Week 2 CellsANAPHYLAB1

Because learning changes everything.
Chapter 3
Cell Structures and Their
Functions
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Cell Structure
Organelles:
• specialized structures in cells that perform
• specific functions
• Example: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Cytoplasm:
• jelly-like substance that holds organelles
Cell membrane:
• also termed the plasma membrane
• a structure that encloses the cytoplasm
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Generalized Cell
Figure 3.1
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Functions of the Cell
• Smallest units of life

• Cell metabolism and energy use
• Synthesis of molecules
• Communication
• Reproduction and inheritance
Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is the

outermost component of a cell.
• It forms a boundary between material in inside the cell and
the outside.
• Materials inside the cell are intracellular and those
outside are extracellular.
• It acts as a selective barrier.
Cell Membrane Structure
• The fluid-mosaic model is the model used to describe

the cell membrane structure.
• The membrane contains phospholipids, cholesterol,
proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Phospholipids form a bilayer.
• Phospholipids contain 2 regions: polar and nonpolar.
Phospholipid Structure
• A phospholipid molecule has a polar head region that is

hydrophilic and a nonpolar tail region that is hydrophobic.
• The polar region is exposed to water around the
membrane.
• The nonpolar region is facing the interior of the
membrane.
The Cell Membrane
Figure 3.2a
Generalized Cell 2
Figure 3.1
Cell Nucleus 1
• The nucleus is a large organelle usually located near the

center of the cell.
• The nucleus is bounded by a nuclear envelope, which
consists of outer and inner membranes with a narrow
space between them.
• The nuclear membrane contains nuclear pores, through
which materials can pass into or out of the nucleus.
Cell Nucleus 2
• The nuclei of human cells contain 23 pairs of

chromosomes which consist of DNA and proteins.
• During most of a cell’s life, the chromosomes are loosely
coiled and collectively called chromatin.
• When a cell prepares to divide, the chromosomes become
tightly coiled and are visible when viewed with a
microscope.
Endoplasmic Reticulum 1
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of membranes

forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer
nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
• The rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and is
rough due to attached ribosomes.
• The smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and is a site
for lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification, and it stores
calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum 2
Figure 3.16a
Golgi Apparatus 1
• The Golgi apparatus, also called the Golgi complex,

consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-
bound sacs.
• It collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins
and lipids manufactured by the ER.
• The Golgi apparatus forms vesicles, some of which are
secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and other vesicles.
Golgi Apparatus 2
(b) Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Figure 3.17
Lysosomes
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the

Golgi apparatus.
• They contain a variety of enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive systems.
• Vesicles formed by endocytosis may fuse with lysosomes
in order to breakdown materials in the endocytotic vesicles.
• One example is white blood cells phagocytizing bacteria.
Lysosome Action
Figure 3.18
Peroxisomes
• Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound vesicles

containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino
acids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
• Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of fatty acid and amino
acid breakdown and can be toxic to a cell.
• The enzymes in peroxisomes break down hydrogen.
Mitochondria 1
• Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) are small organelles

responsible for producing considerable amounts of ATP by
aerobic (with O2) metabolism.
• They have inner and outer membranes separated by a
space.
• The outer membranes have a smooth contour, but the
inner membranes have numerous folds, called cristae,
which project into the interior of the mitochondria.
Mitochondria 2
• The material within the inner membrane is the

mitochondrial matrix and contains enzymes and
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
• Cells with a large energy requirement have more
mitochondria than cells that require less energy.
A Mitochondrion
(b) EM Research Services, Newcastle University
Figure 3.19
The Cytoskeleton 2
• The cytoskeleton gives internal framework to the cell.

• It consists of protein structures that support the cell, hold
organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
• These protein structures are microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Microtubules
• Microtubules are hollow structures formed from protein

subunits.
• The microtubules perform a variety of roles, including
helping to support the cytoplasm of cells, assisting in cell
division, and forming essential components of certain
organelles, such as cilia and flagella.
Microfilaments
• Microfilaments are small fibrils formed from protein

subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm,
determining cell shape.
• Some microfilaments are involved with cell movement.
• Microfilaments in muscle cells enable the cells to shorten,
or contract.
Intermediate Filaments
• Intermediate filaments are fibrils formed from protein

subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but
larger in diameter than microfilaments.
• They provide mechanical support to the cell.
• A specific type of intermediate filament is keratin, a protein
associated with skin cells.
The Cytoskeleton 1
(b) ©Don W. Fawcett/Science Source
Figure 3.20
Centrioles
• The centrosome is a specialized area of cytoplasm close

to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs.
• It contains two centrioles, which are normally oriented
perpendicular to each other.
• Each centriole is a small, cylindrical organelle composed
of microtubules.
• The centriole is involved in the process of mitosis.
Centriole
(b) Biology Media/Science Source
Figure 3.21
Cilia
• Cilia project from the surface of certain cells.

• They are responsible for the movement of materials over
the top of cells, such as mucus.
• Cilia are cylindrical structures that extend from the cell and
are composed of microtubules.
Flagella
• Flagella have a structure similar to that of cilia but are

much longer, and they usually occur only one per cell.
• Sperm cells each have one flagellum, which propels the
sperm cell.
Microvilli
• Microvilli are specialized extensions of the cell membrane

that are supported by microfilaments.
• They do not actively move as cilia and flagella do.
• Microvilli are numerous on cells that have them and they
increase the surface area of those cells.
• They are abundant on the surface of cells that line the
intestine, kidney, and other areas in which absorption is an
important function.
The Cell Cycle 1
• During growth and development, cell division occurs to

increase the number of cells or replace damaged or dying
ones.
• This cell division involves a cell cycle.
• The cell cycle includes two major phases: a nondividing
phase, called interphase, and a cell dividing phase,
termed mitosis.
The Cell Cycle 2
A cell spends most of its life cycle in interphase which is

divided into three phases:
• G1 phase, during which the cell carries out normal
metabolic activity
• S phase, during which the DNA is replicated; and
• G2 phase, during which the cell prepares to divide.
At the end of interphase, a cell has two complete sets of
genetic material
The Cell Cycle 3
Figure 3.24
Cell Genetic Content
• Each human cell (except sperm and egg) contains 23

pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46.
• The sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes total.
• One pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes,
which consist of two X chromosomes if the person is a
female or an X and Y chromosome if the person is a male.
Mitosis
• Mitosis involves formation of 2 daughter cells from a single

parent cell.
• Mitosis is divided into four phases: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.
Prophase
• During prophase the chromatin condenses to form visible

chromosomes.
• Microtubules, termed spindle fibers, form to assist in
breaking the centromere between the chromatids and
move the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell.
• The nuclear membrane dissolves.
Metaphase
• During metaphase, the chromosomes align near the

center of the cell.
• The movement of the chromosomes is regulated by the
attached spindle fibers.
Anaphase
• At the beginning of anaphase, the chromatids separate

and each chromatid is called a chromosome.
• Each of the two sets of 46 chromosomes is moved by the
spindle fibers toward the centriole at one of the poles of
the cell.
• At the end of anaphase, each set of chromosomes has
reached an opposite pole of the cell, and the cytoplasm
begins to divide.
Telophase
• During telophase, the chromosomes in each of the

daughter cells become organized to form two separate
nuclei, one in each newly formed daughter cell.
• The chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the
genetic material during interphase.
• Following telophase, cytoplasm division is completed, and
two separate daughter cells are produced.
The Cell Cycle
Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Figure 3.25
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Because learning changes everything.

• Smallest units of life

• The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is the

• The fluid-mosaic model is the model used to describe

• A phospholipid molecule has a polar head region that is

• The nucleus is a large organelle usually located near the

• The nuclei of human cells contain 23 pairs of

• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of membranes

• The Golgi apparatus, also called the Golgi complex,

(b) Biophoto Associates/Science Source

• Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the

• Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound vesicles

• Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) are small organelles

• The material within the inner membrane is the

(b) EM Research Services, Newcastle University

• The cytoskeleton gives internal framework to the cell.

• Microtubules are hollow structures formed from protein

• Microfilaments are small fibrils formed from protein

• Intermediate filaments are fibrils formed from protein

(b) ©Don W. Fawcett/Science Source

• The centrosome is a specialized area of cytoplasm close

(b) Biology Media/Science Source

• Cilia project from the surface of certain cells.

• Flagella have a structure similar to that of cilia but are

• Microvilli are specialized extensions of the cell membrane

• During growth and development, cell division occurs to

A cell spends most of its life cycle in interphase which is

• Each human cell (except sperm and egg) contains 23

• Mitosis involves formation of 2 daughter cells from a single

• During prophase the chromatin condenses to form visible

• During metaphase, the chromosomes align near the

• At the beginning of anaphase, the chromatids separate

• During telophase, the chromosomes in each of the

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