CHAPTER I

FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS

THE MOST WELL-KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO

POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Hospitality
Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity and
friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike.
Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Most
foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in love with the warm hospitality they have experienced
while staying in the country. This is a kind of value system which has existed in the country thousand of
years ago. Good thing is that the hospitality of the Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to its
fellow Filipino as well.
2. Respect
This is often observed-not just by younger people but also by people of all ages. In the Philippines,
respect for one's elders is a tradition.
a. Po and Opo - These words are spoken by the Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order to show
respect to persons in authority. These Filipino words mean "yes," when answering or talking to the elders.
b. Pagmamano - Another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting them. This is done by
putting their elders' hands on their foreheads.
c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their employers.
3. Strong Family Ties and Religions
Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the generations.
Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important and creates a strong bond,
marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos believe in only one God and majority of the population
are Catholics. It is a value system of the Filipinos to pray before eating, going to bed, before the start of
the meeting, conferences of program, gathering, etc.
On weekends, most Filipino families make sure to have quality time together by watching television or
eating a family meal, watch movies or going to beach resorts.
4. Generosity and Helpfulness
Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for being generous. They share what they
have to the people around them even when they only have little.
5. Strong Work Ethics
Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are always willing to work
almost the whole day to provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers though earning so little but
they work harder with not much compensation.
Aside from their regular work, Filipinos always find creative ways to look for other sources of income
like creating a small business from their home where they sell foods and other items for the convenience
of their neighbours.
6. Loving and Caring
Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and most
loving people in the world.
It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that most Filipino men are so sweet and romantic
when it comes to love. They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place, text her
sweet quotes and tell often how special she is to them. Filipino women are also romantic and very caring,
which often makes some to marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner before foreigners want their
husband comes home. They love, and value the relationship, always staying faithful to their husbands.
They love deeply and sincerely.

NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS

1. Fatalism ("Bahala Na" or "Come What May" Attitude)
When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it up to God to
sort things out. An attitude of "What Goes Around Comes Around." Filipinos have a tendency to
surrender the future to luck. They have that strong confidence that everything will work out in his interest
without doing anything. Filipinos often accepts bad news or circumstances without trying to stop or
change cha them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can also keep us from finding ways
out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty depressing.
2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination)
True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing things or making
transactions. When not interested or not in the mood, they wait wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next
day to finish what they are doing or meeting their transactions. However, there are some Filipinos
nowadays who take their time in doing things or in making decisions promptly. There are some who are
habitually late or not showing up at all. There are few Filipinos who are punctual for social meetings. In
fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time especially at a party. The "bahala na" attitude is
the outcome of the "mañana habit" when the tasks are left undone. This is usually shown and even
expressed by people who do not care much of what lies ahead and just leave everything in fate.
3. Crab Mentality
This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear the way for their
own gain. Filipino people with this kind of mentality or attitude try their best to ruin each other, either by
making issues against public the other for him or to the company or to turn out organization bad to the
will gradually put distance and loss their confidence and trust that eventually result to their replacement.
4. Hypocrisy
This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others' failure to live with the moral standards of the
society are inevitable. In the Philippines morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the
standards set by the traditional society. However, as no one is perfect, many of us are not actually able to
sustain these standards.
The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a double standard life. To hide our failure in
following a norm, we tend to be condemning those who are caught red handed. A perfect example could
be the criticisms faced by those who become pregnant outside marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario
is that some of these critics could have actually engaged in premarital sex too-only that no proof is
visible.
5. Ningas Cogon
Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing something. Ne Nevertheless, days, that excitement to
do or accomplish something after a few hours or is lost we and become too lazy to finish what were have
started.
6. Tardiness (Filipino time)
Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called "Filipino time" but not exactly referring to the
Philippine standard time, but then again we use it to refer to the "tardiness" of the persons that we are
waiting or who keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events. Instead of being something to be
proud of, Filipino time' brings a negative impression to our people. When the invitation says the program
will start at 7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This has not only caused conflicts in relationships, it also
discourages others including foreigners from getting involved in supposedly productive activities as too
much time can be wasted on waiting.
7. Gossiping
Filipinos are fond of talking about others' business. It is not true that only women are into gossiping. Even
men can also be nosy on other people's lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are emphasized;
and relationships are destroyed. Worse, as gossips are passed around, they tend to be twisted until the
final story becomes too far from the original-thus, causing more damage.
8. Blaming
Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the blame,
we lack humility to accept our failures, and instead we point at others. This shows how irresponsible we
are on our actions. This attitude destroys team work, and reliability becomes an issue.
9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)
Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others. This could be an outcome of having
too many problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own needs first before
others.
10. Disobedience to Simple Rules Instructions
Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding inability to observe and follow them. Consequently,
victimization and accident rate in the Philippines are to observe and follow them. constantly rising,
poverty is getting more rampant and lifestyle development is relaxed.
11. Attention Taker
Filipinos are fun and people loving attracting attention is natural for them. race. Thus, attracting attention
is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different thing to be an "epal" or "kapalmuks simply, being an
attention grabber.
Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center are already embarrassing of attention, we do things that
are like butting in conversations as a know-it-all or by being scandalous. This habit is also common to our
politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best service to the people, they rather prioritize
their thick faces to grab attention that will bring them more chance of winning in the next election. But
thanks to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politicians earns more shame than fame.
12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive
Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud which usually results to being
oversensitive. If we think highly of ourselves, then we have the tendency to put a wall around us and
respect signboard on our forehead saying, "I must be noted Therefore, when are not so positive comment
about us, we feel like we the are not respected and we get offended. If all people in the country do not
know how to accept criticism, then we can never expect unity. Constructive criticism, then we can never
expect unity.
13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)
One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is because of overspending. Since most people
want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond their means. Sometimes,
some of us think that as long as we wear designer clothes and shoes, and we send our children to the most
expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming in credits and loans.
14. Passivity (lack of leadership)
Filipinos' lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not progress. We keep on
complaining against the government and other societal issues. However, we do not do anything about
them. One of our excuses is the lack of faith that our small actions can bring change. However, the worse
reason for this could be our lack of care for what is happening around us. Common Filipinos also lack
courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms, churches, or conference rooms, most of us
don't like to sit in the front seat.
15. Other Negative Traits
Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don't mind their own
business. Some have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers engage in
prostitution. There are many broken families. A lot of bad words to choose from which Filipinos just can't
avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to be with friends most of the time than to be with their parents.

FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING FILIPINO VALUES
1. Personalism
Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly believed that harmonious personal relationship is
the key to successful endeavours. Amicable settlement of dispute is the primary means of restoring
broken and face-to-face open forum is considered once conflict is recognized in an organization or the
community.
2. Familialism
Filipinos are family-oriented. Development programs and projects in the community are concentrated on
the family. Decision on matters is centered on the welfare and best interest of the family rather than on the
betterment and interest of some individuals. The mistakes committed by a family member affects the
credibility and of the immediate members of the family and relatives.
3. Particularism
Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good or bad is blamed against the family. It is based on
the principle that home is the cradle of human personality and character that is, the product of goodness is
always good and those who are moulded wickedness, will always show-off badness. Individuals strive
their own and their family's interests over community interests.

FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION

Values Orientation - Is the approach that may influence work or social relationships by persons relating
to objects, events and ideas.
THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION
1. Pakikiramay - It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, without being asked, i.e.,
unsolicited help.
2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations) - Regardless whether someone's views are agreeable or
not, Filipinos are capable of getting along with it. Camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty are
enhanced and developed by this Filipino value.
3. Bayanihan - As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and generous
enough to extend help without compensation. Somebody can request help in time of need from those to
whom it is extended.
4. Galang (Respect) - Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the opinions of elders, peers, or those in
authority, during important discussions during social encounters. Verbal clash or any sign of extreme
familiarity in public meetings is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in authority.
CHAPTER II
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation, in
particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its country of origin
(Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside intervention,
that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate source of
political authority.

Types of Nationalism
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)
The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves the
concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.
The nation's membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the ethnic
group's homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group to
promote its family and social life.
In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony D.
Smith utilizes the word 'ethnic nationalism' for non- Western notions of nationalism.
The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit
ideology along these lines; the ho an is "ethnic nationalism" and is used by nationalists who hold such
views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic manner.
2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)
The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens 'active involvement and the extent to which it
reflects the "will of the individuals." Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and
liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of nationalism.
3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in expansionism,
generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as European powers
indulged in the Scramble for Africa in the name of domestic glory, but was most closely linked with
militarist governments in the 20th century
4. Romantic Nationalism
It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism in
which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation's natural. It is based on
the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal.
5. Cultural Nationalism
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an instance
of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities. Membership in the nation is
neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
6. Third World Nationalism
Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a domestic
identity.
7. Liberal Nationalism
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic form
of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can exist
(Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995). It is asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent
life, people need a national identity and those liberal democracies need domestic identity to work
correctly
8. Religious Nationalism
Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a shared
religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation's people. This
connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion's politicization and religion's converse effects on
politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity;
a common bond between the nation's people. The support of a national identity, comparable to a shared
ethnicity, language or culture, is another political element of religion.
9. Pan Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural
communities (such as Turkish peoples).
10. Diaspora Nationalism
Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism
there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States and elsewhere,
etc.
11. Stateless Nationalism
On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority within a
nation-state aims independence.
12. National Conservatism
A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses more on
domestic interests than conventional conservatism. while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far-
tight agenda.
13. Revolutionary nationalism
Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory a domestic group united by of intent and destiny, also
known as It was first ascribed and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of
revolutionary syndicalism. In France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of
"radical nationalism and dissident society" was created.
14. Left-Wing Nationalism
Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed
Fulgencio Batista, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Israel's Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.

PATRIOTISM
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an alliance with
other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many distinct emotions,
including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one's own country. It is a predominant
virtue linked to a nation's love, with greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is patriotic will be
willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He'll never live alone egotistically. For example, for the sake of
his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason than being a citizen of
that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one's nation. In essence, patriotism is a sense of attachment and
dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country love.
Kinds of Patriotism

1. Patriotism of Duty
This includes fidelity to one's nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism and other
selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy
particular actions.
2. Patriotism of Affection
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one's internal desire for his country's well-being. The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one can
truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel
apathetic about the country's welfare.
3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one's hand over
the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually needing affection or
duty patriotism. While the above types of patriotism showat least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a
person, the patriotism of manners establishes mostly a set of protocols.

Types of Patriotism
1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such
as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include
enlisting in the army, public service, and participation in the political process through voting or other
forms of activism.
2. Official Patriotism - Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content.
It is a logical consequence of the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the
common good of the political community. National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration
ceremonies are typical examples. Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific
methods for handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance. Official patriotism relies
heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the national anthem, saying a pledge,
participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one's vehicle, or any other way of
publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.
3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort.
4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot
does not see it as inferior.

CHAPTER III
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as "barangays" in the years before 11th
century, a name originating from Malayan ships called "balangays. Datus, rajahs or sultans governed
these tiny political al units (Halili, 2004). In 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
arrived from Mexico and established the first European colonies in Cebu, European colonization started
in earnest.
Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks and further
Strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel competing Portuguese colonizers and
lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the archipelago. The Spanish occupied the kingdoms
of Maynila and Tondo in 157 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies
(Kurlansky, 1999). This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the Philippines into one political
unit.

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word "Filipino" referred to the Philippines "Spanish criollos." The Spanish leaders
described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The
Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars, criollos, or creoles, were also called
"Filipinos" during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards of Philippine-based continental
Spaniards to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been were referred called Mestizos. Despite
being considered inferior by role Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed numerous roles of state and
church, and composed most of the bureaucracy of government.

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES

a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa - Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation),
g. Pagkakapantay - Pantay (equality and equity).

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in the Spanish-colonial period. Some fought
with their pens and tongues, while others used their arms and weapons authority. Everyone had their own
way of showing our country their love and respect. Some even died and were able to get back our
country's freedom that we enjoy nowadays.
But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate their feeling of nationalism nowadays? You
could read some thoughts in this portion about how some Filipinos show our nation their nationalism.
To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must: WORK - ACT – PARTICIPATE -
RESPECT - STAND PROUD - LOVE.
1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag
are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag
and its anthem and even our different symbols. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the
beautiful Republic of the Philippines.
2. Be Productive
Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make yourself productive and
helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming the government for any adverse things
our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt political position holders. But they're not all. The
only issue here is that we rely too much on our government then blame them afterwards. We should learn
to stand on our own feet and be productive and helpful not only for ourselves, but also for everyone.
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues happening in the country. Extend help to the
needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like. Naturally, all of
us use media in our daily life. We could already demonstrate our nationalism to our nation by using this
media.
4. Stand Proud for Every Achievement
Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be Philippines and to be
brought to the nation for the awards. For their accomplishments they unite every Filipino. We can be
proud of Filipinos they Manny Pacquiao, the Football Team of Azkals, the Basketball Team of Gilas
Pilipinas and many more.
5. Patronize and Support Our Own Products
The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The manpower services we
provide are also globally ally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize our
own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and industry.
In spite of Filipino migration all over the globe, nationalism is also self-evident. Millions Filipinos now
support goods and products made by the Philippines outside the Philippines. Everything is feasible with
the emergence of a world economy based on information driven by free trade, market economy, and open
capital markets. The Philippine products live up to the standard of quality in all modesty.
6. Preserve the Filipino culture
Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural tlements. They are our identity. Be proud and preserve to
keepture we have for they are be proud and pre have to keep them for the future generation.
7. Respect Everyone and Value Our Traditions
Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere you
go because he or she has always been respectful of the elders and others, using the common but certainly
classic "ho," "oho," "po" and "opo." Even in modern times, many Filipinos show and value their noble
norms and traditions. Although Filipinos overseas have held themselves as the peak of their interest in the
prism of their domestic uniqueness with a passionate approach to political, social and economic liberty.
Filipinos may have plurality in terms of divided islands, language, religion, and ethnicity, but they share a
common country love and vision for a better Philippines.
8. Speak Out Our Own Language
Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our unique means of
communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important tool to achieve further
unity and national development.
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country
There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independence. Some fought using
their pens and an tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons. Each had their own way
of showing their love and respect to our country.
10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen
The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family and nation a part of their enduring
engagement. They may even express their dedication to unpopular choices born to the advantage of the
majority. We are strongly committed to our obligations. Filipinos create an all-out effort to work and
make private sacrifices around the clock over the weekend hard work. These values, combined with an
abundant reservoir of patience, have been inculcated by our beloved parents to our youthful minds.
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTE A SENSE OF NATIONALISM
Symbols are very, very important to people in quite of countries, especially if these symbols are related to
a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:
1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces
country.

2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original
provinces in the Philippines.
3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National anthem –
4. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity and
simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong,
sturdy, and durable a common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to be
severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there is extreme
punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal - The National Hero of the Philippines.
8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard work
due to its use on many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many
ways in which it can be cooked.
11. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men (untucked shirt of thin fabric
displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro't Saya (skirt and
blouse with no collar)
13. "Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal" are the Philippine national songs.
14. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia) - The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as hat.
resourcefulness. symbolizing the
16. Nipa Hut - The Philippine national house typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.

IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing different economic policies
1834 1873. This is the period of the development of agriculture in the country because foreigners shared
their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860
in Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.
Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the lives of the Filipinos
prosperous. Modern farming techniques were introduced and the means of transportation and
communication were that boost financial advancement, boost tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.
Secularization Movement
The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the effects of Europe's
spreading of liberal ideas. There Are Two Types of Priests:
1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits,
Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests-These priests were not religious orders and were under the
oversight.
1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are Augustinian, Recollects,
Dominican, and Franciscan.
Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should control the partishes relates to deacons and priestitutho are not
ther lastics or members of a religious institute. But few monasti priests are accessible because some of
them have been sent to America.
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the racial and national
conflict with the Friars.
19th Century
Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests.
Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
He was the one who boost and inspired the Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in
Spain.
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and oppressive ruler; replaced Gov.
Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other. He decide to
restor old order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino's Polo y Servicio (force labor of 's from
Filipino men in 1580) and tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying.
January 20, 1872
Two hundred Filipino troops and Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the Spanish employees,
led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against
Spaniards.
Francisco Zaldua - A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA
February 17, 1872 - The day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan)

GOMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:

Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior position of the
three as Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as
though it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos.

Father Jose Burgos, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the
Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He was 35
years old at the time and was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote
to defend the seculars and was known to weep like a child.
 Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina
and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior
from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.

Issues On The Three Priests

1. Fr. Gomez - Participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he was already more than
80 years old.
2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
3. Fr. Zamora - Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain Jose
Zamora, a known critic of Spanish Government at that time.

GomBurza Execution
The parishes were assigned to regular priests secular priests t because of the death of secular priests in
the 19th century. The Spaniards wanted the be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez
Jacinto Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872 by Garrote after being implicated as master minds in
Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests the crowd paid respect when they removed their hats and
knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the order of Archbishop Melito Martinez.

Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used to
strangle or break a convicted person's neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed to the three
priests.

The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution

It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine history because the three priests
were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the nation.

Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement

Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was founded in
19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes implemented in
the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who laid the
foundation of the movement in Madrid. Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and
beliefs by means of pen and tongue; literally means the propagation of a given opinion.

Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and tongue;
literally means the propagation of a given opinion.

THE GOALS OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish government) 3. Equality
between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.
MAJOR CAUSES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:
1. Emergence of Middle Class
2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY

1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among the Propagandists.
Hispen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known and acclaimed the "Father
Philippine Nationalism "due to his intellectual and idealistic support for Philippine Independence.
For him Spanish colonial system itself should be blamed for the unfortunate state of the Filipinos and
the colony.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned his
alphabet at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled" Sa Aking mga Kabata (To My Fellow children) a
poem that talks about love for one's language. At the age of 9, he was sent to private tutor Don
Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from Mercado to Rizal because Mercado
was closely identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he graduated
Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine
while taking up agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal's poem A la juventud Filipina (To the
Filipino Youth) won the first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario- Artictico.

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform Movement. Born on August
30, 1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his grandmother's surname based on Gov.
General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- "Filipinos should adopt a Spanish Surname.

" He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de
San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it because he was
suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also imprisoned for 30 days for
this offense. He married his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only 2
survived, Sofia and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered
speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and the
injustices his family experienced from them.