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    Eiffel Tower

    Uploaded by

    Karolina Lada

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Eiffel Tower

    Uploaded by

    Karolina Lada
    5 views10 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views10 pages

    Eiffel Tower

    Uploaded by

    Karolina Lada

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    EIFFEL TOWER

    ISTORY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE MOST FAMOUS


    FRENCH OBJECT

    CONSTRUCTION PROJECT III


    KAROLINA LADA, ZUZANNA KRAKOWIAK
    LOCATION
    CHAMP DE MARS, 5 AV. ANATOLE FRANCE,
    75007 PARIS, FRANCJA

    THE EIFFEL TOWER WAS INITIALLY BUILT TO SERVE AS THE ENTRANCE GATEWAY TO THE INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION
    OF 1889 AS WELL AS A TESTAMENT TO FRENCH INDUSTRIAL INGENUITY. IT HAS SINCE COME TO REPRESENT THE
    DISTINCT CHARACTER OF THE CITY OF PARIS.
    HISTORY
    THEY WANTED "TO STUDY THE POSSIBILITY OF ERECTING AN IRON TOWER ON
    THE CHAMP DE MARS WITH A SQUARE BASE, 125 METERS IN DIAMETER AND 300
    METERS HIGH."
    SELECTED FROM 107 DESIGNS, IT WAS APPROVED BY ENTREPRENEUR GUSTAVE
    EIFFEL, ENGINEERS MAURICE KOECHLIN AND EMILE NOUGUIER AND ARCHITECT
    STEPHEN SAUVESTRE.
    IT WAS CONSTRUCTED FROM 1887 TO 1889 AS THE CENTERPIECE OF THE 1889
    WORLD'S FAIR.

    LATTING OBSERVATORY
    WIND RESISTANCE
    THE CURVATURE OF THE UPRIGHTS IS
    MATHEMATICALLY DETERMINED TO
    OFFER THE MOST EFFICIENT WIND
    RESISTANCE POSSIBLE.

    THE TOWER WAS BUILT TO SWAY


    SLIGHTLY IN THE WIND, BUT THE
    SUN AFFECTS THE TOWER MORE. AS
    THE SUN-FACING SIDE OF THE
    TOWER HEATS UP, THE TOP MOVES
    AS MUCH AS 7 INCHES (18
    CENTIMETERS) AWAY FROM THE SUN.
    DESIGN

    18,038 MATALLIC PARTS

    5,300 WORKSHOP DESIGNS

    50 ENGINEERS AND DESIGNERS

    CONSTRUCTION

    150 WORKERS IN THE LEVALLOIS-PERRET FACTORY

    BETWEEN 150 AND 300 WORKERS ON THE CONSTRUCTION SITE

    2,500,000 RIVETS

    7,300 TONNES OF IRON

    60 TONNES OF PAINT

    5 LIFTS
    START OF CONSTRUCTION
    28 JANUARY 1887

    EACH OF THE 18,000 PIECES USED TO BUILD THE TOWER WAS CALCULATED
    SPECIFICALLY FOR THE PROJECT AND PREPARED IN EIFFEL'S FACTORY ON THE
    OUTSKIRTS OF PARIS.

    ALL THE METAL PIECES OF THE TOWER ARE HELD TOGETHER BY RIVETS, A WELL-
    REFINED METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION AT THE TIME THE TOWER WAS
    CONSTRUCTED.
    THE TOWER WAS ASSEMBLED USING WOODEN SCAFFOLDING AND SMALL
    STEAM CRANES MOUNTED ON THE TOWER ITSELF.

    TWELVE TEMPORARY WOODEN SCAFFOLDS, EACH 30 METERS HIGH, AND 4


    LARGER SCAFFOLDS, EACH 40 METERS HIGH, WERE USED TO ERECT THE
    FIRST LEVEL.

    "SANDBOXES" AND HYDRAULIC JACKS - REPLACED AFTER WEAR WITH


    PERMANENT WEDGES - ALLOWED THE METAL GIRDERS TO BE POSITIONED
    WITH AN ACCURACY OF ONE MILLIMETER.

    ON DECEMBER 7, 1887, THE CONNECTION OF THE MAIN GIRDERS TO THE


    FIRST LEVEL WAS COMPLETED. THE PIECES WERE HAULED UP BY STEAM
    CRANES WHICH CLIMBED THE TOWER BY THEMSELVES USING SKIDS THAT
    WERE TO BE USED FOR THE TOWER'S ELEVATORS.
    AS A RESULT OF THE WEAK SOIL, GUSTAVE EIFFEL CREATED A TWO-SYSTEM
    FOUNDATION FOR THE EIFFEL TOWER. EIFFEL’S TWO SEPARATE SYSTEMS
    WERE CALLED THE DRY FOUNDATION AND THE COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM.
    THE SOIL THAT WAS CLOSEST TO THE RIVERSIDE WAS WHERE MOST OF
    THEWEAK SOIL RESTED. EIFFEL DECIDED THAT BECAUSE OF THIS THE
    FOUNDATION NEAR THE RIVERSIDE SHOULD BE DUG DEEPER THAN THE
    FOUNDATION LOCATED ON THE DRYER SIDE OF THE SITE. THE DEEPER
    FOUNDATIONS WERE BLASTED WITH COMPRESSED AIR AND CERTAIN
    METALCOMPONENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN UNDERWATER
    CONSTRUCTION. WHEN THE DIGGING PORTION WAS COMPLETED, FAST-
    DRYING CEMENT
    WAS POURED. THIS CEMENT WAS USED FOR THE BASE OF THE FOUNDATION
    PIERS. AFTER, LARGE LIMESTONE BLOCKS WERE PLACED ON TOP OF THE
    CEMENT AND COVERED BY LAYERS OF CUT STONE.

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