repealed
• No new laws were made to improve the status of women
• Her government could not fulfill the promises of reducing unemployment, making economic progress and
controlling inflation and a high population growth
• She gradually lost support.

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Pucca Qila Massacre:

• On 27 May 1990, Sindh government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad, the center of MQM power
• A shoot- on-sight curfew was imposed, and a police house-to-house search began
• The muhajirs protested at this treatment and fighting broke out
• 31 women and children were killed, leading to retaliations in Karachi and elsewhere and over 300 more deaths
• This became a reason of bad reputation of Benazir’s government.

Nawaz Sharif’s train march:

• Nawaz Sharif launched an aggressive campaign against her
• He started that train march from Karachi to Peshawar while attracting huge crowds
• Benazir arrested several opposition leaders but in vain.

Q. Why Benazir Bhutto was dismissed in 1990? [7]

• Tough time from Nawaz Sharif:

She had a weak political base in the Centre as the largest province; Punjab was under her strongest rival Mr. Nawaz
Sharif who gave her a very tough time mainly as a result of Benazir's own mishandling of Mr. Sharif. She launched a
campaign of maligning his image but without any success.

• Mismanagement:
Her government faced charges of corruption and mismanagement of political affairs. There were allegations that loans
from IMF were being used by her party supporters including her husband Mr. Asif Zardari and his father Mr. Hakim
Zardari. It was believed that both were using the illegally acquired money to flourish their personal business and
suppressing opposition.

• Conflict with MQM:

She soon developed conflict with the MQM as many of her party members blamed her of preferring the MQM people
over her party workers. Soon the PPP-MQM coalition ended and a massive crackdown was started against the MQM.
Violence and protests spread in major cities of Sindh. This was a serious blow to her government.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

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 42 | P a g e

NAWAZ SHARIF – REGIME I (1990-1993)

Steps taken
Developments:
• He introduced a policy of privatizing the SOU's (State Owned Units)
• A number of important industries, such as shipping, electricity supply, airlines and telecommunications were
privatized
• He introduced several large-scale projects to simulate the economy, such as the Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power
Project
• Also started Gwadar Miniport in Balochistan

Challenges
Yellow cab scheme:
• The scheme was aimed at providing economic opportunities and employment for the people of Pakistan,
especially the youth
• Small loans were offered to start their own taxi businesses
• The scheme was part of an effort to promote self-employment and entrepreneurship in the country
• This however it faced several challenges and controversies, including issues related to loan recovery,
mismanagement, and allegations of corruption.

Economic Challenges:
• The US aid dropped significantly after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988
• The reduction in overseas aid, high government spending and a decrease in foreign remittances
• Another major project of Motorway was started
• Although its first phase, the M2 (between Islamabad and Lahore) was completed in Nov 1997, the project
suffered from continual delays.

BCCI (Bank of credit and commerce international):

• The BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International) was the world's 7th largest bank operating in Pakistan
• There were concerns about the bank's lending practices
• Investigation was conducted by a team of British accountants in 1991
• The team detected widespread fraud, embezzlement and manipulation in the bank
• Following this, the bank was closed and was required to pay huge fines
• Ittefaq Industries of the Sharif family was its major customer

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
Contact: 0345-2149814
 43 | P a g e

Cooperative society scandal:

• The cooperative accepted money from members and could make loans for purposes that were to benefit of the
society and its members.
• Mismanagement of these led to a major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lose money by 1992.
• In Nawaz Sharif state of Punjab 700,000 poor people lost their all savings when the societies went Bankrupt
• The societies had loaned billions to Nawaz Sharif Family Business

Klashinkov culture:
• Pakistan opened the border for Afghan refugees after Soviet Afghan War
• During migration of refugees, many of these weapons found their way into Pakistan, where they were bought
and sold on the black market
• Over the years, Pakistan has seen a number of political and religious conflicts
• These conflicts have been worsened by the availability of automatic weapons, which has increased the death toll
from crime and violence.
• The police and military tried to maintain law and order but were unsuccessful.

Q. Why Nawaz Sharif was dismissed in 1993? [7]

• Yellow cab scheme:

He attempted to solve Pakistan's unemployment problem by providing cheap loans to men to buy taxis (Yellow Gab
Scheme) that he had imported (Daewoo Cars). Most of the borrowers were unable to repay the loans and hence became
defaulters and unemployed. This strained the economy and made him unpopular.

• BCCI Scandal:
The closure of a major bank, BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce and Investment) also added to Mr. Sharif’s difficulties.
An inquiry by a British team of accountants detected large scale fraud and lending practices of the Bank.

• Cooperative societies scandal:

The Cooperative Societies accepted deposits from members and extended loans only to members for purposes that
were beneficial for the Society. Two of such societies were controlled by the relatives of Mr. Sharif. In 1991, four
societies in the Punjab suddenly collapsed as a result of which more than two million people lost their life-long savings.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
Contact: 0345-2149814
 44 | P a g e

BENAZIR BHUTTO - REGIME II (1993-1996)

Steps taken
Coalition with independent candidates:
• Benazir returned to power in 1993 and formed a coalition govt. with some independent parties.
• MQM had boycotted! The elections and performance of People’s party better in all provinces.
• With her efforts Farooq Leghari of PPP was elected as. “New President”.

Challenges:
Agenda of change:
• Once again, she tried to improve the socio-economic status of women
• She planned to establish women's police stations, courts and failed to make any legislation in this regard
• So, her, Agenda of Change did not work.

Opposition from family:

• She also faced many family feuds regarding her mother Nusrat Bhutto and brother Murtaza Bhutto
• Though she sidelined her mother because of differences with her
• Mysterious killing of Murtaza Bhutto by police in 1996 greatly damaged her repute
• Her husband Mr. Zardari also earned a bad repute for his wife as he was involved in many corruption cases and
misuse of money.

Loan from IMF:

• In 1995, she took a heavy loan from the IMF but the economic situation worsened
• Due to the Kashmir issue military spending increase by 14% in 1995-96
• The result was inflation, unemployment, unrest and violence.

Confrontation with supreme court:

• She had a confrontation with the Supreme Court by refusing to dismiss 20 judges appointed by the government
• Her attempts to threaten the chief Justice of Pakistan greatly damaged her image.

Strong opposition from Nawaz Sharif:

• Nawaz Sharif launched a Train March as a protest against government of Benazir in 1994
• He along with huge crowd travelled from Karachi to Peshawar
• Delivered speeches against Benazir Bhutto
• Benazir arrested several opposition leaders but it only increased her problems more.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
Contact: 0345-2149814
 45 | P a g e

NAWAZ SHARIF – REGIME II (1996-1999)

Steps taken
13th Amendment:
• After electing second time, first act of Nawaz Sharif was to pass the 13th Amendment
• This amendment repealed the 8th Amendment that authorized the President to dismiss the Prime Minister and
the assemblies
• This measure was supported by all political parties

Anti-Defection Bill:
• Nawaz Sharif wanted to curtail instability in the country
• He also passed the Anti-defection Bill under the 14th amendment
• This prevented politicians from switching parties (political turncoats) so that they could not exploit any weak
and vulnerable government.

Tough time to journalists:

• Using his powers fully, Sharif arrested journalists who wrote critical articles against him
• Unexpected tax inspections of the selected newspaper editors were carried out.

Challenges
Tussle with supreme court:
• Sharif had to defend himself in the Supreme Court on charges of corruption
• He, using the Parliament's support asked the President to dismiss the Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah
• This led to a tussle between the government and the Supreme Court.

Nuclear Test:
• In May 1998, Pakistan conducted nuclear explosions
• This increased Sharif’s popularity as people felt strengthened due to Pakistan becoming a nuclear power
• But it caused loss of foreign aid from the US, Japan and other countries
• Pakistan faced serious economic difficulties.

Motorway Project:
• Nawaz Sharif wanted to give access to the landlock central Asia to the ports of Pakistan
• Motorway was also connecting rural and urban areas of Pakistan
• First phase of this motorway (Islamabad to Lahore) was completed
• This project faced continual delay which result in bad reputation of Nawaz Sharif

Kargil conflict:
• Muslim Kashmiri fighters captured the Indian occupied towns (Kargil and Drass)
• Pakistan government denied any involvement first and later admitted
• As counter attack India sent two air crafts in Pakistan Air Space, one off them shot down

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
Contact: 0345-2149814
 46 | P a g e

• US President Bill Clinton persuaded Nawaz Sharif to withdraw

• He developed differences with General Pervez Musharraf over the withdrawal of Pak Army from Kargil, Kashmir.
• Sharif tried to replace him with his cousin Gen. Butt, but found his govt. toppled by the army on 12th Oct., 1999.

Some other Important Questions

Q. Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education between 1947 and 1999?

Education is expensive in Pakistan. Despite several efforts by various governments, the claim of providing free
primary education has not proved true. Children are expected to buy their own books and stationery.
Similarly, parents have to pay for the transport and uniform expenses. With an increasing inflation, this
becomes difficult for the poor rural population.

Educational facilities in most of the public sector institutes are not good, especially in rural areas where about
65% of the population lives. There are poorly built schools with poor seating arrangements and an inefficient
water and sewerage system. In many villages classes are held in the shade of trees. There is a high dropout
rate due to the issue of corporal punishment by the poorly paid teachers. Lesser funds are available for
education as most of the spending is reserved for defense.

There is popular opposition to female education in most of the rural and tribal areas as parents and religious
scholars are opposed to this. There are not many trained teachers due to a lack of teachers' training institutes
and programs. In tribal areas the tribal chiefs usually resist any social development schemes like the provision
of education.

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
Contact: 0345-2149814
 47 | P a g e

Pakistan Studies By Sir Khizar Hayat

The Academy School Block H Campus | Karachi Cambridge School | Stanmore School | Benchmark School | Endeavor Academy
Contact: 0345-2149814