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    Rudi Wijanarko

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    of 3

    tional

    friction and a reduction in the percentage of applied force

    being transmitted to bolt stretch. specifications for pipe

    flanges dictate the bolt hole diameter and the bolt size

    for every flange, so problems caused by improper

    dimensions are more likely to occur in custom-made

    flanges. an interference fit can also occur if a mechanic

    inadvertently installs the wrong sized bolt in the flange,

    or if the flanges are not properly aligned or parallel. an

    interference fit can also occur on certain flanges with

    tongue and groove, or male and female faces. again,

    pipe flange specifications usually specify clearances and

    tolerances, but a bad fit is possible if the faces are

    deformed or the flanges are custom-designed with

    improper clearances or machining tolerances.

    Bolts are made with certain thread allowances and

    tolerances. the thread allowance controls the range of

    dimensions for both male and female threads. it is what

    controls the fit between the two, whether it be tight

    or loose. on top of this, there is a tolerance which allows

    dimensional variations due to machine inaccuracies.

    the tolerance is always allowed in the direction of less

    material only; this ensures that there is not an interference

    fit between the threads, especially on those with an

    extremely tight fit. too loose a fit on the bolts results in a

    smaller thread area actually supporting the load, so care

    has to be taken to install bolts with the proper allowances,

    or the bolt may not carry the fully intended load.

    the condition of the threads, regardless of the design,


    is a big concern and should be checked any time a joint

    is assembled. if the bolt threads have been subjected

    to stresses beyond the yield point and have undergone

    too much plastic deformation, there will not be a proper

    fit between the threads of the bolt and nut or tapped

    hole. if the threads are deformed, the allowance between

    them is likely to be nonexistent; an interference fit means

    higher thread friction which decreases the percentage

    of applied torque being converted to bolt stretch. a quick,

    general check to see if the bolt threads are deformed can

    be done by running a new nut down the bolt, or checking

    them with a proper thread gauge.

    Thread Engagement

    Just like bolts, the nuts are made to specifications that

    dictate their dimensions, materials used, and tolerances.

    the bolting standard should indicate the appropriate

    matching nut designs, referencing them by specification.

    a general rule of thumb says that there should be at least

    2-3 threads of a bolt showing past the nut before an

    actual load is applied. this ensures that there is the full

    engagement between the threads of the nut and bolt.

    in most standard designs, the nut design is set up so that

    it withstands more stress than the mating bolt. this is

    so that if excessive load is applied to the bolt and nut

    assembly, the bolt body will break before the threads

    strip. it is difficult to see if threads have stripped because

    they will still support load after failing, and they aren’t

    visible to the naked eye. if the body of the bolt breaks,

    there is no difficulty in detecting failure. Having less than


    full thread engagement means the bolt load is distributed

    over a smaller surface area, possibly resulting in stripping

    of the threads and failure of the nut. typically, standard

    hex nuts have a height equal to .8 times the bolt

    diameter; heavy hex nuts have a height equal to the bolt

    diameter. For engagement of a bolt in a tapped hole, the

    general rule is 1 to 1.5 times the bolt diameter.

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