LEVELLING

Levelling is the art of determining the elevation of given points above or below a
datum line or establishing in given points of required height above or below the datum
line. It evolves measurement in vertical plane.

Definition of basic term’s used in leveling:

Level surface: Any surface parallel to the mean spheroid of the earth is called level surface
and the line drawn on level surface is known as level line.

Horizontal surface: Any surface tangential to level surface at a given point is called
-Horizontal surface at point. Hence horizontal line is at right angles to plumb line.

Vertical surface: It is the line connecting the point & centre of earth.Vertical &
horizontal line is normal to each other.

Datum: The point or the surface with respect to which levels of other points or
planes are calculated is called – Datum or surface.

Mean sea level (MSL): Mean sea level is the average height of sea of all stages of
tides.Any particular place is derived by averaging over a long period of 19 years. In India
the mean’s sea level used is that at Karachi (Pakistan).In all important survey this is taken as
datum.

Reduced level: Levels of various points are taken as heights above the datum surface are
known as Reduced level.

Bench mark: Bench mark is a relatively premanent point of reference whose Elevation
w.r.t some assumed datum is known.There are four types of bench mark
1. G.T.S (Great trigonometry survey)

2. Permanent bench mark

3. Arbitrary bench mark.

4. Temporary bench mark.

LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS:

A level is an instrument giving horizontal line of sight & magnifying the

reading far away from it.It consist of following 4 parts.

1. Telescope to provide line of sight.

2. Level tube to make the line of sight horizontal.

3. The leveling head to bring the bubble in its centre of run.

4. A tripod to support instrument

TYPES OF LEVELS:

1. Dumpy level
2. wye level
3. Cooke's – Reversible level
4. Tilting level
5. Auto level
6. Cushing's level
Working principle of auto & dumpy level

Parts of figure

1. Telescope
2. Eye piece
3. Shade
4. Objective end
5. Longitudinal bubble
6. Focusing screw
7. Foot screws
8. Upper parallel plate
9. Diaphragm adjusting screws
10. Bubble tube adjusting screw
11. Transverse bubble tube
12. Foot plate.

The dumpy level originally designed by – Gravatt consists of a telescope tube firmly
secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage carried by the vertical spindle.
The modern form of dumpy level has the telescope tube & the vertical spindle cast as one
piece & a long bubble tube is attached to the top of the telescope.This form is known as –
solid dumpy.

Leveling head generally consists of two parallel plates with either three- foot screws or
four –foot screws. The upper plate is known as – tribrach

Lower part is known as – trivet which can be screwed on to a tripod.

The advantages of the dumpy level over the wye level

1. Simple construction with fewer movable parts

2. Fewer adjustments to be made

3. Longer life.

Levelling staff: A levelling staff is a straight rectangular rod having graduations.The

foot of the staff representing 0 reading.During levelling staff is held vertical at the point
and from level horizontal sight is taken.

Leveling staff may be divided into 2 groups

1. Self – reading
2. Target staff.

Parts of telescope
1. Objectives
2. Eye piece
3. Diaphragm
4. Focusing device
Fundamental axis of a level:

1. Vertical axis: It is the centre line of axis of notation of the level.

2. Axis of level – tube: It is an imaginary line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the
tube at its middle point.It is horizontal when the bubble is central.

3. Axis of telescope: It is the line joining the optical centre of the object glass & the
centre of eye piece.

4. Line of collimation or line of sight: It is the line joining the intersection of cross
hairs & optical centre of the object glass.

Temporary staff adjustment of a level

1. Setting up
2. Leveling up
3. Focusing

Setting up: It is to set the tripod stand to a convenient height by bringing bubble to
the centre of run through the movement of tripod legs radially.

Levelling up: To make the vertical axis truly vertical the levelling is made with the help
of foot screws.

1. Loosen the clamp and turn the instrument until bubble axis is parallel to line joining
any two screws.

2. Turn the two screws inward or outward equally till bubble is centered.

3. Turn the telescope through 90 degrees so that it lies over the third screw.
Focusing: For quantitative measurements it is essential that the image should always
be formed in the fixed plane in the telescope where the cross – hairs are situated

The operation of forming or bringing the clear image of the object in the pane of cross
hairs is known – as – focusing

Complete focusing involves two steps

1. Focusing the eye – piece

2. Focusing the objective

Telescope in which the focusing is done by the external movement of either objective or eye –
piece is known as – External focusing telescope.

Telescope in which the focusing is done by the internally with a negative less is known
as –internal focusing telescope

Sensitiveness of a bubble tube: When the difference in elevation between any two points
is determined from a single set up by back sighting on one point and fore sighting on the
other. The error is due to non parallelism. When the bubble is not in the centre of run and
sensitivity is lost, due to the error of curvature and refraction which is eleminated if lengths
of 2 sides are made equal.

Error due to Curvature: The horizontal line of sight does not remain straight but it
slightly bends towards having concavity towards earth surface due to refraction.

CC = d2/2R

Error due to Refraction: As the line of sight is curved downwards towards the earth
surface reading gets decreased. To make the objects appear higher than they really are,
this correction is applied to staff readings, CR = 0.01121d2 where d is in Km.
TERMS USED IN LEVELLING:

1. Station: Station is the point where leveling staff is held & not the point where level is kept.

2. Height of instrument: For any set up of the level the height of instrument is the
elevation of the plane of sight respect to assumed datum. This also known as – plane of
collimation.

3. Back sight: It is sight taken on a level staff held at a point of known elevation
with an intension of determining plane of collimation or sight.

4. Intermediate sight (I.S): Sight taken on after taking back sights before taking last
sight from an instrument station is known as – intermediate sight.

The sight is also known as +ve sight (add)

5. Fore sight (F.S): This is the last reading – taken from instrument just before
shifting the instrument.This is also – ve sight.

6. Change point (C.P): This is a point on which both fore sight & back sight are taken.

7. Reduced level: Reduced level of a point is the level of the point with respect to
assumed datum.

TYPES OF LEVELLING

1. Simple leveling

2. Differential leveling

3. Fly leveling

4. Profile leveling

5. Crossectioning
6. Reciprocal levelling

Simple levelling: It is the difference in levels of two near by points. It is

obtained by simple levelling

Differential levelling: When the distance between two points is very large it may not be
possible to tak ethe readings from single setting of instruments. Each shifting facilitated by
taking CP.
Fly levelling: It is to carry out levelling with respect to temporary bench mark in
convenient direction taking number of CP

Crossectioning: In many engineering projects to calculate earth work involved not

only LS is involved but CS of ground is taken in regular intervals.

Reciprocal levelling: When it is not possible to balance FS and BS due to non-parallelism

of line of collimation and axis of bubble tube and also due curvature and refraction this is
used.

H=[(ha-hb)+(h'a-h'b)]/2

Reduction Of Levelling and Contouring

BOOKING & REDUCING THE LEVELS

Height of instrument method:

Sl No. Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
1 A 2.45 102.450 100.000 BM
2 E1 0.86 101.590
3 Cp1 1.43 2.14 101.740 100.310
4 E2 0.76 100.980
5 Cp2 1.38 2.18 100.940 99.560
6 B 1.54 99.400
1. HI = RL + BS = 100+2.45 = 102.450 (HI)
2. RL = HI- IS = 102.450 – 0.86 = 101.590 (RL)
3. RL = HI – FS = 102.450 – 2.14 = 100.310 (RL)
4. HI = RL +BS = 100.310 + 1.43 = 101.740
5. RL = HI – IS = 101.740 – 0.76=100.980
6. RL = HI – FS = 101.740 – 2.18 = 99.560
7. HI = RL + BS = 99.560 + 1.38 = 100.940
8. RL = HI – FS 100.940 – 5.54 = 99400

Rise & fall method:

Station BS0 IS FS Rise Fall RL Remark

A 2.45 100.00
E1 0.86 1.59 101.590
Cp1 1.43 2.14 1.280 100.310
E2 0.76 0.670 100.980
Cp2 1.38 2.18 1.420 99.560
B 1.54 0.160 99.400

In this method difference in staff reading at a point with previous reading is found.If the
present reading is less than the previous reading it indicates – rise.If it is more it is fall in
the level of presenting point.If the reduced level of 1st point is known using rise & fall
values of consecutive readings, the reduced level of all pointcan be calculated one after
the other.
 Note: 1. Previous reading - Present reading is +ve then
it’s –Rise 2. Previous reading – present reading is -
-ve then it’s – fall

Step 1:

From A to E1 Difference = 2.45 - 0.86

Rise = 1.59

(rise) E1 to Cp1 = 0.86 – 2.14

Fall = -1.28

E2 – CP2 = 0.76 –
2.18 = -1.42 -
fall Cp2 – B =
1.38 -1.54

= -0.16 -
fall Previous Reading
= 2.45 Present = 0.86

= 2.45 - 0.86
= 1.56

ΣBS – ΣFS=Σrise - Σfall=last RL - first

RL 5.260-5.860=2.26-2.86=99.400-100

-0.6 = -0.6 = -0.6

Problem -1

1) The following was observed successively with a levelling instrument.The instrument

was shifted after fifth & level readings are.

a) 0.585 f) 0.350 k) 3.895

b) 1.010 g) 1.300 l) 1.785
c) 1.735 h) 1.795 m) 1.635
d) 3.295 i) 2.075 n) 1.605
e) 3.775 j) 3.375

Draw up page of level book & determine the RL – of various p a is RL of first point is
136.440m.

Solution: Height of Instrument method:

Station BS IS FS HI RL
A 0.585 137.025 136.440
1.010 136.015
1.735 135.290
3.295 133.730
Cp1 0.350 3.775 133.600 133.250
1.300 132.300
1.795 131.805
2.675 131.525
3.375 130.225
Cp2 1.785 3.895 131.440
1.635 130.805
1.605 129.835
ΣBS=2.72

ΣFS=9.275

first

RL=136.440

last

RL=129.835

ΣBS-ΣFS= last RL-first RL

6.605=6.605

Problem 2:
RISE & FALL METHOD
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL
A 0.585 136.440

1.735 0.725 135.290

3.295 1.560 133.730

0.350 3.775 0.480 133.250

1.300 0.950 132.300

1.795 0.495 131.805

2.575 0.780 131.025

3.375 0.800 130.225

0.520 129.705
1.735 3.895

1.010 0.425 136.015

Check: ΣBS-ΣFS=Σrise-Σfall = last RL-first

RL 2.670-9.275=1.100-7.705=129.835-

136.440

-6.605 = -6.605 = -6.605 (fall)

3) Staff reading were absorb successive between the instrument was been move after
second fifth & eighth reading

1) 0.675

2) 1.230

3) 0.750

4) 2.565

5) 2.225

6) 1.935

7) 1.835

8) 3.220

9) 3.115

10) 2.875
The first staff reading taken with on a bench mark of RL 100m enter the reading in a level
book calculate RL of all the point also apply the asthmatic check use – height of Instrument
method.

Case: Height of Instrument

Station BS IS FS HI RL Remark
A 0.675 100.675 100.00
0.750 1.230 100.195 99.445 Cp1
97.630
2.565 99.970
1.935 2.225 99.905 98.070
1.835 96.685
3.115 3.220 99.8

4) Following staff reading were taken with a level instrument having after 3rd , 6th, 8th reading.

1) 2.225

2) 1.625

3) 0.985

4) 2.095

5) 2.795

6) 1.265

7) 0.605
8) 1.980

9) 1.045

10) 2.685

Enter the above reading in a page of level book. Calculate the RL of the all the point
1st reading bench mark of RL 100 use the rise & fall method.

Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL

A 2.225 100.00
1.625 0.600 100.00

2.095 0.985 0.640 101.240

2.795 0.700 100.54

0.605 1.265 1.530 102.070

1.045 1.980 1.375 100.695

2.685 1.64 99.055

Check: ΣBS-ΣFS=Σrise-Σfall = last RL-first RL

-0.945 = -0.945 = -0.945 (fall)

PROFILE LEVELLING:

This type of leveling is known as – longitudinal section.

The reduced levels of various points at regular intervals are found along a line or a set of
lines. Then the engineers draw the sectional view of the ground to get the profile. This type
of leveling is commonly employed in deciding railways, highways, canal, sewage line
routes.
After getting reduced level of various points along the line, profile of the ground is
plotted on a drawing sheet. Normally vertical scale is much larger than the horizontal
scale to clearly view the profile. Then when the engineers decide the formation level of
the proposed project

The decision is mainly based on balancing, cutting & filling so that the transport
of earth is minimum.

However the proposed gradient of formation level should not be more than as
permitted. After deciding the formation level & the gradient the difference between
two consecutive points is known. If RL of first point is known RL of other points are
calculated.

Problem 1:

The following consecutive reading are taken in the level and a (4m) levelling staff
along continuously sloping line. AB at a common interval of 20m.

1) 0.385

2) 1.030
3) 1.925
4) 2.825
5) 0.625
6) 2.005
7) 3.110

The RL of the first point is 200m.

Enter the readings in a level book & calculate the RL of each point by Rise & fall method &
calculate the gradient joining first & last point.
Solution:

Station Distance BS IS FS Rise Fall RL

A 20 0.385 1.030 0.645 199.35J
40 1.925 1.545 198.46

60 0.625 2.825 0.900 1975

80 2.005 1.38 196.1
100 3.110 1.105 195.075

Check: ΣBS-ΣFS=Σrise-Σfall = last RL-

first RL -4.925 = -4.925 = -4.925
(fall)

Problem 2: Following consecutive readings are taken with a level continuously on

sloping ground.

1) 0.600

2) 1.235

3) 1.860

4) 2.575

5) 0.235

6) 0.915

7) 1.935
8) 2.870

9) 0.565

10) 1.825

11) 2.725

The reduced level of 1st point was 192.125 Enter the level book reading
Calculate the reduced level of point .Apply check, find the gradient of line joining
1st & last point.Use height of instrument method.

Station Distance BS IS FS Rise Fall RL

A 0 0.600 192 725 192.125
20 1.235 191.490
40 1.860 190.865
60 0.235 2.575 190 385 190.150

189.470
80 0.915 188.450

100 1.935 187.515

120 0.565 2.870 188.080 187.512

140 1.825 186.255

Check: ΣBS-ΣFS = last RL-first RL -6.77= -6.77 (fall)

Gradient= -6.77/160 =-0.042