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    Chemical Combinations and Moles Concept

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    Chemical Combinations and Moles Concept

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    CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS AND MOLES CONCEPT

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    3 views10 pages

    Chemical Combinations and Moles Concept

    Uploaded by

    abdulsamadolalekan24

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    🔰🔰 EOT CHEMISTRY SUMMARY NOTES

    🔰 TOPIC: CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, MOLES CONCEPT AND AVOGADRO'S CONSTANT


    🔰 TUTOR: MEDIC JAY JAY
    🌹 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
    At the end of the class, students should be able to:

    📌Define Chemical Combination


    📌State the laws of chemical combination and the scientists who postulated them
    📌 Differentiate the laws of chemical combination via Calculation questions
    📌 Know the concepts of moles
    📌Relate moles to Avogadro's Constant
    🌹 CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
    Chemical combination is simply a reaction in which two or more elements or compounds
    combine to form a new product i.e Reactants A and B comes together to give product AB.

    Imagine you have a box of building blocks. Each building block is like a tiny piece of matter.
    Now, let's say you take two different kinds of building blocks and put them together. When you
    do that, you create something new! This coming together of different building blocks is what
    we call chemical combination.

    🌹LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS


    Now, let's talk about the rules or laws that these building blocks follow when they come
    together.

    There are four laws of chemical combination which describe the general features of a
    chemical change. Although research has shown that these laws are only approximately
    correct, they still form the basis of chemistry.They are ;

    1.Law of conservation of mass proposed by Antonnie Lavoisier


    2.Law of definite proportion/ constant composition proposed by Joseph Proust

    3.Law of Multiple proportion proposed by John Dalton

    4. Law of Reciprocal proportion proposed by Jeremias Ritcher

    🌹LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS


    The Law of Conservation of Mass dates from Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 discovery that mass is
    neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of any one
    element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the
    reaction. If we account for all reactants and products in a chemical reaction, the total mass
    will be the same at any point in time in any closed system. Lavoisier's finding laid the
    foundation for modern chemistry and revolutionized science.

    💥NB: A balanced chemical equation is based on this law


    Also ,this is like saying, "You can't create or destroy building blocks, just rearrange them." So, if
    you start with 5 building blocks, and you put them together in a new way, you'll still have 5
    building blocks at the end. Nothing disappears, and nothing magically appears.

    🌹LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS(CONSTANT COMPOSITION)


    It states: "All pure samples of the same chemical compound contain the same proportions of
    the elements by mass". This means that every time a particular compound forms. it forms in
    the same percentage composition. For instance, if CuO is prepared by several different
    methods and the samples analyzed, it would be found that all the samples contain copper and
    oxygen in the same proportions i.e their ratio will always be 1:1
    ❤ This is similar to baking cookies. If you have a recipe, you use a certain amount of flour,
    sugar, and other ingredients. Similarly, when building blocks combine, they do so in specific
    ratios. It's like saying, "If you want to make a chocolate chip cookie, you need a definite
    amount of chocolate chips, not too many or too few."

    🌹LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS


    It states: If two elements combine together to form two or more different compounds, the
    masses of one of the elements, which separately combine with a fixed mass of the other
    element, are in a simple ratio. An example is Cu₂O and CuO.

    📌In Cu₂O the proportion of Cu: O = 128:16 or 8:1.


    📌In CuO, the proportion of Cu: O = 64/16 or 4:1. Therefore, the ratio of the masses of copper
    in the two compounds is 8:4 or 2:1 (a small-whole-number ratio).

    📌These ratios are different, but they are still simple and whole numbers. The Law of Multiple
    Proportion holds true because the amounts of copper and oxygen combine in neat and tidy
    ratios when forming different copper oxides.

    🌹LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTION


    The law of reciprocal proportions was proposed by Jeremias Ritcher in 1792. It states that, "If
    two different elements ( A and B) combine separately with the same weight of a third element
    (C) , the ratio of the masses in which they do so are either the same or a simple multiple of the
    mass ratio in which they combine."

    🌹EXAMPLE 1:
    Oxygen and sulfur react with copper to give copper oxide and copper sulfide, respectively.
    Sulfur and oxygen also react with each other to form SO2. Therefore,

    📌In CuS:
    Cu:S = 63.5 : 32
    📌In CuO:
    Cu:O = 63.5:16

    Ratio of Sulphur to Oxygen in the two sample =

    S:O = 32:16

    S:O = 2:1

    📌Now in SO2:
    S:O = 32:32

    S:O = 1:1

    Thus the ratio between the two ratios is the following:

    (2:1) : (1:1)= 2/1 : 1/1 —-> 2:1

    This is a simple multiple ratio and it obeys the law of RECIPROCAL PROPORTION ✅
    🌹EXAMPLE 2: A metal M forms two oxides, X and Y with oxygen. 5.70g of X contains 0.64g
    of Oxygen while 3.80g of Y contains 0.76g of oxygen,on analysis. What law of chemical
    combination does this represent? [M=64, O=16]

    ❤ SOLUTION

    In oxide of X; the mass of Oxygen= 0.64g, the mass of M = 5.70-0.64 = 5.06g

    No of moles of Oxygen= 0.64/16 = 0.04

    No of moles of M = 5.06/64 = 0.08

    M:O = 0.08:0.04 = 2:1

    In Oxide of Y; the mass of oxygen= 0.76g, mass of M = 3.04g

    No of moles of Oxygen= 0.76/16 = 0.048


    No of moles of M = 3.04/64 = 0.048

    M:O = 1:1

    ✅
    Hence, we can conclude that the ratio of M which combines separately with a fixed mole of
    oxygen is a simple ratio which agrees with the law of MULTIPLE PROPORTION

    🌹THE MOLE CONCEPT


    To be successful in solving stoichiometry problems you must be familiar with the following
    terms and their meaning:

    ❤ mole the number of C atoms in exactly 12.0 grams of 12C; also a number, 6.02 x 10²³ just
    as the word "dozen" means 12 and "couple" means 2.

    ❤ Avogadro's number(Na) is 6.02 x 10²³, the number of particles in a mole of anything


    ❤ molar mass is the mass of one mole of particles in grams; the sum of the atomic
    masses in a chemical formula. When calculating, be sure to multiply the atomic mass of each
    element by the subscript following that element. The molar mass for H₂O is 2(1.00g for
    hydrogen) + 16.00g for oxygen = 18.00grams for a mole of water molecules.

    🌹THE MOLE MAP


    Some of the relationships of mole and other parameters are shown in the following equations :

    📌For substances of known masses :


    no. of moles = mass given (m) / molar mass of substance (gmol-¹)

    📌For Solutions :
    no. of moles = concentration (mol/dm³) × volume (dm³)

    📌 For gases at standard temperature and pressure:


    no. of moles = volume occupied (dm³) / 22.4dm³mol-¹
    📌 For an ideal gas :
    no. of moles (n) = PV/RT

    where P = pressure (atm)

    v = volume occupied (dm³)

    T = absolute temperature (K) R = gas constant (0.0821 atmdm³)

    n = number of moles

    📌For elementary particles:


    no.of moles= no of particles / 6.02 x 10²³ particles mol-¹

    🌹SOLVED EXAMPLE
    Calculate the number of moles present in

    a). 5.3g of Na2CO3

    b). 4.25×10²¹atoms of copper

    💥SOLUTION
    a). Mole = mass/molar mass

    Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106gmol-¹

    Mole = 5.3/106 = 0.050mol☑

    b). Mole = No of Particles/Avogadro's constant

    Mole = 4.25×10²¹/6.02×10²³

    Mole = 0.71×10-²

    Mole = 7.1×10-³mol ✅
    🌹 AVOGADRO'S CONSTANT, NA.
    Though, we had already discussed Avogadro's constant earlier but we want to buttress more
    on it.

    Avogadro's number is represented as 6.02×10²³ and it is called this in respect of the Italian
    scientist, Amedo Avogadro who discovered that the mole of any substance contains
    6.02×10²³particles. The particles mentioned here can be Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Formula
    Units, Electrons, e.t.c.

    Hence, we can say that "a mole of any substance be it atoms, molecules or ions contains
    6.02×10²³particles💥❤
    Gotten Right? 🤭🥰
    If yes, then tell me: DADDY, YOU ARE DOING WELL 😂😂
    🌹WORKED EXAMPLE
    What is the number of Hydrogen ions present in a solution containing 4.9g of H2SO4? [H=1,
    S=32, O=16]

    💥 SOLUTION
    First of all, let's write out the Dissociation of H2SO4:

    H2SO4 ----> 2H+ + SO4²-

    Knowing this, let's go ahead to calculate for the number of moles of H2SO4 present in the
    solution;

    Mole = Mass/Molar mass

    Mole = 4.9/98 = 0.050mol.

    But from the question, 1mol of H2SO4 dissociates to give 2mols of H+; hence 0.05mol will
    give 0.05×2 = 0.1mol.

    But 1mol of Hydrogen ions contains 6.02×10²³hydrogen ions 🔥


    Hence, 0.1mol will contain 0.1×6.02×10²³ hydrogen ions

    = 6.02×10²²hydrogen ions ☑ ❤
    Simple Right?

    Na so e supposed be. Chemistry nor supposed hard 😩🥺. Ahbi my children?😌😂


    So guys, that's all on CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS, MOLES CONCEPT AND AVOGADRO'S
    CONSTANT.

    Do well to go through them ahead of our class tonight by 9pm.

    Till then, stay safe 🔥🔥


    Daddy Loves You All 🥰❤

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