ACTUAL TEST VOL 1 – 2022

TEST 4

PART 1
Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below using ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
MUSIC ALIVE AGENCY
Contact person: Jim Granley
Members’ details are on a: 1……………………………………..
Type of music represented: modern music 2 ............................... and jazz
Newsletter comes out: once a 3 ..................................... ….
Cost of adult membership: 4 £ ………………………………….
Current number of member: 5.......................................................
Facilities include: rehearsal rooms and a 6.....................
There is no charge for 7 ........................... advice
To become a member, send: - a letter with contact details
- a recent 8 ...........................
Address: 707, 9 ............................ Street, Marbury
Contact email: music. 10 ....................... @bsu.co.uk

PART 2
Questions 11-14 Choose the correct letter A, B or C.

INFORMATION FOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE ALBANY FISHING COMPETITION

11. What do participants need to take to the registration desk?
A. a form of identification B. a competitor number C. cash for the entrance fee

12. What does the entrance fee to the competition include?

A. equipment for fishing B. all food for both days C. fuel for the fishing

13. Participants without a fishing license are recommended to apply for one
A. at the registration desk. B. over the phone. C. on the internet.

14. What will happen at 6pm on Sunday?

A. The time allocated for fishing will end.
B. The fish caught will be judged.
C. The prizes will be awarded to the winners.

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Questions 15 - 20 Label the map below
Write the correct letter A- I next to questions 15 - 20
Albany Fishing Competition Map

15. registration area …..

16. shoe fishing area …..
17. boat launching area …..
18. judging area …..
19. dining area …..
20. prize-giving area …..

PART 3
Questions 21-26 Choose the correct letter, A. B or C.
PREPARING FOR THE END-OF-YEAR ART EXHIBITION
21. Max and Abby agree that in the art exhibition they are looking forward to
A. showing people their work.
B. getting feedback from their tutor.
C. talking to other students about their displays.

22. In last years exhibition, both students were impressed by

A. a set of metal sculptures. B. a series of wooden models. C. a collection of textile designs.

23. What has Max decided to call his display?

A. Mother Nature B. Views of Farmland C. Seasons

24. What does Abby think will be difficult about preparing for their displays
A. having enough time to set it up B. choosing which pieces to show C. filling up all the available space

25. What does Abby say about the summary they have to write?
A. She isn’t sure whether people will read it.
B. It will be difficult to keep it short enough
C. It will be hard to clarify the reasons for her work.

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26. What aspect of the display will the students organise themselves?
A. arranging the lighting B. inviting local journalists C. providing comment forms

Questions 27 - 30
Which feature do the speakers identify as particularly interesting for each of the following exhibitions they saw?
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A - F, next to questions 27 30

Interesting features
Exhibitions A. the realistic colours
27. On the water B. the sense of space
28. City Life C. the unusual interpretation of the theme
29. Faces D. the painting technique
30. Moods E. the variety of materials use
F. the use of light and shade

Questions 31 - 40 Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
THE MANGROVE REGENERATION PROJECT
Background:
Mangrove forests:
- protect coastal areas from 31 ............................ by the sea
- are an important habitat for wildlife
Problems:
- mangroves had been used by farmers as 32 ...........................
- mangroves were poisoned by the use of 33............................
- Local people used the mangroves as a place to put their 34 ..........................
Actions taken to protect the mangroves:
- a barrier which was made of 35………………………... was constructed - but it failed
- new mangroves had to be grown from seed
- the seeds of the 36............................... mangrove were used
First set of seedlings:
- kept in small pots in a 37 ...................................
- Watered with 38 ...................................... water
- planted out on south side of a small island
- at risk from the large 39............................. population
Second set of seedlings:
- planted in the seabed near established mangrove roots
- the young plants were destroyed in a 40 ...................................
Results: The first set of seedlings was successful

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 READING PASSAGE 1 WHY GOOD IDEAS FAIL
As part of a marketing course, two marketing experts comment on a hypothetical case study involving TF, a fiction
retail giant specializing in home furnishing. The experts give concrete solutions and advice to assist students.

HYPOTHETICAL CASE STUDY:

A. TF became a retail success in the 1970s when it succeeded in spotting homeware trends and meeting the needs
of its then trendy young customers. However; by 2004, the IF stores were failing and a rethink was clearly
necessary. Tibal Fisher, 7F's founder and CEO, decided to change its focus under the new brand name of TVs
NextStage. His aim was to recapture the now ageing customers that had given him his early success and target
consumers aged 60+ with devices and gadgets specifically designed to assist them with the problems associated
with ageing: mobile phones with screens that were easy to read; kitchen gadgets with comfortable grips;
electronic devices that were easy to set and adjust. 7F’s market research proved to be very positive, showing
strong consumer support for the products
B. In 2007, the stores were remodelled at a cost of US $40 million and the new brand was launched. Each store
was made more comfortable and featured a coffee shop to help increase traffic Tibal had predicted that if they
could get customers into the stores then the products would sell themselves. However, by 2009 it was clear that
the idea was a failure and the stores consistently remained empty. Customers complained that the new stores
felt like a senior center and reminded them that they were growing old.

FEEDBACK FROM EXPERT

EXPERT 1: DONNA STURGESS, GLOBAL HEAD OF INNOVATION, GLAXOSMITHKLINE
C. The TFteam's customer research efforts are a classic case of missing the subconscious associations at work in
consumers’ minds. Tlbal and his executives looked only at surface attitudes. Since those attitudes make up a
relatively small part of the total consumer response, the executives are clueless about the reason for the poor
sales. It's critical for companies to understand that every customer relates to a brand emotionally, and it's those
emotions that trigger - or block – purchases.
D. That's why we’ve focused on using emotional strategies behind branding for a number of years now. A great
example Is Alli (pronounced ‘ally’), a drug to aid weight loss. The product deals with a highly emotional issue,
so in marketing it, we faced the same challenge that the new 7Fstores are facing: the very thought of buying the
product reminds customers that they have problems they feel negatively In the case of TF’s NextStage, the
problems are age and infirmity. In the case of Alli, the problems are excessive weight and all consequences.
There's always a risk that consumers’ negative feelings will discourage them from starting or staying on a diet.
So, after extensive market research, we took a number of steps to inject emotions into the whole process of
using the product.
E. First, we came up with a name that sounds like a helpful partner. We also aimed to make the container both
beautiful and functional - something that didn’t just hold pills but could later be used to store diet guides and
recipes. Traditional market research is unlikely to uncover Ideas like this, so we use a wide variety of techniques.
Even simple techniques such as one on one interviews, or ethnographical observation that involves going into
people's houses to examine their behaviour, can provide valuable data.

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 EXPERT 2: ALEX LEE, PRESIDENT OF OXO INTERNATIONAL
F. This retailer can get back on track by remembering a principle that applies to consumers In general and those
aged 60+ in particular: they're attracted by brands they associate with the type of people they'd like to be not
the type they really are. That's why marketing campaigns for surf gear feature surfers, not the city dwellers who
will wear the products while doing their shopping
G. I was reminded of this principle few years ago when we wanted to find out how far we could apply our design
philosophy of makings things easier to use in order to move from our core business, kitchen tools, into other
products. We conducted what are known as focus groups, where participants were asked to look at photos of
people and pick those they are perceived to be users and nonusers of our products. Consistently they picked
people who looked fit as the sort who would use our products, and people who look old and boring as the sort
who wouldn't. Yet the participants, all owners of our products, looked a lot more like the later than the former
H. Although the needs of elderly users and those with deteriorating vision or dexterity are very much taken into
consideration when we develop new designs, we try to offer that appeal to 20- and 30- year olds. We believe
that referring to these products as helping tools would serve only to harm the brand in our customers’ eyes.
That's why our philosophy of universal design, which involves creating products that are comfortably useable
by the largest possible range of people, is never explicitly stated as part of our marketing position.
I. We’ve found that market research does not need to be very sophisticated. For instance, we have conducted
simple surveys in the lobby of our building offering free products in exchange for people's opinions. Some may
call this unscientific but we have uncovered great insights this way. Sometimes the most important signals come
from an executive's own instincts. In Tibal fisher's case, this could have told him what his surveys and focus
groups didn't: 60 plus year olds won't support a business that expects them to act their age.

Questions 1 - 5 Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. The TF NextStage stores planned to sell products to make life easier for older people
2. TF’s market research indicated that people liked the products.
3. It cost more than expected to remodel the TF stores.
4. The TF NextStage coffee shops sold their own brand of food and drink.
5. TF NextStage customers liked the atmosphere in the new stores:

Questions 6 - 13 Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage
FEEDBACK FROM EXPERTS
Donna Sturgess
Problems with customer research:
- TF team limited their research to attitudes that occur at a 6........................... level in customers’ minds
- TF didn't consider customers’ emotions
How my company dealt with a similar problem:
- Product: Alli
- Use: help people achieve 7....................................
- Marketing aim: help customers see the product a positive way by:

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  Giving the product a 8............................. that seems helpful and supportive
 Giving the product a reusable 9.................................
Market research
- Does not need to be complex
- Good information can come from interviews or studying the 10....................... of consumers in the home

Alex Lee
Problem: Customers are attracted to the ideal not the reality, e.g. ads for surf gear
How my company dealt with a similar problem:
- We organised 11.................................... to find out what images customers associate with our products
- we do not call our products helping tools in our marketing campaigns
Market research:
- Can be basic, e.g. by doing 12................................
- Company executives should follow their 13..........................

READING PASSAGE 2 KEEPING THE WATER AWAY

New approaches to flood control
A. Recently, winter floods on the rivers of central Europe have been among the worst for 600 to 700 years, and
dams and dykes (protective sea walls) have failed to solve the problem. Traditionally, river engineers have tried
to get rid of the water quickly, draining it off the land and down to the sea in rivers reengineered as high-
performance drains. But however high they build the artificial riverbanks; the floods keep coming back. And
when they come, they seem to be worse than ever
B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields;
forgotten lakes and floods plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging
city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. Back in the days when rivers took a
winding path to the sea, floodwaters lost force and volume while meandering across flood plains and inland
deltas, but today the water tends to have a direct passage to the sea. This means that, when it rains in the uplands,
the water comes down all at once.
C. Worse, when the flood plains are closed off, the river's flow downstream becomes more violent and
uncontrollable; by turning complex river systems into the simple mechanics of a water pipe, engineers have
often created danger where they promised safety. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river; is a good example.
For a long time, engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its plain. The aim was partly to improve
navigation, and partly to speed floodwaters out of Alps and down to the North Sea. Now, when it rains in the
Alps, the peak flows from several branches of the Rhine coincide where once they arrived separately, and with
four fifths of the Lower Rhine's flood plain barricaded off, the waters rise. The result is more frequent flooding
and greater damage. The same thing has happened in the US on the Mississippi river, which drains the world’s
second largest river catchment into the Gulf of Mexico. Despite some $7 billion spent over the last century on
levees (embankments) the situation is growing worse.
D. Specialists in water control now say that a new approach is needed one which takes the whole landscape into
consideration. To help keep London's feet dry, the UK Environment Agency is reflooding 10 square kilometres
of the ancient flood plain of the River Thames outside Oxford. Nearer to London, it has spent £100 million

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 creating new wetlands and a relief channel across 16 kilometres of flood plain. Similar ideas ate being tested in
Austria, in one of Europe's largest river restorations to date. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain
of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges
coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as
Slovenia and Croatia.
E. The Dutch, for whom preventing floods is a matter of survival, have gone furthest. This nation, built largely on
drained marshes and seabed, has had several severe shocks in the last two decades, when very large numbers of
people have had to be evacuated. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national
stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to
its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest.
F. Water use in cities also needs to change. At the moment, cities seem to create floods; they are concreted and
paved so that rains flow quickly into rivers. A new breed of ‘soft engineers’ wants cities to porous, Berlin is
one place where this is being done. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented
from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from
the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in
ponds, or passes underground through porous paving. One high tech urban development can store a sixth of its
annual rainfall, and reuse most of the rest
G. Could this be expanded to protect a whole city? The test case could Los Angeles. With non porous surfaces
covering 70% of the city, drainage is a huge challenge. Billions of dollars have been spent digging huge drains
and concreting riverbeds, but many communities still flood regularly. Meanwhile this desert city ships water
from hundreds of kilometres away to fill its taps and swimming pool. Los Angeles has recently launched a new
scheme to utilise floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. The plan is to catch the rain that falls on
thousands of driveways, parking lots and rooftops in the valley. Trees will soak up water from parking lots;
houses and public buildings will capture roof water to irrigate gardens and parks, and road drains will empty
into old gravel pits to recharge the city's underground water reserves. Result: less flooding and more water for
the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from
flooding, and bow little this method achieves.

Questions 14 - 19 Which paragraph contains the following information?

14. how legislation has forced building designers to improve water use
15. two reasons why one river was isolated from its food plain
16. how natural water courses in the past assisted flood control
17. an example of flood control on one river, affecting three countries
18. a country which has partly destroyed one of its most typical features in order to control water
19. the writer's comment on the comparative cost effectiveness of traditional flood control and newer methods

Questions 20 and 21 Which TWO of these statements are true of the new approach to flood control?
A. It aims to slow the movement of water to the sea.
B. It aims to channel water more directly into rivers.
C. It will cost more than twice as much as former measures.
D. It will involve the loss of some areas of land.
E. It has been tested only in The Netherlands.
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 Questions 22-26 Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage
22. Some of the most severe floods for many centuries have recently occurred in parts of………………….
23. The Rhine and the ............................... rivers have experienced similar problems with water control
24. An area near Oxford will flooded to protect the city of ..............................
25. Planners who wish to allow water to pass more freely through city surfaces are called …………………
26. A proposal for part of the city of ……………………could show whether small scale water projects could
apply on a large scale.

READING PASSAGE 3 AUSTRALIA’S MEGAFAUNA CONTROVERSY

Just how long did humans live side by side with megafauna in Australia? Barry Brook, Richard Gillespie and
Paul Martin dispute previous claims of a lengthy coexistence
A. Over the past 50 millennia, Australia has witnessed the extinction of many species of large animals, including
a rhinoceros sized wombat and goannas the size of crocodiles Debate about the possible cause of these
extinctions has continued for more than 150 years and one the crucial questions raised is how long humans and
megafauna coexisted in Australia. We need to know the overlap of time to make an informed choice between
the two main theories regarding the causes of these extinctions. If humans and megafauna coexisted for a
protracted period then climate change is the more likely cause. However, if the megafauna became extinct
shortly after the arrival of humans, then humans are the likely culprits
B. The archaeological site at Cuddie Springs in eastern Australia appears to be well preserved. This dusty claypan
holds within its sediments a rich cache of flaked stone and seed grinding tools, and side by side with these clear
signals of human culture are the bones of a dozen or more species of megafauna. Drs Judith Field and Stephen
Wroe of the University of Sydney, who excavated the site, claim that it provides unequivocal evidence of a long
overlap of humans and megafauna, and conclude that aridity leading up to the last Ice Age brought about their
eventual demise. In the long standing explanation of this site, artefacts such as stone tools and extinct animals
remain were deposited over many thousands of years in an ephemeral lake a body of water existing for a
relatively short time - and remained in place and undisturbed until the present day.
C. There is no disputing the close association of bones and stones at Cuddie Springs, as both are found 1 to 1.7
metres below the modern surface. The dating of these layers is accurate: ages for the sediments were obtained
through radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments and luminescence dating of sand grains from the same levels
(revealing when a sample was last exposed to sunlight). Intriguingly, some of the stone show surface features
indicating their use for processing plants, and a few even have well-preserved blood and hair residues suggesting
they were used in butchering animals.
D. But is the case proposed by Field aside Wroe clear cut? We carried out a reanalyse of the scientific data from
Cuddie Springs that brings into question their conclusions. The amount of anthropological evidence found at
the site is remarkable: we estimate there are more than 3 tonnes of charcoal and more than 300 tonnes of stone
buried there. Field and Wroe estimate that there are approximately 20 million artefacts. This plethora of tools
is hard to reconcile with a site that was only available for occupation when the lake was dry. Furthermore, no
cultural features such as oven pits have been discovered. If the sediment layers have remained undisturbed since
being laid down, as Field and Wroe contend, then the ages of those sediments should increase with depth.
However, our analysis revealed a number of inconsistencies.
E. First, the charcoal samples are all roughly 36,000 years old. Second, sand in the two upper levels is considerably
younger than charcoal from the same levels. Third, Field and Wroe say that the tools and seed grinding stones
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 used for plant and animal processing are accient, yet they are very similar to implements found elsewhere that
were in use only a few thousand years ago. Also interest is the fact that a deep drill core made a mere 60 metres
from the site recovered no stone artefact or fossil bones whatsoever. These points suggests strongly that the
sediments have been moved about and some of the old charcoal has been re-deposited in younger layers. Indeed,
one sample of cow bone found 1 metre below the surface came from sediments where charcoal dated at 6,000
and 23,000 years old is mixed with 17,000 - year - old sand. The megafauna bones themselves have not yet
dated, although new technological developments make this a possibility in the near future.
F. We propose that the archaeologists have actually been sampling the debris carried by ancient flood channels
beneath the site, including charcoal transported from bushfires that intermittently occurred within the
catchment. Flood events more likely explain the accumulation of megafauna remains, and could have mixed
old bones with fresh deposits. European graziers also disturbed the site in 1876 by constructing a well to provide
water their cattle. Given the expense of well-digging, we speculate that the graziers made sure it was protected
from the damage caused by cattle hooves by lining the surface with small stones collected from further afield,
including prehistoric quarries. This Idea Is consistent with the thin layer of stones spread over a large area, with
cattle occasionally breaking through the gravel surface and forcing the stone and even cattle bones deeper into
the waterlogged soil.
G. The lack of conclusive evidence that humans and megafauna coexisted for a lengthy period casts doubt on Field
and Wroe's assertion that climate change was responsible for the extinction of Australia’s megafauna. However,
we do not suggest that newly arrived, well - armed hunters systematically slaughtered all the large beasts they
encountered. Recent studies based on the biology of modern day large
H. Mammals, combined with observations of people who still practise a traditional hunter gatherer lifestyle, reveal
an unexpected paradox and suggest a further possible explanation as to what happened. Using a mathematical
model, It was found that a group of 10 people killing only one juvenile Diprotodon each year would be sufficient
to bring about the extinction of that spaces within 1,000 years. This suggests that here, as in other parts of the
word, the arrival of humans in lands previously inhabited only by animals created a volatile combination in
which large animals fared badly.

Questions 27-30 Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27. Field and Wroe argue that findings at the Cuddie Springs site show that people lived in this area at the same
time as megafauna.
28. Field and Wroe believe it is likely that smaller megafauna species survived the last Ice Age
29. The writers believe that the dating of earth up to 1.7m below the present surface at Cuddie Springs is
unreliable.
30. Some artefacts found at Cuddie Springs were preserved well enough to reveal their function

Questions 31 - 35 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below
The writers’ arguments against Field and Wroe’s analysis of the scientific data from Cuddie Springs
One objection to Field and Wroe's interpretation is the large quantity of charcoal, 31……………. and artefacts
found at Cuddie Springs. Such large numbers of artefacts would impossible if the area had been covered with
32............ for a period. There is also a complete lack of man made structures, for instance those used for 33............
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Other evidence that doubt on Field and Wroe's claim is the fact that while some material in the highest levels of
sediment is 36,000 years old, the 34............ in the same levels is much more recent. The tools used to process
plants and animals may also be newer than Field and Wroe believe. Further evidence against human occupation
of the area is the absence of tools and 35.............. a short distance away,

A. seeds B. stone C. sand

D. cooking E. deep drill core F. water
G. fossil bones H. sediment I. storage

Questions 36-40 Choose the letter, A, B, C or D.

36 What conclusions did the writers reach about the inconsistencies in the data from Cuddie Springs?
A. The different layers of sediment have been mixed over time.
B. The sand evidence is unhelpful and should be disregarded.
C. The area needs to be re examined when technology improves.
D. The charcoal found in the area cannot be dated.

37 According to the writers, what impact could a natural phenomenon have had on this site?
A. Floods could have caused the death of the megafauna.
B. Floods could have disturbed the archaeological evidence.
C. Bushfires could have prevented humans from settling in the area for any length of time
D. Bushfires could have destroyed much of the evidence left by megafauna and humans

38 What did the writers speculate about the people who lived at this site in 1876?
A. They bred cattle whose bones could have been confused with megafauna
B. They found that the soil was too waterlogged for farming
C. They allowed cattle to move around freely at the site
D. They brought stones there from another area

39 In the final paragraph what suggestion do the writers hide about Australia’s megafauna?
A. A rapid change in climate may have been responsible for the extinction of the megafauna.
B. Megafauna could have died out as a result of small numbers being killed year after year.
C. The population of humans at that time was probably insufficient to cause the extinction of the megafauna.
D. The extinction of ancient animals should not be compared to that of modern day species.

40 Which of the following best represents the writers’ criticism of Field and Wroe?
A. Their methods were not well thought out
B. Their excavations did not go deep enough.
C. Their technology failed to obtain precise data.
D. Their conclusions were based on inconsistent data.

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