AP CALCULUS BC

Stuff you MUST Know Cold

l’Hopital’s Rule Properties of Log and Ln “PLUS A CONSTANT”

If
f (a ) 0
= or =
∞
, 1. ln 1 = 0 2. ln e a = a
g (a ) 0 ∞
3.eln x = x 4. ln x n = n ln x The Fundamental Theorem of
f (x) f '( x ) Calculus
then lim = lim 5. ln ( ab ) = ln a + ln b
x→ a g ( x) x → a g '( x ) b
6.ln ( a b ) = ln a − ln b ∫ f ( x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
Average Rate of Change Differentiation Rules where F '( x) = f ( x)
(slope of the secant line) Chain Rule
If the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)) d du 2nd Fundamental Theorem of
[ f (u )] = f '(u )
are on the graph of f(x) the average dx dx Calculus
rate of change of f(x) on the interval Product Rule d
g ( x)

dx ∫#
[a,b] is f ( x)dx = f ( g ( x )) ⋅ g '( x)
d dv du
f (b) − f (a) ( uv ) = u + v
dx dx dx
b−a
Quotient Rule Average Value
du dv If the function f(x) is continuous on
Definition of Derivative v −u [a, b] and the first derivative exist
d u dx dx
(slope of the tangent line)  = on the interval (a, b), then there
dx  v  v 2
exists a number x = c on (a, b) such
 f ( x + h) − f ( x)  that
f '( x) = lim  
h →0
 h  Mean Value & Rolle’s Theorem 1
b

b − a ∫a
If the function f(x) is continuous on f (c ) = f ( x)dx
Derivatives [a, b] and the first derivative exists
on the interval (a, b), then there f (c) is the average value
d n
dx
( x ) = nx n −1 exists a number x = c on (a, b) such
f (b ) − f ( a )
that f '( c ) = Euler’s Method
d b−a
( sin x ) = cosx if f(a) = f(b), then f ’(c) = 0.
dx dy
If given that = f ( x, y ) and
d dx
( cos x ) = −sin x
dx Curve sketching and analysis that the solution passes through
d
( tan x ) = sec2 x y = f(x) must be continuous at each: (x0, y0), then
dx critical point:
dy
= 0 or undefined.
d
dx x new = x old + ∆x
( cot x ) = −csc2 x local minimum:
dy
goes (-,0,+) or dy
dx
dx ynew = yold + ⋅ ∆x
d dx ( xold , yold )
( sec x ) = tanx sec x d2y
dx (-,und,+) or >0
dx 2
d dy
( csc x ) = −cotx csc x local maximum: goes (+,0,-) or
Logistics Curves
dx dx L
d 1 P (t ) = ,
( ln u ) = du d2y 1 + Ce− ( Lk ) t
dx u (+,und,-) or <0 where L is carrying capacity
dx 2
d u Absolute Max/Min.: Compare local Maximum growth rate occurs when
dx
( e ) = eu du
extreme values to values P=½L
at endpoints. dP
d 1 = kP ( L − P ) or
( log a x ) = pt of inflection : concavity changes. dt
dx x ln a
d2y dP P
d u goes (+,0,-),(-,0,+), = ( Lk ) P (1 − )
dx
( a ) = a x ( ln a ) du dx 2 dt L
(+,und,-), or (-,und,+)
 Integrals Distance, velocity and Volume
∫ kf (u )du = k ∫ f (u)du
Acceleration Solids of Revolution
d b
( position ) ∫ [ R( x) ]
∫ du = u + C
Velocity = 2
dt Disk Method: V = π dx
a
u n +1 d
∫ u du = Acceleration = ( velocity )
n
+ C , n ≠ −1 dt Washer Method:
n +1
1 dx dy b

∫ u du = ln | u | +C V = π∫ ( [ R( x)] )
2 2
Velocity Vector = , − [ r ( x) ] dx
dt dt
a

∫ e du = e + C
u u 2 2
Speed = |v(t)| = ( x ') + ( y ') . b

 1  u Distance Traveled = Shell Method: V = 2π ∫ r ( x)h( x)dx

∫ a du =  ln a  a + C
u
final final a
time time

∫ ∫ ( x ') + ( y ')
2 2
Volume of Known Cross Sections
∫ cos udu = sin u + C initial
v(t ) dt =
initial
dt
Perpendicular to
∫ sin udu = − cos u + C
time time
b x-axis: y-axis:

∫ tan udu = − ln | cos u | +C ∫ x '(t )dt

b d
x(b) = x(a) +
a
V = ∫ A( x)dx V = ∫ A( y )dy
∫ cot udu = ln | sin u | +C b a c

y(b) = y(a) + ∫ y '(t )dt

∫ sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u | +C a Taylor Series

∫ csc udu = − ln | csc u + cot u | +C If the function f is “smooth”at x = c,

then it can be approximated by the nth
du 1 |u | Polar Curves
∫u u2 − a2
=
a
arc sec 
 a 
+C For a polar curve r(θ), the
degree polynomial
f ( x ) ≈ f (c ) + f '(c)( x − c )
θ2
u
du
∫ [ r(θ)] f "(c )
2

∫ a 2 − u 2 = arcsin  a  + C
1
Area inside a “leaf” is 2 dθ + ( x − c ) 2 + ...
θ1 2!
where θ1 and θ2 are the “first” two f '''(c )
du 1 u ( x − c )3 + ...
∫ a 2 + u 2 = a arctan  a  + C times that r = 0. +
3!
The slope of r(θ) at a given θ is f ( n ) (c )
+ ( x − c) n
Integration by Parts dy dy
dθ
d
[ r (θ) sin θ]
dθ n!
= =
d θ [ r (θ) cos θ]
d
dx dx

∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
dθ
Elementary Functions
Ratio Test Centered at x = 0
Arc Length (use for interval of convergence)
For a function, f(x) ∞ x 2 x3
b The series ∑a n converges if ex = 1 + x + +
2! 3!
+ ...
L = ∫ 1 + [ f '( x ) ] dx
2
n=0

an+1 CHECK x2 x4 x6
a cos x = 1 − + − + ...
lim <1 ENDPOINTS 2! 4! 6!
For a polar graph, r(θ) n→∞ an
θ2 x3 x 5 x 7
∫ [ r (θ)] + [ r '(θ)] sin x = x − + − + ...
2 2
L= dθ Alternating Series Error Bound 3! 5! 7!
θ1

∑ 1
N
If S N = n =1
( −1) n an is the Nth = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + ...
Lagrange Error Bound 1− x
partial sum of a convergent
alternating series, then x 2 x3 x 4
If Pn(x) is the nth degree Taylor ln( x + 1) = x − + − + ...
polynomial of f(x) about c, then S∞ − S N ≤ aN +1 2 3 4
( n+1)
max f (z) n+1
f (x) − Pn (x) ≤ x−c Most Common Series
( n +1) ! ∞ ∞ n ∞
1 (−1) A
for all z between x and c. ∑
n=1 n
diverges ∑
n=1 n
converges ∑ A(r)
n= 0
n
converges to
1− r
if |r|<1