TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY

MADAM MARLINA MOHD MYDIN

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCE
UITM BERTAM
 LESSON CONTENTS
OUTCOMES

By the end of this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Define anatomy and physiology.
2. Levels of structural organization and body systems.
3. Describe the component and function of human
body system.
4. Describe homeostasis and body fluid.
5. Explain the biological control system and function of
body heat and thermoregulation.
 WHAT IS ANATOMY?
• Anatomy (ana=up tomy= process
of cutting)
(Study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts )
• The structure or study of the Digestive System

structure of the body and the

relationship of its parts to each
other.
▪ Microscopic anatomy
▪ Structures are too small to be
seen with the naked eye
▪ Cells and tissues can be 3
viewed only with a microscope
Anatomy of the stomach
 WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology is the study of the functions of living things
• Physiology (physio = nature, logy=study of)
• Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
• Properties belonging to normal functions of tissues,
organs or body.
• Focuses on the underlying mechanisms of body
processes
• Physiology is closely related to anatomy – the study of the
structure of the body.
• Structure and function are inseparable 4
Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy is the study of structure whereas

physiology is the study of how body structure's
function.
 Levels of Organization in the Body
• The body is structurally organized into a
total functional unit
– Chemical
– Cellular
– Tissue
– Organ
– Body system
– Organism
 Levels of
structural
organization
in the human
body

Six levels of structural organization

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissues level
4. Organ level
5. Systems level
6. Organismal level
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Chemical Level
▪ Various atoms and molecules make up the
body
▪ Atoms: mostly oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and
nitrogen
▪ Two or more atoms combine to form a
molecule, such as the water molecules,
proteins, and sugars.
▪ Molecules of life: proteins, carbohydrates,
fats, and nucleic acids (genetic material, such
as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA)
 Cellular Level
▪ Cells are the basic units of life
▪ Have basic and specialized functions
▪ Are progressively organized into tissues, organs, body systems, and
finally the whole body
▪ Contain specialized structures called organelles that performs specific
functions
▪ Organisms can be single-celled or multicellular
▪ Cell differentiate in complex multicellular organisms
 Basic Cell Functions
• Obtaining nutrients and O2
• Performing energy-generating chemical
reactions
• Eliminating wastes
• Synthesizing proteins and cell components
• Moving materials throughout the cell
• Control exchange of materials between the cell and
its environment
• Responding to the environment
• Being sensitive to changes in the environment
• Reproducing
 Specialized Cell Functions
• Secrete digestive enzymes that break down
ingested food.
• Retain and eliminate substances
accordingly.
• Produce intracellular movement.
• Generate and transmit electrical impulses
that relay information.
 CELL
• Approximately 100 trillion cells
make up the typical human.
• 25 trillion red blood cells act to
transport oxygen from the
lungs to all tissues in the body
 Tissue Level
▪Cells of similar origin, structure and function which
work together to perform a specific activity

Four types of tissues has different cells that vary in shape, structure, function,
and distribution.
 Tissue Level
• Tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and
specialization

▪ Muscle tissue: skeletal,

cardiac, and smooth
▪ Nervous tissue: initiate and
transmit electrical impulses
▪ Epithelial tissue: exchange
materials between the cell and
environment
▪ Connective tissue: connects,
supports, and anchors various
body parts
 Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
• Tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and
specialization
Organ Level Kidney

Brain
• An organ is a unit Heart
bladder

made up of several
tissue types
– composed of
two or more Liver
Lung
tissue types that Bones
work together to
perform a ovary

specific activity

Intestine
testis

Stomach
 Organ System Level
▪ A body system is a collection of organs that performs
related functions
▪ Organs interact to accomplish a common activity
essential for survival
▪ Eleven systems:
▪ circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, skeletal,
muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous,
endocrine, and reproductive
Organ System Level
Organ System Level
 Organ System Level
▪ Systems of the human body
▪ Support and Movement systems
▪ Integration and coordination systems
▪ Transport systems
▪ Absorption and Excretion systems
▪ Reproductive systems
 1)Support and Movement Systems
• The integumentary system
• The skeletal system
• The muscular system

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Integumentary System Organ System
▪ Forms the external body
covering (skin) and includes
hair and fingernails
▪ Waterproofs the body
▪ Cushions and protects deeper
tissue from injury
▪ Produces vitamin D with the
help of sunlight
▪ Excretes salts in perspiration
▪ Helps regulate body
temperature
▪ Location of sensory receptors
(pain, pressure, etc.) and
sweat and oil glands
 Organ System
Skeletal System

▪ Consists of bones,
cartilages, ligaments, and
joints
▪ Provides muscle
attachment for movement
▪ Protects vital organs
▪ Site of blood cell formation
▪ Stores minerals
 Organ System
Muscular System

▪ Skeletal muscles contract

(or shorten)
▪ Produces movement of
bones
▪ Allows manipulation of the
environment, locomotion
and facial expression;
maintains posture;
produces heat.
 2)Integration and Coordination System
• The nervous system
• The endocrine system

NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Organ System
Nervous System

• Fast-acting control system

• Consists of brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors
• Responds to internal and external
stimuli
• Sensory receptors detect changes
• Messages are sent to the central
nervous system
• Central nervous system assesses
information and activates
effectors (muscles and glands)
 Organ System
Endocrine System

▪ Secretes chemical
molecules, called
hormones, into the
blood
▪ Body functions
controlled by hormones
include:
▪ Growth
▪ Reproduction
▪ Use of nutrients
 3)Transport system
• Circulatory system (heart, blood vessels, and blood)
• Transports materials from one part of the body to
another

▪ Immune system (white

blood cells and lymphoid
organs)
• Defends against
foreign invaders
such as bacteria and
viruses and against
body cells that have
become cancerous
• Helps in replacing
injured or worn-out
cells

Lymphatic System Cardiovascular System

 Organ System
Cardiovascular System

▪ Includes heart and blood vessels

▪ Heart pumps blood
▪ Vessels transport blood to
tissues
▪ Blood transports:
▪ Oxygen and carbon dioxide
▪ Nutrients
▪ Hormones
▪ Blood also contains white blood
cells and chemicals that provide
protection from foreign invaders
 Organ System
Lymphatic System

▪ Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph

nodes, and lymphoid organs
▪ Complements the cardiovascular
system by returning leaked fluids
back to bloodstream
▪ Lymph nodes and other lymphoid
organs cleanse the blood
▪ Houses white blood cells, which
are involved in immunity
 4) Absorption and Excretion system
• Digestive system
• Respiratory system
• Urinary system

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM

 Organ System
Respiratory System

▪ Includes the nasal

passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs
▪ Gases are exchanged
with the blood through
air sacs in the lungs
▪ Supplies the body with
oxygen
▪ Removes carbon dioxide
 Organ System
Digestive System

▪ Includes the oral cavity

(mouth), esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, rectum, and
accessory organs
▪ Breaks down food
▪ Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
▪ Eliminates indigestible
material as feces
 Organ System
Urinary System

▪ Includes the kidneys, ureters,

urinary bladder, and urethra
▪ Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
▪ Maintains acid-base balance
▪ Regulates water and
electrolyte balance
▪ Helps regulate normal blood
pressure
5) Reproductive system
 Organ System
Reproductive System
▪ For males, includes the testes,
scrotum, penis, accessory
glands, and duct system
▪ Testes produce sperm
▪ Duct system carries sperm to
exterior
▪ For females, includes the
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
and vagina
▪ Ovaries produce eggs
▪ Uterus provides site of
development for fetus
 The Organism Level

• Body systems are packaged into a

functional whole body
– Each body system depends on the proper
functioning of other systems
– Many complex body processes depend on
the interplay among multiple systems
 Concept of Homeostasis

• Cells in a multicellular organism

– Cannot live and function without other body
cells
– Most are not in direct contact with the
surrounding external environment in which
an organism lives
– Life-sustaining exchanges are made
through the internal environment – the fluid
that surrounds the cells
 The Internal Environment
• Body cells are in contact
with a privately maintained
internal environment
– Intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid
collectively contained within
all body cells
– Extracellular fluid (ECF):
fluid outside the cells
• Plasma, the fluid portion
of blood
• Interstitial fluid, which
surrounds and bathes
the cells

Components of the ECF

Body Systems Maintain Homeostasis
▪ Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively stable internal
environment/conditions
▪ A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
▪ Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
▪ Body cells can live and function only when the ECF is compatible
with their survival
• Chemical composition and physical state of this internal
environment must be maintained within narrow limits
▪ Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory processes
▪ Main controlling systems
▪ Nervous system
▪ Performs crisis management by directing rapid, short-term
and specific responses
▪ Endocrine system
▪ Release chemical messengers
 Homeostatically Regulated Factors

• Concentration of nutrients
• Concentration of O2 and CO2
• Concentration of waste products
• Changes in pH
• Concentrations of water, salt, and other
electrolytes
• Volume and pressure
• Temperature
 Homeostasis
▪ All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three
components: receptor, control center, and effector
▪ Receptor
▪ Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
▪ Sends information to control center along an
afferent pathway
▪ Control center
▪ Determines set point
▪ Analyzes information
▪ Determines appropriate response
▪ Effector
▪ Provides a means for response to the stimulus
▪ Information flows from control center to effector
along efferent pathway
 Homeostasis
3 Input: Information 4 Output: Information
is sent along afferent Control is sent along efferent
pathway to control Center pathway to effector.
center. Efferent
Afferent
pathway pathway
2 Receptor Effector
Receptor
detects change. 5 Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
1 Stimulus the effect of
produces stimulus and
change in returns variable
VARIABLE (in homeostasis) to homeostatic
variable.
level.
 Feedback Mechanism

▪ Alterations in the physiological condition activates

feedback loops

▪ Negative feedback
▪ Counteract changes of various properties from
their target values, known as set points

▪ Positive feedback
▪ Amplify their initiating stimuli, in other words,
they move the system away from its starting
state
 Negative Feedback

▪ Act to oppose the stimulus or signal

that triggers them

▪ Example: When the body

temperature is too high, a negative
feedback loop will act to bring it
back down towards the set point
37.0​∘​C
Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
 Positive Feedback
▪ Output enhances or amplifies a change so that the controlled
variable continues to move in the direction of the initial
change
▪ Less common than negative feedback but is important in
some instances
▪ Found in processes that need to be pushed to
completion
▪ Example: childbirth
▪ Can be harmful or live-threatening process
▪ quickly change the internal state of the body to
something far from its homeostatic point.
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback

Regulation of blood clotting

 Disruptions in Homeostasis

• Can lead to illness and death

– Pathophysiology: abnormal functioning of the
body associated with disease
– When a homeostatic disruption becomes so
severe that it is no longer compatible with
survival, death results