a. Law of g.

Isotope
Conservation of h. Atom
Matter i. Molecule
b. Law of Definite j. Ion
Proportion
k. Chemical formula
c. Law of Multiple
Proportion l. Molecular formula
d. Dalton’s Atomic m. Empirical formula
Theory
e. Atomic number
f. Mass number
 Cut the paper in half…
… and again in half.
and again.
Can you go on cutting the paper
into half?
 Though the cutting can go on and on
mentally, there is a physical limit to
this process.
 It is impossible to cut the paper into
half forever.
 There is a limit – a point where the
piece can no longer be divided.
 This limit is an indivisible piece, which
was called by the Greek philosopher
Democritus as the ATOM.
 However, beginning in the late 1800s,
experiments have indicated that atoms
are made up of smaller particles.

 What are these particles that make up

the atom?
 Knowledge of the atoms and molecules
in the environment and in biological
systems has provided an
understanding of the changes
occurring in them.
 It has also allowed the prediction of
their behavior and the solution to any
problem observed in their behavior.
 Observations of chemical reactions are
summarized in certain generalizations
called the laws of chemical change.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Law of Definite Proportion
3. Law of Multiple Proportion
 During any chemical reaction, matter is
neither created nor destroyed.
 Mass is conserved from reactants to
products.
 The total mass of the products is equal
to the total mass of the reactant.
MASS REACTANTS = MASS PRODUCTS
 Antoine Lavoisier, a
French chemist,
formulated this law by
describing one of his
experiments involving
mercuric oxide.
 1789, France
 Nobleman
 Statesman
 Scientist
 Used one of the first
analytical mass balances to
prove this law.
 He is known as the “Father of
Modern Chemistry” because
he made it a quantitative
science.
 Executed on the guillotine
during the French Revolution.
 Lavoisier’s Experiment
 He placed a small amount of mercuric
oxide, a red solid, inside a retort and
sealed the vessel tightly.
 He weighed the system, and then
subjected it to high temperature.
 During the heating, the red solid turned
into a silvery liquid.
 This observation indicated that a
chemical reaction took place.
 Lavoisier’s Experiment
 After which, the setup was cooled and
then weighed.
 The weight of the system was found to
be the same as before heating.
What does the law really mean?

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

methane gas oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas water

Reactants: methane gas (CH4) and

oxygen gas (O2)
Products: carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and
water (H2O)
What does the law really mean?

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

methane gas oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas water

 “→” means yields.

 Little numbers (subscripts) – tell how
many of a particular type of atom are
inside of a molecule.
 Example: 4 hydrogen atoms per
methane molecule
What does the law really mean?

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

methane gas oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas water

 Big numbers (coefficients) – tell how

many of each particle is involved in
the reaction.
 Example: 2 molecules of oxygen
react with 1 molecule of methane
 How would you draw this reaction as
particles and show conservation of
mass?
 CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

methane gas oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas water

 How does this picture show that particles and therefore mass are
conserved from reactant’s side to product’s side?
 What is all that really happens to the particles in a chemical
reaction?
 Can atoms of one type be changed into (transformed) atoms of
another type during a chemical reaction?
 Note about showing “conservation” in particle
diagrams
 If you have the reaction:
A2 + B2  A3B

 You would show conservation by drawing

+ 

3A2 + 1B2  2A3B

 Do not simply add stray “atoms” to molecules. It
changes them to a different substance.
 MASS REACTANTS = MASS PRODUCTS

1. If 16 grams of CH4 reacts completely

with 64 grams of O2, what mass of
products should form?
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
 MASS REACTANTS = MASS PRODUCTS

2. If 32 grams of CH4 reacts completely

with 128 g of O2, and 88 g of CO2
forms, how many grams of H2O form?
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
 MASS REACTANTS = MASS PRODUCTS

3. If 8 grams of CH4 react completely

with oxygen, and 22 g of CO2 and 9 g
of H2O form, how much oxygen (O2)
was consumed?
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
 MASS REACTANTS = MASS PRODUCTS

4. 4 grams of CH4 reacts with 20 g of O2.

The CH4 is used up completely but
there is some O2 left over. Given that
20 grams of product was formed, how
much oxygen was used up?
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
 The discovery that mass was always
conserved in chemical reactions was
soon followed by the law of definite
proportions
 “A given chemical compound always
contains the same elements in the
exact same proportions by mass”
 Joseph Proust
 French chemist
 Proposed the law
based on his
experiments
conducted between
1798 and 1804 on the
elemental
composition of water
and copper carbonate
 Letus take, for example, the
compound, water.

 Whatever the source of

water, its composition is
that of two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom
of oxygen.
 Thefigure shows that water, from any
source, is always made up of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen.
 Ifwe calculate the molecular weight of
water, we come up with 18 g/mol.
 In 1 mole of water, there are 2 grams
of hydrogen and 16 grams of oxygen.
 By weight, we have a percentage of
11% hydrogen and 89% oxygen in one
mole of water.
 This translates into a ratio of 1:8 of
hydrogen to oxygen in water
 The Law of Definite Proportions
illustrates that whatever the amount of
water, whether it be 2 moles or 54
grams, the ratio of the amount of
hydrogen to oxygen by weight will
always be the same.
 Constant composition implies constant
properties (i.e., water always boils at
100ºC and freezes at 0ºC)

1. It was given that 1.00g hydrogen
combines with 8.00g oxygen. How
many grams of hydrogen will react
with 10.00 g oxygen?
2. It was seen that 5.58 g iron reacts
with 3.21 g sulfur. Based on this
information, calculate how many
grams of iron will combine with 80.0 g
sulfur.
 What are the similarities and
differences between a unicycle and a
bicycle?
 Inparticular, they are made up of the
same materials and the only significant
difference is the number of wheels on
the two vehicles.
 Once the idea that elements combined
in definite proportions to form
compounds was established,
experiments also began to
demonstrate that the same pairs of
certain elements could combine to
form more than one compound.
 Let us demonstrate the law of multiple
proportions with these two elements:
nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen
dioxide.
 Nitrogen monoxide is made of one
nitrogen (N) atom and one oxygen (O)
atom, forming (NO), and nitrogen
dioxide is made of one nitrogen (N)
atom and two oxygen (O) atoms,
forming (NO2).
 Ifwe round the atomic masses, nitrogen
has an atomic mass of 14 and oxygen has
an atomic mass of 16. So, for nitrogen
monoxide, we can say that it is made of 14
parts by mass nitrogen and 16 parts by
mass oxygen - the ratio of nitrogen to
oxygen is therefore 14:16.
 For nitrogen dioxide, we can say it is made
of 14 parts by mass nitrogen and 32 parts
by mass oxygen - the ratio of nitrogen to
oxygen is, therefore, 14:32.
 The next thing we do is we divide both
ratios by the smallest number, in this case,
14.
 The ratios mean that for nitrogen monoxide
(NO), for every 1 g of nitrogen, there is
1.143 g of oxygen.
 For nitrogen dioxide (NO2), for every 1 g of
nitrogen, there are 2.286 g of oxygen.
 How does the law of multiple
proportions apply to this?
 We can demonstrate it by taking the
ratios of the oxygen for the two
compounds and putting them side by
side.
 Then we divide it by the smaller
number, which is 1.143:
1:2 (whole number)
 This example illustrates the law of
multiple proportions: whenever the
same two elements form more than
one compound, the different masses of
one element that combine with the
same mass of the other element are in
the ratio of small whole numbers.
 Consider the elements CARBON and
OXYGEN.
 Combined in one way, they form the
familiar compound called carbon
dioxide.
 In every sample of carbon dioxide,
there is 32.0g of oxygen present for
every 12.0g of carbon.
 By dividing 32.0 by 12.0 , this
simplifies to a mass ratio of oxygen to
carbon of 2.66 to 1.
 There is another compound that forms
from the combination of carbon and
oxygen called carbon monoxide.
 Every sample of carbon monoxide
contains 16.0g of oxygen for every
12.0g of carbon.
 This is a mass ratio of oxygen to
carbon of 1.33 to 1.
  In the carbon dioxide, there is exactly
twice as much oxygen present as there
is in the carbon monoxide.

'When two elements combine

with each other to form two or
more compounds, the ratios of
the masses of one element that
combines with the fixed mass
of the other are simple whole
numbers'
-John Dalton (1803)