ADG 020 2021 en

Abu Dhabi Guideline ‫أبوظب اإلرشـادي‬
‫ي‬ ‫دليـل‬
ADG 20 / 2021 2021 / 20 ‫د أ ر‬
First Edition ‫االصدار األول‬
Abu Dhabi Guideline for Dangerous

‫أبوظب اإلرشادي لمكافحة اآلفات‬
‫ي‬ ‫دليل‬
Pests Management – Public Health
‫الخطرة – مكافحة آفات الصحة العامة‬
Pest Control Services
S.# Table of Contents Pages
1 Amendment Page 2
2 About the Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council 3
3 Acknowledgement 4
4 Foreword 6
5 Working Group 6
6 Purpose 7
7 Scope 7
8 Terms and definitions 7
9 Integrated pest management approach 8
10 Service standards 9
11 Roles and responsibilities 11
12 Tools and equipment 13
13 Dangerous pests control procedures 20
Chapter 1: Scorpion management 22
Chapter 2 : Spider management 36
Chapter 3 : Snake management 51
Chapter 4 : bees and wasps management 72
Chapter 5 Centipedes pests management 93
13 Abbreviations and acronyms 104
14 References 105
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1. Amendment Page
To ensure that each copy of this technical document (Abu Dhabi Guideline) contains a complete
record of amendments, the Amendment Page is updated and issued with each set of revised/new
pages of the document. This ADG is a live document which can be amended when necessary. QCC
operates Abu Dhabi Guideline for Dangerous Pests Management – Public Health Pest Control
Services Group which prepared this document and can review stakeholder comments in order to
review and amend this document and issue an updated version when necessary.
Edition Year of Number of

Sections Changes Notes
Number Approval pages
First Edition 2021 108 - New Document
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2. About the Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council
Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council (QCC) is an Abu Dhabi government
entity established in accordance with Local Law No. (3) of 2009 to raise the
quality of Abu Dhabi’s exports and products traded locally. QCC consists of a
council of regulators and industry with a mandate to ensure provision of
quality infrastructure in line with global standards.
o QCC’s functions are divided into six key areas:
• Developing standards and specifications
• Capacity building of metrology systems
• Strengthening testing infrastructure
• Launching conformity schemes
• Protecting consumer interests
• Ensuring fair trade
o QCC’s key stakeholders include regulatory authorities, consumers,
retailers and wholesalers, industry, conformity assessment bodies (CABs)
and importers.
QCC supports regulators and government organizations through offering
quality and conformity facilities, expertise and resources that allow them to
implement products safety and compliance requirements and regulations.
Additionally, QCC works towards promoting a culture of quality and protecting
the interests of consumers. In doing this, QCC seeks to promote the Emirate’s
competitiveness to become one of the world's most attractive regions for
investments and human capital, and to support the competitiveness of
national industries in world markets.
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3. Acknowledgement
QCC would like to thank the members of the Working Group listed below.
S.# Name Entity
1 Mohamed Mahmood Al Marzouqi Abu Dhabi West Management Centre - Tadweer
2 Ameed Ahmad Salem Abu Dhabi West Management Centre - Tadweer
3 Ahmed Mohammed Al Jassmi Environmental Agency – Abu Dhabi
4 Waheeb Saeed Alkamali Ministry of Climate Change & Environment
5 Kawthar Rashed Alshamsi Ministry of Climate Change & Environment
6 Abeer Al Hammadi Department of Municipality and Transportation
7 Raeef W. Arnaoot Department of Municipality and Transportation
8 Hassan Al Kaabi Al Ain Municipality
9 Haider Mohamed Babikir Balla Al Dafrah Municipality
10 Hussein Hosiny Hassanin Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority
11 Mohamed Bani Hashem Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority
12 Amal Mubark Madi Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre
13 Muhammad Abid United Arab Emirates University
14 Fadi Ghassan El Fakhouri Al Khayyat Investment
15 Mutaz Atef Khaleel MODON
16 Mona Rashed AlAlili Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council
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4. Foreword
Technical Guideline (TG) for dangerous pest management has been prepared by Tadweer’s pest
control experts to standardize the most common and approved control methods used for controlling
dangerous pests population in Abu Dhabi. Dangerous pests are the pests that pose high stinging or
biting risks and require immediate intervention including snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees and wasps,
and centipedes. These selected control methods have been practiced by Tadweer’s pest control
professionals and the information about these methods were approved and all aspects were
comprehensively studied. This TG summarizes technically and scientifically approved procedures that
consider the interest of all key stakeholders.
This TG contains entire details related to the key control methods including procedures, tools,
equipment, and general rules. Quality standards have been represented in the form of standard
method statements and general rules. General information and literature review about dangerous
pests have also been provided. This TG is considered as national Guideline for best practices for
controlling dangerous pests in Abu Dhabi and it shall be used as reference for dangerous pests control
operations, training programs and examination systems.
This TG is always subject to change and update and any newly developed or approved methods can
be added after Tadweer’s approval and any approved procedures can also be removed upon
Tadweer’s approval. For adding new methods an initial approval shall be obtained from Tadweer
before proceeding in trials. After obtaining the initial approval and based on the results of trails the
Tadweer can decide whether to accept or reject the new methods.
This TG was built based in the following legal references:
1- UAE Federal law no. 10 for the year 2020 regarding pesticides
2- UAE Federal law no. 13 for the year 2020 regarding public health
3- UAE Cabinet decree no. 27 for the year 2012 regarding public health pesticides circulation
4- Standard municipal guide for permitting requirements public health pest control companies.
Issued by MOCCAE 2020
This TG is a dependent document that requires the application of Tadweer Technical Guidelines for
Responsible Use of Pesticides. Therefore, all standards, regulations and rules of Tadweer TG for
Responsible Use of Pesticides are applicable in this TG or for cockroaches management.
5. Working Group
The Professional Working Group was organized by Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council and
established in April 2021, which was requested by Abu Dhabi West Management Center (Tadweer)
to prepare Abu Dhabi Guideline for Dangerous Pests Management – Public Health Pest Control
Services in cooperation with the related stakeholders including representatives from government
and private sectors.
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6. Purpose
This TG has been built based on the profound experiences of Tadweer’s pest control experts and in
line with the accepted international standards. This TG is intended to be used by professionals who
work in the field of public health pest control. This TG is considered as national guide and represents
the acceptable and approved procedures for controlling dangerous pests, thus, registered public
health pest control professionals in Abu Dhabi shall follow its procedures and implement it during
their operations. Consumers (clients) can also use this TG as reference to have better knowledge
about Tadweer’s quality standards for controlling dangerous pests.
7. Scope
Requirements, rules, and quality standards of this TG is applicable for all service providers who work
in the field of public health pest control services and provide dangerous pests management services
in Abu Dhabi. Wherever dangerous pests management services are provided in Abu Dhabi it shall be
done in accordance with this TG specifications.
Dangerous pest scope includes all chemical and chemical methods for controlling and managing the
scorpions, spiders, snakes, bees and wasps, centipedes wherever they pose a threat to human health
and the environment.
8. Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this guideline, the following terms and definitions shall be used unless the context
indicates otherwise:
TERM DEFINITION
The pests that pose high risk of poisonous stinging and biting or
Dangerous pests psychological (fear) and require immediate intervention including:
Scorpions, spiders, snakes, bees and wasps, centipedes
Scheduled services Planned services provided in a regular basis for certain areas
The services provided in irregular basis upon client request or field
Unscheduled services
observations
The designated governmental organization who responsible for
Regulatory
managing and regulating the public health pest control sector within
organization
their local or federal jurisdiction
The initial survey that carry out to newly served areas in order to
Baseline survey
investigate the pest population status and infestation level.
The areas where a current or potential infestation of certain kind of
Hot spot areas
pest is very common in such facility or area types and pose high risk.
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9. Integrated pest management approach
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally friendly approach to pest
management that uses a combination of common-sense methods. IPM programs use current,
comprehensive information on pest’s biology and their interaction with the environment. This
information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by
the most economical manner, and with the least possible hazard to people, environment, and
property (EPA, 2019). Avoiding the use of unnecessary pesticides is the first step in pesticide risk
reduction, IPM helps minimize pesticide use (FAO, 2019).
Integrated pest management approach is considered as the key strategy in UAE for controlling
dangerous pests, IPM strategy shall rely more on preventive means rather curative ones and shall
focus on minimizing the pesticides usage as less as possible. IPM must be applied and incorporated
in all dangerous pests control procedures.
Dangerous pests IPM can be achieved by using strategies such as sanitation, education, sealing
harborages, trapping, physical removal, vacuuming and pesticides.
Accordingly, service providers shall consider the following:
1- Education, the inclusion of education of residents in dangerous IPM programs will make
implementation and sustainability of dangerous pests control more efficient ( Dingha, O'Nea,
Appel, & Jackai, 2016). Always make sure to educate the clients about the dangerous pests
population dynamic, biology, behavior, habitat in order to involve them in the
implementation of dangerous pests IPM programs and gain much better results than
traditional control.
2- The presence of dangerous pests in human dwellings most likely associated with poor
sanitation. Sanitation is important to remove any food resource, water resources, and
harborage areas. Therefore, you must always inform your clients about the importance of
sanitation in controlling dangerous pests species and also to consider the sanitation issues in
your service reports.
3- Exclusion. The majority of dangerous pests species are outdoor insects and they usually do
not have any contact with human beings and cause no problems in normal situations. But
sometimes due to weather conditions or when they have easy access, those dangerous pests
invade human houses searching for food, water and shelter. So, closing any possible entry
sites such as sealing door and windows frames and drainage openings will provide a significant
result. So, you must always inspect the area and pinpoint any entry sites and inform your
client to seal it. You must inform your client in person and formally by considering exclusion
in your services reports
4- Always survey and inspect the area prior to any treatment
5- Consider the cultural and physical practices that can be done to prevent dangerous pests from
entering buildings
6- Pests shall be identified clearly prior to any treatment
7- Source of infestation must be determined prior to any treatment
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8- There must be a continuous monitoring system and the monitoring results must always be
considered before proceeding in any treatment
9- Always consider non-chemical options first
10- Use chemical methods only when it is necessary (when non-chemical options are not
applicable)
11- Always give priority to use green or botanical pesticides. Use the least toxic pesticides.
12- Always make sure to communicate the information about the treatment and infestation with
the client
13- Give advice and guidance for the client that would help reducing or preventing infestation
14- Explain to your client the reasons of infestation and any possible means to prevent it in the
future
15- Make sure your client is fully aware about the infestation and applied treatment so he could
participate positively in increasing the effectiveness of your treatment
16- Always report and document applied service and keep that records to be used for next
treatment
17- Always follow the safety instructions and precautions as per insecticide label and MSDS.
18- Always use insecticides as per the label.
10. Service standards
1. SERVICE DESCRIPTION
Dangerous pests management means the application of non-chemical and chemical methods for
controlling and managing the population of dangerous pests in order to eliminate the hazards and
associated risks of dangerous pests on human beings and their environment.
The elimination of dangerous pests hazards could be done through controlling the existing or
potentially dangerous pests at specific structure using:
1- Physical capturing (trapping and catching)
2- Physical or chemical eradication
3- Physical or chemical repelling
2. STANDARD SERVICE FREQUENCY
The appearance and abundance of dangerous pests in UAE is very low comparing to other pests.
Dangerous pests are considered as pests only when they encounter human beings or enter their
premises which they may pose high risk due to their stinging and envenoming.
Accordingly, dangerous pests control service is provided in irregular basis based on client requests.
Due to its risks, the response for client request must be done within no longer of 2 hours.
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The service can be carried out to remove or eliminate existing dangerous pest or can be carried out
as preventive measure to prevent any potential invasion of dangerous pests.
Thus, in case of receiving request for dangerous pests. Treatment shall be carried out and then to be
followed by follow up treatments to ensure the removal or the elimination of any dangerous pests in
that particular site.
Service frequency for

The response to client request shall be done within no longer of 2 hours
dangerous pests
Table 3
General rules of follow up
Follow up is the treatment that is carried out to investigate dangerous pests activity status and
1 measure the effectiveness of previously implemented treatments and it may or may not incur any
further control treatments
2 Follow up treatment for dangerous pests is required as long as there is any sign for positive activity
3 Follow up treatment interval for dangerous pests shall not exceed 2 days
3. ACTION THRESHOLD LEVEL
Tolerance limit (action threshold): The level at which a pest causes sufficient damage to warrant
public health attention and intervention. Real or perceived damage can be aesthetic and can have
economic, psychologic, and medical consequences (CDC, 2006). Due to the high risk associated with
dangerous pests. The action threshold was set to be at any positive sign of dangerous pests activity.
Basically, the presence of dangerous pests can be determined by visual observation at the site,
whether by the client or by service providers. It also can be determined by the other infestation signs
such as rashes, stinging, voice (snakes), and shed off skins, poisoning, and doctor reports of
dangerous pest poisoning. It also important to emphasize that client or public eyewitness is also
considered as infestation sign.
The presence of any single adult, immature, or any single positive sign of
Action threshold level
dangerous pests activity.
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4. INFESTATION LEVEL
The infestation level for dangerous pests is little bit different from the other pests, which the
presence of dangerous pests in UAE is less than other pests.
However, the infestation level for dangerous pests can be calculated by the number of infestation
sign in a particular area or premise per day (24hr)
Infestation level Number of observed infestation signs / day
Table 4
Infestation levels
Infestation level Number of observed infestation signs / day
Low ≤1
Medium 2 to 4
High 5 ≤
11.Roles and responsibilities

Basically, the key stakeholders for dangerous control programs in Abu Dhabi are:
1- Service providers (registered public health pest control companies)
2- Clients, who receive dangerous pests control service in their premises
3- Tadweer (Regulatory organization) which is the regulatory who manage and monitor the
public health pest control sector.
Table 1 summarizes the roles and responsibilities for key stakeholders
Table1
Dangerous pests control team responsibilities
Stakeholder Roles and responsibilities
1- To provide dangerous pests control service as per Tadweer’s Technical
guidelines
Service
2- Provide qualified staff who are capable to carry out the service in safe and
providers
effective manner. The required qualifications for dangerous control team
are displayed in table 2.
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3- Provide sufficient knowledge for client on how to properly implement
cultural and physical practices that will reduce or prevent the dangerous
pests population, this knowledge must be documented in form of
recommendations or required actions report given to the clients.
4- Follow local and federal regulatory organizations instructions and
regulations
5- Record all data related to service orders, contracts, chemical consumption,
infestation level and geographical distribution of treated objects on maps
or layouts.
6- Record all data related to service orders by providing clients with a logbook
which contains (but not limited to) the following: contracts, MSDS, chemical
consumption, daily visit report, infestation level and mapping geographical
distribution of treated areas.
7- All data shall be available and accessible for clients and local regulatory
organization
8- Use only registered and approved insecticides from approved suppliers.
9- Always seek to get the highest level of customer satisfaction and providing
the highest quality levels.
10- Comply with local and federal laws and regulations.
11- Service providers shall provide the contact details of control team to the
client, contact details shall include name, position, mobile phone, email
address for all control team members.
1- Client shall contract only registered and approved companies permitted
from local regulatory organization for practicing public health pest control
and have valid permit.
2- It is recommended for clients to have a look and be familiar with Tadweer’s
Technical guidelines.
3- Clients shall provide any data required by regulatory organization about
dangerous control activity in their premise.
4- Clients shall follow the service provider recommendations that will help
reducing or preventing dangerous pests population, but these
Clients
recommendations must only be limited on cultural and physical practices
including:
- Sanitation and prevention
- Closing possible entry points that allow dangerous pests to enter the
house
- Doing the required repairing and maintenance to buildings or premises.
5- Client has to support the control teams by facilitating their jobs in the
workplace through providing easy access and follow the service providers
recommendations that are relevant to pest control operations.
Tadweer
(Regulatory Act as regulatory third party who shall provide guidance and regulations
organization)
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Table2
Dangerous pests control team required skills and qualifications
Team
Skills Qualifications
member
1- Fully aware about Tadweer’s Technical 1- Valid permit for supervisor issued
guidelines for dangerous pests from ADQCC
management. 2- Sufficient experience in the same
2- Good knowledge about dangerous pests field
biology and behaviour 3- Bachelor’s degree certificate in
3- Good knowledge about insecticides use medical entomology, entomology,
and safety precautions public health pest control, plant
4- Aware about local and federal protection, pesticides chemistry,
Supervisor requirements and regulations agriculture science or related
5- Aware about the required tools and majors.
equipment and their use, maintenance
and disposal.
6- Have good communication skills
7- Capable to identify dangerous pests
infestation
8- Capable to document all process
9- Fully aware about the IPM techniques
1- Good English skills enable him to read 1- Secondary school certificate
insecticides labels and inserting data 2- Valid permit for technician issued
2- Have good physical fitness from ADQCC
3- Good communication skills
4- Know how to use all tools and
equipment properly
5- Aware of all safety precautions related
Technicians to dangerous control
6- Enough knowledge about insecticide
usage and safety
7- Sufficient knowledge about dangerous
pests biology.
8- Enough knowledge about all safety
precautions related insecticides usage.
12. Tools and equipment

The range of required tools and equipment varies according to what procedures is being
implemented, however, in this section we have listed the minimum range of tools and equipment
required to carry out all procedures.
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Table 5
Tools &equipment
# Tool Photo Purpose Standards
1 Spider catcher Collecting live - Professional design

spider at sites
2 Critter catcher For collecting large - Professional design

spiders and
scorpions
3 Spider Collecting live - Batteries powered

vacuum spiders and small - Professional design
scorpions
4 Snake catcher Catching snakes - Heavy duty

- Professional design
5 Snakes cages Trapping snakes - Made of steel or metals

- Designed for trapping
snakes with inward
conical entries
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6 Snakes glue Trapping snakes - Thick layer of glue.
trap and scorpions Minimum of 3ml
thickness
- Minimum 20 cm width
and 35 cm length
7 Snake glue Protecting and - Made of cartoon/ wood/

trap station covering snakes metal
glue traps - Professional design
- Multiple use
8 Killing jar For treating and - Made of impermeable

killing collected material
spiders or - Gypsum layer at the
scorpions bottom to preserve the
pesticides or killing agent
9 Sprayer To be used for - Maximum capacity of 5

machine spraying liquid litters
insecticides - Stainless steel tank
- Equipped with pressure
gauge
- Designed for heavy duty
- Metallic sprayer gun
10 Measurement For insecticides - Made of plastic with clear

cup calibration scales
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11 Sticky traps Non-toxic traps to - Professional, single use
be used for traps, non-toxic,
controlling containing attractive
scorpions, spiders lures
and young snakes
12 Flashlight / UV To be used during - Professional torch

torch performing
inspection for
dangerous
infestation in dark
places
13 Chemical To be worn during - Chemical cartridge

cartridge liquid pesticides respirator with organic
respirator application for vapour cartridge
respiratory
protection
14 Chemical To be used by - Code: DIN EN 374

protection pesticides handler - Chemical protection
gloves. for hands glove in nitrile
protection - Length 33 cm
- Thickness 0.38 mm
- Flocked inside, good grip
- Food contact approved
- Sizes 7-11
15 Safety goggle Eye protection - Code: EN166 3459B
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16 Dust mask Respiratory - DIN EN-149:2001
protection
17 Safety shoes Foot protection - Chemical resistant

- Oil & slip resistant
- steel toe cap
18 Uniform To be worn during - Made of fortified fabric

all procedures by - reflective tapes on it
technicians to - Long or full sleeve
protect their - It can be one or two
bodies from any pieces.
contact with
pesticides or any
hazardous
materials during
their work.
19 Sweeping Cleaning. - Heavy duty (rough)

brush
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20 Conventional For manual data - Conventional
clipboard entry
21 Data entry For systemized or - Professional

device, digital data entry
Handheld data
entry terminal
22 Vacuum For mechanical - Heavy duty

machine collection of
spiders
23 Insecticide To be used to flush - Registered for household

aerosol out and kill spiders use
at site or when - Fast knockdown
they hidden - Short residual
- Contain flushing agent
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24 Bee suit For protection of - Ready made
bees and wasps - Professional design
bites - Heavy duty
25 Insecticides To deliver - Professional design

duster insecticides in the
formulation of dust
powder into cracks
and crevices
26 Electrical To be used for - Battery-powered duster

duster dust application - Carpet attachment
- Paint Brush attachment
- Multi-speed dial
27 Disposable To be used when - Professional design

shoes cover carry out indoor - Single use / disposable
treatment for - Sterilized
cleanliness
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28 Gram-base To be used for - Electronic
calibration adequately - Scaled by 0.01 gram
spoon calibrating solid minimum
insecticides - Heavy duty
29 Anti-bite To be worn - Biting stinging resistance

safety gloves whenever handling - Long sleeves
stinging or biting - Professional design
pests - Heavy duty
30 Anti-snake To be worn when - Ultimate snake and

bites boots catching snakes scorpion bites protection,
and scorpions Waterproof
31 Snake To be used for - Fortified plastic,

capturing transporting unbreachable
bucket caught live snakes - With dangerous signs on
it (snake bites)
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13. Dangerous pests control procedures
TG procedures will be illustrated in five chapters, scorpions, spiders, snakes, bees and wasps, and
centipedes management. In each chapter there will be a brief introduction and control methods for
each one of those dangerous pests.
Table 6
Dangerous pests chapters
1 Scorpion management
2 Spider management
3 Snakes management
4 Bees and wasps management
5 Centipedes management
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1.1 SCORPIONS OVERVIEW
Scorpions are not insects. Scorpions are arachnids which means they have eight legs, wingless and
two main body segments. The key feature of scorpion are their front pinchers and curly trail tipped
with thin spike which is called the stinger. Scorpions have a segmented body which is broadly joined
to the head. The head has eyes and one pair of pinchers (also called pedipalps). The body is
differentiated into two parts: a broad front portion bearing eight legs (four pairs) and a much thinner
long tail extending from the rear portion of the body. The tail tip is bulbous with a thin spike at the
end, which is the stinger (Alabama Cooperative Extension System, 2020).
Source: (Carlson, McGinley, & Rowe, 2014)
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Most common scorpions - Source: wordpress.com
Scorpions are nocturnal and predatory animals. They feed on insects, spiders, centipedes, and other
scorpions. Sometimes large scorpions feed on vertebrates such as small lizards, snakes, and mice.
Most scorpions live in warm and dry climates. Scorpions have slow growing process. Based on the
scorpions species it may take 1 to 6 years to reach sexual maturity. Scorpion live on average of 3 to
5 years; however, some species can live up to 10 to 15 years. Scorpions have a unique mating ritual.
The male ties the female pincers with his pincers and leads her in a dance (courtship dance) that may
last for several hours. The nature of courtship dance varies among the species. Males deposit their
sperm packets and maneuver the females over it. At the female genital opening located near the
front on the downside of her abdomen the sperm packet is drown in and then the female stores the
sperm packet to fertilize her eggs. After mating, if the male is quick enough, he may escape and run
away, otherwise the female will eat it, which it happens most often. Once the female is fertile the
gestation period may last from several months up to 18 months depending on the species. Female
scorpion can produce 25 to 35 young. Scorpions are born alive (viviparous: in which she keeps the
eggs inside until hatching) and newborn young climb onto the mother back. They stay on their mother
back until their first molt, once they leave mother back after first molt those young become
independent. Then those young scorpions molts five or six times until reach adulthood and become
sexually mature (Natwick, 2011).
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Scorpion female carrying on young on her back. Source: www.abc.net.
Medical importance
Due to their stings, scorpions have been a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in Central and
South America, Middle East, Africa and South Asia. Most harmful venomous scorpions species belong
to one family which is Buthidae. Venom glands are located in the stinger at the scorpions terminal
segment, they use the stinger to penetrate the victim skin and inject the venom. The syndrome of
scorpions envenoming is less heterogeneous than snake envenoming. And the major symptom is
neuroexcitatory or the stimulation of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The main
target of scorpion venom is the sodium channel (voltage gated). Once the scorpion venom peptides
(scorpion α toxins) bind to these channels, they inhibit their inactivation leading to prolonged
depolarization with neuroexcitation. Envenoming is characterized by autonomic disturbances such
as tachy/bradycardia, hyper/hypotension, excessive salivation and lacrimation, urinary and faecal
incontinence and pulmonary oedema. Deaths from scorpion stings are usually due to cardiogenic
shock and pulmonary oedema. Stings are rarely fatal in developed countries, but they are still a
significant cause of mortality in developing nations. It is estimated that over one million scorpion
stings (with approximately 3000 deaths) occur every year in endemic areas (Rodrigo & Gnanathasan,
2017).
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The effect of a scorpion’s sting depends primarily on the species of scorpion involved. The sting of
scorpions in Vaejovis and Hadrurus genera is usually no more serious than stings of ants, bees, or
wasps, unless a person has an allergic reaction. Normal reactions include an immediate intense,
localized, burning sensation with little redness or swelling; symptoms usually subside after about 30
minutes. The sting of a bark scorpion, however, can be serious, producing severe pain and swelling
at the site of the sting, numbness, frothing at the mouth, difficulty breathing, respiratory paralysis,
muscle twitching, and convulsions. These symptoms are signs for the need of immediate medical
attention. Especially at risk are children and the elderly (Natwick, 2011)
SCORPIONS IN UAE
In general, scorpions in UAE are considered as dangerous pests despite their rare occurrence and
limited abundance. Scorpions management services are provided in irregular basis based on
customer requests. So far two species have been identified in UAE, Arabian fat-tailed scorpion
(Androctonus crassicauda) and Deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus). Both scorpions are
adapted to live in arid and semi-arid regions, and they are distributed in Middle East. Both are
venomous and dangerous pests and their sting can cause severe pain, redness and other envenoming
symptoms and they are potentially lethal. Both species are usually found in outdoor settings and
rarely to encounter human. They occasionally appear in human dwellings especially in harsh weather
conditions which they enter human dwellings searching most likely for shelter and water.
ARABIAN FAT-TAILED SCORPION (Androctonus crassicauda)
Arabian fat-tailed scorpion. Source: (inaturalist.org, 2020)
It usually found in outdoor and open areas; its color range can varies from light brown to reddish
brown to dark brown to black. Their size ranges on average of 10 cm. Androctonus crassicauda is
considered as one of the most toxic scorpion species in the world which its venom has an i.v. LD50 in
mice of 0.32 +/- 0.02 mg/kg, (Ismail M, Abd-Elsalam MA, & Al-Ahaidib MS, 1994). Described as a
generalist desert species and it sometimes found near human structures under stones or ruined
structures. They are nocturnal and their key food list includes insects and other arachnids.
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DEATHSTALKER SCORPION (Leiurus quinquestriatus)
Deathstalkers are found in arid regions of North Africa and the Middle East. They usually hide under
rocks and they create their own burrows about 20 cm below rock. They also can hide in abandoned
burrows of other animals. Deathstalkers are large venomous scorpions their length can range from
8cm up to 11 cm and weigh 1.0 to 2.5 g. They are yellowish in color with brown spots on the
metasomal segment. Deathstalkers are nocturnal. Being nocturnal helps deathstalker scorpions to
manage temperature and water balance which they are important functions for survival in hyper arid
and arid regions. Scorpions, including deathstalkers, generally feed on small insects, spiders,
centipedes, earthworms, and other scorpions. Because of their potent venom, deathstalkers are one
of the most dangerous scorpions on Earth (Animal Diversity Web, 2014).
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SURVEY (INSPECTION &MONITORING)
1.2 SURVEY (INSPECTION AND MONITORING)
As always, before proceeding in any treatment a comprehensive survey shall be carried out in order
to find out the source of infestation, the entry points, and any other factors conducive to infestation.
Most likely, the received calls for controlling scorpions are happen when a client sees or spot a
scorpion. Thus, the survey shall be carried out to identify and confirm the presence of that scorpion
in that place. Inspectors need to search the area carefully until find the spotted scorpions. If they
couldn’t find the spotted scorpion then they need to confirm the absence of the spotted scorpion in
that area and carry out successive follow ups to be more ascertain.
Inspector shall search the area looking for any infestation signs of scorpions, they must search all
possible hiding places for scorpions such as:
1- Plant debris
2- Storage rooms
3- Basements
4- Trash
5- Behind closets and other furniture
6- Any place where darkness and moisture are available
7- Crack and crevices
8- Inside closets and drawers
9- Laundry piles
10- Scraps and other rubbish in the yards found outdoor
When inspectors survey the area searching for scorpions, they must be well-prepared in case if they
encounter any live scorpions, these preparations shall include:
1- Wearing full PPE to avoid unexpected stinging

2- Use UV flashlight when searching in dark places or during night time. UV light flashlight is
preferable which scorpion usually glowing when spot the UV light on them. They can also
glow with normal flashlight, but the glow is more obvious when using UV flash light.
3- Equipped with catchers in order to catch any scorpions they may find during the inspection
process
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NON-CHEMICAL TREATMETS
1.3 NON-CHEMICAL TREATMENT

Non-chemical treatment for scorpion includes two key domains. First the preventive measures and
secondly the control measures including trapping and catching.
1 Preventive measures
Preventive measures focus on the measures need to be carried out in order to prevent scorpions
from invading human dwellings and other premises. Preventive measures are key components of the
IPM techniques for scorpion management and they usually shall be done by the client himself and
the role of service provider is limited on providing required recommendations and advices in a formal
reports and officially inform the client about those preventive measure and their importance in
scorpion management.
1- Remove all trash and debris.

2- Remove unnecessary rocks around the premise or in the surrounding landscapes.
3- Keep the area dry.
4- Use small gravels to cover area adjacent to the home.
5- Seal outside wall openings.
6- Plug drain holes with proper permanent covers.
7- Install weather stripping around loose-fitting doors and windows.
8- Use sealant around roof eaves, pipes, and any other cracks in the structure.
9- Keep window screens in good condition. Make sure they fit tightly in the window frame.
10- Remove unnecessary /neglected objects away from the premises surrounding and garden
11- Proper storing above ground level
(Alabama Cooperative Extension System, 2020)
2 Trapping
There are no specific traps are designed for trapping scorpions, though, sticky traps could provide a
significant level of control. The normal sticky traps that used for house mouse could be used for
trapping adult and large scorpions while cockroaches sticky traps could be used for small or immature
scorpions.
Glue traps are effective for controlling scorpion if they installed in the right place. If the glue traps
caught live insects that can increase its attractiveness for scorpions which trapped insects are likely
to draw and lure scorpions.
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Examples of glue or sticky traps
Caught scorpion on glue and sticky traps
IMPORTANT NOTE
Trapped scorpions found on the glue boards might be still alive and they
can use their stinger freely. Therefore, glue traps must be placed in
protected places, out of reach of children and away from people contact.
When remove glue boards with trapped scorpions on it. They must be
grabbed by catcher or other tools to avoid any accidental stinging by
trapped scorpions
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3 Catching
Due to the small number of scorpions who encounter human in their dwellings in UAE, sometimes
catching the live spotted scorpion is the most effective method. When qualified teams search for
scorpions inside certain perimeters, they shall hold a catcher and use it to catch any scorpion they
may find. In case of small scorpions with relatively small sizes, catching can be done using insect
vacuum. Caught scorpions then shall be put in the killing jar or it can be killed by using freezing
technique or careful crushing.
Insect vacuum
Catchers
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Large scorpion catcher
IMPORTANT NOTE
Caught scorpions are dangerous and not easy to control them, they must
be handled very carefully by qualified and well -trained personnel. People
who carry out scorpion catching must always wear full PPE
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General rules for killing jars
1- Killing jars size must fit the size of
scorpions
2- Never use killing jars directly to catch
scorpions
3- Normally killing jar contain some
pesticides or alcohol that will kill
caught scorpions. Though killing jars
can be chemical-free and they can be
used for holding the scorpions and
then to be put inside refrigerator and
kill the scorpion by low temperature
effects.
4- Killing jar must be handled with high
attention.
5- When handling killing jars, all PPE
must be worn.
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CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
1.4 CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Chemical option using liquid or solid pesticides for controlling scorpions is not very effective against
scorpions especially with their rare occurrence, large sizes and thick cuticles they have.
Chemical spray can be applied at the premise perimeter in order to provide protection and act as
barrier to prevent scorpions from entering homes or hiding around rock and hardscape objects in the
yards. Insecticides aerosols can be efficient for controlling small scorpions and they also can be used
to flush out hiding scorpions.
Insecticides in dust and WP formulation can be used for treating scorpions in their hiding places or
potential aggregation sites. However, it is more recommended to use pesticides with
Microencapsulated (ME/MC) formulations which they are not repellent (Ramires, Navarro-Silva, &
Francisco , 2011).
There are no specific pesticides are specialized for controlling scorpions, however, general
insecticides from different chemical groups such as pyrethroids and organophosphate can be used.
Botanical insecticides such as rose merry oil product can also be used for controlling scorpions.
Regardless the active ingredient and at any time you decide to use liquid insecticides application for
controlling scorpions make sure that the pest range on the product label includes scorpions, spiders
or arachnids.
Table 7
General rules for liquid insecticides spray
1 Chemical control shall always be accompanied with other non-chemical control methods
2 Always wear full PPE’s as mentioned in table 5 along with label directions
3 Its more recommended to use insecticides with MC / ME formulations

4 Use only pesticide whose pest range includes scorpion, spiders or arachnids
Make sure to inform your client not to enter the treated room until the safety period passed as
5
mentioned in the product label
6 Liquid insecticides spray is only recommended in case of high infestation
7 Always read and follow the safety instructions on product label
8 Always follow the safety instructions of the regulatory organization
9 Dispose insecticides empty bottles in accordance with local regulations for chemical waste
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DATA ENTRY
1.5 DATA ENTRY
All data and information must be documented and reported, data can be reported manually or by
using data software, all data must be inserted including:
1- Client / premises location and address

2- Client name
3- Scorpion species identification
4- Workplace type (kitchen, toilets, food processing area)
5- Control team details (company name/ personnel name)
6- Service type (follow up/ treatment/ both)
7- Date and time
8- Survey results
9- Infestation signs found
10- Infestation level
11- Infestation distribution
12- Treatment details including used traps, tools and equipment, pesticides
13- Next service date
14- Number and types of installed traps
15- Recommendations
16- Data to be presented on layouts or maps for spotted scorpions and installed traps
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2.1 SPIDERS OVERVIEW
Spiders are also not insects, instead, they are arachnids which they have 8 legs and two main body
segments and have no wings. Spiders play an important role in the environment which they
considered as natural enemies or natural predators for other insects thereby reducing the population
of insects pests. Most people dislike or fear spiders, however, they are beneficial for the environment
and likely cannot harm human. Even venomous species who can harm human beings by their bites,
such as black widow spider, are usually hide under furniture or other objects and avoid contact with
people and animals, and most of spiders noticed in open areas during day time are not harmful even
though they might bite. Most spiders feed on insect, other spiders and other arthropods. Most
spiders use their toxic venom to kill their prey, though few species have toxic venom that can harm
human (Vetter, 2007).
Smaller spiders’ average length is 4-8mm. Spider males are smaller than females. Unlike insects,
spiders only have 2 distinct body sections, the Cephalothorax, which is the head and thorax combined
that holds fangs, pedipalps, multiple eyes and legs, and the abdomen which contains the spinnerets
at the rear, which are sophisticated glands that spin the silken webs.
Male (right) and female (left) of banded garden spider. Source: Stein Arne Jensen.
flickr.com-steinarnejensen
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Spider. Basic anatomy. Source: identify-spiders.com
Female spiders produce either one egg sac containing several to a thousand eggs or several egg sacs
each with successively fewer eggs. Females of many species die after producing the last egg sac.
Others provide care for the young for some period of time; these females live one or, at most, two
years. Females of the Mygalomorph spiders may live up to 25 years and those of the primitive
Haplogyne spiders up to 10 years. The protective egg sac surrounding the eggs of most spiders is
made of silk. Although a few spiders tie their eggs together with several strands of silk, most construct
elaborate sacs of numerous layers of thick silk. Eggs, which often have the appearance of a drop of
fluid, are deposited on a silk pad and then wrapped and covered so that the finished egg sac is
spherical or disk-shaped. The females of many species place the egg sac on a stalk, attach it to a
stone, or cover it with smooth silk before abandoning it. Other females guard their egg sacs or carry
them either in their jaws or attached to the spinnerets. The European cobweb spider (Achaearanea
saxatile) constructs a silken thimble-shaped structure and will move the egg sac into or out of this
structure to regulate egg temperature. Female wolf spiders carry their egg sacs attached to the
spinnerets and instinctively bite the egg sac to permit the young to emerge after a certain length of
time has elapsed. If a female loses an egg sac, she will make searching movements and may pick up
a pebble or a piece of paper and attach it to the spinnerets. The young of most species are
independent when they emerge from the egg sac. After hatching, wolf spider offspring, usually
numbering 20 to 100, climb onto the back of their mother and remain there about 10 days before
dispersing. If they fall off, they climb back up again, seeking contact with bristle like structures (setae).
Some female spiders feed their young. When food has been sufficiently liquefied by the female (in
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spiders, digestion occurs outside the mouth), the young also feed on their mother’s prey. The female
of some spiders, including one European species (Coelotes terrestris), dies at the time the young are
ready to feed, and they eat her carcass. The mother of one web spider (Achaearanea riparia) plucks
threads of the web to call her young, both to guide them to food sources and to warn them of danger.
Young spider lings, except for size and undeveloped reproductive organs, resemble adults. They shed
their skins (molt) as they increase in size. The number of molts varies among species, within a species,
and even among related young of the same sex. Males generally mature earlier and have fewer molts
(2 to 8) than females have (6 to 12). Males of some species are mature when they emerge from the
egg sac, one or two molts having occurred before emergence. Some spiders mature a few weeks
after hatching, but many overwinter in an immature stage. Mygalomorph spiders require three to
four years (some authorities claim nine years) to become sexually mature in warm climates.
(Encyclopædia Britannica, 2020)
Most spiders are outdoor live on insects predation. In general spider come inside homes when male
spiders are searching for females or when outside temperature drop down, and they look for warmth.
Most spiders are harmless and play an important role in controlling the insect population. Spiders
emit silk, ejecting a liquid which turns to silk when it meets the air. Female spiders plump up to attract
a male. The spider’s mating ritual is complex. Males must avoid getting eaten by the female and start
by creating a web bed to lay sperm. They pick up the sperm in pedipalps by the mouth and inseminate
the female. Some males dazzle the female to stop her reacting aggressively.
Spiders are typically a nuisance rather than harmful. They reproduce quickly and create cobwebs in
hard to reach areas. Most species use their venom on invertebrates rather than humans.
Unfortunately, some of the world’s most venomous, including the Funnel Web and Redback spiders
bites can be fatal. Although, most spiders are harmless and the bites cause localized pain, redness
and swelling. Humans can have allergic reactions which includes feelings of nausea, dizziness and in
extreme cases, necrosis (Bayer Environmental Science, 2020).
SPIDERS IN UAE
In UAE spiders are considered as minor pests due to their harmless effect and rare appearance. Most
of complaints or spider control services come up as result of people fear and dislike of spiders. Spiders
become a problem when they encounter human beings in their dwellings. During harsh weather
conditions spider enter human dwellings searching for cool or warmth. Sometimes spider enter
homes searching for prey when there are high population of live insects inside homes.
So far, four most common spider species have been identified in UAE Wolf spider, Red back spider,
Cellar spider and Garden spider.
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WOLF SPIDER (Hogna radiata)
Wolf spider
Despite it scary appearance wolf spiders are considered harmless to human. They usually found in
vegetation and behind rocks. Female length can be on average of 12 to 25 mm. Abdomen brown to
yellow brown with a dark cardiac mark and two (sometimes unclear) rows of white dots, which are
interconnected. Carapace dark brown with a light brown median band, a broad light brown band
along the edge and thin light brown radial stripes. Legs and palps yellow-brown to grey-brown with
dark spots on the femora. Male length can be on average of 9 to 18 mm. Markings and colors almost
identical to the female. The dark spots on the legs are clearer (arachnophoto.com, 2020).
RED BACK SPIDER (Latrodectus hasseltii)

Red back spider is dark brown to black with a small cephalothorax and large round abdomen. Red
hourglass marking underneath the abdomen and a wide, red stripe at back of the abdomen. Juveniles
have additional white markings. Body up to 0.4 cm long (male), 1 cm long (female). Red back spiders
rarely leave their web and, if threatened, fall to the bottom of the web and pretend to be dead. They
only bite if touched and usually feed on insects. Red back spider bite can be highly venomous.
Symptoms include localized increasing pain and sweating at the bite site, muscular weakness, and
loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting and convulsions (Museums Victoria, 2020). The redback has a
nasty bite, and a small number of deaths had been recorded in Australia before the introduction of
a specific antivenom. The venom's principal active component is a protein, alpha-latrotoxin and gives
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rise to the syndrome of latrodectism (an illness caused by the bite of Latrodectus spiders) in humans.
Redbacks will only bite when disturbed or trapped in clothing, and bites are rare. The bite feels like a
sharp pain similar to a pinprick and then becomes severe and progresses up the bitten limb and
persists for over 24 hours. Sweating in localized patches of skin occasionally occurs and is highly
indicative of latrodectism. Generalized symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache, and agitation may
also occur and indicate severe poisoning (terrain.net.nz, 2017)
Red back spider adult female > source: (terrain.net.nz, 2017)
CELLAR SPIDER (Pholcus phalangioides)

Cellar spider is found throughout the world and it’s a common spider in UAE. Based on its name it
most often found in basement, house corners, around house, below rocks and in place that provide
shadow and protection from current air. People usually spot cellar spider living on ceilings and in
homes corners. They make their webs large, loose, and flat, but they can make them in irregular
shapes to fit into surrounding objects. Their webs are normally oriented horizontally. Cellar spider
hangs upside down on the web it makes. Cellar spider is pale yellow brown except for a large gray
patch in the center of the cephalothorax. The body and legs are almost translucent. These spiders
are covered with fine gray hairs. The head is a darker color around the eyes. A translucent line marks
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the dorsal vessel. There are eight eyes: two small eyes in front of the two triads of larger eyes.
Females are 7 to 8 mm in length and males are 6mm. Pholcus phalangioides can live up to three years.
Because their diet is primarily insects, these spiders play the important role of controlling the growth
of insect populations (Animal Diversity Web, 2014). Cellar spider is not dangerous, though, people
dislike having it inside their homes, and thus, it is considered as minor household pests in UAE.
Cellar spider
GARDEN SPIDER (Argiope aurantia)

Most commonly known as the yellow garden spider. Argiope aurantia is also known as the writing
spider due to the trademark vertical zig-zag pattern they construct in their webs Although their
occurrence may cause alarm, this species is relatively harmless and will generally flee rather than
attack when disturbed (Griffith & Gillett-Kaufman). This specie prefers sunny areas among flowers,
shrubs, and tall plants. It can be found in many types of habitats. As is true in many spider species,
females of this species grow too much larger size than males. Adult female body length ranges from
19 to 28 mm, while males reach only 5 to 9 mm. In both sexes, the shiny, egg-shaped abdomen has
striking yellow or orange markings on a black background.
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The forward part of the body, the cephalothorax, is covered with short, silvery hairs. Legs are mostly
black, with red or yellow portions near the body. After mating, each female produces one or more
(rarely 4, usually less) brown, papery egg sacs. They are roughly round in shape and up to 25 mm in
diameter; each sac contains 300 to 1400 eggs. She attaches her egg sacs to one side of her web, close
to her resting position at the center. Although people are concerned about being bitten by these
large spiders, they are not considered dangerous. They may bite when harassed, but apparently the
venom does not cause problems for humans (Animal Diversity Web, 2014)
Female (left) and male (right) Argiope aurantia (Lucas). Photograph by Troy Bartlett.
www.bugguide.net.
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Always remember that spiders are beneficial animals who maintain the environmental balance by
feeding on other insect and they considered as natural enemies for most pests species.
Spider control is only applicable when they become a troublesome for clients due to their scary
appearance and general dislike. When spiders encounter human beings in their dwellings and people
complaint about it, they can be considered as household pests, otherwise they are beneficial animals.
However, when receive complaints for spider the first thing to do id search the area for spiders. Red
back, cellar and yellow garden spider are easy to be searched because of their web. The web makes
it easier to spot them and get rid of them. Wolf spider is ground hunting spider and it could possibly
hide anywhere so you need to search the area carefully.
Inspector shall search the area looking for spiders, they must search all possible hiding place for
spiders such as:
1- Plant debris
2- Storage rooms
3- Basements
4- Trash
8- Inside closets and drawers
9- Laundry piles
It is important to identify each spotted spider species to make sure that there is no dangerous or
poisonous spider around. The identification can be done by highly trained personnel on spot or the
samples can be taken to the lab for more detailed identification.
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NON-CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Non-chemical treatment for spiders includes two key domains. First the preventive measures and
Preventive measures focus on the measures need to be carried out in order to prevent spiders from
invading human dwellings and other premises. Preventive measures are the key component of the
IPM techniques for spiders management and they usually shall be done by the client himself and the
role of service provider is limited on providing required recommendations and advices in a formal
spiders management.

2- Remove unnecessary rocks.
6- Plug drain holes with proper permanent covers.
9- Keep window screens in good condition. Make sure they fit tightly in the window frame.
10- Remove unnecessary /neglected objects away from the premises surrounding and garden
11- - Proper storing above ground level
2 Trapping
Normal insect glue traps or sticky traps are effective for controlling spiders if they installed in the
right place. If the glue traps caught live insects that can increase its attractiveness for spiders which
they will be attracted to the traps to find their prey on trapped insects. Sticky traps must be installed
in areas close by to spiders webs or aggregations. They must be installed by which they are protected
from non-target animals, human beings traffic, and children and protected from weather conditions.
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Trapped spiders on glue boards
3 Catching
Due to the small number of spiders who encounter human in their dwellings in UAE, sometimes
catching the live spotted spiders is the most effective method. Catching spiders can be performed
using vacuum machine (insect or normal) or by using spiders catching stick. Caught spider can be
released minimum 200 m away from the premise where they were caught, or they can be killed by
using killing jars or freezing techniques or careful crushing.
Using traditional vacuum machine to collect spiders
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Using insect vacuum machine to catch spiders
Spider catching stick
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General rules for killing jars
1- Killing jars size must fit the size of

spiders
2- Killing jars can be used directly to
catch spiders
3- Normally killing jar contain some
pesticides or alcohol that will kill
caught spiders. Though killing jars
can be chemical-free and they can
be used for holding the spider until
release it or put it inside refrigerator
and kill the spiders by low
temperature effects.
4- Killing jar must be handled with high
attention.
5- When handling killing jars, all PPE
must be worn.
Catchers
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CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

Liquid insecticide spray for spider is not effective unless the spray droplets land directly on the spider,
therefore, spraying liquid insecticides can be very effective in case where spiders are apparent and
easy to reach. Residual spray for spider is not effective, it has been noticed that spider can move on
the treated areas with no harm. As result liquid insecticide can be just a temporary solution and shall
be accompanied with other non-chemical treatment and good housekeeping. Currently in the market
there are many pyrethroid active ingredients can target spider (Vetter, 2007). Different pesticides
formulations can be used for controlling spiders such dust or WP. The use of microencapsulated
formulations seems to be nowadays the most recommended targeting these arachnids, due to lower
probability of significant repellency to the animals.
Sorptive dusts containing amorphous silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyrethrins, which can be applied
by professional pest control applicators only, may be useful in certain indoor situations. Particles of
the dust affect the outer covering of spiders (and also insects) that have crawled over a treated
surface, causing them to dry out. When applied as a dust like film and left in place, a sorptive dust
provides permanent protection against spiders. The dust is most advantageously used in cracks and
crevices and in attics, wall voids, and other enclosed or unused places (Vetter, 2007).
Table 8
General rules for liquid insecticides spray
Chemical control for spider is only applicable when spiders are found in large numbers and if
1
they are apparent and easy to reach them directly
1 Chemical control shall always be accompanied with other non-chemical control
2 Always wear full PPE’s as mentioned in table 5
3 Its more recommended to use insecticides with MC / ME formulation
4 Use only pesticide whose pest range includes spiders or arachnids
Make sure to inform your client not to enter the treated room until the safety period passed
5
as mentioned in the product label
Sorptive dust can be used as preventive measure around the house or in the area where spiders
6
are expected to be. Always follow the label instructions.
7 Always read and follow the safety instructions on product label
8 Always follow the safety instructions of Tadweer
9 Dispose insecticides empty bottles in accordance with local regulations for chemical waste
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DATA ENTRY
2.5 DATA ENTRY

2- Client name
3- Found spider identification
7- Date and time
8- Survey results
15- Recommendations
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3.1 SNAKES OVERVIEW
Snakes are vertebrate reptiles whose name linked with fear. There are more than 3000 species of
snakes all around the world except Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland and New Zealand. There are about
600 species are venomous and only 200 spices can be harmful for human beings. The venomous
species are potentially able to kill or significantly harm the human beings. Non-venomous snakes can
range between harmless snakes to harmful pythons who dispatch their victims by swallowing them
alive or squeezing them to death. Either venomous or non-venomous snakes eat their food as whole
in one portion.
Snakes are able to detect their prey by several ways. The key detection methods are heat detection
of warm-blooded prey and the vibration. They can use their heat sensor located front of their eyes
called pit holes and the bones of their lower jaws can detect the vibration of scurrying animals. When
snakes capture prey, they can eat animals up to three times bigger than their size. Their head is wide
because their ability to unhinge their lower jaws from their upper jaws. Once in a snake’s mouth, the
prey is held in place by teeth that face inward, trapping it there.
Snakes as reptiles are cold-blooded which means they regulate their body temperature externally.
Almost all snakes are covered with scales, the key purposes of scales, is to trap moisture in arid areas
and reduce friction when snakes move. In about every month snakes have the process ecdysis in
which snakes shed their skin and bring new in order to fit their growth and also to get rid of parasites.
Most snakes lay eggs, but some species—like sea snakes—give live birth to young. Very few snakes
pay any attention to their eggs, with the exception of pythons, which incubate their eggs (National
Geographic, 2020)
In extreme weather conditions such as long low temperature period or in dry and extremely hot
conditions, snakes protect themselves by being dormant. They hide themselves in protect holes and
pass through the harsh conditions. The dormancy period depends on the weather conditions for each
particular place. In some places where there are no significant changes in weather conditions such
tropical rainfall forest, snake may still active all over the year.
Snakes reproduce by eggs, once the female and males snake mate in copulation process, males
deliver their sperm to females who can use it to fertilize eggs for several patches. After copulation
female snakes then have baby snakes, called snake lets or hatchlings, in one of three ways, depending
on the kind of snake:
1- The female snake lays rubbery eggs with snake lets inside that hatch when they are big enough.
2- The female snake holds the eggs inside her body until the snake lets hatch and come out.
3- The female snake gives birth to live snake lets (hold the eggs inside until hatching inside).
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Snake eggs hatching. Source: by Kevin Enge. Snake give birth of live snakelet. Source:
flickr.com baoquangngai.vn
SNAKES IN UAE
In UAE snakes are considered as dangerous pests despite their occasionally occurrence. Mostly they
encounter human in rural areas and in some rare cases they might be found in urban areas. According
to UAE standards the response time for snakes complaints shall not exceed 12 hours and treatment
must be carried out within no longer of 2 hours.
Four common snake species have been identified in UAE; Saw-scaled viper (Echis pyramidum),
Horned desert viper (Cerastes cerastes), Sand racer (Psammophis schokari) and Wadi racer (Platyceps
rhodorachis).
SAW-SCALED VIPER (Echis pyramidum)
Saw scaled viper . Source: pinterest.com
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Echis (сommon names: saw-scaled vipers, carpet vipers) is a genus of venomous vipers found in the
dry regions of Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. In UAE they mostly found in open
areas and they pose a threat to people and poultries. They have a characteristic threat display,
rubbing sections of their body together to produce a “sizzling” warning sound. The name Echis is the
Latin transliteration of the Greek word for “viper”. Their common name is “saw-scaled vipers” and
they include some of the species responsible for causing the most snakebite cases and deaths in the
world. Eight species are currently recognized. They usually rest and hide on the desert sand using
their body color as disguising tools. Most saw-scaled vipers species, such as those found in Africa, are
oviparous, while others, such as those in India, and are viviparous. In UAE saw-scaled vipers species
are oviparous and they lay their eggs in sands and in protected places in open areas. In UAE saw-
scaled vipers most often do not encounter human, however, sometimes they encounter human
specially for people having desert cruise or campaign, or in farms. It is rarely for saw -scaled viper to
invade urban areas in UAE, but occasionally they invade human dwellings searching for prey
especially rodents.
Venom toxicity varies among the different species, geographic locations, individual specimens, sexes,
over the seasons, different milking, and, of course, the method of injection (subcutaneous,
intramuscular, or intravenous). Consequently, the LD50 values for Echis venoms differ significantly.
In mice, the intravenous LD50 ranges from 2.3 mg/kg to 24.1 mg/kg to 0.44-0.48 mg/kg in humans,
the lethal dose is estimated to be 3–5 mg/kg. Venom from females was more than twice as toxic on
average as venom from males. The amount of venom produced also varies. Reported yields include
20–35 mg of dried venom from specimens 41–56 cm in length, 9 6–48 mg (16 mg average) from
Iranian specimens10 and 13–35 mg of dried venom from animals from various other localities. Yield
varies seasonally, as well as between the sexes: the most venom is produced during the summer
months and males produce more than females (venopharma, 2017).
HORNED DESERT VIPER (Cerastes vipera)

Small, depressed, tapered, relatively thick bodied snake with a short tail. Can grow to a maximum of
about 0.90 meters. Head is broad, flattened, covered in small scales, roughly triangular shaped when
viewed from above and very distinct from narrow neck. Snout is very short and broad. Canthus is
indistinct. Eyes are small to medium in size, prominent, set to the side of the head and well forward,
with vertically elliptical pupils. Nostrils directed upward. There is often a long horn above each eye
consisting of a single scale. Specimens without this horn-like scale have a prominent brow ridge.
Horned desert vipers are nocturnal, terrestrial and slow-moving snakes. It uses sidewinding
locomotion on both soft sand and hard surfaces. Often lies buried in the sand with only the eyes and
nostrils exposed. Sometimes shelters in rodent burrows. If disturbed it assumes an S-shaped coil
position and rubs the sides of the body together making a rasping sound and hisses loudly. Very
nervous, irritable and aggressive disposition, quick to strike at the slightest provocation and does not
try to escape. Prefers to take refuge in rodent and lizard burrows or under grass tussocks or flat rocks.
Feeds mainly on small rodents but will eat lizards and small birds and occasionally small or young
snakes (Toxinology, 2018).
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Cerastes, genus of venomous, desert-dwelling snakes of the viper family, Viperidae. There are two
species, the horned viper (C. cerastes), which usually has a spine like scale above each eye, and the
common, or Sahara, sand viper (C. vipera), which lacks these scales. They habitually bury themselves
in the sand to protect themselves from the sun and heat and also to lie in ambush for their prey of
lizards and small mammals. Their venom is relatively weak and is seldom fatal to humans
(Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 2020).
Sahara viper
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SAND RACER (Psammophis schokari)
A diurnal species, tending to be crepuscular during summer. Often found on trees and bushes if
available, especially during the bird migration times when it feeds on small passerines. A medium to
large, slender snake. Dorsum light sandy-gray; variably striped with dark stripes; a dark stripe extends
from snout to beyond the temporal area, some dark marbling on top of head shields. Venter white
or yellowish with variable dark longitudinal stripes. Inhabits a wide variety of habitats in sandy and
rocky deserts and sub deserts, preferring areas with fairly good vegetation. Restricted to regions of
the country, where at least some annual precipitation is received, or where permanent vegetation is
found (Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2018)
Sand racer. Source (Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2018)
Diurnal and terrestrial snake which tends to forage at night in the hottest months. Very agile snake
which quickly immobilizes prey by venom. Inoffensive disposition and will attempt to quickly escape
if approached. Often finds refuge under stones, building rubble and abandoned rodent burrows. It
has been found taking refuge in holes or in trees. Often climbs in bushes and small trees. Usually
escapes along the ground if approached. Sand racer is considered as non-venomous so there is no
likelihood of envenoming or lethality to human (Clinical Toxinology Resources, 2018).
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Sand racer. By David Oudjani. Source: psammophis.nl
WADI RACER (Platyceps rhodorachis)

Wadi racer also known as Jan’s Cliff Racer is widely known specie distributed in Middle East including
UAE it also occurs in Africa. It lives in arid habitat and rocky or stony plains, wadis or hills. Even though
it not reliant on water, it often found near to water resources. Wadi racer is diurnal alert and fast
moving. In hot weather it becomes crepuscular. It is skilled climber and swimmer and prey on lizards,
frogs, rodents, bats, birds and other snakes. Although it’s not highly venomous, it chews to interduce
it’s mildly saliva to subdue it prey. Bites on human cause itching. Wadi racer adult length can range
between 60 to 70 cm, but sometimes it can reach up to 130cm. Wadi racer is slender snake with
smooth scales, long tail and pointed head with large eyes and round pupils. It’s generally tan, greenish
gray or olive green in color patterned with a series of dark bands or spots that may be present on
anterior body, the entire body and tail, or completely absent (O'Shea, 2018).
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Wadi racer snake. By Mark O’Shea. www.markoshea.info
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Snakes are dangerous and fast-moving animals, thus their inspection requires well-trained personnel
who are able to find them or trace them. Snakes control service depends on customer complaints
and it arises when customers see or spot any signs for snake existence in their premises, thereby,
inspection must be done carefully and make sure to find the snakes, otherwise inspectors must be
highly ascertain snakes absence by searching the premise and its surrounding very carefully. The signs
for snakes can be as the following.
1- Live snakes
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2- Shed off skins
As snakes most often shed off their skins in almost every month, thus the old shed off skins
considered as straight through proof of snakes existence around the spot where it has been found.
3- Snake trails
Snakes shed off skins
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4- Snake sound or hissing
Most snakes make noise, whether it's hissing, rattling, or rubbing their scales together to make a dry,
raspy sound. Some snakes make weirder noises than others. When client or inspectors hear such
noise or sound that is enough indicator that proofs snakes are around. Therefore, snake sound is
considered as one of infestation sign for snakes.
Snakes are dangerous and mostly venomous; thus, inspectors must be careful, wearing full PPE’s,
alert and prepared for catching any live snake without getting bitten.
Inspector shall search the area looking for snakes, they shall search all possible hiding place for snakes
such as:
1- Plant debris
3- Storage rooms
4- Basements
5- Trash
8- Cracks and crevices
9- Behind bushes and ornamental trees
10- Under tones and rocks found the loan and home yards
11- Around animal barn or poultries
12- On the trees and near to bird nests
13- Near water resources
15- Holes in soils and sand piles
Identification, it is important to identify any captured or caught snake. Identification is important to

know the specie caught in order to know:
1- Is it venomous or not?
2- Is it from local known species or it just imported, so we can know from where it has come and
its source thereby proper preventive measures can be taken?
3- By knowing the snake species, we will be able to identify the factors that attracted that snake
to that particular site.
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Non-chemical treatment for snakes includes two key domains. First the preventive measures and
Preventive measures focus on the measures need to be carried out in order to prevent snakes from
invading human dwellings and other premises. Preventive measures are the key component of the
IPM techniques for snakes management and they usually shall be done by the client himself and the
role of service provider is limited on providing required recommendations and advices in a formal
scorpion management.
1- Effective rodent control. Most often snakes are attracted to area where rodent infestation is
high, thus, the key preventive that shall be applied by pest control professionals is to keep the
infestation level of rodent pest as lowest as possible.
3- Avoid and prevent water resources for snakes by having good maintenance to prevent any
leak or water accumulation.
4- Remove unnecessary rocks.
10- Avoid bringing up poultries near human dwellings
11- Seal animal and poultry barns very tightly
2 Trapping
Trapping is very effective for snake control. It depends on using glue traps and cages. Trapping is
done by placing attractive food bait for snake on the glue board or cages. Snakes feeding habit varies
among different snakes species and it depends on the type of meal. So the feeding frequency varies
accordingly, for this reason snake trapping requires patience, it may take approximately 1 up to 7
days for snake between meals. In both cases patience is required.
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GLUE TRAPS
Glue traps are available in different sizes and shapes. The most important thing is to select the trap
size and glue content that is able to tight the snakes firmly and fit its size. Glue traps shall be placed
inside flat boxes. The purpose of flat boxes is to hold the glue boards and protect them from weather
conditions. Baits shall be place in the middle of glue board. Once installed traps shall inspected every
24 hours.
Examples of glue traps

Glue traps shall be baited with proper bait or lure and then to be placed inside flat boxes. The purpose
of flat boxes is to protect glue board from dust, water or any other weather conditions. It also has
significant role in holding the glue trap in its place and protect it from tamper actions.
Placing glue board inside flat box
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Examples of flat boxes
Caught snakes on glue boards
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SNAKES CAGES
Snake cages are also effective method for trapping snakes. Snakes cages are available in different
sizes and shapes.
The size of the cage depends on the expected size of the snake. Snakes cages shall be baited with
proper bait and then to be placed in suitable place where it must be away from people contact and
close to snakes’ activity. As said earlier, snakes do not feed on daily basis, it may take several days
for the snake to have another meal, thus the cages must be left and watched for 1 up to 7 days and
it must be checked on daily basis.
SNAKES BAITS
Snakes mostly prey on rodents, lizards, frogs, small birds, eggs, and insects. In order to lure snakes
for glue traps and cages one of those prey can be placed in the trap, however, for practical solutions
the most common effective bait for snakes is fresh eggs, snakes lure or live rodents brought from the
lab. In all cases baits must be checked for their attractiveness. If a bait did not work well it must be
replaced with another one.
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1- Bird fresh eggs
To lure snakes for glue boards or cages it is
highly recommended to use fresh bird eggs.
It can be chicken eggs, duck or any other
birds. The most important thing is to use
fresh eggs. Eggs freshness is important
which snakes are attracted to egg
temperature and they will not be attracted
to old or not fresh eggs.
Placing bird eggs on snake glue board
2- Snake lure Snake lure is designed to

There are several commercial products for attract snakes into a trap.
snakes lures in the market, those lures are Simply place 4-6 drops on
made of some attractive materials that a cotton ball in the center
attract the snakes into traps, and they of the trap. It can take 12 -
mostly come in liquid or semi-liquid 72 hours to attract a
formulations. snake. It all depends on
the snakes feeding cycle.
Snakes do not usually feed
on a daily basis
3- Live prey
Sometimes live prey can be used as bait for snakes, but using live prey is not highly recommended, it
is only recommended to be used in cages in case of other baits did not work. Leaving live animal in
the cages for long time seems to be unhuman unless it is left in good living conditions provided with
shelter, food and water.
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3 Catching
Catching is also one the useful technique for controlling snakes, it provides fast solution, though, it
requires time and precession and well trained personnel who are able to spot the snakes at their
location and capture them carefully at the same time, they must able to ensure their safety. Snakes
catching incurs using different catching tools for capturing live snakes. Snake catchers shall ensure
wearing the proper PPE, especially anti bite gloves and boots. Catching stakes are available in
different sizes and shapes that shall fit the location as well as the size of the snakes. Below are some
examples of snake catching stakes.
Some examples of snake catching stakes
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Caught snakes shall put carefully inside snake capturing bucket
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IMPORTANT NOTE
Snakes are dangerous and not easy to control them; they must be handled
very carefully by qualified and well -trained personnel. Technicians who
carry out snakes catching must always wear full PPE
Table 9
General rules for snake trapping
1 Glue board must be designed for trapping snakes
2 Glue trap size and glue content must fit the snake size and ensure its ability to tightly hold the snakes
3 Baited glue boards must be placed inside flat boxes
Baited glue boards must be installed inside flat boxes and placed in areas away from human traffic
4
and near to the location of expected snakes.
5 Glue boards shall only be used once
6 Once installed, traps and cages must be checked on daily basis (every 24 hour)
Snakes do not feed on daily basis; thus glue boards and cages must be installed for 1 up to 7 days and
7
the bait to be changed frequently in order to stay fresh and attractive to snakes
It is highly recommended to use fresh eggs as bait for snakes, it also allowable to use snake lure on
8
glue boards and live rodents in cages.
Snakes baits must be checked to ensure their attractiveness, and they must be replaced if they did
9
not work well with another baits
10 Customers must be informed about the installed traps and cages
11 Traps and cages must be labelled with company logo and contact details
Alive captured snakes shall be eliminated using killing jars, freezing or they can be sent to
12
entomological labs.
13 Always wear full be when dealing with caught snakes
14 Always follow the safety instructions of local regulatory organization
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CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Chemical treatment for snakes is not very effective it only limited on using snakes repellents that will
keep snakes away from the treated areas. Snakes repellents are available in different formulations.
The most common formulation is granules which they provide long lasting residual and easy
application. Snake repellents contain different active ingredients such as sulfur or some natural oils
such as clove, cinnamon and cedar oil. Those repellents can be applied around the premise and when
snakes come into contact with them, they will move away and avoid entering that premise.
Snake repellent application
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DATA ENTRY
3.5 DATA ENTRY

2- Client name
3- Snake species identification
7- Date and time
8- Survey results
15- Recommendations
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4.1 BEES AND WASPS OVERVIEW
Bees and wasps are very beneficial insects. Bees is the most beneficial insect on the planet, besides
producing more than 90 million Kg of commercial honey annually they are the most efficient
pollinators. More than half of all produced fruits and vegetables are pollinated by bees. Wasps are
major predators and they play an important role as natural enemies by preying on insects pests that
can affect crop production. Without bees and wasps our food variety would be changed (Illinois
Department of Public Health, 2020). Bees and wasps belong to the order Hymenoptera and they have
complete life cycle in which they grow form egg, larvae, pupa and then adult. There are two form of
life cycles; solitary, in which they live independently and alone and social forms, in which they live in
groups have well organized social system.
pinterest.com
Solitary form
The solitary wasps usually build nests or cells, which they provision with permanently paralyzed
insects or spiders. One egg is laid in each cell, and the body of the paralyzed host provides all the
nutriment needed by the developing larva. Some solitary wasps nest in woody or pithy stems,
whereas others dig tunnels in the soil. Some other wasps species deposit their eggs in or on the larvae
or pupae (rarely eggs or adults) of the host species. The legless, maggot like larvae that hatch from
these eggs feed on the body fats and fluids of the host until fully grown. At this time, the larvae
usually spin silken cocoons, within which they pupate and from which the adult parasites eventually
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emerge. Those species parasitizing exposed hosts usually
develop as internal parasites, whereas those attacking hosts
concealed in wood burrows, plant stems, cocoons, or leaf
mines feed externally. In the case of internal parasites, the
hosts feed and behave normally until shortly before the
parasitic larvae have completed their development.
In solitary bees, each female makes her own nest (usually a

burrow in the ground) and provisioning it. Among such bees
there are no castes (worker, queen). The female bee constructs
cells—each of which is an enclosed space provided with a
supply of pollen and honey—lays an egg in each cell, then
closes it, and goes on to build and provision another. Most
solitary bees are short-lived as adults. Some species may be in
flight only a few weeks, having spent the rest of the year in
their cells as eggs, larvae, pupae, and young adults (Lindauer,
2019). Solitary bees
Social forms
In social larvae are completely dependent upon the continuous care of the adults. The colony is a
family community of which every insect is an integral unit. Apart from the community, any one
individual cannot properly function or survive. The essential work in the society—such as nest
building, feeding and tending the brood, and defense of the nest—is performed by female workers.
The fertile female, the queen, performs only one task: egg laying. The workers can be differentiated
morphologically and physiologically as soldiers, outside workers, inside workers, and nest builders.
The males play no part in everyday nest activities. They live only for a short time at a specific time of
year to fertilize the queen, occur in limited numbers, and are virtual parasites of the colony that must
feed them. Some other social forms an solitary bees or wasps take care of their offspring in groups
with other solitary bears forming a small nest with no specific castes, however, they may feed others
larvae, tending the group brood and defend the nests together (Lindauer, 2019).
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Bees and wasps as pests
Bees and wasps are beneficial insects, though,
when they come close to human and pose the
threat of stings, they become pests. 50 to 100
people die from bee and wasp stings annually.
Most die from an allergic reaction to venom
within one hour of the sting. About 1 percent of
the population is allergic to bee and wasp venom
(Illinois Department of Public Health, 2020). The
ability to sting, coupled with their great mobility,
makes bees and wasps some of the most feared
Honeybee loses it stinger. Source: mgur.com
of all insects. Some bees and wasps do not
possess stingers. In groups that can sting, only
females have stingers because a stinger is a
modified egg-laying structure. Wasps and some
bees sting repeatedly because their stingers are
smooth. A honeybee stings only once because it
has a hook-like stinger that remains embedded in
the victim's skin. The honeybee’s stinger is
attached to a venom sac, which has muscles that
pump venom into the victim. The bee dies after
this one sting. Because some people are very
sensitive to the venom of bees and wasps, stings
cause several human deaths each year (Reall & Wasp sting. Source: theguardian.com
Sanders, 2020).
BEES AND WASPS IN UAE

Bees and wasps in UAE are considered as beneficial insects and they sometimes considered as
dangerous pests when their nests found near human dwellings or in urban areas where they can pose
high risk of stinging people in that specific area. As long as bees and wasps do not pose stinging risk
they are considered as beneficial insects and shall not be included in pest management programs,
instead they shall be considered as non-target insects. For any pesticides application bees and wasps
shall be considered as non-target insects and they must be protected all the time. In UAE there have
been several bees and wasps species recognized so far and the following are the most common
species.
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BEES AND WASPS IN UAE
Arabian paper wasp. By Indushekhar Sharma, Arabian paper wasp. By Nasser Halaweh,
inaturalist.org inaturalist.org
Arabian paper wasp has got its name from

building nests made up of paper, those wasps are
known for their yellow colour, they have long
yellow antenna and the yellow long body that can
reach up to 2.5cm long and distinguished by the
three black spots on their heads. They live in semi-
social nest that contain several reproductive
females, workers and seasonal males. They feed
on nectar and other insects and play important
role in the environment as active pollinators and
natural predators for other pests.
Arabian paper wasp nests
Arabian paper wasps are not aggressive, and

they will not attack people unless they or their
nests are threatened. The sting of Arabian paper
wasp is quiet painful, and it could cause a serious
allergic reaction for allergic people and
immediate medical care is required. Their nest
mostly found around houses and in the farms,
they usually present near water resources and
their nests mostly found inside electrical boxes
and on tree.
Arabian paper wasps feeding on nectar
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SCOLIID WASP (VOBALAYCA FLAVIFRONS) (CAMPSOMERIELLA THORACICA)
Scoliid wasps are dark in color, often metallic, relatively large, robust, slightly hairy insects with light
yellow spots or other markings. Scoliid wasps are solitary wasps that feed on beetle larvae especially
white grubs who are considered as pest for turf. The female digs the soil searching for white grubs
(white grubs are turf pests) and then sting it and paralyze it. After paralyzing the white grub (beetle
larvae) they lay one egg on it and burry it. The egg hatch and wasp larvae keep feeding and growing
and finally pupate underground and become an adult after a while. Even though Scoliid wasps are
parasitic wasps, they also feed on nectar. They play an important role as bio control agent for white
grubs as well as pollinators. They usually do not sting unless they are stepped on or carelessly handled
(Brandenburg, 2017). Two common species of Scoliid wasps are found in UAE, (Vobalayca flavifrons)
and (Campsomeriella thoracica).
Vobalayca flavifrons
Campsomeriella thoracica . By Robin Bad, inaturalist.org
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OREIENTAL HORNET (VESPA ORIENTALIS)
The Oriental hornet lives in seasonal colonies
consisting of caste system dominated by a queen.
Adults have two pairs of wings and a body length
of 25 to 35 mm. They are reddish brown in color
with distinctive yellow bands on the abdomen
(rear body segments) that do not extend all the
way to the tip. The queen, workers and drones
(males) all have powerful, sharp mandibles (jaws)
and will bite if provoked. Oriental hornets are
social insects. They build a paper nest which
serves as a “home base” for the colony. A caste
system, consisting of egg-laying females (queens)
and workers, and male drones cooperate to
provide shelter, defence, food and care for the
colony’s brood (offspring). Oriental wasp
Oriental hornet workers are predacious on other insects, capturing large species such as
grasshoppers, flies, honey bees, and yellow jackets, which they use to feed the colony’s brood. The
workers will also girdle twigs and branches of trees and shrubs in order to collect fiber used to
construct the paper nest. Oriental hornets can be a public health concern, since these large,
aggressive insects are capable of inflicting multiple, painful bites and stings (USAPHC, 2014). The adult
hornet eats nectar and fruits and scavenges for insects and animal proteins to feed to their young.
The hornets are a primary pest to honey bees, attacking bee colonies to obtain honey and animal
proteins. The hornet has a yellow stripe on its cuticle (exoskeleton) which can absorb sunlight to
generate a small electrical potential, and it has been suggested that this might help supply energy for
digging (Plotkin, et al., 2010).
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Oriental hornet aerial nest Oriental hornet underground nest entry
CANARY CARPENTER BEE (XYLOCOPA (KOPTORTOSOMA) AESTUANS)

These bees are large and robust. Females grow up to 25mm and males up to 18mm. Females have a
largely black abdomen. The thorax is covered in yellow hair and the head is black; males are more
covered with yellow hair. Females construct the nest, which is a time and energy consuming process
and the female will preferentially refurbish an old nest rather than excavate a new one. When
constructing a new nest, the female uses her strong jaws (mandibles) to excavate a clean-cut, round
nest entrance hole on the lateral surface of wood in an exposed or unexposed location. This hole is
slightly less than 10mm wide, approximately the diameter of her body. She bores into the wood
perpendicular to the grain for 40-50mm then makes a right angle turn and excavates along the wood
grain for about 150mm to create a gallery (tunnel). She excavates the gallery at the rate of about
25mm in six days. (DDCR, 2020).
Carpenter bees are sub social bees in which every female is reproductive and viable and can initiate
its own nest, however, several females can share the same dead and untreated wood structure to
build their nests next to each other and they may share the same entrance and hold together to
protect their nests. Each female bore the wood to build the tunnel and then place one pollen bread
inside and lay one egg in each tunnel, once an egg is laid on the bee bread, the female chews the
walls and mixes sawdust with saliva and seal the tunnel. One female can construct several tunnels in
her nest. When the egg hatches the larvae breach the seal and the female starts feeding it with bee
dread for almost seven weeks until become a mature bee and then leave the nest. Carpenter bees
are very important pollinators. They usually are not considered as pest. Unlike honeybees, carpenter
bees have unhooked stinger which means they can sting multiple times. They are not aggressive and
do not sting unless hardly provoked or threatened in their nests. When they build their nest near
human houses, their nest may weaken the wood structures and their appearance can be annoying
for people, in this case they will be subject for control (NUS, 2014).
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Carpenter Canary bee; 1, 2- female. 3, 4 – male. (Hannan,
Alqarni, Owayss, & Engel, 2012)
Carpenter bee nests: source (NUS, 2014)
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BLACK CARPENTER BEE (XYLOCOPA FENESTRATE)
Black carpenter bee has the same biology and ecology of canary carpenter bee except their
appearance differences. Carpenter bees are large and robust. Females grow up to 40mm, black, with
a metallic sheen. The thorax is covered with brown to black hair, and the upper side of the abdomen
is glossy and bare. The female has a black head, and the male has white markings on the head. Dense
brush of hairs on the hind legs. Widespread in the UAE. Male and female carpenter bees overwinter
as adults within their old nest gallery. Adults emerge in the spring (April and early May) and mate.
There is one generation per year. Prefer soft woods of palm trees and Sodom’s apples and the wood
of the palm trees and are often seen around acacia trees. Females construct the nest, which is a time
and energy consuming process, and will preferably refurbish an old nest rather than excavate a new
one. When constructing a new nest, the female uses her strong jaws (mandibles) to excavate a clean-
cut, round nest entrance hole on the lateral surface of wood in an exposed or unexposed location.
(DDCR, 2020)
Black carpenter bee. By THIERRY LAURET, flickr.com
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HONEY BEE (APIS SP.)
Honeybees are very beneficial insects who produce honey and honey products in commercial
quantities, and also, they are very efficient and active pollinators. The most common honeybee
species is the European honeybees and there are about 20 subspecies distributed around the world.
Honeybees are mostly bred by beekeeper for honey production and they can also be found in the
wild nature and around human dwellings and urban areas. Honeybees are well-organized social
insects; they create nests with recognized and systemized functional castes and orders. Each
honeybee colony has workers, drones and the queen. Worker honeybees are non-reproductive
females. They are the smallest in physical size of the three castes and their bodies are specialized for
pollen and nectar collection. Workers have a barbed stinger that is torn, with the poison sac, from
the end of their abdomen when they deploy the sting into a tough-skinned victim. This results in the
worker bee’s death. The queen honeybee is the only reproductive female in the colony during normal
circumstances (some workers can lay unfertilized male eggs in the absence of a queen). Her head and
thorax are similar in size to that of the worker. However, the queen has a longer and plumper
abdomen than does a worker. The queen also has a stinger, but its barbs are reduced. Consequently,
she does not die when she uses it. Drones are the male caste of honeybees. The drone’s head and
thorax are larger than those of the female castes, and their large eyes appear more ‘fly-like,’ touching
in the top center of the head (Mortensen, Schmehl, & Ell, 2017)
Drone (male) European honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus on the left and a
worker European honey bee on the right. Photograph by Susan E. Ellis
(Mortensen, Schmehl, & Ell, 2017)
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An unmarked queen European honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (left), and a queen
who has been marked with a small dab of paint (right) on comb. Photograph by Susan
E. Ellis (Mortensen, Schmehl, & Ell, 2017)
In the honeybee colony, labor is divided among individuals based on caste and age. A drone’s only
purpose is to mate with a virgin queen from another colony. The queen is the sole egg layer in the
colony and is responsible for producing all of the colony’s offspring (up to 1500 eggs/day). Worker
honeybees are thusly named because they perform all colony maintenance tasks. Due to their highly
social life history, honeybee colonies can be considered super organisms. This means the entire
colony, rather than the bees individually, is viewed as the biological unit. With that in mind,
honeybees reproduce not by producing more individual bees, but rather by producing more colonies.
The reproductive process of creating a new colony is called swarming. The daughter queens in the
original colony then emerge as adults and fight until a single queen remains alive, unless one queen
emerges earlier than her sisters, in which case she will hunt for and kill her unborn siblings. After a
short time of further maturation, the remaining daughter queen leaves the colony to mate with about
15 drones. All mating occurs in the first 2 weeks of a queen’s life, outside of the hive and in the air at
drone congregation areas. The queen then stores the collected sperm in her spermatheca for the
remainder of her life. Once successfully mated, the daughter queen begins laying eggs, thus
completing both halves of the swarming process. Honeybee colonies themselves also can be
considered a pest when a feral swarm establishes a new colony in an undesirable location, such as
the wall of a house, a mail box, or some other location where they will come into frequent contact
with humans (Mortensen, Schmehl, & Ell, 2017).
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Nuisance honeybees swam Nuisance honeybee colony
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4.2 SURVEY (INSPECTION ANDMONITORING)
When receive any complaints about bees and wasps the first thing to do is to carry out a field
inspection in order to:
1- Identify the invasive species

2- Locate the nest or colony of invasive bees and wasps
3- Identify the factors conducive to the infestation
When received complaints is only about few or one adult wasp or bee found inside the premise. It is
likely happened when a flying bee or wasp has just entered that premise searching for food or water.
In this case inspection shall focus on finding the possible entrances and seal them.
But in case if several bees and wasps adults found whether they are social and sub social species, the
most important thing to do during the inspection is to identify the location of nests which is usually
found in:
1- On the trees (tree parts and holes)

2- At the fore sealing
3- Electrical boxes
4- Pump rooms
5- On the bushes in back or front yards
6- Storage rooms
7- Under parking covers
8- Near water resources
9- Any shaded and protected places around the premise
After locating the nests, you shall plan for the proper control strategy to get rid of that nest
immediately and eliminate the associated risks of it.
It’s important to wear full PPE’s and bee suit when you carry out inspection for bees and wasps nests
in order to be prepared for unpredictable stings.
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TRAPPING
Wasps and bees can fly for long distances that nest locations are inconspicuous. In this case using
traps can be a good solution. Bees and wasps are attracted to sweet and sugary materials. Some
simple traps can be found in the market for trapping bees and wasps and they are chemical-free.
Wasp trap Bees trap
Wasps glue trap Carpenter bees trap
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PHYSICAL REMOVAL
After locating the bees or wasps nests, colonies or swarms that are in unwanted places near to human
activity and may endanger people. If the nest location is accessible and can be handled, then physical
removal of nest is applicable, and it could be the best solution.
Physical removal means removing the nest manually and put inside proper box or bags that cannot
be breached by the bees and wasps and then release the nest in somewhere else far away from the
original place. By doing so we will be able to eliminate the threat of bees and wasps on people at the
same time we preserve the bees and wasps and keep our environment safe by maintaining the
beneficial insects.
When doing physical removal, bee suit must be worn. It is better to remove the nest during night at
which all workers bees and wasps are in the hive or the nest, it important to make sure that all nest
members are in there especially the queen. Physical removal must be done quickly and carefully and
always try not to provoke the bees and wasps inside the nest which when they feel the threat will be
very aggressive and defensive and may deploy stings around, so it also important to evacuate the
place before proceeding in physical removal.
Example of physical removal: removal of honeybees nest in water gauge box
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Example of physical removal: removal of honeybees nest of a tree
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CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Chemical treatment for controlling bees and wasps shall always be considered as the last option
when all other non-chemical options are not applicable such as when the nest location is inaccessible.
Chemical treatment of bees and wasps includes spraying liquid insecticides directly on the nests.
Many insecticides can be used for liquid spray on bees and wasps nest are commercially available.
When you select an insecticide make sure that bees and wasps are on the pest range or targeted pest
range on insecticide label and then follow the label instructions for dilution and application. Spraying
liquid insecticide shall be done as per the following steps.
1- It more recommended to conduct chemical treatment in night time when all worker bees and
wasps are returned to the nest and activity rate is low.
2- Wear full PPE including mask, gloves, and coverall and safety shoes.
3- Wear bee suit
4- Evacuate the surrounding area
5- Spray the nest and make sure to apply fast and full coverage all over the nest.
6- Clean out the sprayed treated nest and dead bees and wasps. Treated nest and dead bees
and wasps are contaminated with insecticides and they must never be left on the place, they
must be removed and treated as chemical waste to avoid contaminating the environment and
secondary poisoning.
Examples of treating bees and wasps nests with insecticides
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DATA ENTRY
4.5 DATA ENTRY

2- Client name
3- Bees and wasps species identification
4- Workplace type (kitchen, toilets, food processing area, outdoor, trees, backyard)
7- Date and time
8- Survey results
9- Bees and wasps nest location
13- Recommendations
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GENERAL RULES FOR BEES AND WASPS
MANAGEMENT
4.6 GENERAL RULES FOR BEES AND WASPS

MANAGEMENT
Table 10
General rules for bees and wasps management
Bees and wasps are beneficial insects and they must only be controlled if they spotted near human
1 dwellings and have frequent contact with people and then cause stinging threat and nuisance for
residents, otherwise bees and wasps shall never be controlled.
Using bees and wasps traps is only applicable if the location of the nest is inconspicuous, or it could be
2 used to decrease the number of bees and wasps adults around the house or as proactive measure. In
case the nest is located and identified, traps are no longer recommended.
Physical removal is only applicable if the nest is reachable and accessible and can easily be handled
3
manually.
It is recommended to apply physical removal at night-time when all worker bees and wasps are returned
4
to nest.
When applying physical removal, the involved personnel must wear full PPE and bee suit for stinging
5
protection
When you do physical removal or chemical treatment for nest in a location make sure to evacuate the
6 place from people to ensure their safety because when the nest being provoked the bees and wasps will
be aggressively defensive and may sting people around.
Chemical treatments for bees and wasps must be used as last option when other non-chemical options
7
are not applicable
8 Bee suit and full PPE must be worn whenever dealing with bees and wasps nests
After treating the wasps and bees nests with insecticides. Treated nests and dead bees and wasps must
9
be cleaned out and treated as chemical waste
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5.1 CENTIPEDES OVERVIEW
Centipedes are not insects; they are predatory arthropods belong to the class Chilopoda. Centipede
as name derived from the New Latin prefix centi = “hundred” and Latin word ped, pedis = “foot”
which means 100 foot. Worldwide, an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist of
which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, even reaching beyond
the Arctic Circle (Lewis, 2006).They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical
rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they
lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water (Barnes,
1982).Accordingly, they are found in soil and leaf litter, under stones and dead wood, and inside logs.
Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators, and often contribute
significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems (Adis & Harvey, 2000).
Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of antennae at the forward margin. They
have a pair of elongated mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae. The first pair of maxillae form the
lower lip and bear short palps. The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the
remainder of the mouth. These limbs, or maxillipeds, end in sharp claws and include venom glands
that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey. As predators, centipedes mainly use their antennae
to seek out their prey. The digestive tract forms a simple tube, with digestive glands attached to the
mouthparts. Like insects, centipedes breathe through a tracheal system, typically with a single
opening, or spiracle, on each body segment. They excrete waste through a single pair of malpighian
tubules (Barnes, 1982).
Scolopendra gigantea, also known as the Amazonian giant centipede, is the largest existing species
of centipede in the world, reaching over 30 cm (12 in) in length. It is known to eat lizards, frogs, birds,
mice, and even bats, catching them in midflight as well as rodents and spiders (MOLINARI, et al.,
2005)
Scolopendra gigantea. The largest Centipede
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Centipede reproduction does not involve copulation. Males deposit a spermatophore for the female
to take up. In one clade, this spermatophore is deposited in a web, and the male undertakes a
courtship dance to encourage the female to engulf his sperm. In other cases, the males just leave
them for the females to find
Females of the Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha show parental care. The eggs, 15 to 60 in
number, are laid in a nest in the soil or in rotten wood. The female stays with the eggs, guarding and
cleaning them to protect them from fungi. The female in some species stays with the young after
they have hatched, guarding them until they are ready to leave. If disturbed, the female either
abandons the eggs or eats them; abandoned eggs tend to fall prey to fungi rapidly. Some species of
Scolopendromorpha are matriphagic, meaning the offspring eat their mother.
Some species of centipedes can be hazardous to humans because of their bite. While a bite to an
adult human is usually very painful and may cause severe swelling, chills, fever, and weakness, it is
unlikely to be fatal. Bites can be dangerous to small children and those with allergies to bee stings.
The venomous bite of larger centipedes can induce anaphylactic shock in such people. Smaller
centipedes are generally incapable of piercing human skin (BUSH, KING, NORRIS, & STOCKWELL,
2001)
Even nonvenomous centipedes are considered frightening by humans due to their dozens of legs
moving at the same time and their tendency to dart swiftly out of the darkness towards one's feet
(Jacobs, 2006)
5.2 CENTIPEDES PESTS IN UAE
In UAE there have been two centipedes species identified as pests due to the associated biting risk
and their frightening appearance including house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata) and 44-leged
lady (Scolopendra mirabilis). In fact, those centipedes are considered beneficial predators who feed
on other harmful arthropods, invertebrate and small vertebrates and play important role in
biodiversity balance. However, when they encounter human being, they pose considerable biting and
psychological risks (fear). Thus, when these centipedes occur in human settlements they are
considered as pest and require immediate intervention.
HOUSE CENTIPEDE (SCUTIGERA COLEOPTRATA)

The house centipede adult has 15 pair of legs with the last pair (on adult females) nearly twice the
length of the body, which is one to one and one-half inches in length. This gives the centipede an
overall appearance of being from three to four inches in length (including legs and antennae). The
legs are banded light and dark, and the body is a dirty yellow with three longitudinal, dark stripes.
Newly hatched larvae (rarely seen) have four pair of legs. During the next five larval molts, the
centipedes will have 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 pairs of legs.
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House centipede adult Scutigera coleoptrata
On the next molt the centipede is considered an adolescent and will have 15 legs during each of the
next four molts – when it becomes an adult. There are six larval instars or molts, and four post larval
instars before the centipedes reach maturity. Females have been known to survive for several years
and produce numerous offspring (maximum of 150).
House centipede immature Scutigera coleoptrata
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S. coleoptrata can live its entire life inside a building, usually the ground levels of homes. Though they
often startle their unwitting housemates with their appearance and surprising speed, they are
generally considered harmless to humans (Kaufman & Eaton, 2007). Bites are uncommon, and the
forcipules of house centipedes are not strong enough to easily penetrate human skin. Its bite and
venom are typically less severe than other centipedes (Jacobs, 2006)
During the daytime, the centipedes inhabit dark, damp locations in the home and come out at night
to forage for prey. House centipedes feed on silverfish, firebrats, carpet beetle larvae, cockroaches,
spiders and other small arthropods. If house centipedes are seen frequently, this indicates that some
prey arthropod is in abundance, and may signify a greater problem then the presence of the
centipedes (Jacobs, 2006).
Locations within structures that have been known to provide safe harborage for house centipedes
include:
- Beneath concrete slabs – the centipedes enter the house through expansion cracks, around sump
pump openings or other breaks in slab integrity.
- Inside cement block walls – the centipedes can enter through uncapped blocks, missing mortar
between blocks and around pipes where they pass through the walls.
- In floor drains without water traps – especially those drains that are connected to dry sumps.
- Under and in cardboard boxes that are stored on slabs.
- In any damp, cool location, such as unexcavated areas (crawl spaces) under the house
In UAE house centipedes have occasional occurrence and it is considered as one of minor pests due
to its low numbers. House centipede occurrence in UAE usually contributed with poor air
conditioning ducts, old ducts and permanent water leakage inside building structures.
DESERT CENTIPEDS (SCOLOPENDRA SPP.)
Desert centipedes also known as local name of 44- legged lady (DDCR, 2020). Scolopendra genus
contain many species that characterized with relatively large centipedes which they often can reach
up to 12 cm.
Coloration is typically light brown to brick but may range even more widely; olive brown, yellow and
bluish tints are known to occur among this highly variably colored species. There is usually one dark
stripe running across each segment, lending to this species another common name - “tiger
centipede”. The desert centipede is a nocturnal predator, feeding on any arthropods that it can
capture. Prey is captured by use of a pair of specialized front legs (maxillipeds) equipped with a poison
gland to kill and stun prey. Larger, older stages may even occasionally capture and kill small reptiles
or mammals.
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Desert Centipede
Immature desert centipede
As they are sensitive to prolonged drying, the common desert centipede stays hidden in under rocks
or in other protected sites during the day. Eggs of the desert centipede are laid in cavities hollowed
out under a rock, in decayed wood or other sheltered sites. After egg-laying, the female winds around
the eggs until the young have hatched, and she continues to guard them until they have molted
repeatedly and dispersed. The common desert centipede is long-lived, living for 4 years or more. The
hind end forms a "pseudohead" that is very similar in appearance to the true head; a long pair of legs
extending somewhat resemble the antennae of the head. It is thought that this pseudohead helps
protect it from attacks by larger reptiles, mammals and birds that prey upon it. The hind pair of legs,
which are longer than the other legs, do not aid in motion and are sensory only. The common desert
centipede is secretive in habit but will bite in defense if handled. The bite is quite painful, although
not life threatening.
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Desert centipede with pseudo head labelled. Photo by Frank Peairs
5.3 CENTIPEDES PESTS MANAGEMENT
Centipedes seldom need to be controlled unless they encounter human and cause nuisance. Due to
the scary appearance and biting risk of centipedes they are considered as dangerous pests that
require the service provider to respond immediately to any request within 2 hours. Even though
centipedes envenomation risk is not high, and they considered as beneficial arthropods, their
occurrence in public areas or residential areas can cause a high-level of discomfort and nuisance.
Before proceeding in applying control methods always remember that centipedes are beneficial
predators and shall only be controlled when encounter human being and cause considerable risk and
nuisance.
Centipedes control includes four main procedures inspection, non-chemical methods that depends
on prevention and exclusion practices, the chemical control that incurs the use of insecticides, and
finally data entry.
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SURVEY (INSPECTION & MONITORING)
5.3.1. SURVEY (INSPECTION AND MONITORING)

As always, before proceeding in any treatment a comprehensive survey shall be carried out in order
to find out the source of infestation, the entry points, and any other factors conducive to infestation.
Inspection is very important to find and identify the spotted centipedes location, its nest, or hiding
places. Inspection is also important to determine the conducive factors that let the centipedes to
occur in that particular site. The inspection process of centipedes is to some extent similar to
scorpions inspection.
Most likely, the received calls for controlling centipedes are happen when a client sees or spot a
centipede. Thus, the survey shall be carried out to identify and confirm the occurrence of that
centipede. Inspectors need to search the area carefully until find the spotted centipede. If they could
not find it, then they need to confirm the absence of the spotted centipede in that area and carry out
successive follow ups to be more ascertain.
Inspector shall search the area looking for centipede, they must search all possible hiding places such
as:
1- Plant debris, dead woods

2- Under stones and rocks
3- Air conditioning ducts
4- Storage rooms
5- Basements
6- Trash
11- Beneath concrete slabs – the centipedes enter the house through expansion cracks, around
sump pump openings or other breaks in slab integrity.
12- Inside cement block walls – the centipedes can enter through uncapped blocks, missing
mortar between blocks and around pipes where they pass through the walls.
13- In floor drains without water traps – especially those drains that are connected to dry sumps.
14- Under and in cardboard boxes that are stored on slabs.
15- In any damp, cool location, such as unexcavated areas (crawl spaces) under the house
When inspectors survey the area searching for centipedes, they must be well-prepared in case if they
encounter any live centipede, these preparations shall include:
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1- Wearing full PPE to avoid unexpected biting
2- Use UV flashlight when searching in dark places or during night time.
3- Equipped with catchers (spider and scorpion catchers) in order to catch any centipede, they
may find during the inspection process
NON-CHEMICAL METHODS
5.3.2. NON-CHEMICAL METHODS

The occurrence of centipedes in human dwellings is mostly associated with three key factors: high
insects population, hiding places with sufficient moisture, and easy access. Thus, non-chemical
control will focus on eliminating these three factors by following the steps below.
1- Moisture control. Centipedes are highly sensitive to moisture. Thus, moisture control is
considered as one of the most important non-chemical practice to control centipedes.
Moisture control includes practices such as repairing and eliminating water leakage, providing
good ventilation in basement and storage rooms, good maintenance for air-conditioning
ducts and drain system, good irrigation practices that avoid water accumulation and standing.
2- Eliminate the population of other insects in and around the premise. Usually centipedes
invade homes searching for prey that mainly includes insects and other arthropods, the
availability of high numbers of arthropods in and around the premise provide an attractive
food supply for centipedes and cause them to continuously invade the premise and encounter
human. Therefore, eliminating or managing the insects and other arthropods in and around
the premise can significantly reduce the frequent occurrence of centipedes.
3- Sanitation. Sanitation is important which it plays significant role in eradicating the hiding
places and nesting sites for centipedes. Sanitation practices such as discarding rubbish and
scrap, regular removal of waste, removal of decayed organic matters, or dead woods can
reduce the centipedes infestation by modifying centipedes and their prey habitats.
4- Exclusion. Closing entry points is also a useful solution to prevent centipedes from entering
human dwellings. Exclude entry via caulking, weather stripping, door sweeps, screens, etc.
5- Catching. Catching centipedes could be difficult but sometimes it could work by using spiders
and scorpions catchers or with help of vacuum machine. Caught centipedes could be released
far away from the premise or they could be killed by killing jars or direct crushing.
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CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
5.3.3. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

Centipedes are beneficial organisms. Their bites are painful, though it is not life threatening and the
key reason for controlling them is the scary and frightening appearance. Moreover, some references
encourage their population in yards in order to control other arthropods pests (Windbiel-Rojas,
2019)& (Ohlendorf & Flint, 2000). However, when they considered as pest chemical intervention may
be required.
Conventional insecticides can be applied as knockdown or as residual treatments. Insecticides with

dust formulation are more recommended to be used in cracks and crevices, under rocks and
basements. Liquid insecticides spray using pesticides in MC/ME/ WP can be applied as initial
knockdown or as residual treatments on the centipedes hiding places or on premises perimeter for
more protection. Aerosols are also can be used to kill spotted centipede as quick solution.
Whenever insecticides are used the following rules must be applied:
1- Use only registered insecticides that are labeled for centipedes.

2- Consider insecticides contamination and follow safety instructions on the insecticides label
and MSDS.
3- Treat the centipedes only when they cause problem for occupants, otherwise their population
should be encouraged.
4- Use insecticides as last option.
5- Wear full PPE and follow PPE specifications on the product label and MSDS.
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DATA ENTRY
5.3.4 DATA ENTRY


2- Client name
3- Centipede identification
4- Workplace type (kitchen, toilets, food processing area, outdoor, trees, backyard ...etc.)
7- Date and time
8- Survey results
9- Centipedes location
12- Recommendations
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14. Abbreviations and acronyms
UAE United Arab Emirates
Tadweer Abu Dhabi Waste Management Centre
MOCCAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment
IPM Integrated Pest Management
WHO World Health Organization
EPA Environment Protection Agency of United States
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of UN
TG Technical guidelines
UN United Nations
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
ADQCC Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet / Safety Data Sheet
UAE United Arab Emirates
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Abu Dhabi Guideline ‫أبوظب اإلرشـادي‬

ADG 20 / 2021 2021 / 20 ‫د أ ر‬

First Edition ‫االصدار األول‬

Abu Dhabi Guideline for Dangerous

2 About the Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council 3

8 Terms and definitions 7

9 Integrated pest management approach 8

11 Roles and responsibilities 11

12 Tools and equipment 13

13 Dangerous pests control procedures 20

Chapter 1: Scorpion management 22

Chapter 2 : Spider management 36

Chapter 3 : Snake management 51

Chapter 4 : bees and wasps management 72

Chapter 5 Centipedes pests management 93

13 Abbreviations and acronyms 104

Edition Year of Number of

S.# Name Entity

1 Mohamed Mahmood Al Marzouqi Abu Dhabi West Management Centre - Tadweer

2 Ameed Ahmad Salem Abu Dhabi West Management Centre - Tadweer

3 Ahmed Mohammed Al Jassmi Environmental Agency – Abu Dhabi

4 Waheeb Saeed Alkamali Ministry of Climate Change & Environment

5 Kawthar Rashed Alshamsi Ministry of Climate Change & Environment

6 Abeer Al Hammadi Department of Municipality and Transportation

7 Raeef W. Arnaoot Department of Municipality and Transportation

8 Hassan Al Kaabi Al Ain Municipality

9 Haider Mohamed Babikir Balla Al Dafrah Municipality

12 Amal Mubark Madi Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre

13 Muhammad Abid United Arab Emirates University

14 Fadi Ghassan El Fakhouri Al Khayyat Investment

15 Mutaz Atef Khaleel MODON

16 Mona Rashed AlAlili Abu Dhabi Quality and Conformity Council

8. Terms and definitions

10. Service standards

2. STANDARD SERVICE FREQUENCY

Service frequency for

3. ACTION THRESHOLD LEVEL

Infestation level Number of observed infestation signs / day

11.Roles and responsibilities

12. Tools and equipment

1 Spider catcher Collecting live - Professional design

2 Critter catcher For collecting large - Professional design

3 Spider Collecting live - Batteries powered

4 Snake catcher Catching snakes - Heavy duty

5 Snakes cages Trapping snakes - Made of steel or metals

7 Snake glue Protecting and - Made of cartoon/ wood/

8 Killing jar For treating and - Made of impermeable

9 Sprayer To be used for - Maximum capacity of 5

10 Measurement For insecticides - Made of plastic with clear

12 Flashlight / UV To be used during - Professional torch

13 Chemical To be worn during - Chemical cartridge

14 Chemical To be used by - Code: DIN EN 374

15 Safety goggle Eye protection - Code: EN166 3459B

17 Safety shoes Foot protection - Chemical resistant

18 Uniform To be worn during - Made of fortified fabric

19 Sweeping Cleaning. - Heavy duty (rough)

21 Data entry For systemized or - Professional

22 Vacuum For mechanical - Heavy duty

23 Insecticide To be used to flush - Registered for household