Subject: Engineering Drawing

Topic: Fastening Devices

Teacher: Mr. C. Green

Name: Malik Z. Forbes

Introduction
A fastener is a device that holds two or more objects together. A fastener can be a bolt
and nut, a screw, a rivet, or even a staple. However, the majority of fasteners used in
industry are threaded fasteners. They are used to join individual elements in a secure
and cheap way that can be assembled and disassembled as often as required.
Information about definition of screw thread terms, and nomenclature of threaded
fasteners and fastener categories.

Nuts and Bolts

A nut is a small metal object with a hole in the middle that has corrugated hole. These curved
holes are known as threads. Nuts are used as a fastening device. It is important to note that
evens though nuts are used as a fastening device, they cannot be used without bolts. To
understand this, we have to understand the shape of walnuts. The outer part of its body can be
shaped either way, but it is mostly hexagonal cap or circular in shape.

Bolts are metal objects consisting of a cylindrical trunk with grooves such as grooves that are
similar to the grooves present inside a nut. In addition to this threaded stem, there is also a
forward current, which helps hold the fasten together. As stated in the paragraph above, a bolt
goes into a hole in a circular thread of a nut, where the bolt grooves fit perfectly with the nut
grooves. Then, at rotational speed, the bolt nut is able to move the bolt up and over.

What are FASTENING DEVICES?

A fastener is a non-permanent or permanent mechanical tool that rigidly connects or

affixes two surfaces or objects together. Non-permanent fasteners can easily be
removed without damaging the joined materials. The removal of permanent fasteners
might require substantial force and might damage the connected surfaces. Permanent
fasteners are designed to be a long lasting form of secure connection.

The wide range of fasteners includes screws, nails, nuts, bolts, and washers that come in
different sizes, types, and configurations. Fasteners are one of the most used tools for building,
fabricating, and configuring a variety of products and industrial equipment.
PIPE THREADS

Pipe thread is a spiral ridge on the end of a pipe that enables pipes to be joined
together. For male fittings, this thread appears on the outer diameter of the pipe; if
female, it appears on the inner diameter. By rotating a male pipe end into a female
thread, the two fittings become joined.

Modern pipe sizes are stipulated by a measurement of the outer diameter (OD), which is
measured over the pipe thread in the case of a male pipe. To be sure that the threads will
match, you can also count the threads per inch (TPI). The inner diameter (ID) is sometimes
used when buying polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, pipes.
THREADS USED FOR POWER TRANSMISSION

The power transmission process transmits a motion from one shaft to another with a
connection between them like a belt, chain or gear. Power transmission products are
commonly used in industrial automation, construction machinery, and material handling
system applications.

Screw used for power transmission by which efficiency is high because. Power screws should
be designed for smooth and Noiseless transmission of power with an ability to carry heavy loads
with high efficiency.

LOCKING PLATE
A locking plate doesn’t need to definitively contact the hidden bone in all spaces. When
screws are fixed, they “lock” to the strung screw openings of the plate, settling the
sections without pulling the issue that remains to be worked out the plate. Locking
screws make it incomprehensible for screw addition to change the bone locking screw
manufacturers decrease.

Locking plates are fracture fixation devices with threaded screw holes, which allow
screws to thread to the plate and function as a fixed-angle device. These plates may
have a mixture of holes that allow placement of both locking and traditional nonlocking
screws.

In the two broad categories – plates with fixed angulation and those with variable
angulation – the screw head is locked in the plate with a lock nut by screwing in a
threaded chamber on the plate or by screwing through an adapted ring.

LOCK WASHERS
Lock washers are designed to be tightened to a required torque beneath an ordinary
fastener. They exert a spring tension that keeps the fastener from vibrating loose. They
are often attached to the nut side of the fastener.
As shown in the adjacent photo, lock washers are circular-shaped fasteners. They are
available in different styles. Some of them are split. Known as split lock washers, they
are cut or split open. Other lock washers have inner- or outer-facing teeth.

Traditional washers, of course, aren’t available in these same styles. Traditional

washers simply consist of a metal ring. They aren’t cut or split open, nor do they feature
teeth. These alternative styles allow lock washers to prevent the bolts with which they
are used from loosening. Even when exposed to vibrations, bolts will remain in place
when secured with a lock washer. The process of tightening threaded fastener
assemblies, especially for critical bolted joints, involves controlling both input torque and
angle of turn to achieve the desired result of proper preload of the bolted assembly.
Understanding the role of friction in both the underhead and threaded contact zones is
the key to defining the relationship between torque, angle, and tension.

SPRING WASHERS
Spring washers, sometimes called disc springs, are a subtype of washers. They lend
their mechanical capabilities to the unique profile of the material: when subject to a load,
the irregularities of the washer compress with a proportionate resistance to return to
their pre-deflected shape. Spring washers are employed in applications where
assemblies need a part to take up play, eliminate rattle, maintain assembly tension,
compensate for expansion or contraction in materials after assembly, or to absorb
intermittent shock loads and provide a controlled reaction under dynamic loads.

Deflecting under a load, a spring washer is said to be very much like a compression
spring. As such, the deflection rate of a wave washer is conditional of the washer's
dimensions and materials. Thicker, taller spring washers can sustain more load. When
under stress, the raised irregularities of the disc spring flatten to a predetermined
degree. Spring washers are either under static or dynamic load. In a static load
application, the basic function of the washer is to retain load and the elastic load rating
of the washer material may be exceeded. For a dynamic load, the washer functions as a
flexing spring and the yield limit must not be exceeded or permanent disfiguration will
occur.

Spring washers undergo elastic deformation which is reversible and is determined by

the material of construction. If the washer is overstressed or near the end of its cycle
life, it will experience plastic deformation where some of its deflection is irreversible; this
is the first sign of washer fatigue.Borrelly - Spring Washers

Spring washers have a small footprint and are valued in small machines where a coil
spring would be unsuitable. Spring washers can also deflect in a linear, progressive, or

regressive means and these devices show a symmetrical deflection around the
washer's axis. Spring washers can be stacked to create spring sets or series where
deflection and load capacity can vary without materially affecting the forces involved.
TAPER PINS

They are used to establish alignment when a machine is being worked on. Once the
components are properly aligned the hole is matched reamed with a tapered reamer to
a specific depth for the pin called for. After the machine is taken apart for repair,
alignment is re-established by the pin alignment. Most taper pins have a threaded outer
end for a jam nut to be used for removal. They come in several standard sizes and in
various hardnesses. Taper pins are small, solid steel tubes that resemble dowel pins
but that are tapered – one end has a greater diameter than the other end.

They are manufactured to a very high tolerance to ensure that they are a precise fit.
They are generally used for locking components in place in mechanical engineering
applications, often in gearboxes and on camshafts.
Threaded Taper Pins are used in tapered holes where there is only access to one side
of the hole. They can be used to aid in critical alignments since the small end of the pin
is inserted first it can pass into a hole that is not exactly aligned and as the diameter of

the pin increases it forces the two holes to become exactly aligned. Threaded Taper
Pins can also be used on assemblies that are expected to be disassembled and

reassembled more frequently since they are generally easier to install and remove than
dowel pins or spring tension pins.

PARALLEL PINS
Parallel pins are designed for the fastening of two or more individual elements. A friction
type connection can be achieved by the selection of suitable fits. If such connection is
meant to be disconnected repeatedly, then it becomes preferable to use taper pins in
accordance with DIN 1.

SPLIT PINS
 A split pin, also known as a cotter pin, is basically a wedge that is passed through a
hole to stiffen certain components. It is typically made up of thickset wire with a semi-
circular cross-section. There are distinct designs and sizes including straight pins,
spring pins, and hammerlock pins in which cotter or split pins are available. The term
split pins throw light on the factor of locking the bicycle pedal crank with the bottom
bracket axle.

These pins are mostly used for stopping the axial motion along the shaft because they
are either tapered or wedged and are driven into the holes. This is pretty much because
the bicycle becomes immovable when tampered with with split pins. The term tapered
literally means that the pins become compressed as they enter the hole and the
compression induces friction which prevents the pins from loosening.

There are a lot of different types of cotter pins but today we will discuss all the details
about split cotter pins. A split pin is a simple fastener made out of soft, malleable, and
ductile metal used to tighten the parts in place. It customarily consists of a flat, round, or
half-round pin bent double with a loop at the closed end. After the part is inserted, then
simply the spit pin comes into play and makes sure that the inserted part does not move
even to and fro. The best part about these split pins is that they are reusable, meaning if
you want the inserted part back, all you need to do is straighten the split pins and there
you have it!.

Golden metal provides you with split pins which are very easy on the pocket and are
widely in demand because of their low speed and low-stress parts. They may be found
in multitudinous applications ranging from brake disc locks on heavy vehicles to paper
puppet and plush toy joints.

As mentioned earlier that they are available in a range of sizes and designs, they are
also available in different end profiles including Bavel ends, miter ends and extended
prong pins, all of which are designated to specific uses.

The sheer simplicity makes them a beauty. Once the part to be fixed is in its place, the
pin is pushed through the adjacent hole until the end loop stops it from going any
further. Then one of the two legs or even both of them is bent to avoid the bolt coming
out or the interpolated part falling off.

TENSION SPRINGS
Tension spring is a spring that exerts force when the spring is extended.

The force of the tension spring is defined by the spring constant, i.e. the required load for each
extended millimeter. Unlike compression springs, the tension spring force is also affected by the
spring’s initial tension. Initial tension refers to the force that is required to separate the coils of
the spring. In other words, initial tension defines how strongly the coils are held together. Initial
tension can be determined on a case-by-case basis so that the required force can be accurately
achieved. Tension springs oppose extension in the way they are wound. The actual tension of
the spring varies depending on the load requirements of the application. Spring tension is
determined by the outside diameter and wire diameter of the spring as well as how tightly the
spring is coiled.

Tension springs are available in a wide selection of sizes for applications ranging from springs
for small medical devices to trampoline springs. Automotive parts and assemblies, garage door
components, vise-grips, washing machines, farm machinery, and toys are just a few more
examples of end products that commonly include tension springs.
Tension springs end styles vary based on the application for which they are being used.
Changing the diameter of the coil, wire thickness, and length of the spring, allows these springs
to accommodate a variety of loads and application requirements. Tension springs, like most
types of springs, can be made from a broad range of different materials to suit particular
application needs. Factors such as temperature, stress, and corrosive elements that come in
contact with the springs will have an impact on the material selection.

COMPRESSION SPRINGS
Compression Springs are open-coil helical springs wound or constructed to oppose
compression along the axis of wind. Helical Compression is the most common metal
spring configuration. These coil springs can work independently, though often
assembled over a guide rod or fitted inside a hole. When you put a load on a
compression coil spring, making it shorter, it pushes back against the load and tries to
get back to its original length. Compression springs offer resistance to linear
compressing forces (push), and are in fact one of the most efficient energy storage
devices available.

Compression Springs are found in a wide variety of applications ranging from

automotive engines and large stamping presses to major appliances and lawn mowers
to medical devices, cell phones, electronics and sensitive instrumentation devices. The
most basic installation is anywhere requiring a push button. Conical type springs are
generally used in applications requiring low solid height and increased resistance to
surging.

Compression springs can be used for engines, major appliances, tools, lawn mowers,
medical instruments, electronics, cell phones–down to a simple pen. Anything that
requires stored energy within the spring. Compression springs come in varieties to suit
your needs, including barrel, conical and double cone springs.
CONCLUSION
With the wide variety of fasteners available today, it becomes challenging to choose the right
fastener for your application. The information that I've acquired helps me to better understand
how the equipment used in engineering as while as how to draw and create them.