Introduction To Pharmacy: Dr. Md. Shah Amran

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Introduction to Pharmacy

Dr. Md. Shah Amran


Professor
Molecular Pharmacology and Herbal Drug Research Laboratory
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Dhaka
Dhaka-1000
Bangladesh
Introduction to Pharmacy
University of Dhaka
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy
B. Pharm Professional Year I Examination, 2016
Subject –Pharmacy Paper – PHR 101
Course Title –Introduction to Pharmacy
Full Marks – 40 Time – 2 h
Answer any seven questions including question no. 1 (MCQ) which is mandatory and supplied in
a separate sheet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Answer to the question no. 1
Credit hour - 2
Total Marks – 60
1st In-course -10
2nd In-course -10
.........................................
Average of (10+10)/2=10

Final exam - 40
MCQ - 10
Narrative - 30
.................................................
Grand total = 60
For Narrative, an examinee have to answer 6 question out of eight
(serial 2 - 9)
For MCQ – There will be 4 options, examinee have to choose the right
answer and write it in the box at the most right hand side.
What is Pharmacy?

Latin pharmacia meaning administration of drugs,


from Greek pharmakeia,
from Greek pharmakeuein meaning to administer drugs,
from Greek pharmakon meaning magic charm, poison,
drug.

Pharmacy is the art, science, practice and


profession of preparing, preserving, compounding,
and dispensing of drugs or medicines.
Physiology – Basic Health Science, discusses all about human body.
Pathology – Discusses pathogenesis of illness/diseases.
Pharmacology – Discusses the drugs that cure diseases and help to regain the health.
Pharmacy – Discusses all the about Subjects plus manufacturing & QC of drugs.
Who is a Pharmacist?
A person who has graduated with a bachelor
degree in pharmacy from a recognized institution
is called a pharmacist.
The pharmacist is trained in the –
- Manufacture and QC of drugs
- Counseling of patients on the appropriate usage
of medicines,
- Food supplements,
- Herbal preparations and
- Related diseases, disorders or conditions.
It also involves giving advice on maintaining good
health.
What is Drug?
A legal, general and common purpose definition of
DRUG:
Drug can be defined as, “An active chemical
substance that is used for Diagnosis [D], Mitigation
(palliation) [M], Treatment [T] and Prevention [P]
{DMTP} of diseases of humans, animals and plants”.
[Mitigation/Palliation - Relief of symptoms and suffering caused by
cancer and other life-threatening diseases. Palliation helps a patient feel
more comfortable and improves the quality of life, but does not cure the
disease.]
Subjects taught in Pharmacy Course
Pharmacy is an applied science and a multidisciplinary subject. As pre-requisite a student must study science in SSC and
HSC level. Especially in the HSC level as pre-requisite to study Pharmacy at the University level a student must study -
Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.
After getting admitted into the pharmacy course in any University whether public or private, Pharmacy students in different
courses study basic science subjects, medical, pharmaceutical and health science subjects. The total course curriculum is
proposed, prepared and approved by the Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh, in accordance with the Pharmacy Ordinance of
1976 and subsequent amendment of 1978. These subjects include -
Introduction to Pharmacy, Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, Molecular biology,
Parasitology and
Pathology;
Students also study basic and applied pharmaceutical sciences which include -
Inorganic chemistry, Organic chemistry, Physical chemistry, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Medicinal chemistry,
Pharmaceutical chemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control
Spectroscopy
Pharmaceutics Pharmacy practice, Cosmetology, Clinical pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy,
Pharmaceutical Marketing, Pharmaceutical Management, Pharmaceutical Engineering
Disease management
Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and standards (Laws and Ethics in pharmacy),
They also study
Mathematics, Statistics and Information Technology (use of computer in QC);
In the Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm) course, a student needs to study the following subjects:
Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis,
Advanced Medicinal Chemistry,
Chemical Biology, Biotechnology Gene Therapy Functional foods and Nutraceuticals
Cancer Biology
Ion Channel Pharmacology Receptor Pharmacology
Immunopharmacology Bioinformatics and biostatistics
Cardiovascular Pharmacology Sustained Released Dosage Form Technology
Clean room Technology and HVAC system Advanced Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
Pharmaceutical Engineering.
What are the Job opportunities for Pharmacists in home
and abroad?
In Bangladesh, most of the pharmacists work in the private sector. The
job opportunities in the government sector are very limited because
hospital pharmacy and community pharmacy are not yet well established
in our country.
In Pharmaceutical Industries, the pharmacist is responsible for
production, quality control, assurance and management, packaging and
storage, import and export and also for marketing of pharmaceuticals or
medicines. Table 1.1 summarizes the possible fields of work where
pharmacists could build up their career.
In the Hospital or Clinic based Pharmacies, the pharmacist is
responsible for the procurement, storage, distribution, dispensing, usage
and sale of drugs or medicines.
In Model/Retail/Community Pharmacy, Pharmacists are involved in
buy-sell of medicines, in patient counseling, monitoring of adverse
effects, dissemination of drug information and assisting other health
professionals.
Table 1.1: Different branches of Pharmacy where pharmacists can find jobs.
Industrial Government Hospital Community Academics Others
Pharmacy Agencies Pharmacy Pharmacy
Production Drug Clinical, Chain drug Research Entrepreneu
Administratio patient store rship
n counseling
Product CMSD Administratio Supermarket Teaching Merchandizi
development n ng
Quality Public Health Drug Independent Administrati Indenting
control service Information drug store on
Quality Armed forces ADR Drug Publication
assurance monitoring information
Dispensing Government ADR
Hospitals monitoring
Research Regulatory
and Affairs
development
Marketing CMSD = Central Medical Store Department,
and Business ADR = Adverse Drug Reaction,
development R & D = Research and Development.
R&D
Pharmacovigilance activities
Regulatory organization controlling education and
practice of Pharmacy
Regulatory organizations are necessary to regulate the educational sector as
well as the industrial sector related to pharmacy.
1. Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB)
In pharmacy educational sector, the regulatory affairs are supervised by the
Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB) empowered by the Pharmacy
ordinance of 1976.
2. Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA)
In case of pharmaceutical industrial sector, the regulatory affairs are
supervised by the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA).
The detailed description on PCB and DGDA will be found in chapter 13.
3. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Society (BPS)
It is a professional organization of pharmacists and it is also related to the
education and practice of pharmacy.
4. Pharmacy Graduate Association (PGA)
It is an organization of young pharmacists who has enrolled as a pharmacy
student in any university.
5. Bangladesh Association of Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers (BAPI)
It is an organization of owners of pharmaceutical industries.
6. Bangladesh Druggist and Chemist Association (BDCA)
It is an organization of owners of retail pharmacies (medicine selling shops).
7. Bangladesh Medical Association (BMA)
It is an organization of medical doctors.
Alongside PCB and DGDA, BPS, PGA, BAPI, BDCA and BMA collectively play a
role in regulating drug sector of the country.
Drug Laws, Policies and Ethics controlling Education and Practice
of Pharmacy in Bangladesh
1. The Pharmacy Ordinance of 1976
2. The Drugs (Control) Ordinance of 1982
3. The Drugs Act, 1940 (Act no. XXIII of 1940)
4. The National Drug Policy (NDP), 1982, 2005, 2016.
5. Code of Ethics for Pharmacists
6. The Drugs Rules, 1945.
7. The Bengal Drugs Rules, 1946 (as amended by the government of the East Bengal up to
December, 1952).
8. The Pakistan Gazette, 1966 (Extraordinary, Published by the Authority, Rawalpindi, Monday,
April 25, 1966, Government of Pakistan, Office of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports).
9. The Dacca Gazette, 1970 (published in the Dacca gazette, Part I, dated 17th December, 1970,
Department of Health, Government of East Pakistan).
10. The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1951.
11. The Narcotics Control Act, 1990.
12. The Poisons Act, 1919.
13. The Commercial Law and Labor Law.
14. The Unani, Ayurvedic and Homoeopathic Practitioners Act, 1965.
Act no.11 1965 (25TH January, 1965), Pakistan and
15. The Bangladesh Unani and Ayurvedic Practitioners Ordinance, 1983; Ordinance no. XXXII
of 1983.
Professional degrees offered in Pharmacy
Following diploma and degrees are offered by institutions
running pharmacy courses either under an Institute or
University or Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh.
(i) Certificate course in Pharmacy
(ii) Diploma in Pharmacy (DiP)
(iii) Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm, Professional)
(iv) Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D)
(v) Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm)
(vi) Master in Philosophy (M. Phil) in Pharmacy and
(vii) Doctor in Philosophy (Ph. D) in Pharmacy
Official Books regulating Preparation and Sales of
Drugs in Bangladesh

A few essential official books have been published by the


competent authority to regulate the related field of practice of
pharmacy. They are mentioned below:
Bangladesh National Formulary (BDNF)
See section 3.20.3 for detailed description.
Bangladesh Ayurvedic Formulary
Bangladesh Unani Formulary
See section 20.5 for detailed description.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of Bangladesh
See section 20.6 for detailed description.
Role of Pharmacist in safeguarding public Health
As an important member of allied health professional (AHP) that
constitute the health team (Figure 1), pharmacists have a pivotal role in
safeguarding the public health of peoples of the Peoples Republic of
Bangladesh.
Modern health care professionals including doctors, pharmacists,
nurses, and health technologists work as part of multidisciplinary
teams (MDT's), interacting with representatives from a variety of
disciplines to implement a coordinated system of healthcare.

Allied health professional is consisted of four group of professionals


(DPNH)-
Doctors (Physicians)
Pharmacists
Nurses
Health Technologists (Offer diagnostic services)
Figure 1: Interrelationship among the allied health
professionals (Physicians, Pharmacists, Nurses and Health
Technologists) and the patients
A multidisciplinary approach is essential to provide holistic
care to the patients. There are significant benefits of this
approach, including-
(i) Developing expertise in case of disease and patient
management
(ii) Liaison and relation building between professionals
(iii) Potential for community program development
(iv) An understanding of one's own role and that of other
professional roles and expertise, contributing to a holistic
approach
(v) Facilitating open communication among team members
(vi) Developing formal protocols, working agreements,
policies and procedures.
The Pharmacists’ Role in safeguarding public
Health
Pharmacy is a dynamic, client-oriented profession. A
pharmacist’s role is multifaceted. Those working in hospital,
primary care or industrial settings have similar skills,
although with a different emphasis on their range of activities.
The roles and responsibilities of the pharmacists is given in
brief-
(i) As a pharmacist he/she is the expert on drugs and a
specialist in the use of pharmaceuticals. In particular he/she
is concerned with their indication and appropriateness of
regimen as well as adverse reactions, contraindications and
interactions.
(ii) He/she has a responsibility for monitoring prescriptions
and checking for appropriateness and possible errors.
(iii) He/she is an active member of the
interdisciplinary team, acting as a resource person for
doctors, nurses and other health professionals, and a
source of information regarding the pharmaceutical
management of specific health problems.
(iv) The production and proper storage of
medications is his/her responsibility as well as
supervising the dispensing of medications.
(v) He/she is concerned with primary healthcare
and client education to promote the general health of
the public.
(vi) He/she monitors prescribing with regard to the
drugs used, costs and local formularies.
(vii) Pharmacists provide pharmaceutical care, or medicine
management as it’s also known, for patients. This involves
the continuous care of patients regarding the appropriateness
of medication; monitoring and reviewing any repeat
medication; as well as helping with self medication and also
addressing any adherence issues to prescribed regimens.
(viii) Community pharmacists are particularly involved in
the management of minor ailments.
(ix) Specialist pharmacists are involved in the manufacture
and quality control of medicines, as may be found in both
industry and hospital pharmacy.
(x) Academic and industrial pharmacists are involved in
research into new molecules and natural substances with
potential medicinal value and also research into new dosage
forms of medicines.
The Future of Pharmacy in Bangladesh
The future of pharmacy education, profession and industry is very bright in
Bangladesh due to the following reasons –
(i) Presence of strong pharmacy education and practice controlling
organization
Bangladesh has a strong pharmacy education controlling authority entitled,
“Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh (PCB)” formed according to the
Pharmacy Ordinance of 1976.
Bachelor of pharmacy and master of pharmacy courses are offered in about 45
public and private universities. Qualified graduate pharmacists are available to
render clinical and community pharmacy care services. Government is trying to
open hospital and community pharmacy that will open new horizon for the
pharmacists to offer their services to the society.
About 40 institutes are offering diploma in pharmacy courses and the diploma
pharmacists coming out from such institutes are ready to offer their services in
the medical stores in every hospitals and clinics.
Pharmacy council of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Society
(BPS) is offering a “Registration Certificate in Pharmacy” course for retail
pharmacy shop owners to make them qualified dispenser of drugs.
(ii) Presence of strong pharmacy industry controlling organization
Among the Third World countries, Bangladesh is the one and only one country
which has a very developed infrastructure in the field of manufacture and
quality control of drugs.
It has a strong drug regulatory authority entitled, “Directorate general of Drug
Administration (DGDA)” under the ministry of health and family welfare. It
regulates the pharmaceutical industrial sector in respect of manufacture, quality
assurance and control, distribution, sales and marketing, import and export of
drugs by promulgating and enforcing related policies, laws, rules and
regulations.
(iii) Self sufficiency in the production of medicines
As a signatory of the World Health Organization (WHO), Bangladesh obeys
and implements the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in the manufacture
and quality control, import and export of drugs, medical equipments and other
accessories.
At present, Bangladesh produces about 95% of all kind of medicines and
imports only 5% of medicines which are basically DNA recombinant
technology-based or so called high-tech drugs. Many of the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients are also produced in
Bangladesh by the local manufacturers.
(iv) Export of medicines
Bangladesh is not only self sufficient in the production of medicines, it
also exports medicines to about 140 countries of the world and is earning
a lot of foreign currency.
(v) Job market in home and abroad
At present most of the pharmacy graduates are employed in drug
manufacturing industries. But relevant authorities are trying to open
clinical, hospital and retail pharmacy in Bangladesh. If this action comes
into reality huge job market will be opened to the pharmacists.
A lot of Bangladeshi pharmacists are working in USA, UK, many
countries of Europe, Middle East including KSA in the capacity of
retail pharmacists, hospital pharmacists and academia. There is a great
demand of Bangladeshi pharmacists in the foreign countries.

As a result we can infer that the future of pharmacy as a


multidisciplinary professional subject and also as a profession in
Bangladesh is very bright in all possible fields (of job market) where
qualified pharmacists can render their services to the nation.
MCQ
1 The etymology of the term pharmacy is from Greek word ---------------- a
meaning magic charm, poison, drug - (a) pharmakon (b) pharmakeuein (c)
pharmacia (d) pharmakeia.
2 Pharmacy refers to the --------------- which is concerned with the handling of all a
aspects of chemical substances, referred to as medicine or drugs - (a) profession
(b) occupation (c) job (d) none.
3 A person who has graduated with a bachelor degree in pharmacy is called a ------- b
----- - (a) pharmaceutical chemist (b) pharmacist (c) dentist (d) pharmaceutist.
4 The pharmacist is an expert in --------- - (a) excipients (b) active ingredients (c) d
synthesis (d) medicines.
5 In order for the pharmacist to practice pharmacy, which involves the import, sale, d
storage, distribution, export of drugs, chemicals or poisons and health promotion,
the pharmacist has to be registered with the - (a) Bar council (b) Nursing council
(c) Medical council (d) Pharmacy council of Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Bangladesh.
6 Pharmacy is an applied science and a - (a) multidisciplinary subject (b) basic a
subject (c) applied subject (d) none of the above.
7 As pre-requisite a student must study - (a) arts (b) commerce (c) science (d) c
business in SSC and HSC level.
1 Define the term (i) Pharmacy (ii) Pharmacist.
2 Write a brief note on subjects taught in pharmacy course.
3 Write a note on job opportunities of pharmacists.
4 Describe in brief the regulatory organizations that control the
education and practice of pharmacy in Bangladesh.
5 Write a brief note on professional degrees offered in pharmacy
under Institute or University or Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh.
6 Write a short note on role of pharmacist in safeguarding public
health.
7 Describe in brief the official books regulating preparation and sales
of drugs in Bangladesh.
8 Describe in brief the policies, rules, regulations laws and Acts
controlling education and practice of Pharmacy in Bangladesh.
9 Clarify your idea about the future of Pharmacy in Bangladesh.

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