Levelling Introduction to Levelling • Levelling is a branch of surveying the object of which is: – To find the elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum, and
– To establish points at a given elevation or at different
elevations w.r.t. a given or assumed datum.
• Levelling deals with measurements in a vertical plane.
Terms & Definitions • Datum: Any surface to which elevations are referred. Mean sea level is the most common datum. Terms & Definitions • Elevation: The vertical distance above or below the datum
• Mean sea level: Average height
of sea for all stages of the tides. It is derived by averaging the hourly tide heights over a long period of 19 years. Terms & Definitions • Bench Mark: It is a permanent point of reference whose elevation w.r.t some assumed datum is known.
• There are 4 kinds of bench mark:
– GTS (Great trigonometric survey bench mark) – Permanent bench mark – Arbitrary bench mark – Temporary bench mark Levelling Instruments • Instruments commonly used in directlevelling are: – A level – A levelling staff Levelling Instruments 1. Level(Cont…) • The purpose of level is to provide a horizontal line of sight. • A level consists of the following four parts: – A telescope to provide line of sight – A level tube to make line of sight horizontal – Alevelling head to bring the bubble central – Atripod to support the instrument • Most commonly used type of level is “Dumpy Level” Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Dumpy Level • Designed by • Gravatt Consists of tube telescope and spindle and longvertical bubble tube attached to the top. • Clamp screw provided to control movement of vertical spindle. • Levelling head consist of two parallel plates with foot screws. Upper plate known as tribrach plate and lower plate known as trivet. Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Levelling Instruments Temporary Adjustments of a Level (Cont…) The temporary adjustments are: 1) Setting over the station • Centering the instrument over the station mark • Approximate levelling with the help of tripod legs 2) Levelling up: • Levelling with the help of foot screws. • Purpose of levelling is to set vertical axis truly vertical • Depends on whether there are three or four levelling screws. Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Temporary Adjustments of a Level Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Temporary Adjustments of a Level 3) Elimination of Parallax: • Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of cross-hairs. • Parallax can be eliminated in two steps: • Focusing the eye-piece: Focus eye-piece for distant vision. Point telescope towards sky and move the eye- piece in and out till the cross-hairs are seen sharp and distinct. • Focusing the objective: Telescope is now directed towards the object to be sighted and the focusing screw is turned till the image appears clear and sharp. Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Levelling Staff • Straight rectangular rod having graduations, the foot of staff representing zero reading • The purpose of level is to establish a horizontal line of sight • Levelling staves may be divided into two classes: – Self-reading staff – Target staff • Self-reading staff is the one which can be read directly by the instrument man through the telescope • A target staff contains a moving target against which reading is taken by staff man Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Levelling Instruments (Cont…) Terms & Definitions • Station: Point where level rod is held (not where level is set up). • Height of Instrument (HI): For any set up of the level, the height of instrument is the elevation of plane of sight w.r.t the assumed datum. • Back Sight (BS): Back sight is the sight taken on a rod held at a point of known elevation, to ascertain amount by which the line of sight is above that point and thus to obtain height of instrument • Fore Sight (FS): Fore sight is a sight taken on a rod held at a point of unknown elevation, to ascertain the amount HI = Ele of BM + BS Simple Levelling Simple Levelling • The operation of levelling for determining the difference in elevation, if not too great between two points visible from single position of the level is known as simple levelling. • Procedure : 1. Level the instrument correctly. 2. Direct the telescope towards the staff held 3. Take the reading of Central, horizontal hair of the diaphram, where it appears to cut the staff ensuring that the bubble is central. 4. Send the staff to next point 5. Direct the telescope towards C and focus it again 6. Check up the bubble if central, if not bring it to the Central position by the foot screw nearest to the telescope. 7. Take the reading of Central Horizontal cross hair. Differential Levelling • The operation of levelling to determine the elevation of points at some distance apart so that one setup of level is not adequate is called differential levelling Line of Collimation Method • Also called Height of Instrument Method HI = Ele of BM + BS Ele = HI – (FS or IS) • Arithmetic Check: ∑ BS − ∑ FS = Last(RL)− First(RL) Profile Levelling Problems 1. The following staff readings were observed successively with a level, the instrument having been moved after third, sixth and eighth readings: 2.228; 1.606; 0.988; 2.090; 2.864; 1.262; 0.602; 1.982; 1.044; 2.684m Calculate the RL of points if the first reading was taken with a staff held on a BM of 432.384m. Solve using HI method and Rise and fall method Problems Station B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I R.L. Remarks 1 2.228 432.384 B.M. 2 1.606 433.006 3 2.090 0.988 433.624 TP1 4 2.864 432.850 5 0.602 1.262 434.452 TP2 6 1.044 1.982 433.072 TP3 7 2.684 431.432 6.916 432.384 5.964 5.964 431.432 Check 0.952 0.952 Fall Checked
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