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Module III lecture #2

Levelling
Introduction to
Levelling
• Levelling is a branch of surveying the object of which is:
– To find the elevations of given points with respect to a
given or assumed datum, and

– To establish points at a given elevation or at different


elevations w.r.t. a given or assumed datum.

• Levelling deals with measurements in a vertical plane.


Terms &
Definitions
• Datum: Any surface to which elevations are
referred. Mean sea level is the most common datum.
Terms &
Definitions
• Elevation: The vertical distance above or below the
datum

• Mean sea level: Average height


of sea for all stages of the tides.
It is derived by averaging the
hourly tide heights over a long
period of 19 years.
Terms &
Definitions
• Bench Mark: It is a permanent point of reference whose
elevation w.r.t some assumed datum is known.

• There are 4 kinds of bench mark:


– GTS (Great trigonometric survey bench mark)
– Permanent bench mark
– Arbitrary bench mark
– Temporary bench mark
Levelling
Instruments
• Instruments commonly used in directlevelling
are:
– A level
– A levelling staff
Levelling
Instruments
1. Level(Cont…)
• The purpose of level is
to
provide a horizontal line of sight.
• A level consists of the following
four parts:
– A telescope to provide line of sight
– A level tube to make line of sight
horizontal
– Alevelling head to bring
the bubble central
– Atripod to support the
instrument
• Most commonly used type
of level is “Dumpy Level”
Levelling
Instruments
(Cont…)
Dumpy Level
• Designed by
• Gravatt
Consists of
tube telescope and
spindle and longvertical
bubble
tube attached to the
top.
• Clamp screw provided to control movement of vertical
spindle.
• Levelling head consist of two parallel plates with foot
screws. Upper plate known as tribrach plate and lower
plate known as trivet.
Levelling
Instruments
(Cont…)
Levelling
Instruments
Temporary Adjustments of a Level
(Cont…)
The temporary adjustments are:
1) Setting over the station
• Centering the instrument over the station mark
• Approximate levelling with the help of tripod legs
2) Levelling up:
• Levelling with the help of foot screws.
• Purpose of levelling is to set vertical axis truly vertical
• Depends on whether there are three or four levelling
screws.
Levelling
Instruments
(Cont…)
Temporary Adjustments of a
Level
Levelling Instruments
(Cont…)
Temporary Adjustments of a Level
3) Elimination of Parallax:
• Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed
by the objective is not in the plane of cross-hairs.
• Parallax can be eliminated in two steps:
• Focusing the eye-piece: Focus eye-piece for distant
vision. Point telescope towards sky and move the eye-
piece in and out till the cross-hairs are seen sharp and
distinct.
• Focusing the objective: Telescope is now directed
towards the object to be sighted and the focusing
screw is turned till the image appears clear and sharp.
Levelling
Instruments
(Cont…)
Levelling Staff
• Straight rectangular rod having graduations, the foot of
staff representing zero reading
• The purpose of level is to establish a horizontal line of
sight
• Levelling staves may be divided into two classes:
– Self-reading staff
– Target staff
• Self-reading staff is the one which can be read directly by
the instrument man through the telescope
• A target staff contains a moving target against
which
reading is taken by staff man
Levelling
Instruments
(Cont…)
Levelling
Instruments
(Cont…)
Terms &
Definitions
• Station: Point where level rod is held (not where level is set
up).
• Height of Instrument (HI): For any set up of the level, the
height of instrument is the elevation of plane of sight w.r.t
the assumed datum.
• Back Sight (BS): Back sight is the sight taken on a rod held
at a point of known elevation, to ascertain amount by which
the line of sight is above that point and thus to obtain height
of instrument
• Fore Sight (FS): Fore sight is a sight taken on a rod held at a
point of unknown elevation, to ascertain the amount
HI = Ele of BM + BS
Simple Levelling
Simple Levelling
• The operation of levelling for determining the difference in
elevation, if not too great between two points visible from
single position of the level is known as simple levelling.
• Procedure :
1. Level the instrument correctly.
2. Direct the telescope towards the staff held
3. Take the reading of Central, horizontal hair of the diaphram, where it
appears to cut the staff ensuring that the bubble is central.
4. Send the staff to next point
5. Direct the telescope towards C and focus it again
6. Check up the bubble if central, if not bring it to the Central position by the
foot screw nearest to the telescope.
7. Take the reading of Central Horizontal cross hair.
Differential
Levelling
• The operation of levelling to determine the elevation of
points at some distance apart so that one setup of level is
not adequate is called differential levelling
Line of Collimation Method
• Also called Height of Instrument Method
HI = Ele of BM + BS
Ele = HI – (FS or IS)
• Arithmetic Check:
∑ BS − ∑ FS = Last(RL)−
First(RL)
Profile Levelling
Problems
1. The following staff readings were observed successively
with a level, the instrument having been moved after third,
sixth and eighth readings:
2.228; 1.606; 0.988; 2.090; 2.864; 1.262; 0.602; 1.982; 1.044;
2.684m
Calculate the RL of points if the first reading was taken with a
staff held on a BM of 432.384m. Solve using HI method and
Rise and fall method
Problems
Station B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I R.L. Remarks
1 2.228 432.384 B.M.
2 1.606 433.006
3 2.090 0.988 433.624 TP1
4 2.864 432.850
5 0.602 1.262 434.452 TP2
6 1.044 1.982 433.072 TP3
7 2.684 431.432
6.916 432.384
5.964 5.964 431.432
Check
0.952 0.952
Fall Checked

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