C1 - Cell Structure (Selected Past Years) MS

Compiled on 2 Apr 2023 by BSJ @ behlogy
C1 - Cell Structure
1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the function of mitochondria.

• ATP production ; [A supply energy (to the cell / for cell reactions)] [R energy production]
• (site of) aerobic respiration / oxidative phosphorylation ;
• AVP ; e.g. lipid metabolism / beta oxidation
[1]
(b) Name structure A.
• crista / cristae / inner membrane ;
[1]
(c) Calculate the magnification of the image in Fig. 1.1.
Show your working.
• (×) 48 571 or (×) 50 000 ;;
magnification x ………………………………[2]
(d) Explain why the light microscope could not be used to produce the image in Fig. 1.1.
• resolution / resolving power, too low ;
• further detail ; e.g. only 250 nm resolution, resolution only half wavelength of light
• wavelength of light, too long / not short enough width of membranes only 7 nm ;
• (such) thin sections not possible ;
• inner membrane / cristae / internal structure, could not be seen ;
• magnification this high not possible ;
[2]
1
(e) Scientists think that mitochondria were once prokaryotes. The evidence for this is that mitochondria have
features in common with prokaryotes.
State two features that mitochondria have in common with prokaryotes.

• circular DNA ;
• small / similar, size ; [A 0.5–15 μm]
• 70S / small(er) / 18 nm, ribosomes ;
• AVP ; e.g. binary fission / naked DNA
[2]
[Total: 8]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows part of an animal cell viewed with an electron microscope.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the structures A to C.
A nucleus ; [A (eu)chromatin] [R nucleolus]
B mitochondrion ; [A mitochondria]
C (rough) endoplasmic reticulum ; [A (R)ER] [R smooth/S]

[3]
2
(b) (i) State the function of structure C.
• protein/polypeptide, synthesis/AW ; [A protein, transport/modification, ECF if C is identified as
Golgi or SERor ribosomes in 1 (a)]
[1]
(ii) Explain why structure C cannot be seen using a light microscope.

• resolution/resolving power, low(er) ; ora
• 200 nm compared to 0.5 nm ; [A resolution quoted in range 100-300 to 0.2-1.0 nm]
• ref. to visibility of structure C ; e.gs.
• wavelength of light longer than size of, ribosomes/membrane // ribosomes/membrane, cannot be
seen as less than 200nm diameter // ribosomes only 20–30 nm diameter [A 15–20 nm //
membranes 7–10 nm thick // small size linked to explanation of resolution]
[2]
(c) Suggest one disadvantage of the electron microscope compared to the light microscope for the study of
cells.
• only dead specimens can be viewed ;
• mounted in vacuum/pre-treatment, may distort delicate structures ; [A artefacts]
• expensive, qualified ; e.g. to buy, maintain, increased cost electricity, costs associated with,
time/training
• requires, more electrical power ;
• requires stable, high voltage supplies/currents ;
• sensitive to external magnetic fields ;
• difficult to operate/requires technical training ;
• samples more difficult to prepare ; [A examples e.g. thin sections]
• lengthy preparation time ;
• monochrome/black and white only ;
• not portable/can only be used in specific locations (e.g. with voltage supplies) ;
[1]
(d) The mesophyll cell, unlike the cell in Fig. 2,1 uses a protein to transport sucrose from inside the cell into the
phloem called SUC1. SUC1 is encoded by a gene within the nucleus and is produced when sucrose are
present in large quantities. Explain how the structures within the cell are involved with the production of
functioning SUC1. [4]
• Synthesis of protein at ribosome / RER
• Transport vesicle buds off RER and fuses with Golgi body
• Modification of protein at Golgi body
• Separation of a secretory vesicle from the Golgi body
• Fusion of the vesicle with the cell surface membrane
[Total: 11]
3
3 Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of an electron micrograph of a plant cell. Fig. 3.2 is a diagram of an electron
micrograph of an animal cell. Both diagrams are incomplete.
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
(a) Explain how Fig. 3.1 can be identified as a plant cell. [2]
1 plant cell because presence of cell wall ; [A cellulose cell wall] [R incorrect cell wall
materials]
2 plasmodesma ; [A plasmodesmata]
3 tonoplast ; [A vacuolar membrane]
4 large / central, vacuole ; ignore permanent
4
(b) Some organelles are missing from Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2. Information about these organelles is shown
in the shaded boxes in Table 3.1. Complete the empty boxes in Table 3.1 by adding the correct
information below each column heading.
Table 3.1
diagram of organelle(s) as
cell type(s) in which
name of organelle seen under the electron one function of organelle
organelle is located
microscope (not to scale)
all 3 for one mark
oval/circular shape
aerobic respiration / ATP,
two membranes close
mitochondrion production / synthesis ; animal and plant
together
inner membrane infolded
as two or more cristae ;
Centrioles / assemble microtubules to

centrosomes ; produce the mitotic Animal ;
spindle
both for one mark

rough endoplasmic two membranes
protein synthesis animal and plant / both ;
reticulum ribosomes on external
surface ;
processing / modification /
AW / packaging, of,
proteins / molecules;
[A description of
modification e.g.
Golgi apparatus glycosylation] animal and plant
[A production of,
secretory / Golgi, vesicles]
[A production of
lysosomes]
[R protein synthesis]
chloroplast ; photosynthesis plant only
[8]
(c) Animals and plants are eukaryotes. State two observable features found in Fig 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 which
set eukaryotes apart from prokaryotes. [2]
Eukaryotes have
• Nucleus
• Vacuole
[Total: 12]

C1 - Cell Structure (Selected Past Years) MS

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Compiled on 2 Apr 2023 by BSJ @ behlogy

1 Fig. 1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion.

(a) State the function of mitochondria.

State two features that mitochondria have in common with prokaryotes.

(a) Name the structures A to C.

A nucleus ; [A (eu)chromatin] [R nucleolus]

C (rough) endoplasmic reticulum ; [A (R)ER] [R smooth/S]

(ii) Explain why structure C cannot be seen using a light microscope.

Centrioles / assemble microtubules to

both for one mark

chloroplast ; photosynthesis plant only

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