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3 Cellular Organisation

SELF-EVALUATION

Put a ‘’ in the appropriate boxes to indicate your understanding of each of the following sections.

(Note: 1 represents ‘do not understand at all’; and 5 represents ‘fully understand’.)

Level of understanding
Sections
1 2 3 4 5

3.1 Cells – the building blocks of life □ □ □ □ □

3.2 Using a light microscope □ □ □ □ □

3.3 The structure of animal cells and plant cells □ □ □ □ □

3.4 Cell membrane □ □ □ □ □

3.5 Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cell □ □ □ □ □

3.6 How are cells organised to function? □ □ □ □ □

Score: / 30

You can try the following exercise if your score is above 15. Otherwise you would have to do further
revision before doing the exercise.

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PART I CONSOLIDATION EXERCISE Part total: / 46

 3.1 Cells – the building blocks of life Marks: /5

True or false (5 marks)

For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).

1. According to the cell theory, all organisms are made up of more than one cell.

2. According to the cell theory, cells arise only by the division of existing cells.

3. Robert Hooke used his microscope to observe beehive and found that it was made up
of many tiny boxes. He called these boxes ‘cells’.

4. A compound microscope has at least two lenses.

5. A scanning electron microscope produces three-dimensional images.

 3.2 Using a light microscope Marks: / 16

A. Short question (5 marks)

1. Fill in the blanks with the names of different parts of the microscope.

(a) reflects light to the specimen

(b) concentrates light reflected from the mirror to the specimen

(c) raises or lowers the body tube for rough focusing

(d) controls the amount of light passing through the condenser

(e) carries the objectives and can be rotated

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B. Structured question (11 marks)

1. The diagram below shows an animal cell and a plant cell.

cell wall chloroplast

cell membrane
cytoplasm

nucleus
vacuole
animal cell plant cell

(a) Complete the table below to show three differences between the animal cell and plant cell
according to the above diagram. (3 marks)

Animal cell Plant cell

(b) Name the pigment contained in the chloroplasts. Why is this pigment important to all living
organisms? (4 marks)

(c) Give one function for each of the following. (4 marks)

Structure Function

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

cell wall

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 3.3 The structure of animal cells and plant cells Marks: / 10

A. Matching (5 marks)

For each of the cell structures listed in column P, select the suitable description listed in column Q. Put
the appropriate letter in the box provided.

Column P Column Q

1. nucleolus □ A. to transport proteins

2. ribosome □ B. to make ribosomes

3. mitochondrion □ C. for protein synthesis

4. smooth ER □ D. to make and transport non-protein products

5. rough ER □ E. to carry out aerobic respiration

B. Fill in the blanks (5 marks)

1. Within the nucleus, DNA attaches to proteins to form (a) strands which
condense to form coiled threads called (b) during cell division.

2. A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the (c) , inside which is a fluid

called the (d) .

3. The plant cell wall is made up mainly of (e) .

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 3.4 Cell Membrane Marks: /5

True or false (5 marks)

For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).

1. The cell membrane is mainly composed of proteins and carbohydrates.

2. The structure of the cell membrane is described as a fluid because the protein and
carbohydrate molecules can move laterally.

3. The phosphate ‘head’ of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic.

4. The proteins on the inner surface of the cell membrane are usually enzymes which
control metabolic reactions.

5. The antigens on the surface of a bacterial cell are glycoproteins.

 3.5 Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells Marks: /2

Multiple choice (2 marks)

1. A bacterial cell differs from a mesophyll cell by

(1) being much smaller.

(2) having no cell membrane.
(3) having no nuclear membrane.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
□

2. The similarity between an animal cell and a prokaryotic cell is that they both have

A. no cell wall.
B. no flagella.
C. no mitochondria.
D. no chloroplasts.
□

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 3.6 How are cells organised to function? Marks: /8

A. Short question (3 marks)

1. Name the level of organisation that each description refers to in a multicellular organism.

(a) a group of similar cells working together

(b) a group of different types of cells, assembled to perform more complicated

functions

(c) a set of organs in a plant or animal concerned with a particular function

B. Matching (5 marks)

For each of the terms listed in column M, select the suitable example listed in column N. Put the
appropriate letter in the box provided.

Column M Column N

1. organelle □ A. lymphocyte

2. organ □ B. chloroplast

3. system □ C. the association of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

4. cell □ D. flower

5. tissue □ E. epidermis of a leaf

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PART II CHAPTER EXERCISE Part total: / 62

A. Multiple choice Marks: / 14

1. The diagram below shows a plant cell. Which structures are selectively permeable?

1
2
3
4

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 5 only
C. 2, 3 and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
□

2. Which of the following are the components of cell membrane?

(1) proteins
(2) carbohydrates
(3) phospholipids
(4) glycogen

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
□

3. Most chemical reactions of cells take place in the

A. nucleus.
B. cytoplasm.
C. vacuole.
D. mitochondria.
□

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4. Which of the following cannot be observed under a light microscope?

A. Amoeba
B. bacteria
C. chloroplasts
D. viruses
□

5. Which of the following correctly states the example of tissues and its corresponding cells?

Tissues Corresponding cells

A. leaf epidermis mesophyll cells
B. blood lymphocytes
C. xylem guard cells
D. cornea rod cells
□

6. Which of the following statements concerning the discovery of cells are correct?

(1) Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term ‘cell’.
(2) Robert Hooke proposed the cell theory after his observation of a piece of cork.
(3) Schleiden and Schwann observed both plants and animals and came to the conclusion that
both plants and animals are composed of cells.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
□

7. Which of the following is not a precaution for examining cells under high power magnification?

A. The cells should be focused under low power magnification first before switching to high
power magnification.
B. Focusing should be done using the fine adjustment only under high power magnification.
C. The condenser should be adjusted so as to give maximum illumination.
D. The plane mirror should be used so as to give uniform illumination.
□

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8. When the nucleus of a cell is removed, the cell

A. could not divide.

B. may die immediately.
C. could not obtain water from its surroundings.
D. could not secrete materials.
□

9. When a water molecule moves from the cell sap of a mesophyll cell to the outside, it might meet
the following structures during its journey:

(1) cell wall (2) cytoplasm (3) chloroplast (4) cell membrane (5) tonoplast

The order in which it would meet these structures would be

A. (2), (3), (4), (5), (1).

B. (3), (5), (4), (2), (1).
C. (5), (4), (3), (2), (1).
D. (5), (2), (3), (4), (1).
□

10. When radioactively-labelled amino acids are introduced into an animal cell, in which of the
following cell structures will the radioactivity first appear?

A. mitochondria
B. nucleus
C. rough ER
D. smooth ER
□

11. The nucleus controls the activities of the cell because

A. it is responsible for producing enzymes and hormones.

B. it works like the ‘brain’ in the cell.
C. it carries genes to make the right kinds of enzymes which are used in metabolism.
D. it controls cell division which is the basic step in growth.
□

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12. A microscope has an eyepiece giving a magnification of 5x. It has objective lenses with
magnification of 5x, 10x and 40x respectively. The greatest magnification of this microscope is

A. 100x
B. 200x.
C. 250x.
D. 400x.
□

13. The diameter of the field of view of a microscope was measured and found to be 0.2 mm. When
certain animal cells were observed under the microscope, it was estimated that 4 cells lying
edge-to-edge would occupy the diameter. The average diameter of each of these cells was

A. 0.02 mm.
B. 0.05 mm.
C. 0.5 mm.
D. 0.8 mm.
□

14. Using the same microscope as in the above question, certain other cells were found to be 0.04 mm
in length. The number of these cells that would have to put end-to-end to make a row of cells 1 cm
long would be

A. 2000.
B. 500.
C. 250.
D. 200.
□

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B. Short questions Marks: / 13

1. You are given a short length of a young stem. How can you show the regions in the stem that store
starch? (6 marks)

2. For each of the groups of organs listed in column P, select one type of system listed in column Q.
Put the appropriate letter in the box provided. (7 marks)

Column P Column Q

(i) lungs, trachea and diaphragm □ A. nervous system

(ii) heart and blood vessels □ B. excretory system

(iii) oesophagus, stomach, liver and intestines □ C. reproductive system

(iv) brain, spinal cord and nerves □ D. digestive system

(v) skull, bones and cartilage □ E. skeletal system

(vi) kidneys, ureters and bladder □ F. respiratory system

(vii) ovaries, oviducts and uterus □ G. circulatory system

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C. Structured questions Marks: / 35

1. The diagram below shows a prokaryotic cell.

C
B
capsule
mesosome
A

flagellum

(a) Name structures A, B and C. (3 marks)

(b) Give one example of organisms whose cells are prokaryotic. (1 mark)

(c) With reference to the diagram, state two pieces of evidence to support that the cell shown is
prokaryotic. (2 marks)

(d) In addition to structure A, this prokaryotic cell is covered with a thick outer slimy layer
called capsule. Suggest one possible function of this layer to the prokaryotic cell. (2 marks)

(e) A prokaryotic cell generates ATP by its mesosome. Name the structure of a eukaryotic cell
which is equivalent to the mesosome. (1 mark)

(f) Which of the living characteristics is performed by the flagellum in the prokaryotic cell?
(1 mark)

(Total: 10 marks)

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2. The photomicrograph below shows the longitudinal section of a plant cell.

(a) Name structures W, X, Y and Z. (4 marks)

(b) Which labelled structure(s) is / are unique to plant cells? (2 marks)

(c) Structures X and Z have different chemical compositions and perform different functions in
the cell. How are their chemical compositions related to these functions? (4 marks)

(d) What does structure W contain? Name the membrane which keeps the substances inside
from leaking out. (2 marks)

(Total: 12 marks)
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3. The diagram below shows the longitudinal section of a plant tissue.

(a) Name the plant tissue as shown in the diagram. (1 mark)

(b) The plant tissue consists of two types of cells, P and Q. State two structural differences
between cell types P and Q. (2 marks)

(c) The plant tissue shown in the diagram forms part of a plant organ which comprises some
other tissues. Name the plant organ to which the plant tissue belongs. Use this plant organ to
illustrate the meaning of an organ. (4 marks)

(d) The radius of the field of view as seen under the light microscope is found to be 10 cm and
the magnification is 100 times. Calculate the actual density of pores surrounded by cell type
Q in terms of number of pores per mm2. (3 marks)

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(e) When the same tissue was observed under higher magnification, what changes in appearance
of the tissue would you expect to occur? (3 marks)

(Total: 13 marks)

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