1stndSemester

2 Semester August
May 2022
2023

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANPH111

Introduction to Human Anatomy

ANATOMY
• is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of TISSUE LEVEL
the body. • Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues.
• The word anatomy means to dissect, or cut apart and • As an overview, we have epithelial, connective, muscle and
separate, the parts of the body for study. nerve tissues. When two or more tissue types work together to
• There are basic approaches in anatomy namely Systemic and perform one or more functions, this will be called Organ.
Regional and two deeper approach namely Surface Anatomy ORGAN LEVEL
and Anatomical Imaging which are two general ways to • Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary
examine a living person through its internal structures. bladder.
SYSTEMIC ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
• Systemic dwells on body systems such as skeletal and • This pertains to group of organs working together to sustain a
muscular systems. specific function.
REGIONAL • The works of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter and urethra
• reviews specific areas - head, abdomen. is an example displaying coordinated function for the urinary
SURFACE ANATOMY system to be efficient in its purpose.
• focuses study of external features like bony projections. • But though this system has specific roles to perform,
ANATOMICAL IMAGING remember that all systems are interrelated.
• utilizes different imaging samples like ultrasound and • A problem on one organ system may have serious effects on
• X-rays to evaluate internal structures. other systems.
ORGANISM LEVEL
PHYSIOLOGY • Organ systems make up an organism.
• Physiology deals with processes or functions of living things • As a living thing considered as a whole, whether composed
as an ever-changing organism. of only one cell such as bacterium, or one that is made of
• This is to aid in predicting body’s responses to different trillions of cells like us human.
stimuli and to understand how the body maintains CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
homeostasis.
• Physiology is the science of body functions. ORGANIZATION
• there are subdivisions of physiology that focuses on different • Living things are highly organized.
organizational level such as cellular physiology and systemic • They have specific interrelationships for it to perform
physiology. functions essential for the living organism to thrive.
• For the human as a specific organism, the study is called • In effect, any problems that affects its organization will
Human Physiology. greatly disrupt its function.
METABOLISM
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF BODY • Is all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism.
• There are six structural levels that our body can be studied • It includes the ability of an organism to break down food
and these are chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system and molecules, which are used as a source of energy and raw
organism materials to synthesize the organism’s own molecules.
CHEMICAL LEVEL • It is the ability of the organism to use energy to perform
• Atoms combine to form molecules functions essential to growth, movement and even
• Deals with how different atoms like hydrogen and carbon reproduction.
interact to form molecules. RESPONSIVENESS
CELL LEVEL • Is simply the capability to react or adjust to whether a
• Molecules for organelles, such as the nucleus and stimulus or a change.
mitochondria, which make up cells. • For instance, our body perspires a lot whenever our
• In the Cell Level, which is the basic unit of organisms, we try temperature rises during hot weather.
to correlate how a molecular substance affects a living GROWTH
organism. • An increase in number or length.
• For example, our cells contains nucleus that contains • In the human body, growth is an evidence when bones
hereditary information. And though cells differ in structure become larger as the number of bone cells increases.
and function, knowledge of these differences would greatly
help in grasping concepts of anatomy and physiology.
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DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• Occurs when an organism changes through time. Like the
developmental changes happening before birth, a human Directional terms describe parts of the body relative to
being changes through time. each other. Directional terms are generally grouped in
• Though growth signifies development, differentiation also pairs of opposites.
embodies development.
• Differentiation can be seen as a change in structure and
function from a generalized to a specialized structures.
• For example, following fertilization, generalized cells
specialize to become specific cell types, such as skin, bone,
muscle, or nerve cells.
• These differentiated cells form tissues and organs.
REPRODUCTION
• Is the ability to form new organism, giving possibility to tissue
repairs and continuity.
HOMEOSTASIS
• Is the ability to maintain balance despite changes in the
internal and external environment.
• Like temperature regulation as an example, our body
produces sweat (as water) in attempt to lower down body
temperature caused by the external environment. And since
homeostasis involves complex mechanisms, these regulations
are also affected by different variables.
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
• Variables are conditions like volume, chemical content and in • This will help to properly identify specific area/s of a patient
this case, temperature. body to be evaluated upon.
◦ Their values may easily change and so does the response • The central region of the body consists of the head, neck, and
of the organism. trunk.
• Most homeostatic mechanisms are governed by the nervous • The trunk can be divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen
system or the endocrine system. (region between the thorax and pelvis), and pelvis (the
• Homeostasis is maintained by many feedback systems. inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips).
• Each monitored condition in a feedback system, or feedback • The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm, wrist, and
loop, is termed a controlled condition. hand.
• Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition • The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow, and the
is called a stimulus. forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist.
◦ Some stimuli come from outside the body, while others • The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
come from within. • The thigh extends from the hip to the knee, and the leg
• If a feedback system reverses the change in the controlled extends from the knee to the ankle.
condition to restore it to the set point, this is a negative
feedback system.
ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS
THREE COMPONENTS OF THE FEEDBACK SYSTEM • One portion of the body that occupies a large area would be
• RECEPTOR: monitors the controlled condition and sends the abdominopelvic cavity.
information (input) to a control center. • Determining exact location of possible problems concurrent
• CONTROL CENTER: receives the input, compares it to a set of to different organ/s can be difficult. For this reason, it was
values that the controlled condition should have (set point) subdivided further into regions and quadrants.
and sends output commands (nerve impulses or chemical • It is also best to appreciate that some organs may extend
signals) to an effector. over multiple quadrants
• EFFECTOR: receives output commands and produces a Right Hypochondriac R Epigastric R Left Hypochondriac R
response that changes the controlled condition. Liver Stomach Stomach
Gallbladder Liver Liver (tip)
TERMINOLOGY AND BODY PLAN Right Kidney Pancreas Left Kidney
Right & Left Kidney Spleen
BODY POSITIONS Right Lumbar R Umbilical R Left Lumbar R

• Descriptions of any part of the human body assume that the Liver (tip) Stomach Small Intestines
Small Intestines Pancreas Descending Colon
body is in a specific stance called theanatomical position. Ascending Colon Small Intestines Left Kidney
◦ ANATOMICAL POSITION: the body is upright. This means Right Kidney Transverse Colon
that the subject stands erect with the head level, eyes Right Iliac R Hypogastric R Left Iliac R
facing forward, feet at on the floor, and directed forward,
Small Intestines Small Intestines Small Intestines
and arms at the sides, with the palms turned forward. Appendix Sigmoid Colon Descending Colon
• Two terms describe a reclining body. Cecum and Bladder Sigmoid Colon
Ascending colon
◦ PRONE: If the body is lying face down
◦ SUPINE: If the body is lying face up Kath Venus 2
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PLANES TYPES OF MOVEMENTS

Body planes divide the body, even organs, into FLEXION AND EXTENSION
sections.
SAGITTAL PLANE FLEXION
• Divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides. • Is a bending movement that decreases
• Called a midsagittal plane if the section is made the angle of the joint to bring the
exactly at midline articulating bones closer together.
• Often used in illustrations to reveal the organs in the EXTENSION
head or pelvic cavity • Is a straightening movement that
FRONTAL PLANE increases the angle of the joint to
• Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior straighten the articulating bones
portions HYPEREXTENSION
• Also called a coronal plane • Is usually defined as extension of a
• Often used in illustrations to show the contents of the joint beyond the anatomical position
abdominal and thoracic cavities (180°)
TRANSVERSE PLANE DORSIFLEXION AND PLANTAR FLEXION
• Divides the body horizontally into upper (superior)
and lower (inferior) portions PLANTAR FLEXION
• Also called a horizontal plane • Movement of the foot toward the
• Used by CT scanners to reveal internal organs plantar surface, as when standing on
PLANES OF SECTION THROUGH AN ORGAN the toes
• Organs are often sectioned to reveal DORSIFLEXION
their internal structure • Movement of the foot toward the shin,
◦ LONGITUDINAL SECTION: A cut as when walking on the heels
through the long axis of the organ ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION
◦ TRANSVERSE/CROSS SECTION: A
cut at a right angle to the long axis ABDUCTION
◦ OBLIQUE SECTION: If a cut is made • to take away
across the long axis at other than a • is movement away from the midline
right angle ADDUCTION
• to bring together
BODY CAVITIES • is movement toward the midline
• The body contains spaces—called cavities—that house the LATERAL FLEXION
internal organs. • Bending at the waist to one side is usually
• The two major body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the called lateral flexion of the vertebral
ventral cavity. column
ROTATION
ROTATION
• is the turning of a structure around its long
axis, as in rotating the head to shake the
head “no” or rotating the arm or the entire
body
MEDIAL ROTATION
• Medial rotation of the humerus with the
forearm flexed brings the hand toward the
body
LATERAL ROTATION
• Lateral rotation of the humerus moves the
hand away from the body
SEROUS MEMBRANES PRONATION AND SUPINATION
• Serous membranes lines trunk cavities and cover the organs
of these cavities. PRONATION
• They are filled with minimal fluid to lubricate its surfaces • Pronation is rotation of the forearm so
thereby reducing friction. that the palm faces posteriorly in
relation to the anatomical position
SUPINATION
• is rotation of the forearm so that the
palm faces anteriorly in relation to the
anatomical position.

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CIRCUMDUCTION
• is a combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
• It occurs at freely movable joints, such as the
shoulder
• In circumduction, the arm moves in an arc so
that it traces a cone, with the shoulder joint at
the apex of the cone, as occurs when pitching a
baseball
ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
ELEVATION
• Elevation moves a structure
superiorly
DEPRESSION
• depression moves it inferiorly
PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION
PROTRACTION
• Protraction is a gliding motion that moves
a structure in an anterior direction
RETRACTION
• is a gliding motion that moves a structure
in a posterior direction
EXCURSION
LATERAL EXCURSION
• is moving the mandible to either
the right or the left of the midline
MEDIAL EXCURSION
• returns the mandible to the midline
position.
OPPOSITION AND REPOSITION
OPPOSITION
• is a movement unique to the thumb.
• It occurs when the thumb and the tip of a
finger on the same hand are brought
toward each other across the palm
REPOSITION
• returns the thumb to the neutral,
anatomical position.
INVERSION AND EVERSION
INVERSION
• turns the ankle so that the plantar surface
of the foot faces medially, toward the
opposite foot, with the weight on the
outside edge of the foot (rolling out).
EVERSION
• turns the ankle so that the plantar surface
faces laterally, with the weight on the
inside edge of the foot (rolling in)

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