6-7 - Rational - Numbers

Copyright 2017 - 2018 Maria Miller.
EDITION 3/2018
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author.
Copying permission: Permission IS granted to reproduce this material to be used with one (1) teacher's students by
virtue of the purchase of this book. In other words, one (1) teacher MAY make copies of these worksheets to be used
with his/her students. Permission is not given to reproduce the material for resale. If you have other needs, such as
school-wide licensing, contact the author at www.MathMammoth.com/contact.php
2
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................ 4
Fractions and Decimals .......................................................... 8

Rational Numbers .................................................................. 11
Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers ........................ 19
Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 1 ............................ 25
Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 2 ............................ 29
Many Operations with Rational Numbers ........................... 36
Scientific Notation ................................................................... 40
Equations with Fractions ....................................................... 43
Equations with Decimals ........................................................ 48
Review ..................................................................................... 51
Answers .................................................................................. 56
More from Math Mammoth ................................................... 76
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Introduction
In Math Mammoth Rational Numbers we study rational numbers, which are numbers that can be written as a ratio
of two integers. All fractions and whole numbers are rational numbers, and so are percentages and decimals (except
non-ending non-repeating decimals). Hopefully, students already know a lot about rational numbers and how to
calculate with them. Our focus in this book is to extend that knowledge to negative fractions and negative decimals.
The first lesson, Fractions and Decimals, reviews methods of converting fractions to decimals and decimals to
fractions.
Next, we present the definition of a rational number, how to convert rational numbers back and forth between their
fractional and decimal forms, and a bit about repeating decimals (most fractions become repeating decimals when
written as decimals). The next lesson deals with adding and subtracting rational numbers, with an emphasis on
adding and subtracting negative fractions and decimals.
The next two lessons are about multiplying and dividing rational numbers. The first of the two focuses on basic
multiplication and division with negative fractions and decimals. The second of the two compares multiplying and
dividing in decimal notation to multiplying and dividing in fraction notation. Students come to realize that, though
the calculations—and even the answers—may look very different, the answers are equal. The lesson also presents
problems that mix decimals, fractions, and percentages, and deals with real-life contexts for the problems and the
importance of pre-estimating what a reasonable answer would be.
The lesson Multiple Operations with Rational Numbers reviews the order of operations and applies it to fraction
and decimal problems with more than one operation. It also presents a simple method to solve complex fractions,
which are fractions that contain another fraction, either in the numerator, in the denominator, or in both.
After a lesson on scientific notation, the instructional portion of the book concludes with two lessons on solving
simple equations that involve fractions and decimals.
I wish you success in teaching math!
Maria Miller, the author
4
Helpful Resources on the Internet
Rational Numbers - Video Lessons by Maria
A set of free videos that teach the topics in this book - by the author.
http://www.mathmammoth.com/videos/prealgebra/pre-algebra-videos.php#rational
RATIONAL NUMBERS
Compare Positive and Negative Decimals

Choose the correct inequality or equals sign from the dropdown box between each set of two numbers.
http://www.transum.org/software/SW/Starter_of_the_day/Students/Inequalities.asp?Level=2
Compare Rational Numbers

Practice comparing decimals, percents, fractions, and mixed numbers in this interactive exercise.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/cc-seventh-grade-math/cc-7th-fractions-decimals/cc-7th-add-sub-rational-numbers/e/comparing-rational-
numbers
Recurring Decimals and Fractions

Grade or No Grade where you answer multiple-choice questions about repeating decimals.
https://sites.google.com/a/revisemaths.org.uk/revise/number-files/recdecfrac-gong.swf?attredirects=0
Terminating vs. Repeating Decimals Game

A card game that practices repeating and terminating decimals. Several fun twists to score extra points! This game
costs $1 (per download).
http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Terminating-VS-Repeating-Decimals-Game-425199
Terminating and Repeating Decimals Worksheet

A 10-question online quiz about repeating decimals.
http://worksheets.tutorvista.com/terminating-and-repeating-decimals-worksheet.html
Converting Repeating Decimals to Fractions

A lesson that explains the method for writing repeating decimals as fractions.
http://www.basic-mathematics.com/converting-repeating-decimals-to-fractions.html
Classifying Numbers
Drag the given numbers to the correct sets. This chapter of Math Mammoth does not teach about square roots and
irrational numbers, but you can probably do these activities, if you note that most square roots are irrational, and
that the set of whole numbers is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}.
http://www.softschools.com/math/classifying_numbers/
http://www.softschools.com/math/classifying_numbers/real_rational_integer_whole_natural_irrational_number_table/
Number System Muncher

“Munch” or select all the numbers from the grid that are in the specified set. Again, this chapter of Math
Mammoth does not teach about square roots and irrational numbers, but you can probably play the game,
if you note the following: Finding a square root is the opposite operation of squaring. For example, √25 = 5
because 52 = 25. Therefore, √25 is actually a natural number (5). However, most square roots, such as
√5 and √13 are irrational.
https://web.archive.org/web/20160323053948/http://staff.argyll.epsb.ca/jreed/math9/strand1/munchers.htm
ADD AND SUBTRACT RATIONAL NUMBERS
Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers Test

A 15-question test about adding, subtracting, and comparing rational numbers.
http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/math/hcpsalgebra1/Documents/examviewweb/ev2-2.htm
5
Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers Worksheets
Generate a worksheet for adding and subtracting negative fractions and decimals.
http://www.math-aids.com/Algebra/Algebra_1/Basics/Add_Sub_Rational.html
Add Decimals Quiz

Reinforce your decimal addition skills with this 10-question online quiz.
https://www.thatquiz.org/tq-3/?-j1i1-lk-p0
Add Fractions Quiz

Add the fractions, and express the answer as a simple fraction in lowest terms in this 10-question quiz.
https://www.thatquiz.org/tq-3/?-j1gh-la-p0
Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers

Practice addition and subtraction of rational numbers with this interactive quiz that practices equivalent fractions,
addition on the number line, and more.
http://www.buzzmath.com/Docs#CC07E11776
Adding and Subtracting Negative Fractions

Practice adding and subtracting positive and negative fractions with this interactive online activity.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-basics/basic-alg-foundations/alg-basics-
fractions/e/adding_and_subtracting_fractions

Practice adding and subtracting negative fractions, decimals, and percents with this interactive online exercise.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/cc-seventh-grade-math/cc-7th-fractions-decimals/cc-7th-add-sub-rational-
numbers/e/adding_and_subtracting_rational_numbers
Add and Subtract Fractions Quiz

Add and subtract negative fractions and solve simple equations. Refresh the page to get a different set of questions.
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=asa&wcsuffix=0204
MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE RATIONAL NUMBERS
Multiply and Divide Fractions Quizzes

Multiple-choice quizzes of five questions. Refresh the page to get a different set of questions.
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=asa&wcsuffix=0205
Fractions Quiz
Multiple-choice quiz of five questions. Refresh the page to get a different set of questions.
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?wcprefix=asa&wcsuffix=0205&area=view
Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers Quiz

A multiple-choice quiz of five questions.
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/math/multiply_rational_numbers/quiz3285.html
Multiply and Divide Fractions

Practice multiplying and dividing fractions with positive numbers with this interactive exercise.
http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/algebra_book/online_problems/md_fractions.htm#exercises
Divide Positive and Negative Fractions

Practice dividing fractions. The fractions in these problems may be positive or negative.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-basics/basic-alg-foundations/alg-basics-fractions/e/dividing_fractions_2
Multiply Decimals by Fractions - Short Quiz

Practice multiplying decimals by fractions with this multiple-choice quiz.
https://www.sophia.org/concepts/multiplying-decimals-by-fractions
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Divide Fractions by Decimals - Short Quiz
Practice dividing fractions by decimals with this multiple-choice quiz.
https://www.sophia.org/concepts/dividing-fractions-by-decimals
Multiplying and Dividing Negative Numbers Word Problems

Practice matching situations to multiplication and division expressions and equations.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/cc-seventh-grade-math/cc-7th-negative-numbers-multiply-and-divide/cc-7th-mult-div-neg-
word-problems/e/negative-number-word-problems-1
Fractions Quiz
Practice negative fractions with this interactive online quiz.
Simplify Complex Fractions

Practice simplifying complex fractions with this interactive online activity from Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/cc-seventh-grade-math/cc-7th-negative-numbers-multiply-and-divide/cc-7th-mult-div-fractions-2/e/complex-fractions
Complex Fractions Quiz

Practice simplifying complex fractions with this interactive quiz.
http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/LPerez/Algebra2go/prealgebra/fractions/compFrac.html
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific Notation
Interactive practice where you write the given number in scientific notation.
http://www.xpmath.com/forums/arcade.php?do=play&gameid=21
Scientific Notation Quiz

Write numbers in scientific notation, and vice versa. You can also modify the quiz parameters.
http://www.thatquiz.org/tq-c/?-j820-l6-p0
Scientific Notation Quizzes

Short, multiple-choice quizzes on scientific notation.
EQUATIONS / GENERAL
Equations Quizzes
Five-question quizzes on simple equations with decimals or fractions. Refresh the page to get different questions.
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=ara&wcsuffix=0404
OR
http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=bja&wcsuffix=0508
Fraction Four Game

Choose “algebra” as the question type to solve equations that involve fractions in this connect-the-four game.
http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/FractionFour/
One-Step Equations with Fractions

This algebra 1 worksheet will produce one step problems containing fractions.
http://www.math-aids.com/Algebra/Algebra_1/Equations/One_Step_Fractions.html
One-Step Equations: Fractions and Decimals

Practice solving equations in one step by multiplying or dividing a number from both sides.
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/one-variable-linear-equations/alg1-one-step-mult-div-equations/e/one-
step-mult-div-equations-2
7th Grade Numbers and Operations Jeopardy Game

The questions in this game range from absolute value to different operations with rational numbers.
http://www.math-play.com/7th-Grade-Numbers-and-Operations-Jeopardy/7th-Grade-Numbers-and-Operations-Jeopardy.html
7
Fractions and Decimals
You already know how to change decimals to fractions. You can also write this as a mixed number,
The number of decimal digits tells you the denominator in which case you take the whole number
—it is always a power of ten with as many zeros as you part from the decimal, and the actual decimal
have decimal digits. For the numerator, just copy all the digits from the numerator:
digits from the number.
1,530,599 30,599
30,928 15.30599 = = 15
Example: 3.0928 = 100,000 100,000
10,000
1. Write as fractions.
a. 0.09 b. 0.005 c. 0.045
d. 0.00371 e. 0.02381 f. 0.0000031
2. Write as fractions and also as mixed numbers.
a. 2.9302 b. 2.003814
c. 5.3925012 d. 3.0078
e. 3.294819 f. 45.00032
When changing a fraction into a decimal, we have several tools in

our “toolbox.”
3 451,593
Tool 1. If the denominator of a fraction is already a power of ten, there = 0.3 = 45.1593
10 10,000
is not much to do but to write it as a decimal. The number of zeros in
the power of ten tells you the number of decimal digits you need.
3. Write as decimals.
36 5,009 45
a. b. c. 1
100 1000 1000
3908 593 5903

d. e. 2 f.
10,000 100,000 1,000,000
45,039,034 435,112 450,683

g. h. i.
1,000,000 10,000 100,000
8 Math Mammoth Rational Numbers (Blue Series)

÷3 ÷2 × 125
Tool 2. With some fractions, you can find
an equivalent fraction with a denominator 27 9 66 33 3 375
= = 0.9 = = 0.33 = = 0.375
of 10, 100, 1000, etc. and then write the 30 10 200 100 8 1,000
fraction as a decimal.
÷3 ÷2 × 125
4. Write as decimals. Think of the equivalent fraction that has a denominator of 10, 100, or 1000.
1 1 1
a. b. c. 1
5 8 20
9 12 3
d. 3 e. f. 8
25 200 4
3 13 7
g. 4 h. i.
5 20 8
11 24 95
j. k. l.
125 400 500
5. In these problems, you see both fractions and decimals. Either change the decimal into a fraction, or vice versa.
You decide which way is easier! Then, calculate mentally.
1 1 3 5
a. 0.2 + b. 0.34 + 1 c. 2 + 1.3 d. − 0.09
4 5 5 8
3 1 14 18
e. 0.02 + f. 1.9 + 3 g. − 0.23 h. + 0.07
4 8 20 25
Tool 3. Most of the time, in order to change a fraction to a decimal, 5

you simply treat the fraction as a division problem and divide (with = 5 ÷ 6 = 0.83333.... ≈ 0.83
6
a calculator or long division).
6. Use long division in your notebook to write these fractions as decimals. Give your answers to three decimal
digits.
2 3 7
a. = b. = c. =
9 7 16
7. Use a calculator to write these fractions as decimals. Give your answers to three decimal digits.
1 3 47
a. = b. = c. =
11 23 56

8. Label the bold tick marks on the number line “0,” “1,” and “2.” Then mark the following numbers on it where
they belong.
1 1 2 3 4
0.2, , 0.65, 1 , 0.04, , 1.22, 1 , 1.95, 1
4 3 5 4 5
9. One bag of milk powder contains 900 g.

Another contains 3/4 kg.
What is the combined weight of the two?
10. A puzzle measures 14 3/8 inches by 20 3/8 inches.
a. Write these mixed numbers as decimals.
b. Calculate the area of the puzzle in square inches (as a decimal).
11. Flax seed costs $11.45 per kilogram. Sally bought 1 3/4 kg of it.
Calculate the total price of Sally’s purchase (in dollars and cents).
12. Explain two different ways to calculate the price of 3/8 of a liter of oil, if one liter costs $12.95.
(You do not have to calculate the price; just explain two ways how to do it.)
13. Give your answer to each of the following problems as both a fraction and as a decimal.
a. 0.3 × 5/8
b. 3/4 × 1.5

Rational Numbers
If you can write a number as a ratio of two integers, it is a rational number.
43
For example, 4.3 is a rational number because we can write it as the ratio or 43:10.
10
Note: When representing rational numbers, we usually indicate the ratio with a fraction line rather than a colon.
Examples of −10 10
rational numbers Since −10 can be written as , it is a rational number. It can also be written as .
1 −1
1
Since 0.1 can be written as , it is also a rational number.
10
324
Since 3.24 can be written as , it, too, is a rational number.
100
Negative fractions
7
The ratio of the integers 7 and −10 gives us the fraction . As we studied earlier, we usually write
−10
7
this as − and read it as “negative seven tenths.”
10
Obviously, all fractions, whether negative or positive, are rational numbers.
Negative fractions give us negative decimals.

8 21
For example, − is written as a decimal as −0.8, and −5 = −5.21.
10 100
You can write a rational number as a ratio of two integers in many ways.
For example, the decimal −1.4 can be written as a ratio of two integers in all these ways (and more!):
−14 −28 28 42 −42 −7
−1.4 = = = = = =
10 20 −20 −30 30 5
So −1.4 is definitely a rational number!☺But the same holds true for all rational numbers—you can always
write them as a ratio of two integers in multitudes of ways.
1. Write these numbers as a ratio (fraction) of two integers.
a. 6 b. −100 c. 0 d. 0.21
e. −1.9 f. −5.4 g. −0.56 h. 0.022
2. Are all percents, such as 34% or 5%, rational numbers? Justify your answer.

3. Form a fraction from the two given integers. Then convert it into a decimal.
a. 8 and 5 b. −4 and 10 c. 89 and −100
d. −5 and 2 e. 91 and −1000 f. −1 and −4
1 7 5 1 3
4. Mark the fractions on the number line below: − , − , −1 , −2 , −2
2 8 8 4 4
5. Write the fractions and mixed numbers marked by the arrows.
6. Mark the decimals on the number line: −0.11, −0.58, −0.72, −0.04
7. Sketch a number line from −3 to 0. Place tick marks at every tenth. Then mark the following numbers on
your number line: −0.2, −1.5, −2.8.

z Simply copy all the digits from the decimal number
that will form the numerator (omit the decimal point).
z The denominator is always the power of ten with as
Review: How to write many zeros as there are decimal digits in the number.
decimals as fractions 30,928
Example 1. 3.0928 =
10,000
(Four decimal digits means the denominator is 104 or 10,000.)
You can also write decimals as mixed numbers, in which case you copy only the digits from the decimal part to
be the numerator, and the whole-number part of the decimal becomes the whole-number part of the mixed
number.
447301
Example 2. 5.00447301 = 5
100,000,000
Note: This method does not apply to non-ending decimals (such as 1.333333...)!
8. Write these decimals as fractions.
a. 0.3928 b. 1.028384 c. 0.0043928
d. −0.00584 e. −9.2031 f. 1018.2939
9. Write these decimals as mixed numbers.
a. 2.0038 b. 7.483901 c. 101.4832
d. −12.039 e. −4830.22 f. −8.028567
10. Let’s also try this the other way around! Write the fractions as decimals. Reminder: The number of zeros in
the denominator tells you the number of decimal digits you need.
8 3,107 938
a. − b. c. 8
10,000 100 100,000
553,911 3,912,593 45,101

d. − e. f.
10,000 1000 1,000,000
11. Write these rational numbers as ratios of two integers (fractions) in a lot of different ways.
2
a. −2 = − =
1
6
b. 0.6 = =
10

Writing fractions as decimals
You have just seen that it is easy to rewrite a fraction as a decimal when the denominator is a power of ten.
However, when it is not (which is most of the time), simply treat the fraction as a division and divide. You
will get either a terminating decimal or a non-terminating repeating decimal. See the examples below.
31 0 0.7 7 5
Example 3. Write as a decimal. 40) 3 1.0 0 0 0
40
-280
This division terminates (comes out even) after just three decimal digits. 300
31 - 280
We get = 0.775. This is a terminating decimal. 200
40
-200
0
18 0 1.6 3 6 3
Example 4. Write as a decimal. )
11 1 8.0 0 0 0
11
-1 1
We write 18 as 18.0000 in the long division “corner” and divide by 11. Notice how 70
the digits “63” in the quotient and the remainders 40 and 70 start repeating. -66
18
40
So = 1.636363... -33
11
70
We can use an ellipsis (three dots, or “…”) to indicate that the decimal is non-terminating. -66
A better notation is to draw a bar (a line) over the digits that repeat: 1.636363... = 1.63. 40
-33
This number is called a repeating decimal because the digits “63” repeat forever! 7
The decimal form of ANY rational number is either a terminating decimal or a repeating decimal.
Example 5. The repeating decimal 1.90510505050505... is written as 1.905105. Notice that the bar marks only
the digits that repeat (“05”). The digits “9051” aren’t included.
Example 6. The decimal 0.0561 means the same as 0.056161616161...

Since it is a repeating decimal, it is a rational number. That means we can write it as a fraction.
Which fraction?
We will not study this method in this grade, but just as a preview, here’s how it is done:
In our decimal (let’s call it x for short) we need to make the repeating
100x = 5.616161 …
digits go away. Here two digits repeat, so if we multiply x by 100, the
digits repeat in 100x in the same place values that they do in x. (Why?) – x = 0.056161 …
That means we can subtract 100x – x = 99x to make the repeating
digits go away. Then if we divide both sides by 99, our decimal has 99x = 5.56
become a fraction in ninety-ninths. All we have left to do is to find x = 5.56/99 = 556/9900
a number to multiply the numerator and denominator to make them both
integers (preferably in the lowest terms). Like this: = 139/2475
You can divide these fractions on a calculator to check them. Other repeating decimals can be figured in a
similar way. For example, if three digits repeat in x, you will need to calculate 1000x – x = 999x. And so on.
You can find more about the method for writing repeating decimals as fractions on web pages like:
http://www.basic-mathematics.com/converting-repeating-decimals-to-fractions.html

12. Write each decimal using a line over the repeating part.
a. 0.09090909... b. 5.6843434343... c. 0.19866666666...
13. Do it the other way around: write the repeating digits several times followed by an ellipsis (three dots).
a. 0.0887 b. 0.2456 c. 2.17234
14. a. Is 0.98989898.... = 0.98 a rational number?

b. Is 2.064241 a rational number?
c. Are all repeating decimals rational numbers?
Example 7. The decimal 0.095 is a terminating decimal, but we could write it with an
unending decimal expansion if we write zeros for all the decimal places after thousandths:
0.095 = 0.095000000000...
In other words, we can think of it as repeating the digit zero. In that sense, 0.095 = 0.0950.
However, as you know, we normally write terminating decimals without the extra zeros.
15. Which decimal is greater?
a. Which is more, 0.3 or 0.3? b. Which is more, 0.55 or 0.5?

How much more? How much more?
c. Which is more, 0.450 or 0.45? d. Which is more, 0.12 or 0.12?

How much more? How much more?
16. Write as decimals, using a line over the repeating part (if any). Use long division.
2 1 8
a. b. 1 c.
3 3 9

16. Write as decimals, using a line over the repeating part (if any). Use long division.
7 19 1
d. 2 e. f.
16 24 6
8 0.2 5 8 0 6 4
Example 8. Write the decimal expansion of to five decimal digits. )
31 31 8.0 0 0 0 0 0
-6 2
We cannot see any repeating pattern in the long division in the first six decimals. 180
Therefore, we stop the division after six decimals, and round the number to five decimals. -1 5 5
8 250
We get ≈ 0.25806. -248
31
20
Now, there is a pattern in the decimal digits. (How do we know that? Because 8/31 is - 0
a rational number.) But the pattern is 15 digits long! You can find it with a calculator 200
that shows more than 15 digits, such as one on a computer. -186
140
(The calculator gives the decimal expansion as 0.25806451612903225806451612903226. -124
Can you find the repeating part?) 16
17. a. Find the repeating pattern in the decimal

expansion of 2/17 using a calculator.
Hint: if your calculator doesn’t show enough decimals,
try these online calculators:
http://keisan.casio.com/calculator
https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculator-precision.html
b. Find the repeating pattern in the decimal

expansion of 5 17/21 using a calculator.

18. Write in decimal form. Use long division, and calculate each answer to at least six decimal places. If you
find a repeating pattern, give the repeating part. If you don’t, round your answer to five decimals.
5 b. 0.23 ÷ 4 c. 0.76 ÷ 11
a. 2
18
Are there any numbers that are not rational? Are there unending decimals that don’t repeat in a pattern?
Yes, there are. For example, if you divide the circumference of an ideal circle by its diameter, you get
a number that we denote as Pi. Pi cannot be written as a ratio of two integers. It is an irrational number.
Its decimal expansion goes on forever without any repeating pattern. Here are the first few digits of it:
Pi = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209...
Another example is the square root of 2 (the number whose square is 2). It is close to
1.41421356, but once again, its decimal expansion goes on forever without any repeating pattern.
It can be proven that it cannot be written as a fraction, so it is irrational.
Mathematicians have found many other irrational numbers as well. In fact, there are more irrational
numbers than there are rational ones. However, our normal daily life revolves around rational numbers.

19. Patterns! Write as decimals. Use a notebook for long divisions. Not all of these are repeating decimals, but
those that are have a pattern in their repeating parts! The first one is done for you.
a. b. c. d.
1 1 1 1
= 0.3 = = =
3 9 4 6
2 2 2 2
= 0.6 = = =
3 9 4 6
3 3 3 3
= 1 = = =
3 9 4 6
4 4 4 4
= 1.3 = = =
3 9 4 6
5 5 5 5
= 1.6 = = =
3 9 4 6
6 6 6 6
= 2 = = =
3 9 4 6
e. f. g. h.
1 1 1 1
= 0.142857 = = =
7 8 5 11
2 2 2 2
= = = =
7 8 5 11
3 3 3 3
= = = =
7 8 5 11
4 4 4 4
= = = =
7 8 5 11
5 5 5 5
= = = =
7 8 5 11
6 6 6 6
= = = =
7 8 5 11
7 7 7 7
= = = =
7 8 5 11
When the fraction 1/3 is written as a decimal, it is 0.33333…. This could

be rounded to three decimals (0.333), or to six decimals (0.333333), or to
any other number of decimals.
Find the difference between 0.3 rounded to five decimals and 0.3 rounded to only two decimals.

In this lesson you will add and subtract rational numbers (both fractions and decimals), with emphasis on adding
and subtracting negative rational numbers. It is fairly easy because adding and subtracting negative rational
numbers works the same way as adding and subtracting integers.
Adding several negative numbers

How do you add if all the addends are negative? For example, to add −10 + (−5) + (−7) + (−9), we add the
absolute values of the numbers, then give the answer as a negative. Lots of negatives add up to a large negative!
Since 10 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 31, the answer to the original sum is −31. 0.2
1.9
It works the same way with negative rational numbers. For example, to find the sum 2.0 5
−0.2 + (−1.9) + (−2.05) + (−0.78), we first add the absolute values, which gives us 4.93. + 0.7 8
The answer to the original sum is −4.93. 4.9 3
Adding one positive and one negative number

Do you remember how to add −14 + 11 or 25 + (−9)?
When you have one negative and one positive number, check which side “wins,” so to speak. In other words,
check whether the positive or the negative number has the greater absolute value.
The next step is to actually subtract the absolute values of the two numbers to determine, so to speak, by how
much the winning side wins. To do that you need to find the difference in their absolute values. It is kind of
funny to think that to find the answer to an addition problem you need to subtract, but it is so!
Example 1. Add 19.58 + (−42.3).
11 12
Compare the absolute values. Since 19.58 < 42.3, the negative side will “win” and our final 3 1 2 10
answer will be negative. To find out by how much the negative side wins, we subtract 4 2. 3 0
the absolute values of the two numbers: 19.58 and 42.3. (See the subtraction on the right.) − 1 9. 5 8
Therefore, 19.58 + (−42.3) = −22.72. 2 2. 7 2
1. Add.
a. −0.9 + (−0.6) b. −1.8 + 0.5 c. −0.4 + 0.7
2. Add.
a. −0.9 + (−0.67) + (−2.405) b. −10.08 + 4.5 c. −3.4 + 7.98

Adding fractions
3 6
To add fractions, you can follow the same procedure as Example. + −
4 7
for decimals, but there is also an easier way.
3 −6
3 6 +
Example 2. Add + − . We could figure out which 4 7
4 7
fraction has a larger absolute value, then subtract the smaller 21 −24
+
absolute value from the larger one, and so on. But the easier 28 28
way is this: Simply add the fractions
6 −6 21 + (−24) −3 3
normally and treat the negative fraction − as . You = = −
7 7
28 28 28
will end up with an integer addition in the numerator.
3. Add the fractions.
3 2 1 6
a. + − b. + −
5 3 9 9
3 2 1 3
c. − + d. − +
4 9 6 8
1 1 9 2
e. + − f. + −
8 3 10 3

Adding a mix of positive and negative numbers
1. First add all the positive numbers and all the negative numbers separately.
2. Lastly add these two totals as we did in the box, “Adding one positive and one negative number.”
Example 3. Add −9.5 + 2.4 + 0.5 + (−4.3) + (−0.8).

Adding all the negative decimals, we get −9.5 + (−4.3) + (−0.8) = −14.6.
The positives total to 2.4 + 0.5 = 2.9.
Lastly, we add those two totals: 2.9 + (−14.6) = −11.7.
4. Add.
a. −0.5 + 0.6 + (−1.2) + (−1.4) + 1.6 b. −$1.08 + (−$4.30) + $0.56 + $0.99 + (−$0.25)
1 1 4 1 5 1 3 3 7
c. + − + − + d. + − + + − + −
2 3 3 6 8 2 4 2 8

Subtracting rational numbers
1. Sometimes you can use mental math and visualize a number line jump.
Example 4. 1.2 − 1.5
Think of starting at 1.2 and moving towards the negatives. You will pass zero and go three tenths
farther into the negative “zone.” The answer is −0.3.
2. At other times, you may need to use the definition of subtraction:
The difference of the numbers a and b is the sum of a and the opposite of b: a − b = a + (−b)
In other words, instead of subtracting a number, you add its opposite.

11 1
Example 5. Solve − − − .
12 3
11 1
We simply change the subtraction into addition to get − + .
12 3
11 1 11 4 −11 + 4 −7 7
Then, − + = − + = = = − .
12 3 12 12 12 12 12
5. Draw a number line jump for each addition or subtraction, just like you did with integers.
a. −1.4 − 0.8 b. 1 − 2.8
c. 1.1 − 2.2 d. −1.7 + 0.8
e. −0.9 + (−1.2) f. −1.2 − (−0.5)
6. Find the distance between the two numbers. The number lines above can help.
a. −0.8 and −2.2 b. 0.9 and −1.3 c. −1.1 and −0.4
7. Solve.
a. −1.2 − 0.6 b. 0.3 − 1.2 c. −0.8 − (−0.8)

8. Solve.
a. 0.97 − 1.67 b. −5.61 − 0.9 c. 2.5 − (−4.2) + (−0.3)
9. Solve.
2 2 5 5 1 1 1 9
a. − − − − b. + − + + − + −
9 3 9 8 8 4 2 8
10. Mark has $5.50 in his piggy bank. He wants to buy an activity book that costs $7.90.
His mom said he can owe her the part that he cannot pay now. Write a number
sentence to represent Mark’s money situation (balance) after the purchase.
11. Explain a real-life situation for the sum −$50 + (−$12.90).
12. A weather station measures the temperature every hour. At 6 AM it was −5.6°C and at 12 PM it was −0.9°C.
How much warmer was it at noon than at 6 AM?

13. Do you remember how to find the distance between two numbers a and b? It is given by the expression
| a − b | . Evaluate the expression | a − b | for the given values of a and b. Check that the answer you get
is the same as if you had used a number line to figure out the distance between the two numbers.
a. a = 0.7 and b = −0.7 b. a = −7.8 and b = −5.4
| − |=
c. a = 1/4 and b = −3 1/4 d. a = −4/10 and b = −9/10
14. Which expressions can be used to find the distance between x and 2/3?
a. | x − 2/3 | b. x − 2/3 c. | x + 2/3 | d. | 2/3 − x | e. x − (−2/3) f. | x − (−2/3) |
15. The table lists the average high and low temperatures for each month in the state of Alaska. It is based on the
averages of daily high and low temperatures in 34 towns in Alaska.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average High
−4.3 −8.9 −6.3 −8.5 4.4 10.5 16.1 17.4 16.2 11.4 3.1 −4.3
Temperature (°C)
Average Low
−4.7 −16.5 −15.1 −14.7 −5.7 0.4 5.7 7.8 6.8 2.7 −4.1 −11.4
Temperature (°C)
Difference
Calculate the difference between the average high and low temperature for each month.
Describe your findings.
In which month(s) is the temperature variation the greatest?
In which month(s) is the temperature variation the least?
16. Quarks are particles that are even smaller than protons and neutrons. In fact, protons and neutrons are thought
to be made up of quarks. The two most common kinds of quarks (whimsically called “flavors”) are “up” (u)
quarks, with a charge of +2/3e, and “down” (d) quarks, with a charge of −1/3e, where e is the so-called
“elementary charge” (defined as the charge on a proton).
a. A neutron (n) is thought to be composed of one up and two down quarks (u+d+d).
Based on that, what should the charge on a neutron be?
b. A proton (p) is thought to be composed of two up quarks and one down quark (u+u+d).
If that is so, then what should the charge on a proton be?
c. A pion (pi meson, π+) is thought to be composed of an up quark and a down anti-quark
(the opposite of a down quark) (u+(¯d)). Given that, what charge should a pion have?
d. An anti-pion (pi anti-meson, π−) is thought to be composed of an up anti-quark (the opposite of an up

quark) and a down quark ((¯u)+d). Assuming that is correct, what should the charge be on an anti-pion?

Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 1
In real life we often combine fractions, decimals, ratios, and percentages — rational numbers in different
forms — in the same situation. You need to be able to easily calculate with them in their different forms.
In this lesson, we will concentrate on multiplying and dividing decimals and fractions because percentages are
usually rewritten as decimals and ratios as fractions before calculating with them.
To multiply decimals
Shortcut: First multiply as if there were no decimal points. Then put the decimal point in the answer so that the
number of decimal digits in the answer is the SUM of the number of the decimal digits in all the factors.
Example 1. Solve −0.2 · 0.09.
Multiply 2 · 9 = 18. The answer will have three decimals and be negative (Why?), so the answer is −0.018.
Multiply fractions and mixed numbers 4 1

Example 2. − · −5
1. Change any mixed numbers 5 8
to fractions.
4 41 A negative times a negative makes
2. Multiply using the shortcut = − · − a positive, so we can drop the
(multiply the numerators; 5 8 minus signs in the next step.
multiply the denominators).
4 · 41 1 · 41 41 1
= = = = 4
5·8 5·2 10 10
1. Write the rational numbers in their four forms.
ratio fraction decimal percentage ratio fraction decimal percentage
2 7
a. 2:5 = = 0.4 = 40% d. = = =
5 20
b. 3:4 = = = e. = = = 55%
c. 4:25 = = = f. = = 0.85 =
2. Multiply these in your head.
a. 0.1 · 6.5 b. −0.08 · 0.006 c. −0.09 · 0.02
d. −0.2 · (−1.6) e. −0.8 · 1.1 · (−0.02) f. 0.82
g. (−0.5)2 h. (−0.2)3 i. (−0.1)5

3. Multiply
1 3 1 1 2 5 3
a. − · − b. · −2 c. − · ·
7 8 5 2 9 6 10
1 5 7 12 8 3 1
d. − 3 · e. · − f. · − ·1
4 2 18 27 7 10 2
4. Multiply using the regular multiplication algorithm (write one number under the other).
a. 12.5 · 2.5 b. −0.088 · 0.16
c. −9.08 · (−0.006) d. 24 · (−0.0087)

To divide decimals
1. If the divisor has no decimal digits, you can divide using long division “as is.”
2. If the divisor does have decimal digits, multiply both the dividend and the divisor by the same number
(usually a power of ten) to make the divisor into a whole number. Now with that whole number divisor,
performing the long division has become straightforward.
Example 3. Solve 6 ÷ 0.5 without a calculator.

Since 0.5 fits into 6 exactly twelve times, the answer is 12. So mental math was sufficient in this case.
Example 4. Solve −92.91 ÷ 0.004 without a calculator. 2 3 2 2 7.5

4 ) 9 2 9 1 0.0
It may be easier to write the problem using a fraction line:
-8
−92.91 −929.1 −9291 −92910 12
= = = -1 2
0.004 0.04 0.4 4
09
Notice how we multiply both the dividend and the divisor repeatedly by 10 until the -8
divisor becomes a whole number (4). (You could, of course, simply multiply them 11
both by 1,000 to start with.) Then we use long division. - 8
30
The long division gives us the absolute value of the final answer, but we still need -28
to apply the correct sign. So −92.91 ÷ 0.004 = −23,227.5. 20
Does this make sense? Yes. The answer has a very large absolute value because -20
0.004 is a very tiny number, and thus it “fits” into 92.91 multitudes of times. 0
5. Divide using mental math.
a. −0.88 ÷ 4 b. 8.1 ÷ 9 c. 72 ÷ 10000
d. −1.6 ÷ (−0.2) e. 8 ÷ 0.1 f. 0.8 ÷ (−0.04)
6. Multiply both the dividend and the divisor by the same number so that you get a divisor that is a whole number.
Then divide using long division. If necessary, round your answer to three decimal digits.
a. 27.6 ÷ 0.3 b. 2.088 ÷ 0.06

To divide fractions and mixed numbers 4 1
Example 5. ÷ −2
1. Change any mixed numbers to fractions. 5 2
2. Divide using the shortcut. (Change the division into 4 5

a multiplication by the reciprocal of the divisor.) = ÷ −
5 2
4 2 8
= · − = −
5 5 25
The answer makes sense, because 2 1/2
does not fit into 4/5, not even half-way.
7. Divide.
2 6 9 1
a. − ÷ b. ÷ −1
9 7 8 2
5 1 1
c. −10 ÷ d. − ÷ −
6 9 3
1 1 1
e. 10 ÷ −2 f. 10 ÷
5 3 6

Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 2
We can write rational numbers in four different ways: as percentages, as decimals, as ratios, and as
fractions. You need to bear in mind that a calculation done in fractions will look very different from the same
calculation done in decimals, yet the answers are equal.
Example 1. Let’s do the problem 2.3 ÷ 8 using both Decimal division: Fraction division:
fraction division and long division.
0.2 8 7 5 23
For fraction division, we need to write 2.3 as 23/10. ) ÷ 8
8 2.3 0 0 0 10
Compare the two calculations on the right.
16 ↓ ↓
The answers — 0.2875 and 23/80 — look very different! 70
23 1 23
-64 · =
Yet, they are both correct and equal: 23/80 = 0.2875. 60 10 8 80
(You can check that by converting 23/80 into a decimal -56
with a calculator.) 40
-40
They look different because the fraction 23/80 is not
0
expressed in 10,000th parts like the decimal 0.2875 is.
As a fraction, the decimal 0.2875 is 2875/10,000, and
that fraction simplifies to 23/80. And that’s another
way to see that they’re equal.
Example 2. Let’s also look at the division 1.7 ÷ 0.6. Decimal division: Fraction division:
To divide decimals, we want a whole-number divisor, so 1.7 ÷ 0.6
becomes 17 ÷ 6. 17 6
we need to multiply both the dividend and the divisor by ÷
10 to transform the problem into 17 ÷ 6. 10 10
0 2.8 3 3
↓ ↓
The decimal division continues on forever, so the answer 6 ) 1 7.0 0 0
17 10 17 5
is the repeating decimal 2.8333... or 2.83. 12 · = =2
50 10 6 6 6
The fraction division is very easy to perform because we -48
can simplify before multiplying. 20 (Notice that we ended up
Again, the answers 2.83 and 2 5/6 look different, but they -18 making the same
20 transformation in this
are equal. fraction division that we
-18
did in the decimal
2
division: 17 ÷ 6 = 17/6.)
Example 3. Let’s multiply 2.4 · 0.9 in both ways. Decimal Fraction

The decimal multiplication gives us 2.16. multiplication: multiplication:
In the fraction multiplication, we first simplify 24/10 to 24 9

12/5. Then we simplify one more time before multiplying. 3 ·
10 10
The answer is 2 4/25. 2.4
↓ ↓
· 0.9
Again, the answers look different, but they are equal. 2.16 6
Can you see that the fraction 4/25 is equal to 16/100? 12 9 54
· =
5 10 25
5
4
=2
25

1. Solve using both decimal division and fraction division.
a. 0.5 ÷ 4 Decimal division: Fraction division:
b. 1.3 ÷ 0.3 Decimal division: Fraction division:
c. 0.57 ÷ 8 Decimal division: Fraction division:

2. Solve using both decimal multiplication and fraction multiplication.
a. 0.2 · 0.03 Decimal multiplication: Fraction multiplication:
b. 0.6 · 0.12 Decimal multiplication: Fraction multiplication:
c. 2.2 · 0.75 Decimal multiplication: Fraction multiplication:

If some numbers in your calculation are decimals and others are fractions, these strategies will help:
z Convert the decimals into fractions. Then calculate using fraction arithmetic.
z Treat the fractions as divisions. Then calculate the resulting quotients using decimal arithmetic.
Example 4. Find 56% of 3/7. Also estimate the result with mental math.
Estimate: Since 56% is a little more than one-half, and 3/7 is a little less than one-half,
then 56% of 3/7 should be close to 1/2 of 1/2, or 1/4.
Calculation: Calculating a percentage of a number is easy using decimal multiplication: We write 56% as 0.56.
The word “of” corresponds to a multiplication sign. So 56% of 3/7 becomes 0.56 · 3/7.
0.56 · 3
Think of the fraction 3/7 as a division, and the overall expression equals .
7
It is easy to calculate its value with a calculator or with pencil and paper.
0.56 · 3
We get = 0.24, which is very close to our mental-math estimate of 1/4.
7
3. Solve without a calculator. First change each percentage into a decimal. Then multiply.
a. 24% of $0.30 b. 88% of −4 c. 60% of −$2,100
4. Solve without a calculator. Change decimals into fractions or treat fractions as divisions, whichever is easier.
1 2 5
a. − · 0.9 b. · (−1.2) c. 0.2 ·
6 5 7
5. A ladder that is 2.1 m tall sits in water so that 2/3 of its height is below water.
How tall is the part sticking out of the water?
6. A certain town had a budget of $4,500,000, and 40% of it was used to pay
the salaries of the town’s employees. How many dollars were not used for that purpose?

Which expressions match the problem?
Margaret sold 3/5 of the 250 candles she 250 3 · 250 3
·3 250 ·
had made. How many did she sell? 5 5 5
Don’t rush ahead. Think about it.
The fact is, it does not matter whether you multiply or divide first, as long as the expression doesn’t
contain any other operations. Therefore, you can first divide 250 by 5, then multiply by 3, or first
multiply 250 · 3 and then divide by 5. So all of the expressions are equal.
The important thing is that you divide by 5: the 5 is always in the denominator!
7. Write equivalent expressions. You do not have to calculate their value.
4 · 5 · 0.4 5 ·
a. ·8 and and · b. and · c. 40 · and
100 8 8
8. Match each problem below with one of the expressions from question 7. Solve the problems.
a. Two students divided $40 unequally so that one of them got 5/8 of it and the other got the rest.
How much did the first student get?
b. The road crew covered 4% of the 8 km stretch with asphalt on Monday.

What distance did they cover on Monday?
c. A hundred years ago, 5/8 of the factory’s workers were immigrants. Of them, 40% were female.
What percentage of the factory workers were female immigrants?
9. Solve with a calculator. Round your answer to three decimal digits. Check that your answer makes
sense by estimating with mental math.
6 3 45
a. · (−1.095) b. 6.97 · −1 c. − · (−78.85)
21 4 100
7 3 23 49
d. 80% of e. 14% of 1 f. − ·
9 8 49 80

10. Give a real-life context for each multiplication. Then solve. I have already done the first two for you.
Hints: The area of a rectangle, the length resulting from stretching or shrinking a dimension, a fractional part, and a percentage of
a quantity are all calculated by multiplying.
a. 1.28 · 250
Marsha drew a square on the computer with sides 250 pixels long. Then she stretched it so that the sides
became 128% of the sides of the original square. How long are the sides now?
(solve the problem)
b. (3/5) · 4.30
A toy that costs $4.30 is discounted by 2/5 of its price. What is the new price?
(solve the problem)
c. (9/10) · 2,100 m
d. 0.65 · 19.90
e. (2/3) · (3 1/2)
f. 0.9 · 0.2
g. (1/2) · 1.6

11. Give a real-life context for each division. Then solve. Give your answers as fractions or rounded to three
decimals. Hints: Interpret a decimal number as a money amount. Division by a whole number can represent equal sharing.
Division by a fraction or a decimal can represent how many servings or pieces of that size you get out of a certain quantity.
a. 7.28 ÷ 4
b. (3/5) ÷ 0.04
c. 2 3/4 ÷ 8
d. 9 ÷ 1.2

Many Operations with Rational Numbers
In this lesson we practice calculations with rational 1. Parentheses
numbers that involve several operations. 2. Exponents
The order of operations still applies. 3. Multiplication and Division, from left to right.
Do you remember the acronym PEMDAS? 4. Addition and Subtraction, from left to right.
1 1
Example 1. Solve 0.4 ÷ + .
8 3
1 1 3 8 11
Add what is in the parentheses first: + = + = .
8 3 24 24 24
It is easier to covert the decimal 0.4 into the fraction 2/5 than to convert the fraction 11/24 into a decimal.
2 11 2 24 48
The original problem now becomes ÷ = · = .
5 24 5 11 55
1 2 3
Example 2. Solve + −1 .
6 3 4
You can solve this problem in two different ways:
Either: First solve 1/6 + 2/3. Then subtract 1 3/4 from the answer you get.
Or: First find a common denominator for all three fractions (12 works). Convert each
of them into an equivalent fraction with that denominator. Then calculate.
In two calculations: Converting all the fractions to a common denominator:

1 2 1 4 5 1 2 3 2 8 21 11
+ = + = + −1 = + − = −
6 3 6 6 6 6 3 4 12 12 12 12
5 3 10 21 11
− 1 = − = −
6 4 12 12 12
3
Example 3. Find the value of 2.95 ÷ .
8
Since a fraction is a division problem, we can rewrite this as 2.95 ÷ (3 ÷ 8). However, that is NOT the same as
2.95 ÷ 3 ÷ 8. Please calculate the value of both expressions using your calculator to verify this.
Note: If your calculator does not have parentheses, you need to calculate the value of 3 ÷ 8 first, enter that into
the calculator’s memory (or write it on paper), and then calculate the rest.
295 3
Another way to solve this is to use fraction division, and write it as ÷ . Then change it into
100 8
295 8 295 · 8
a multiplication by the reciprocal of 3/8 to get · = . Then you can use a calculator.
100 3 100 · 3
Note: You need to enter this into your calculator as 295 · 8 ÷ 300, and not as 295 · 8 ÷ 100 · 3. Why?
Because any expression in the denominator is really inside (implied) parentheses.

1. Solve.
1 1 2 3 1 2
a. + − b. 1 + ·
8 2 3 4 2 7
2. Choose the correct way to enter these calculations into a calculator and solve the expressions.
3 9 56
a. Calculation: ÷ 1.012 b. Calculation: 6.5 ÷ c. Calculation: 0.98 ·
7 11 100
1. 3 ÷ 7 ÷ 1.1012 1. 6.5 ÷ 9 ÷ 11 1. 0.98 · 56 ÷ 100
2. 3 ÷ (7 ÷ 1.1012) 2. 6.5 ÷ (9 ÷ 11) 2. 0.98 · (56 ÷ 100)
3. It does not matter; both will 3. It does not matter; both will 3. It does not matter; both will
give the correct answer. give the correct answer. give the correct answer.
3. Solve using fraction arithmetic and the correct order of operations.
5 7 5
a. 6 − 2 − 0.5 b. 5.6 − · 0.9
12 8 6
3 6 2 3
c. ÷ − ·
8 7 3 8

A complex fraction is a fraction that contains We simplify it by treating the MAIN fraction line
another fraction in the numerator, denominator, as a division. We get:
or both.
1 3 1 10 10 5 2
1 ÷ = · = = = 1 .
2 10 2 3 6 3 3
2
For example, is a complex fraction.
3
10
Example 4. Simplify 6 This time only the denominator has a fraction.

. The numerator is a whole number.
2
Using the division symbol, we can write this as
5
2 5
6÷ = 6· = 15.
5 2
4. Simplify these complex fractions.
4 3 5
a. 4 6
3 b. c.
7 2 1
9 3
5 7 11
d. 12 e. 9 f. 6
7 10 5
5. Calculate the value of these expressions both with a calculator and using pencil and paper.
12 9 2.95
−
a. b. 12 c.
1 3
−1
2 7.5 4

Alex received 1/3 of a profit of $816, and his business partners got the rest. Alex allotted 3/4 of
what he received toward car repairs. So how much money did Alex use for car repairs?
This situation involves a fractional part of a fractional part of a quantity. We can therefore
3 1
write the expression · · $816 for the money he uses for car repairs.
4 3
6. Find the answer to the problem above. Hint: you can simplify before you multiply.
7. The Smiths and the Cars equally shared the cost of putting a fence between their properties.
The fence cost $436, and the Smiths’ children paid 1/5 of their parents’ share.
a. Write and solve a single expression to represent the amount the Smiths’ children paid.
b. Write and solve a single expression to represent the amount Mr. and Mrs. Smith paid.
8. Find the value of the expressions. Give your answer rounded to three decimal digits.
6 3 16 28
a. · (−0.095) b. 9.99 · · 0.5 c. 0.21 · ·
21 8 59 10
9. Mark was monitoring the temperature on his yard during one winter day.
The highest temperature was −2°C and the lowest temperature was −11°C.
Use the formula F = (9/5)C + 32 to change these two temperatures from Celsius
to Fahrenheit degrees. Give your answers rounded to one decimal digit.

Scientific Notation
Do you remember the powers of ten? 106 1,000,000
The expressions 104, 1011, 107, and so on are called powers of ten. 105 100,000
When you have ten to any power, the exponent tells you how many 104 10,000
zeros to write after the one.
103 1,000
Remember also:
102 100
2· 105 means 2 · 100,000, which equals 200,000. 101 10
8· 107 means 8 · 10,000,000, which equals 80,000,000. 100 1
We can write any number as the product of a decimal number between 1 and 10 and a power of ten.
This way of writing numbers is called scientific notation. The numbers below are written both in scientific
notation and in common notation.
Scientific Notation (in-between calculation) Common notation

6.7 · 104 6.7 · 10,000 67,000
2.83 · 106 2.83 · 1,000,000 2,830,000

5.089 · 105 5.089 · 100,000 508,900
1.03 · 108 1.03 · 100,000,000 103,000,000
Example 1. How do you write 5.089 · 100,000 in common notation?

A hundred thousand is the largest place value in the number. So simply write the digits “5089”
and add enough zeros to put the “5” into the hundred thousands place. The answer is 508,900.
Example 2. How do you write 2.83 · 1,000,000 in common notation?

Just write the digits “283” and add enough zeros on the end to put the “2” in the millions place.
So 2.83 · 1,000,000 becomes 2,830,000.
1. Fill in the table with the rest of the numbers written in the indicated ways.
Scientific Notation (in-between calculation) Common notation
6 · 105
2.5 · 105
5.39 · 104
2.03 · 106
8.904 · 103
1.5594 · 108

Example 3. Write 25,600 in scientific notation.
First note the largest place value is ten thousands. This gives you the power of ten
to use: ten thousand is 104. Next, write the digits of 25,600, excluding the trailing zeros,
and put a decimal point after the first digit. We get 2.56. So 25,600 = 2.56 · 104.
Example 4. Write 6,078,500,000 in scientific notation.

The largest place value is billions or 109. When we exclude the trailing zeros,
the digits are 60785. We put a decimal point right after 6 to get 6.0785.
So 6,078,500,000 is 6.0785 · 109.
2. Write the numbers with scientific notation.
a. 13,000 b. 204,000
c. 35,600 d. 4,506,000
e. 13,080,000 f. 10,050
g. 8,300 h. 289,000
i. 405,100,000 j. 4,980,000,000
3. Complete the chart by rewriting the distance in scientific notation.
Planet Average distance from the sun (km) In scientific notation (km)
Mercury 58,000,000
Venus 108,000,000
Mars 227,900,000
Jupiter 778,570,000
Uranus 2,870,000,000
Neptune 4,495,000,000
4. Famous Bridges. Translate the words “million” or “billion” into numerical form to complete the table by
writing the costs of the bridges in common notation.
Bridge Year Cost (dollars) Cost in dollars

Golden Gate Bridge 1937 $27 million $27,000,000
San Diego-Coronado Bridge 1969 $47.6 million
Erasmusburg Bridge 1996 $110 million
Oresund Bridge 2000 $3.8 billion
Strait of Messina Bridge (est.) 2016 $8.6 billion

Example 5. The number 0.86 · 104 is not in correct scientific notation, because the factor 0.86
should be at least 1 and less than 10. To fix that, we could first write 0.86 · 104 in common notation
(by moving the decimal point four places to the right): 0.86 · 104 = 0.86 · 10,000 = 8,600.
Since the largest place value in 8,600 is thousands, we write 8.6 · 103.
You might have noticed a little shortcut for changing 0.86 · 104 into 8.6 · 103. Since changing
0.86 to 8.6 made it ten times larger, the 104 had to be made ten times smaller (103).
Example 6. Write the number 210 · 105 correctly in scientific notation.

Instead of 210, we need to use 2.1. We are dividing 210 by a hundred. So the 105 has to be
multiplied by a hundred to get 107, and 210 · 105 = 2.1 · 107.
If you find the shortcut confusing, just ignore it and convert 210 · 105 into common notation
(21,000,000) first, and then change that into scientific notation.
5. Rewrite the numbers into correct scientific notation.
a. 26 · 106 b. 0.9 · 105
c. 358 · 104 d. 0.208 · 107
e. 0.02 · 108 f. 10.1 · 106
6. A 70-kg male body contains approximately Of all these atoms, approximately 4.22 · 1027 are
7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms. hydrogen atoms, 1.61 · 1027 are oxygen atoms,
Of these, 20,000,000,000,000,000,000 are gold 8.03 · 1026 are carbon atoms, and 3.9 · 1025 are
atoms. Write these numbers using scientific notation. nitrogen atoms. See a complete list of elements at
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Ch03_1.html.
7. Complete the “cross-number puzzle” by a. b. c.

writing the numbers in common notation.
d.
Across: Down: e.
d. 2 · 103 a. 8.93 · 105 f.
e. 3.1 · 102 b. 4.209 · 104 g.
g. 1.003 · 106 c. 7.403 · 107
h. 2.99 · 107 f. 5.3 · 104
h.

Equations with Fractions
Solve equations with fractions in the same way that you would equations with integers: Just apply the same
operation to both sides of the equation to isolate the unknown.
Sometimes we can make things even easier by choosing an operation that turns the fractions into integers.
7 11 x 7
Example 1. Solve the equation x − = . Example 2. Solve the equation = .
8 12 3 8
We will simply add 7/8 to both sides. We get: Don’t get “shook up” by the fraction. Looking at
the left side, we see the variable is divided by 3.
7 11
x−
8
=
12 | + 7/8 To isolate it, we simply multiply both sides by 3.
x 7
x=
11
12
+
7
8 3
=
8 |·3
22 21 19 3x 7
x = + = 1 = ·3
24 24 24 3 8
21 5
Lastly, we check that 1 19/24 satisfies the equation: x = = 2
8 8
19 7 11
1 −
24 8 12 Lastly, we check that 2 5/8 is indeed a solution by
substituting it into the equation in place of x:
19 21 11
1 −
24 24 12 5 7
2 ÷3
8 8
22 11
= 21 7
24 12
÷3 =
8 8
1. Solve the equations.
1 5 4 2
a. x + = b. x − =
2 6 7 3

2. Solve.
7 1 1 3
a. s − = 2 b. 1 +v =
2 3 5 10
3 z 11
c. 8x = − d. = −
4 8 12
3 1 2
e. 2 −x = f. −x = 3
8 2 11

3. Three families shared the cost of purchasing a $5,000 generator. The Martins paid 1/3 of the cost,
the Millers paid 40%, and the Browns paid the rest.
a. Find how much the Browns paid.
b. Check that your answer is reasonable by using mental math and

estimation. Explain your reasoning.
(You always need to check that your answers are reasonable!)
4. Write an equation for each problem, and solve. You can also solve the problems using another method just
to check that you get the same answer.
a. The perimeter of a square is 14 1/2 inches. b. The area of a rectangle is 32 1/2 square feet,
How long is one side? and one of its sides measures 6 feet.
How long is the other side?

4 You can “undo”
Example 3. Solve the equation x = $15.88 the 4/5 in two steps:
5
The equation says that four-fifths of an unknown is $15.88. Maybe some 4x

item was discounted by 1/5 so that it costs only 4/5 of what it did before,
5
= $15.88 |·5
and now the discounted price is $15.88.
Notice that the unknown is multiplied by 4/5. So one way to solve it is 5 · 4x
= $15.88 · 5
simply to divide both sides by 4/5 or by 0.8. 5
Another way is to “undo” the 4/5 in two steps: multiply both sides by 5
(since x is divided by 5) and then divide both sides by 4 (since x is 4x = $79.40 |÷4
multiplied by 4).
x = $19.85
Some other ways are to use logical reasoning or to draw a bar model.
5. Solve.
2 3
a. x = 210 b. y = $14.94
3 8
6. Write an equation for each problem, and solve it. You can also solve the problems using some other method
just to check that you get the same answer.
a. Three-fifths of a number is 45. b. Two-sevenths of a number is 4.5.

What is the number? What is the number?

7. A cookie recipe calls for 2 1/4 cups of flour. Amanda is substituting 1/3 of
the total amount of flour with coconut flour. She is also making a double batch.
a. How much regular flour and how much coconut flour should Amanda use?
b. Check that your answer is reasonable by using mental math and

estimation. Explain your reasoning to your teacher.
8. Here are more equations if you need more practice. Solve them in your notebook or in the space below, and
find the answer to the riddle.
t 6 2 5 1 1
O. = C. 5 − x = 6 E. x = 45 N. x + = −
6 9 9 9 9 9
1 w 1 9 2
R. 3x = − E. =− T. −3x = M. x = 6
3 9 2 2 9
Why didn’t the quarter go rolling down the hill with the nickel?
1 1 2 2 1
27 4 − −4 −1 81 − −1
9 2 9 9 2
IT HAD S

Equations with Decimals
Solve equations with decimals the same way that you solve equations with integers: Apply the same operation to
both sides to isolate the unknown.
Example 1. Solve 8.2x = 0.94. Example 2. Solve y − 9.85 = −8.7.

To isolate x, divide both sides by 8.2. To isolate y, we need to add 9.85 to both sides.
8.2x = 0.94 | ÷ 8.2 y − 9.85 = −8.7 | + 9.85

0.94 y = −8.7 + 9.85 We can change this sum to a
= subtraction. (Why? Think about
8.2
y = 9.85 − 8.7 an easier problem, −8 + 9. It is
x ≈ 0.1146 the same as 9 − 8.)
y = 1.15
You can use a calculator to check that
8.2 · 0.1146 = 0.93972 is close to 0.94.
It’s not exactly 0.94 because 0.1146 is Check: 1.15 − 9.85 −8.7
a rounded answer. Yes, it checks.
1. Solve the equations. Check your solutions.
a. −2.7 = x + 1.5 b. x + 6.1 = − 7.5
c. 0.92 = z − 0.05 d. y + 0.56 = 0.19
e. y − (−0.5) = 1.24 f. 2−c = −0.61

2. Practice some more. Solve. Round your answers to three decimal digits.
x s
a. = −4.48 b. = −0.5
2 −0.7
c. 2.1x = −40 d. 24g = 19.38
c f. −0.99x = −1.05
e. = −14.3
485.3
3. Here is another pattern of growth. Draw steps 4 and 5 and answer the questions.
Step 1 2 3
a. How is this pattern growing?
b. How many flowers will there be in step 39?
c. In step n?
d. In which step will the pattern have 8,500 flowers?

Example 3. A set of bed sheets has been The original price is an unknown — let’s denote it by p.
discounted by 1/5 and now costs $25.90. From the sentence
What was its original price?
4/5 of the original price is $25.90
After the discount, 4/5 of the price is left.
So 4/5 of the original price is $25.90. we can easily write the equation
You could solve this problem using (4/5) · p = $25.90

logical reasoning (how?) but this time,
To solve this equation, you can divide both sides by 4/5.
we will use an equation. Another, perhaps easier, strategy is to write the fraction
4/5 as 0.8, and then divide both sides of the equation by that.
4. Solve the above problem.
5. Solve each problem using an equation and also using some other strategy, such as a bar model or mental
reasoning.
a. Two-fifths of a number is 6.78. What is the number?
Equation: Another way:
b. A board game was discounted by 7/10 of its price, so now it costs $11.55. What was the original price?

Review
1. Write these numbers as a ratio (fraction) of two integers.
a. −3 b. 30 c. 0.21 d. −1.9
2. Mark the decimals on the number line: −0.21, −0.7, −0.03, −0.92
3. Write these decimals as fractions.
a. 0.0472 b. −1.02938442 c. 2.38166
4. Write the fractions as decimals.
24 9,872 4,593
a. − b. c.
10,000 10 100,000
5. Write these repeating decimals using a horizontal line over the repeating part.
a. 0.21212121... b. 1.099555555....
6. Write these repeating decimals using an ellipsis (three periods).

a. 2.069 b. 0.006812
7. Which is more, 0.7, or 0.7?

How much more?
8. Are all terminating decimals rational numbers?
If not, give an example of a terminating decimal that is not a rational number.
9. Are all repeating decimals rational numbers?
If not, give an example of a repeating decimal that is not a rational number.

10. Write as decimals. Calculate each answer to at least six decimal places. If you find a repeating pattern, then
indicate the repeating part. If you don’t, then round your answer to five decimals.
3 14
a. b. 1
22 23
11. The distance between two numbers a and b is given by the expression | a − b | . Show that this expression
indeed gives the distance between the two given values of a and b by evaluating the expression and by also
calculating the distance using logical reasoning.
a. a = 6 and b = −7 b. a = −1.3 and b = −7.6
Distance: Distance:
Absolute value of the difference: Absolute value of the difference:
| − | = | − | =
12. Multiply mentally.
a. 0.2 · 0.07 b. −0.8 · 0.005 c. (−0.2)3
d. −5 · (−2.2) e. −0.2 · 0.1 · (−0.3)

13. Multiply
4 7 5 1 9 2 1
a. − · − b. · −3 c. − · · −
11 12 6 2 20 3 5
14. Divide.
1 1 b. 21 ÷ 0.06
a. 1 ÷ −
5 4
15. Solve without a calculator.
a. 60% of $18 1 8
b. · 9.6 c. −0.3 ·
4 11
16. Simplify these complex fractions.
3 6 8
a. 7 c. 3
2 b.
5 5 2
12

17. Give a real-life context for each calculation. Then solve.
a. 1.56 · 0.8
b. 6 ÷ (1/2)
18. A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy. It describes the energy consumed (by some device) that uses one
kilowatt (kW) of power for one hour. The formula is: power × time = energy. So you multiply the kilowatts
times the hours to get kilowatt-hours. For example, let’s say a 2kW air conditioner runs for one hour. Then it
uses 2 kWh (two kilowatt-hours) of energy in that time. Your electric company charges you for the amount of
energy that you consume.
If electricity costs 16.86 cents per kWh, then how much would it cost to run a 2kW air conditioner for
16 hours each day during June, July, and August?
Hint: First calculate how much energy (in kilowatt-hours) the AC unit uses in that time period.
19. Write the numbers in scientific notation.
a. 6,798,000 b. 56,000,000,000
20. Write the numbers in numerical form.
a. 7.8 · 105
b. 3.4958 · 109

21. Solve the problem using an equation and also using some other strategy.
A forest fire was 7/10 contained. The contained area was 4,200 acres. What was the total area of the fire?
22. Solve.
2 1 4
a. x − = 5 b. 5y = −
9 20 12
c. 0.94 = 1.1 − x d. −0.3x = 10

Math Mammoth Rational Numbers
Answer Key
Fractions and Decimals, p. 8
1. a. 9/100 b. 5/1000 c. 45/1000 d. 371/100,000 e. 2381/100,000 f. 31/10,000,000
2.
29,302 9302 2,003,814 3814 53,925,012 3925012

a. = 2 b. = 2 c. = 5
10,000 10,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000
30,078 78 3,294,819 294819 4,500,032 32

d. = 3 e. = 3 f. = 45
10,000 10,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 100,000
3. a. 0.36 b. 5.009 c. 1.045 d. 0.3908 e. 2.00593

f. 0.005903 g. 45.039034 h. 43.5112 i. 4.50683
4. a. × 2 b. × 125 c. ×5 d. ×4
1 2 1 125 1 5 9 36
= = 0.2 = = 0.125 1 = 1 = 1.05 3 = 3 = 3.36
5 10 8 1000 20 100 25 100
×2 × 125 ×5 ×4
e. ÷ 2 f. × 25 g. ×2 h. × 5
12 6 3 75 3 6 13 65
= = 0.06 8 = 8 = 8.75 4 = 4 = 4.6 = = 0.65
200 100 4 100 5 10 20 100
÷2 × 25 ×2 ×5
i. × 125 j. × 8 k. ÷4 l. ÷ 5
7 875 11 88 24 6 95 19
= = 0.875 = = 0.088 = = 0.06 = = 0.19
8 1000 125 1000 400 100 500 100
× 125 ×8 ÷4 ÷5
5. a. 9/20 or 0.45 b. 1 27/50 or 1.54 c. 3 9/10 or 3.9 d. 107/200 or 0.535

e. 77/100 or 0.77 f. 5 1/40 or 5.025 g. 47/100 or 0.47 h. 79/100 or 0.79
6. a. 2 ÷ 9 = 0.222 b. 3 ÷ 7 = 0.429 c. 7 ÷ 16 = 0.438
7. a. 1 ÷ 11 = 0.091 b. 3 ÷ 23 = 0.130 c. 47 ÷ 56 = 0.839
8.
9. 900 g + 750 g = 1650 g or 1.65 kg.

10. a. 14.375 inches by 20.375 inches. b. The puzzle is 292.890625 in2.
11. $11.45 × 1.75 = 20.0375 The flax seed cost $20.04.
12. Method one: Divide $12.95 by eight, then multiply the answer by three.
Method two: Three eighths is 0.375. Multiply 12.95 by 0.375. You will need to round your answer to
two decimals to show dollars and cents.
13. a. 3⁄16 or 0.1875 b. 1 1⁄8 or 1.125

Rational Numbers, p. 11
1. Answers will vary. Please check the student’s work. Each rational number can be written as a ratio or fraction in multitudes
of ways. The ones below are just examples.
a. 6/1 b. −100/1 c. 0/1 d. 21/100
e. −19/10 f. −54/10 g. −56/100 h. 22/1000
2. Yes, because we can write any of them as fractions. “Per cent” means “per hundred” and is the same as “/100.”
For example, 34% is 34/100 and 5% is 5/100.
3.
a. 8/5 = 1.6 b. −4/10 = −0.4 c. 89/(−100) = −0.89
d. −5/2 = −2.5 e. 91/(−1000) = −0.091 f. −1/(−4) = 0.25
4.
2 3 1 4
5. The numbers marked with the arrows, from left, to right, are: −2 , −1 , −1 , and − .
5 5 5 5
6.
7.
8.
a. 3,928/10,000 b. 1,028,384/1,000,000 c. 43,928/10,000,000
d. −584/100,000 e. −92,031/10,000 f. 10,182,939/10,000
9.
a. 2 38/10,000 b. 7 483901/1,000,000 c. 101 4832/10,000
d. −12 39/1,000 e. −4830 22/100 f. −8 28567/1,000,000
10.
a. −0.0008 b. 31.07 c. 8.00938
d. −55.3911 e. 3,912.593 f. 0.045101
11. Answers will vary. Please check the student’s work. Below are some examples.
−2 2 4 −4 −12 300
a. −2 = = = = = =
1 −1 −2 2 6 −150
3 6 −12 12 24 48
b. 0.6 = = = = = =
5 10 −20 20 40 80

Rational Numbers, cont.
12. a. 0.09 b. 5.6843 c. 0.1986
13. a. 0.0887887887887...
b. 0.2456666666...
c. 2.172347234723472347234...
14. a. Yes. b. Yes. c. Yes.
15. a. 0.3 is more; it is 0.03 more than 0.3.
b. They are equal.
c. They are equal.
d. 0.12 is more; it is 0.0012 more than 0.12.
16. a. 0.6
b. 1.3
c. 0.8
d. 2.4375
e. 0.7916
f. 0.16
17. a. 0.1176470588235294
b. 5.809523
18. a. 2.27
b. 0.0575
c. 0.0690
19.
a. b. c. d.
1 1 1 1
3
= 0.3 9
= 0.1 4
= 0.25 6
= 0.16
2 2 2 2
= 0.6 = 0.2 = 0.5 = 0.3
3 9 4 6
3 3 3 3
3
= 1 9
= 0.3 4
= 0.75 6
= 0.5
4 4 4 4
3
= 1.3 9
= 0.4 4
= 1 6
= 0.6
5 5 5 5
3
= 1.6 9
= 0.5 4
= 1.25 6
= 0.83
6 6 6 6
3
= 2 9
= 0.6 4
= 1.5 6
= 1

Rational Numbers, cont.
19.
e. f. g. h.
1 1 1 1
7
= 0.142857 8
= 0.125 5
= 0.2 11
= 0.09
2 2 2 2
7
= 0.285714 8
= 0.25 5
= 0.4 11
= 0.18
3 3 3 3
7
= 0.428571 8
= 0.375 5
= 0.6 11
= 0.27
4 4 4 4
7
= 0.571428 8
= 0.5 5
= 0.8 11
= 0.36
5 5 5 5
7
= 0.714285 8
= 0.625 5
= 1 11
= 0.45
6 6 6 6
7
= 0.857142 8
= 0.75 5
= 1.2 11
= 0.54
7 7 7 7
7
=1 8
= 0.875 5
= 1.4 11
= 0.63
Puzzle corner: 0.33333 − 0.33 = 0.00333

Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers, p. 19
1. a. −1.5 b. −1.3 c. 0.3
2. a. −3.975 b. −5.58 c. 4.58
3.
3 2 1 6
a. + − b. + −
5 3 9 9
9 −10 1 −6
= + = +
15 15 9 9
9 + (−10) −1 1 1 + (−6) −5 5
= = =− = = = −
15 15 15 9 9 9
3 2 1 3
c. − + d. − +
4 9 6 8
−27 8 −4 9
= + = +
36 36 24 24
−27 + 8 −19 19 −4 + 9 5
= = = − = =
36 36 36 24 24
1 1 9 2
e. + − f. + −
8 3 10 3
3 −8 27 −20
= + = +
24 24 30 30
3 + (−8) 5 27 + (−20) 7
= =− = =
24 24 30 30
4.
a. First we add the negative numbers: b. First we add the negative numbers:
−0.5 + (−1.2) + (−1.4) = −3.1 −$1.08 + (−$4.30) + (−$0.25) = −$5.63
Then add the positive numbers: 0.6 + 1.6 = 2.2 Then add the positive numbers: $0.56 + $0.99 = $1.55
Lastly, add the two sums: 2.2 + (−3.1) = −0.9 Lastly, add the two sums: $1.55 + (−$5.63) = −$4.08
c. First we add the negative fractions: d. First we add the negative fractions:
1 4 5 4 12 7 23
− + − = − − + − + − = −
3 3 3 8 8 8 8
3 1 4 2 5 6 11
Then the positive ones: + = = Then the positive ones: + =
6 6 6 3 8 8 8
And lastly the two sums: And lastly the two sums:
5 2 −5 + 2 3 23 11 −23 + 11 12 1
− + + = − = −1 − + = = − = −1
3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 2

Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers, cont.
5.
a. −1.4 − 0.8 = −2.2 b. 1 − 2.8 = −1.8
c. 1.1 − 2.2 = −1.1 d. −1.7 + 0.8 = −0.9
e. −0.9 + (−1.2) = −2.1 f. −1.2 − (−0.5) = −0.7
6. a. −0.8 and −2.2 b. 0.9 and −1.3 c. −1.1 and −0.4

The distance is 1.4. The distance is 2.2. The distance is 0.7.
7. a. −1.8 b. −0.9 c. 0
8. a. −0.7 b. −6.51 c. 6.4
9.
2 2 5 5 1 1 1 9
a. − − − − b. + − + + − + −
9 3 9 8 8 4 2 8
2 6 5 5 1 2 4 9
= − + − = + − + + − + −
9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8
−2 + 6 − 5 −1 1 5−1+2−4−9 −7 7
= = = − = = = −
9 9 9 8 8 8
10. $5.50 − $7.90 = −$2.40. Mark owes his mom $2.40.

11. Answers will vary. Check the student’s work. For example: Mary owed her mom $50. Then she borrowed
another $12.90 to buy a pillow. Now Mary’s balance is −$50 + (−$12.90) = −62.90.
12. It was 4.7 degrees Celsius warmer at noon.
13.
a. a = 0.7 and b = −0.7 b. a = −7.8 and b = −5.4

| 0.7 − (−0.7) | = | 1.4 | = 1.4 | −7.8 − (−5.4) | = | −2.4 | = 2.4
c. a = 1/4 and b = −3 1/4 d. a = −4/10 and b = −9/10

| 1/4 − (−3 1/4) | = | 3 1/2 | = 3 1/2 | −4/10 − (−9/10) | = | 5/10 | = 5/10
14. Expressions a. and d. can be used to find the distance between x and 2/3.

Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers, cont.
15.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average High
−4.3 −8.9 −6.3 −8.5 4.4 10.5 16.1 17.4 16.2 11.4 3.1 −4.3
Temperature (°C)
Average Low
−4.7 −16.5 −15.1 −14.7 −5.7 0.4 5.7 7.8 6.8 2.7 −4.1 −11.4
Temperature (°C)
Difference 0.4 7.6 8.8 6.2 10.1 10.1 10.4 9.6 9.4 8.7 7.2 7.1
In which month(s) is the temperature variation the greatest? July

In which month(s) is the temperature variation the least? January
16. a. n = u+d+d = +2/3e − 1/3e − 1/3e = 0e = 0. It’s called a neutron because it has neutral (zero) charge.
b. p = u+u+d = +2/3e + 2/3e − 1/3e = 3/3e = 1e = e. By definition, the charge on a proton is 1e.
c. π+ = (u+(¯d)) = +2/3e − (−1/3e) = (2/3 + 1/3)e = 3/3e = 1e = e. Therefore, a pion has the same charge as a proton.
d. π− = ((¯u)+d) = −2/3e − 1/3e = −3/3e = −1e = −e. An anti-pion should have charge opposite to that of a pion,
and we see that indeed it does.
Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 1, p. 25

1.
ratiofraction decimal percentage ratio fraction decimal percentage

2 7
a. 2:5 = = 0.4 = 40% d. 7:20 = = 0.35 = 35%
5 20
3 55
b. 3:4 = = 0.75 = 75% e. 55:100 = = 0.55 = 55%
4 100
4 85
c. 4:25 = = 0.16 = 16% f. 85:100 = = 0.85 = 85%
25 100
2.
a. 0.1 · 6.5 = 0.65 b. −0.08 · 0.006 = −0.00048 c. −0.09 · 0.02 = −0.0018
d. −0.2 · (−1.6) = 0.32 e. −0.8 · 1.1 · (−0.02) = 0.0176 f. 0.82 = 0.64
g. (−0.5)2 = 0.25 h. (−0.2)3 = −0.008 i. (−0.1)5 = −0.00001
3.
1 3 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
a. − · − = b. · − = − c. − · · =−
7 8 56 5 2 2 9 1 2 18
13 5 1 7 2 14 2 3 3 18
d. − · = −8 e. · − = − f. · − · =−
4 2 8 3 27 81 7 5 1 35
4.
a. 12.5 · 2.5 = 31.25 b. −0.088 · 0.16 = −0.01408
c. −9.08 · (−0.006) = 0.05448 d. 24 · (−0.0087) = −0.2088
5.
a. −0.88 ÷ 4 = −0.22 b. 8.1 ÷ 9 = 0.9 c. 72 ÷ 10000 = 0.0072
d. −1.6 ÷ (−0.2) = 8 e. 8 ÷ 0.1 = 80 f. 0.8 ÷ (−0.04) = −20
6. a. 276 ÷ 3 = 92 b. 208.8 ÷ 6 = 34.8

Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 1, cont.
7.
2 6 9 1
a. − ÷ b. ÷ −1
9 7 8 2
2 7 7 9 2 3
= − · = − = · − = −
9 6 27 8 3 4
5 1 1
c. −10 ÷ d. − ÷ −
6 9 3
10 6 2 6 1 3 1
= − · = − · = −12 = − · − =
1 5 1 1 9 1 3
1 1 1
e. 10 ÷ −2 f. 10 ÷
5 3 6
51 3 153 13 10 6
= · − = − = −4 = · = 60
5 7 35 35 1 1
Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers 2, p. 29

1.
a. 0.5 ÷ 4 = 0.0125 Decimal division: Fraction division:
0.1 2 5 5 4
4 ) 0.5 0 0 ÷
4
10 1
10 ↓ ↓
- 8 5 1 5 1
20 · = =
10 4 40 8
-20
0
b. 1.3 ÷ 0.3 = 4.3 Decimal division: Fraction division:
4.3 3 3 13 3
3 ) 1 3.0 0 0 ÷
12
10 10
10 ↓ ↓
- 9 13 10 13 1
10 · = =4
- 9
10 3 3 3
10
- 9
1
c. 0.57 ÷ 8 = 0.07125 Decimal division: Fraction division:
0.0 7 1 2 5 57 8
8 ) 0.5 7 0 0 0 ÷
- 56
100 1
10 ↓ ↓
- 8 57 1 57
20 · =
100 8 800
- 16
40
-40
0

2.
a. 0.2 · 0.03 = 0.006 Decimal multiplication: Fraction multiplication:

0.0 3 2 3
· 0.2 ·
0.0 0 6
10 100
↓ ↓
1
2 3 3
· =
10 100 500
50
b. 0.6 · 0.12 = 0.072 Decimal multiplication: Fraction multiplication:

3 6
0.1 2 6 12 18 9
· 0.6 · = =
0.0 7 2 10 100 250 125
5 50
c. 2.2 · 0.75 = 1.65 Decimal multiplication: Fraction multiplication:

11 3
0.7 5 22 75 33 13
· 2.2 · = = 1
150 10 100 20 20
+1500 5 4
1.6 5 0
3.
a. 0.24 · $0.30 = $0.072 b. 0.88 · (−4) = −3.52 c. 0.6 · (−$2,100) = −$1,260
4.
1 9 3 2 12 12 2 5 1
a. − · =− b. · (− ) = − c. · =
6 10 20 5 10 25 10 7 7
or −0.9 ÷ 6 = −0.15 or 0.4 · (−1.2) = −0.48 or 0.2 · 5 ÷ 7 ≈ 0.142857
5. The part sticking out of the water is 7/10 of a meter (0.7 m) long. Since 1/3 of the ladder is sticking out of the water,
1 21 7
you can find its length by dividing 2.1 m ÷ 3 = 0.7 m or by multiplying by 1/3: 3
· 10 = 10
6. The amount not used for salaries was $2,700,000. For example, you can multiply 0.6 · $4,500,000 = $2,700,000,
or you can take 1/10 of the $4,500,000 six times: 6 · $450,000 = $2,700,000.
7.
4 4 · 8 8 5 · 0.4 5 5 40 · 5
a. ·8 and and 4 · b. and · 0.4 c. 40 · and
100 100 100 8 8 8 8
5
8. a. · $40 = $25. The first student got $25.
8
4
b. · 8 km = 0.32 km. They covered 320 meters of the stretch.
100
5
c. · 40 = 25. Twenty-five percent of the factory’s workers were female immigrants.
8

9.
a. 6 ÷ 21 · (−1.095) ≈ −0.313 b. 6.97 · (−1.75) ≈ −12.198 c. − 0.45 · (−78.85) ≈ 35.483
d. 0.8 · 7 ÷ 9 ≈ 0.622 e. 0.14 · 1.375 ≈ 0.193 f. −23 ÷ 80 ≈ −0.288
10. Answers will vary. Please check the student’s work. See the examples below.
a. 1.28 · 250 = 320. The sides are now 320 pixels long.
b. (3/5) · 4.30 = 2.58. The new price is $2.58.
c. (9/10) · 2,100 m = 1,890 m
The distance from Steve’s home to the library is 2,100 m. Steve ran 1/10 of the way and walked
the rest. How long a distance did Steve walk?
Answer: He walked 1,890 m.
d. 0.65 · 19.90 = 12.94
A bottle of honey costing $19.90 was discounted by 35%. What is the new price?
Answer: The new price is $12.94.
e. (2/3) · (3 1/2) = 2 1/3 or 2.33
One sapling is 3 1/2 m tall and another 2/3 as tall as the first one. How tall is the second sapling?
Answer: It is 2.33 m tall.

f. 0.9 · 0.2 = 0.18
One envelope costs $0.20. The store has 10% off of everything today. How much will one
envelope cost with the discount?
Answer: It will cost $0.18.
g. (1/2) · 1.6 = 0.8
Judy is 1.6 m tall and her daughter is half as tall as her. How tall is her daughter?
Answer: She is 0.8 m tall.
11. Answers will vary. Please check the student’s answers.

a. 7.28 ÷ 4 = 1.82
Four students shared the cost of a bag of nuts equally. If it cost $7.28, how much did each pay?
Answer: Each student paid $1.82.
b. (3/5) ÷ 0.04 = 15
How many 4-cm pieces of wire can you cut out of 3/5 meters of wire?
Answer: You can cut 15 pieces.
c. 2 3/4 ÷ 8 = 11/32
There were 2 3/4 pizzas left. Eight people shared them equally. How much did each person get?
Answer: Each person got 11/32 of one pizza. (This is quite close to 1/3 of a pizza, by the way.)
d. 9 ÷ 1.2 = 7.5
You were sent to the store with $9 to get some bananas. Bananas cost $1.20 a pound.
How many pounds of bananas can you buy? Answer: 7 ½ pounds.

Many Operations with Rational Numbers, p. 36
1.
3 12 16 1 3 1 2 3 1 21 4 25
a. + − = − b. 1 + · = 1 + = 1 + = 1
24 24 24 24 4 2 7 4 7 28 28 28
2.
Calculation Calculation Choice 3: It does not matter. Either way, the

1: 3 ÷ 7 ÷ 1.012 will 2: 6.5 ÷ (9 ÷ 11) will answer is 0.5488. This is because the expression
give the correct answer. give the correct answer. has only one division, and the only number in the
The answer (rounded) The answer is 7.944. denominator is 100. You could even calculate it
is 0.423. in this order: 0.98 ÷ 100 · 56.
3.
5 7 5
a. 6 − 2 − 0.5 b. 5.6 − · 0.9
12 8 6
10 21 12 3 1
= 6 − 2 − 6 53 3
24 24 24 9
= 5 − · = 5 −
10 6 10 5 4
154 69 12 73 1 2 2
= − − = = 3
24 24 24 24 24
12 15 17
= 5 − = 4
20 20 20
3 6 2 3
c. ÷ − ·
8 7 3 8
1 1 1
3 7 2 3 7 1 7 4 3
= · − · = − = − =
8 6 3 8 16 4 16 16 16
2 1 4
4.
1
4 3 4 7 28 1 3 2 3 9 27 3 5 1 5 3 5 1
a. ÷ = · = = 9 b. ÷ = · = = 3 c. ÷ = · = = 2
1 7 1 3 3 3 4 9 4 2 8 8 6 3 6 1 2 2
2
5 7 5 1 5 7 10 7 1 7 11 6 11 5 55 1
d. ÷ = · = e. ÷ = · = f. ÷ = · = =9
12 1 12 7 84 9 1 9 10 90 1 5 1 6 6 6
5.
1 12 3 9 9 15 3 4
a. 12 ÷ (−1 )= ÷ (− ) b. − ÷ 7.5 = − ÷ c. 2.95 ÷ = 2.95 ·
2 1 2 12 12 2 4 3
12 2 24 3 1 = 2.95 · 4 ÷ 3 = 11.8 ÷ 3
= · (− ) = − = −8 9 2 3 1 1
1 3 3
= − · = − · = − Using long division at this point, we
12 15 6 5 10
6 5 get 3.93333... = 3.93.
With a calculator, do With a calculator, do With a calculator, do
12 ÷ −1.5 = −8. −9 ÷ 12 ÷ 7.5 = 0.1 −2.95 · 4 ÷ 3 = 3.9333...

Many Operations with Rational Numbers, cont.
1
3 1
6. Alex allotted · · $816 = $204 for car repairs.
4 3
1
1 1 1
7. a. · · $436 = · $436 = $43.60
5 2 10
4 1 4
b. · · $436 = · $436 = $174.40
5 2 10
8.
a. 6 ÷ 21 · (−0.095) ≈ −0.027 b. 9.99 · 3 ÷ 8 · 0.5 ≈ 1.873 c. 0.21 · 16 ÷ 59 · 28 ÷ 10 ≈ 0.159
9. High temperature: F = (9/5) (−2) + 32 = −3.6 + 32 = 28.4°F

Low temperature: F = (9/5) (−11) + 32 = −19.8 + 32 = 12.2°F
Scientific Notation, p. 40
1.
Scientific Notation (in-between calculation) Normal way
6· 105 6 · 100,000 600,000
2.5 · 105 2.5 · 100,000 250,000
5.39 · 104 5.39 · 10,000 53,900
2.03 · 106 2.03 · 1,000,000 2,030,000
8.904 · 103 8.904 · 1,000 8,904
1.5594 · 108 1.5594 · 100,000,000 155,940,000
2. a. 1.3 · 104 b. 2.04 · 105

c. 3.56 · 104 d. 4.506 · 106
e. 1.308 · 107 f. 1.005 · 104
g. 8.3 · 103 h. 2.89 · 105
i. 4.051 · 108 j. 4.98 · 109
3.
Planet Average distance from the sun (km) In scientific notation (km)
Mercury 58,000,000 5.8 · 107
Venus 108,000,000 1.08 · 108
Mars 227,900,000 2.279 · 108
Jupiter 778,570,000 7.7857 · 108
Uranus 2,870,000,000 2.87 · 109
Neptune 4,495,000,000 4.495 · 109

Scientific Notation, cont.
4.
Bridge Year Cost (dollars) Cost in dollars
Golden Gate Bridge 1937 $27 million $27,000,000
San Diego-Coronado Bridge 1969 $47.6 million $47,600,000
Erasmusburg Bridge 1996 $110 million $110,000,000
Oresund Bridge 2000 $3.8 billion $3,800,000,000
Strait of Messina Bridge (est.) 2016 $8.6 billion $8,600,000,000
5. a. 26 · 106 = 26,000,000 = 2.6 · 107 b. 0.9 · 105 = 90,000 = 9 · 104

c. 358 · 104 = 3,580,000 = 3.58 · 106 d. 0.208 · 107 = 2,080,000 = 2.08 · 106
e. 0.02 · 108 = 2,000,000 = 2 · 106 f. 10.1 · 106 = 10,100,000 = 1.01 · 107
6. A 70-kg male body contains approximately 7 · 1027 atoms.

Of these, 2 · 1019 of them are gold atoms.
7. Across: Down:
a. 8 b. 4 c. 7
d. 2 · 103 a. 8.93 · 105
e. 3.1 · 102 b. 4.209 · 104 9 d. 2 0 0 0 4
g. 1.003 · 106 c. 7.403 · 107 e. 3 1 0 0
h. 2.99 · 107 f. 5.3 · 104
0 9 f. 5 3
0 g. 1 0 0 3 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
h. 2 9 9 0 0 0 0 0

Equations with Fractions, p. 43
1.
1 5 4 2
a. x + = | − 1/2 b. x − = | + 4/7
2 6 7 3
5 1 2 4
x = − x = +
6 2 3 7
1 5
x = x = 1
3 21
2.
7 1 1 3
a. s − = 2 | + 7/2 b. 1 + v = | −1 1/5
2 3 5 10
1 7 3 1
s = 2 + v = − 1
3 2 10 5
1 1 3 2
s = 2 +3 v = − 1
3 2 10 10
5 9
s = 5 v = −
6 10
3 z 11
c. 8x = − |÷8 d. = − |·8
4 8 12
3 11
x =− ÷ 8 z = − ·8
4 12
3 88 22 1
x =− z = − = − = −7
32 12 3 3
3 1 2
e. 2 − x = | − 2 3/8 f. −x = 3 | − 2/11
8 2 11
1 3 2
−x = − 2 −x = 3 −
2 8 11
4 19 9
−x = − −x = 2
8 8 11
15 9
−x = − x = −2
8 11
15 7
x = = 1
8 8

Equations with Fractions, cont.
3. a. If the Millers paid 40% and the Martins paid 33.3333%, then that left 26.6667% of the total cost for the Browns
to pay. So they had to pay 0.266667 · $5,000 ≈ $1,333.34. Another way to solve this is to calculate that the Millers
paid 0.4 · $5,000 = $2,000, and the Martins paid $5,000 ÷ 3 = $1,666.67, so the Browns had to pay
$5,000 − $2,000 − $1,666.67 = $1,333.33. So there seem to be two possible answers: $1,333.34 and $1,333.33.
You could even have gotten $1,333.35, $1,333.50 or $1,335.00 if you had estimated 1/3 with fewer decimals in the
calculation. In reality, the three families would have needed to agree explicitly about how they would round the amounts.
b. You can calculate the Millers’ part easily: 40% of $5,000 is $2,000, so $3,000 is left. Since 5/3 = 1 2/3
= 1.666..., the Martins’ third is about $1,666. That leaves about $1,333 for the Browns’ part, so our answer
for (a) checks.
4.
a. One side is 3 5/8 inches long. b. One side is 5 ft 5 in. long.
Let s be the length of the unknown side. Let x be the length of the unknown side (in feet).
4s = 14 1/2 6x = 32 1/2
1 29 1 29 5 1 65 1 65 5
s = 14
2
÷4 =
2
· 4 = 8 = 38 x = 32
2
÷6 =
2
· 6 = 12 = 5 12
5.
2 3
a. x = 210 |·3 b. y = $14.94 |·8
3 8
3 · 2x 8 · 3y
= 210 · 3 = $14.94 · 8
3 8
2x = 630 |÷2 3y = $119.52 |÷3
x = 315 x = $39.84
6.
3 2
a. x = 45 |·5 a. x = 4.5 |·7
5 7
3x = 225 |÷3 2x = 31.5 |÷2
x = 75 x = 15.75
OR OR
Since 3/5 of a number is 45, then Since 2/7 of a number is 4.5, then
1/5 of the number is 15. So, 1/7 of it is half of that, or 2.25.
the number is 5 · 15 = 75. So, the number is 7 · 2.25 = 15.75.
7. a. Regular flour: (2 1/4) · (2/3) = (9/4) · (2/3) = 3/2 cups.

The rest, or 2 1/4 C − 1 1/2 C = 3/4 C is coconut flour.
For the double batch, she needs 3 cups of regular flour and 1 1/2 cups of coconut flour.
b. Check the student’s answer. For example: She needs 4 1/2 cups of flour in total for the double batch. The two amounts
(3 cups and 1 1/2 cups) add up to that, and the amount of coconut flour is half the amount of regular flour, so
the answer is reasonable. Or the student might estimate the amount of coconut flour: 1/3 of 2 1/4 is close to
1/3 of 2 cups, which is 2/3 cups. This is close to the calculated answer of 3/4 cups (for one batch).

Equations with Fractions, cont.
8.
4 6 2 2 5 2 1 1
O. = C. 5 − −1 =6 E. · 81 = 45 N. − + = −
6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
1 1 −4.5 1 1 9 2
R. 3 · − =− E. =− T. −3 · −1 =− M. · 27 = 6
9 3 9 2 2 2 9
Why didn’t the quarter go rolling down the hill with the nickel?
1 1 2 2 1
27 4 − −4 −1 81 − −1
9 2 9 9 2
IT HAD M O R E C E N T S
Equations with Decimals, p. 48

1.
a. −2.7 = x + 1.5 | − 1.5 b. x + 6.1 = −7.5 | − 6.1

−2.7 − 1.5 = x x = −7.5 − 6.1
x = −4.2 x = −13.6
Check: −2.7 −4.2 + 1.5 Check: −13.6 + 6.1 −7.5
−2.7 = −2.7 −7.5 = −7.5
c. 0.92 = z − 0.05 d. y + 0.56 = 0.19 | − 0.56

y = 0.19 − 0.56
z − 0.05 = 0.92 | + 0.05 y = −0.37
z = 0.92 + 0.05
z = 0.97 Check: −0.37 + 0.56 0.19
0.19 = 0.19
Check: 0.92 0.97 − 0.05
0.92 = 0.92
e. y − (−0.5) = 1.24 f. 2 − c = −0.61 |−2
y + 0.5 = 1.24 | − 0.5 − c = −0.61 − 2 | + 0.61
y = 1.24 − 0.5 −c = −2.61
y = 0.74 c = 2.61
Check: 0.74 − (−0.5) 1.24 Check: 2 − 2.61 −0.61
1.24 = 1.24 −0.61 = −0.61

Equations with Decimals, cont.
2.
x s
a. = −4.48 | ·2 b. = −0.5 | · (−0.7)
2 −0.7
x = −4.48 · 2 s = −0.5 · (−0.7)
x = −8.96 s = 0.35
−8.96 0.35
Check: −4.48 Check: −0.5
2 −0.7
−4.48 = −4.48 −0.5 = −0.5
c. 2.1x = −40 | ÷ 2.1 d. 24g = 19.38 | ÷ 24

x = −40 ÷ 2.1 g = 19.38 ÷ 24
x ≈ −19.048 g = 0.8075
Check: 2.1 · (−19.048) −40 Check: 24 · 0.8075 19.38

−40.0008 ≈ −40 19.38 = 19.38
c
e. = −14.3 | · 485.3 f. −0.99x = −1.05 | ÷ (−0.99)
485.3
c = −14.3 · 485.3 x = −1.05 ÷ (−0.99)
c = −6939.79 x ≈ 1.061
−6939.79
Check: −14.3 Check: −0.99 · 1.061 −1.05
485.3
−14.3 = −14.3 −1.05039 ≈ −1.05
3.
Step 1 2 3 4 5
a. The pattern grows upwards by one flower in each step.
b. There will be 4 + 38 = 42 flowers will be in step 39.
c. There will be 4 + (n −1) = n + 3 flowers in step n.
d. n + 3 = 8,500; n = 8,500 − 3 = 8,497. There will be 8,500 flowers in step 8,497.
4. The solution of the equation is below:
0.8 p = $25.90 | ÷ 0.8

p = $25.90 ÷ 0.8
p = $32.375
The original price was $32.38.

Equations with Decimals, cont.
5.
a. Check the student’s answer. Methods will vary.
Equation: (2/5) · n = 6.78 |·5 Another way:

2n = 33.9 |÷2 Since two-fifths of this number is 6.78, one-
n = 16.95 fifth of the number is just half that, or 3.39.
And the number itself is five times that, or
16.95.
b. Check the student’s answer. Methods will vary.
Equation: (3/10) · p = $11.55 | · 10 Another way:

3p = $115.50 | ÷3
p = $38.50
Since three-tenths of this number is 11.55, one-
tenth of the number is one-third of that, or
3.85. And the number itself is ten times that, or
38.50.
Review, p. 51
1. Answers will vary. Check the student’s answers. For example:
a. −3/1 b. 30/1 c. 21/100 d. −19/10
2.
472 2,938,442 38,166

3. a. b. −1 c. 2
10,000 100,000,000 100,000
4. a. −0.0024 b. 987.2 c. 0.04593

5. a. 0.21 b. 1.0995
6. a. 2.06999… b. 0.006812812812…
7. 0.7 is more. It is 0.07 more than 0.7.
8. All terminating decimals are rational numbers.
9. All repeating decimals are rational numbers.
10. a. 0.136 b. 1.60870

Review, cont.
11.
a. a = 6 and b = −7 b. a = −1.3 and b = −7.6
Distance: 13 Distance: 6.3
Absolute value of the difference: Absolute value of the difference:

| 6 − (−7) | = | 13 | = 13 | −1.3 − (−7.6) | = | 6.3 | = 6.3
12.
a. 0.2 · 0.07 = 0.014 b. −0.8 · 0.005 = −0.004 c. (−0.2)3 = −0.008

d. −5 · (−2.2) = 11 e. −0.2 · 0.1 · (−0.3) = 0.006
7 11 3
13. a. b. −2 c.
33 12 50
14.
1 1 6 4 24 4
a. 1 ÷ − = · − = − = −4 b. 21 ÷ 0.06 = 350
5 4 5 1 5 5
15. a. 60% of $18 = $10.80.

You can multiply 6 · 18 = 108 in your head and conclude that 0.6 · 18 = 10.8. Or you can find 10% of $18,
which is $1.80, and multiply that by 6.
1
b. · 9.6 = 2.4. To easily divide 9.6 by 4 in your head, first take half of 9.6, which is 4.8, and then take half of that.
4
8 3 8 24 12
c. −0.3 · = − · = − = −
11 10 11 110 55
1 2 1
16. a. 7 b. 2 c. 1
2 35 3
17. a. 1.56 · 0.8 = 1.248

Answers will vary. Please check the student’s work. For example: What is the discounted price after a $1.56 eraser
is discounted by 20%?
Another example: The sides of a square measure 1.56 m. The sides of another, smaller square are 8/10 of those
of the bigger square. How long are the sides of the smaller square?
b. 6 ÷ (1/2) = 12
Answers will vary. Please check the student’s work. For example: How many servings of 1/2 apple do you get
from 12 apples?
18. In June, July, and August there are a total of 30 + 31 + 31 = 92 days. At 16 hours of usage per day, that makes
92 d · 16 h/d = 1472 hours of usage during the 3-month period. The air conditioner uses 2 kW of power, so during
those hours it will consume 1472 h · 2 kW = 2944 kWh of energy. Therefore, at $0.1686 per kWh, the cost to run
the air conditioner during those three months will be 2944 kWh · 0.1686 $/kWh = $496.36.
19. a. 6.798 · 106 b. 5.6 · 1010
20. a. 780,000 b. 3,495,800,000

Review, cont.
21.
Equation: Another way: Logical reasoning
(7/10)x = 4,200 | ·10
Since 7/10 of the area is 4,200 acres, we can find 1/10
7x = 42,000 | ÷7
of the total area by dividing 4,200 by 7. That is 600
x = 6,000 acres. Then the total area is 10 times that, or 6,000
acres.
The total area of the fire is 6,000 acres.
22.
2 1 4
a. x − = 5 | + 2/9 a. 5y = − |÷5
9 20 12
1 2 4
x = 5 + y = − ÷ 5
20 9 12
9 40 4 1
x = 5 + y = − ·
180 180 12 5
49 4 1
x = 5 y = − =−
180 60 15
c. 0.94 = 1.1 − x d. −0.3x = 10 | ÷ (−0.3)

1.1 − x = 0.94 | −1.1 x = 10 ÷ (−0.3)
−x = −0.16 x = −33.3
x = 0.16

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6-7 - Rational - Numbers

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Copyright 2017 - 2018 Maria Miller.

Fractions and Decimals .......................................................... 8

More from Math Mammoth ................................................... 76

I wish you success in teaching math!

Maria Miller, the author

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a. 0.09 b. 0.005 c. 0.045

d. 0.00371 e. 0.02381 f. 0.0000031

2. Write as fractions and also as mixed numbers.

When changing a fraction into a decimal, we have several tools in

3908 593 5903

45,039,034 435,112 450,683

8 Math Mammoth Rational Numbers (Blue Series)

Tool 3. Most of the time, in order to change a fraction to a decimal, 5

9 Math Mammoth Rational Numbers (Blue Series)

9. One bag of milk powder contains 900 g.

10. A puzzle measures 14 3/8 inches by 20 3/8 inches.

a. Write these mixed numbers as decimals.

b. Calculate the area of the puzzle in square inches (as a decimal).

10 Math Mammoth Rational Numbers (Blue Series)

Obviously, all fractions, whether negative or positive, are rational numbers.

Negative fractions give us negative decimals.

1. Write these numbers as a ratio (fraction) of two integers.

e. −1.9 f. −5.4 g. −0.56 h. 0.022

11 Math Mammoth Rational Numbers (Blue Series)

a. 8 and 5 b. −4 and 10 c. 89 and −100

d. −5 and 2 e. 91 and −1000 f. −1 and −4

5. Write the fractions and mixed numbers marked by the arrows.

12 Math Mammoth Rational Numbers (Blue Series)

(Four decimal digits means the denominator is 104 or 10,000.)