EpithelialTissues م1

prof.
Ali Hassan Amin

Faculty of
For
Sciences
1st level
Biology Programs
Zoology Department
2
• Cells are the building blocks of all living things
• Cells Tissues Organs Systems Entire body
• Therefore:
• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and
function.
 Epithelial tissues = covering + lining
 Connective tissues = supporting + protection
 Muscular tissues = movement
 Nervous tissues = controlling
Most organs contain all 4 types

 Epithelial tissue or epithelium is composed of
one or more layers of cells, arranged next to
each other without any space between them.
 This tissue covers the external surface of body,
forming the skin, and lines cavities and tracts
such as the intestines and glandular tissue.
❑ Physical Protection by Covering external surface
 Epidermis of the skin.
 Cornea of the eye.
 Hair and nails are epidermal structures.
❑ Lining cavities
 Internal organs – intestines and blood vessels “Body cavities”.
❑ Control cell permeability (absorption)

Anything entering or leaving body crosses epithelia.
❑ Form glands (glandular epithelia) that produce secretions

 salivary, gastric, intestinal, mucous.
❑ Sensory: Parts of sense organs known as neuroepithelia (large sensory nerve supply)
• Compact sheets of cells
• Tissue layer always has one exposed surface (Apical surface)
• The lower surface (basal surface) is bound by a basement membrane

– Fibers
• The side surface (lateral surface) is bound to other epithelial cells.
• Avascular (have no blood supply)
• Nerve supply
• Regenerate easily if well nourished

 1- Cell shape:
• squamous cells are flat

• cuboidal cells are cubic
• columnar cells are tall & thin
 2- Number of cell layers:

❖ Simple (one layer): epithelia named by shapes of cells
❖ Stratified (more than one layer): epithelia named by shapes of the surface cells
❖ pseudostratified: one layer but looks like more than one layer.
 3- Cilia:
❑ Non ciliated : absorptive cells (microvilli) and goblet cells (secrete mucus)
❑ Ciliated : to move substances (Ex . upper respiratory passages and fallopian tubes.)
1- Simple squamous
• Single layer of flat cells
• Usually forms membranes
• Lines body cavities
• Lines lungs and capillaries

Simple Epithelium
2- Simple cuboidal
• Single layer of cube-like cells
• Common in glands and their

ducts
• Forms walls
of kidney tubules
• Covers the ovaries

Simple Epithelium
3- Simple columnar
• Single layer of tall cells
• Often includes goblet cells that

produce mucus
• Lines digestive tract for nutrients

absorption.
• Sometimes provided by cilia

Stratified(Compound)Epithelium
•Two or more (usually) layers.
•Basal layer : rests on the basement membrane.
•Surface layer faces outward or faces the cavity.
•Named by the appearance of the surface cells.

1- Stratified squamous:
• The basal layer is columnar followed by several layers of
polygonal cells and a flatten superficial layer.
• Found as a protective covering where friction is common.
• Locations:
•Skin
•Mouth
•Esophagus
Stratified squamous:
•Keratinized stratified squamous
Keratin deposit in apical layer and several layers below it.
•Non-keratinized stratified squamous
• No keratin
2- Stratified cuboidal (rare):

More than two layers of cuboidal cells
Protection, secretion, absorption
3- Stratified columnar (rare):

❑ Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in
size and shape
❑ For------Protection and secretion
4- Transitional epithelium:
• The shapes of surface cells change with

the degree of stretching.
• Elastic: As the cells stretch, they

become flattened
• Lines organs of the urinary system

• Not a true stratified tissue.
• Contains Two or more cell types:
* Small: undifferentiated cells.
* Tall: columnar differentiated cells.
• All cells touch basement membrane but not all reach the
apical surface so that, Nuclei at different levels.
• When viewed from the side, it appears that they have
several layers giving it a False stratified appearance
• Ciliated: cells in Trachea and other respiratory
passages.
• Non ciliated: cells Uterine tube.
 Epithelial specialized for secretion.
❑ A portion of an epithelium grows into the underlying supporting connective tissue.
❑ The down growth develops into a secretory portion and a duct. This is an exocrine gland .
❑ If the duct disappears, This is an endocrine gland.
1 3 4
2
Glands can be classified in many overlapping ways:
 1- Ducts:
 Exocrine (with ducts) and endocrine (ductless).
 2- Type of secretion:
◦ enzymes, mucous or mixed.
 3- According to its shape:

 1- Unicellular glands (goblet cell).
 2- Simple tubular glands.
 3- Coiled tubular gland.
 4- Branched tubular glands.
 5- Compound tubular glands.
 6- Simple alveolar glands.
 7- Branched alveolar glands.
 8- Compound tubulo-alveolar glands

(Pancreas).
 9- Reticular glands (Liver of mammals).

 It is highly specialized for reception of stimuli.
 The neuroepithelial cells are provided with hairlets on the free end. Its basal end is attached
with fine branches of a sensory nerve.
 The sensory epithelia are classified into:-
 A- Gustatory or taste cells.
 This type is present in the taste buds present between the epithelial cells which cover the
tongue and the pharynx.
 B-Olfactory cells.
 It is present in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity. It is formed of pseudostratified
epithelium.
 C- Auditory cells:-
 They are found lining the middle ear. They are elongated cells with large nucleus. The
auditory cells carry sensory hairs at their free surfaces, at their base; they are connected
with nerve endings to transmit sound waves.
 Supporting cells are found between the auditory cells to support them.
 D- Optic cells:-
 They are found in the retina in the eye of higher animals. The cells are cylinderical suitable
for receiving light and color.These cells named the rods and cons, the rods are more
numerous and with their wall than that of the cones. The optic cells connect with nerve
endings to transmit the sense of light to the optic nerve.
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prof.

Ali Hassan Amin

 Connective tissues = supporting + protection

 Muscular tissues = movement

 Nervous tissues = controlling

Most organs contain all 4 types

 Cornea of the eye.

 Hair and nails are epidermal structures.

❑ Control cell permeability (absorption)

❑ Form glands (glandular epithelia) that produce secretions

• Tissue layer always has one exposed surface (Apical surface)

• The lower surface (basal surface) is bound by a basement membrane

• The side surface (lateral surface) is bound to other epithelial cells.

• Avascular (have no blood supply)

• Regenerate easily if well nourished

• squamous cells are flat

• columnar cells are tall & thin

 2- Number of cell layers:

• Single layer of flat cells

• Usually forms membranes

• Lines body cavities

• Lines lungs and capillaries

• Common in glands and their

• Covers the ovaries

• Single layer of tall cells

• Often includes goblet cells that

• Lines digestive tract for nutrients

• Sometimes provided by cilia

•Two or more (usually) layers.

•Basal layer : rests on the basement membrane.

•Surface layer faces outward or faces the cavity.

•Named by the appearance of the surface cells.

• Found as a protective covering where friction is common.

Keratin deposit in apical layer and several layers below it.

•Non-keratinized stratified squamous

2- Stratified cuboidal (rare):

3- Stratified columnar (rare):

• The shapes of surface cells change with

• Elastic: As the cells stretch, they

• Lines organs of the urinary system

 3- According to its shape:

 2- Simple tubular glands.

 3- Coiled tubular gland.

 4- Branched tubular glands.

 5- Compound tubular glands.

 6- Simple alveolar glands.

 7- Branched alveolar glands.

 8- Compound tubulo-alveolar glands

 9- Reticular glands (Liver of mammals).

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