2
2
2
t
a(ax + b}+* ta.(ax
+ b)"
ax + b)
=
then a
0
Since Aax + b) =0, we'll get a,a" =
and as a 0 , a,= 0
a'b) e Qx]
and as o ( a ' r - a b)) = Aa (ax + b) - ab) = Sx)
t
ao() +a,(a() +*
+ a,(o()"
a a+at..ta)G t a,o () + + a,o (¥)
Notice that
Then
As o is 1-1, we get
x = hr)p(r) +b
d e g x = deg (hr)p() + b) = deg hr) + deg p(«)
a contradiction.
Let hx) =
a, then a e Q, a # 0, as h(r) is not a zero polynomial
A Course in Abstract
422 Algebrg
otherwise alsoa = 0 r =b which is not truc.
Now o r ) = o (h(r)p(x) + b)
oat any automorphism oof the ring Q] is of the form o (x) = J{ax + b), 4,b e Q
0
KEemark: If we are in Z[x], then a = +1 as a is invertible. Thus only ring automorphism or
Z} would be o
(fx) =ftx +b), be Z.
Theorem 13: 1f F is a
field, then Flx]
Euclidean domain. is a
Proof: We have seen that
Flx] an integral domain with unity.
is
For any
S) e Fxl. ft) # 0, define
df()) deg f(*) =
a,b,'>"-" g(t) +0
So by taking t(x) =
ab and r(x) =
0 we
get the required result.
9.Euclideam amd Factorization Domains 423
Suppose J ) # 0,
then deg ) < m
By induction hypothesis
) = 1 , ) g ) + r(x)
f ) - a b " - "g ) = 4 ) 8 ) + r )
or
) g ) + r)
i) One canshow that the above defined () r(x) unique. and are
8
Suppose t() * "()
then t-f 0 and thus has degree 20
d e g (g(t - ) ) = deg ( - )
(1)
d e g g tdeg (t - ) = deg ( - r) .2)
Also since g(t - t) has positive degree (2 n), r' - r cannot be zero, otherwise
polynomial, its degree cannot be 2 n.
gt- ) would be a constant so
deg deg8 8
m a x (deg r, deg r) < deg g
If one of r, r is zero, the other has deg less than deg g. In any case R.H.S. < deg g,
which is a contradiction.
Thus - t= 0 t = '
. (1) r=r.
Hence the uniqueness is established.
IfF is a field then Fa) being a Euclidean domain will be a PID. Hence we can state
(def. of 1deal)
Solution: Let g(r) ¬ / be of minimal degree then < gr)>
at a,t + a,x"
*
Then )) = 0
i h
A Course n Absiract Algebr.
426
f (x)) + e(g(r)
/)g(r)) Ac t
cr t c t.)
(ctA) t (C, t A)xt
(a,htA) +
(a,b +
a,b, t Axt +
+ [a,b, t A)
+ (a,h, + A)]r
(a, +
A)(b, t A)
( a , t A) + (a, A) x t ( 0 + A) + (0 + A) x+.
a , t A =A for all i
a,eA for all i
Hencc Rx
A
Finally, let A be a prime idcal of R.
R
Then is an integral domain
l is an integral domain
RIx] is
Ax]
an
intcgral domal, because of the
isomorphism
Ar] is a prime ideal of R[»
Remarks: () ll is clear then if A is an ideal of a ring R then
(Kernels are ideals). A[x| is an deal of R[«]
i) IfA is maximial ideal
of Rthen RIA is a ficld r} is not a ficld
A i
A[x
s not a ficld
Alx] is not maximal ideal
of R[«]. (Sec exercise 20 on
page 471).
Problem 17: Show that where I=< r'txlis not an
integral domain
Solution: (r + 2) + l e Zal|
9 Euclidean and Factorization Domains
427
R R
Ker
Let a EKer 6
0
6a, t a,rt t ax) =
S ) = r la, t a +
+a =xh{r)
ft) e <r>
Hence Ker 6= <*> which proves our result.
Remark: If Z be the ring of integers then <r> is a prime but not maximal ideal
of Zr
By theorem 15, z
If<r> is maximal ideal of Z{r] then will be a field implying that Z is a ficld which
is not true. Hence < r> is not maximal. See also problems 20 and 21 ahcad