CHAPTER 1

THE MORO

LESSON 1: ORIGIN AND C ULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Lesson Objectives
When you finish reading this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define the origin of Moro
2. Understand the Cultural development of Moro
Definition of Terms:

Introduction
Moro, any of several Muslim peoples of Mindanao, Palawan, the Sulu
Archipelago, and other southern islands of the Philippines. Constituting about 5 percent
of the Philippine population, they can be classified linguistically into 10 subgroups: the
Maguindanao of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and Maguindanao provinces; the
Maranao of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur provinces; the Tausug, mostly of Jolo
Island; the Samal, mostly in the Sulu Archipelago; the Bajau, mostly in the Sulu
Archipelago; the Yakan of Zamboanga del Sur province; the Ilanon of southern
Mindanao; the Sangir of southern Mindanao; the Melabugnan of southern Palawan; and
the Jama Mapun of the Cagayan Islands.

ORIGIN
Ancient Times: The foundation of the Moro people's cultural tapestry was laid
by the Austronesian migrations, which brought their ancestors to the Philippines
around 3,000 to 2,000 BCE. This period was marked by animistic beliefs,
seafaring traditions, and a close connection to the natural world.
Malay Influence (1000 CE onwards): The Malay people's arrival and the
establishment of trade routes further enriched the Moro cultural tapestry. They
brought with them their languages, customs, and beliefs, influencing everything
from social structures to artistic traditions.
Arrival of Islam (13th Century onwards): The arrival of Islam had a profound
impact on the Moro people's culture. It gradually integrated into their existing
beliefs and practices, influencing their religious observances, social norms, and
artistic expressions.
The Sultanates (14th - 19th centuries): The rise of the Sultanates, like Sulu
and Maguindanao, provided a framework for governance and further solidified
the Islamic identity of the Moro people. They also fostered a sense of unity and
collective identity among the diverse groups in the south.

Ancient Migration of Moro

The ancient migrations of the Moro people's ancestors are a complex and fascinating
due the

The Austronesian Homeland:

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 Current research points to Taiwan as the likely homeland of the Austronesian
people, the ancestors of the Moro people. They lived in a region that today is known as
the "Taiwan Strait," which is a narrow body of water separating mainland China from
Taiwan. Moro are also belong to a diverse group of people due the Austronesian people
were not a single, monolithic group. They were likely a diverse collection of tribes and
communities, each with its own language, customs, and beliefs.
Moros begin migrating around 3,000 to 2,000 BCE, these groups began
migrating from Taiwan, likely in small boats or canoes, driven by a variety of factors,
including population pressure, resource scarcity, and the pursuit of new opportunities.

The Journey to the Philippines:

The Austronesian people were skilled seafarers, navigating vast distances using
boats and canoes. They had a deep understanding of the ocean currents, weather
patterns, and celestial navigation, which allowed them to cross the seas with
remarkable efficiency.
Moros Early Settlements in the Philippines: The first Austronesian migrants
reached the Philippines thousands of years ago, likely settling first in the northern and
central islands, such as Luzon and the Visayas. They Adapt Innovations as they learn
their agricultural techniques to the unique ecosystems of the Philippines, cultivating rice
and other crops. They developed new fishing techniques and tools, and they honed
their boat-building skills, constructing vessels that could navigate the challenging waters
of the archipelago.

Reaching the South: The Journey to Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan:

The Austronesian migrants continued their journey southward, likely following
established trade routes and seeking new resources and territories. They eventually
reached the islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan, which are now the ancestral
homelands of the Moro people. It's important to remember that the Austronesian
migrants did not arrive in a vacuum. There were likely existing indigenous populations
in the Philippines, and the Austronesian people interacted with them, intermingling, and
exchanging cultural practices. The Austronesian migrations were not a single, swift
event but a long and gradual process that occurred over centuries. The Moro people's
ancestors likely arrived in waves, gradually settling in the south and blending with
existing populations.

The Legacy of the Migrations:

The Austronesian migrations left a lasting legacy on the language and culture of
the Moro people. Their languages are part of the Austronesian language family, which
is a testament to their shared heritage with other Filipinos and with people throughout
Southeast Asia and Oceania. The Austronesian migrants' seafaring skills are reflected
in the Moro people's maritime traditions, their skill in boat building, and their deep
connection to the sea. Understanding the Austronesian migrations helps us appreciate
the shared ancestry of the Moro people with other Filipinos and their connection to the
wider Austronesian world.

Malay Influence
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 Malay influence on the Moro people that sheds light on their cultural development
and their connections to the wider region.
The Malay people originated in mainland Southeast Asia, likely in the region that
is now part of modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia. They were skilled seafarers who
expanded their influence through trade and migration, spreading their culture and
languages across Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific.
The Malay people were renowned traders, establishing networks of maritime
trade that linked islands across Southeast Asia, including the Philippines. These trade
networks were vital for the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices. The Malay
people arrived in the Philippines starting around 1000 CE, primarily through trade
routes. Their influence grew over time, becoming particularly prominent in the southern
islands.

Malay Influence on the Moro People:

 Language: The Malay language had a significant impact on the
languages spoken by the Moro people. Many Moro languages have
borrowed words and grammatical structures from Malay, creating a rich
linguistic tapestry.
 Cultural Practices: The Malay people introduced a wide range of cultural
practices to the Moro people, including: Social Structures: The Malay
concept of "datus" (chieftains) and a hierarchical social structure based
on lineage and wealth influenced the Moro social system.
 Art and Craft: Malay art, such as intricate metalwork, weaving, and
pottery, influenced the Moro people's artistic traditions.
 Religion: While Islam would eventually become the dominant religion in
the south, the Malay people brought with them a blend of animistic
beliefs, Hinduism, and Buddhism, which had an impact on pre-Islamic
Moro culture.
 Maritime Skills: The Malay people's mastery of shipbuilding, seafaring,
and navigation further influenced the Moro people, who became known
for their own maritime prowess.
 Trade and Economic Exchange: Trade with the Malay people played a
significant role in the economic development of the Moro people. They
established trading posts, engaged in commerce, and exchanged goods
like spices, textiles, and other valuable commodities.

The Role of the Sultanates

The establishment of powerful sultanates, like the Sultanate of Sulu and the
Sultanate of Maguindanao, in the 14th century, strengthened the Malay influence.
These sultanates were modeled after the Malay kingdoms, adopting their political
structures, legal systems, and administrative practices.
While the Malay people brought with them a blend of religious influences, the rise
of the sultanates also saw the spread of Islam through trade and cultural exchange.
Islam gradually became the dominant religion of the Moro people, further solidifying
their connection to the Malay world.

The Legacy of Malay Influence:

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  A Lasting Impact: The Malay influence on the Moro people was deep and
lasting. It shaped their language, their social structures, their artistic
traditions, and their economic development.
 A Tapestry of Cultures: The Moro people's culture is a vibrant blend of
their indigenous traditions, the influences of the Malay world, and later the
adoption of Islam. This mix of cultural influences makes them a
fascinating example of the dynamic interplay of different cultures in
Southeast Asia.

Interaction of Moro between the Sultanates

The Rise of the Sultanates:

The 14th Century: The Sultanate of Sulu and the Sultanate of
Maguindanao, both established in the 14th century, emerged as powerful centers
of influence in the southern Philippines. They were modeled after the Malay
kingdoms, adopting their political structures, legal systems, and administrative
practices.
Islamic Influence: The rise of the sultanates coincided with the spread of
Islam in the southern islands. The sultans were often Muslim rulers, and their
leadership played a key role in consolidating the Islamic identity of the Moro
people.

The Role of the Sultans:

 Political and Religious Leaders: The sultans were both political and religious
leaders, wielding considerable power and authority within their territories. They
made decisions about governance, lawmaking, trade, and military affairs.
 Defending Their Territories: The sultans were fierce defenders of their
territories, leading their people in resistance against foreign invaders, including
the Spanish.
 Promoting Trade and Cultural Exchange: The sultans also encouraged trade
with other Southeast Asian nations, expanding the economic and cultural
influence of the Moro people.

Interaction with the Moro People:

 A Complex Relationship: The relationship between the Moro people and the
sultanates was complex, characterized by both cooperation and conflict.
 A Source of Unity: The sultanates provided a sense of unity for the diverse
groups that lived within their territories. They established a common legal code,
promoted a shared Islamic identity, and offered protection to the Moro people
from external threats.
 Challenges to Authority: At times, the Moro people challenged the authority of
the sultans, particularly when they perceived that their interests were not being
represented or that the sultans were acting unjustly.
 The Importance of Family and Lineage: The Moro people had strong family ties
and lineages, which often formed the basis for their allegiance and support. The
sultans often came from powerful families, but their authority was ultimately
based on their ability to maintain the trust and loyalty of the people.
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The Impact of the Sultanates:
 Consolidating Power: The sultanates played a key role in consolidating power
and uniting the various Moro groups. They fostered a sense of shared identity
and a common political and religious framework.
 Cultural Development: The sultanates were instrumental in shaping Moro
culture, promoting Islamic beliefs, and influencing their art, architecture, and
social practices.
 Challenges and Resistance: Despite their influence, the sultans faced
challenges from within their own territories, particularly from groups who felt
excluded from power or who questioned their authority.

The Legacy of the Sultanates:

 A Symbol of Independence: The sultanates represent a period of relative
independence for the Moro people, a time when they governed themselves and
maintained their own cultural traditions.
 A Lasting Impact: The legacy of the sultanates continues to resonate in Moro
culture and identity. They are symbols of their history, their resilience, and their
struggle for self-determination.

Cultural Uniqueness of Moro among the Mentioned Group

The Moro people are a diverse group, and each of their main sub-groups
(Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug, Yakan, etc.) has unique cultural expressions.

Maguindanao:
The Maguindanao are known for their bravery and their skills in warfare.
They have a long history of resisting foreign invaders, and they were renowned
for their skilled use of weaponry and tactics. They known for their intricate
woodcarvings, often depicting animals, mythical creatures, and scenes from their
history and folklore. These carvings adorn their homes, weapons, and other
objects, showcasing their artistic talent.
The "Singkil" is a vibrant and graceful dance that tells the story of a
princess escaping from a forest. It involves two bamboo poles, and the dancers
gracefully weave in and out of them, representing the struggle and triumph of the
Moro people.

Maranao:
The Maranao are famous for their colorful textiles, especially the "Inaul," a
handwoven cloth known for its intricate geometric patterns and vibrant colors.
Their traditional houses, known as "torogan," are also renowned for their ornate
decorations and their intricate carvings.
The "Sarimanok," a mythical bird with a rooster's head and a fish's tail, is a
symbol of the Maranao people. It represents prosperity, good fortune, and the
power of nature.
"Lawani" and "Kahibal": They are known for their intricate designs, from
furniture and textiles to architecture. Their designs often incorporate geometric
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 shapes and patterns that reflect their deep connection to the natural world and
their Islamic faith.

Tausug:
The Tausug are known for their mastery of the sea. They were renowned
for their shipbuilding skills, their ability to navigate the challenging waters of the
Sulu Archipelago, and their maritime trade networks.
The Tausug are famous for their "vinta," traditional sailing boats that are
beautifully crafted and decorated. They are often adorned with colorful sails,
intricate carvings, and symbolic designs, reflecting their pride in their seafaring
heritage.
They are known for their distinct textiles. The "kaba," a rectangular cloth,
often features a unique "pis" pattern of diagonal lines, while the "pis siyabit," a
small handwoven cloth, is famous for its intricate geometric designs.

Yakan:
The Yakan are renowned for their small, handwoven cloths known as "pis
siyabit." These cloths are known for their incredible detail, intricate geometric
patterns, and vibrant colors. They developed unique weaving techniques that
create a distinctive texture and visual effect. The Yakan people have a strong
Islamic faith, which is reflected in their art, music, and social practices. Their
textiles often incorporate geometric patterns and symbolic designs that relate to
Islamic beliefs.

Other Groups:
The Samal people are also known for their seafaring traditions and their
skilled use of boats. They are known for their fishing prowess and their deep
connection to the marine environment.
There are many other Moro groups in the Philippines, each with its own
unique cultural expressions. They share a common Islamic heritage and a deep
connection to their ancestral lands, but they also have distinctive traditions and
customs.

A Tapestry of Cultures:

It's important to remember that the Moro people are a diverse group, each with
their own unique cultural expressions. Their culture is a rich tapestry of traditions,
beliefs, and artistic practices. Their resilience, their artistic talents, and their
determination to preserve their heritage make them a vibrant and fascinating part of
Philippine culture.

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Lesson 2 Interaction with Other Group in the Philippines

Interaction of Moro among Spanish Conquest and American Colonial Era

Challenges to Spanish Domination:

 Fierce Resistance: The Moro people, unlike many Filipinos in the north, were
fiercely resistant to Spanish rule. Their strong Islamic identity, well-established
sultanates, and maritime prowess allowed them to withstand Spanish attempts
at conquest for centuries.
 The "Moro Wars": The Spanish-Moro conflicts, often called "Moro Wars," were a
series of sporadic campaigns that spanned over 300 years. These conflicts were
characterized by raids, ambushes, and defensive actions by the Moro people,
who were determined to defend their independence and their unique cultural
identity.
 Seafaring Advantage: The Moro people's mastery of the sea gave them a
distinct advantage in resisting the Spanish. They were able to launch raids on
Spanish ships and settlements, often with devastating results. This led to
retaliatory actions by the Spanish, creating a cycle of violence.
 The Sultanates as a Barrier: The strong sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao
posed a major obstacle to Spanish expansion. They effectively controlled the
southern islands, and the Spanish were unable to fully subdue them, despite
numerous attempts.

The Spanish Strategy:

 Fort Santiago and Military Fortifications: The Spanish built Fort Santiago in
Manila, a major military stronghold, to control the surrounding areas and prevent
Moro raids. They also constructed other fortifications in strategic locations to
secure their control over key territories.
 Christianization Efforts: The Spanish made efforts to convert the Moro people to
Christianity, often through force or persuasion. This led to conflicts and
resistance, further deepening the divide between the Spanish and the Moro
people.
 Trade and Diplomacy: While the Spanish sought to dominate the south, they
also engaged in trade with some Moro groups. They hoped to weaken the

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 sultanates and establish a more stable relationship through trade. However, this
strategy was often undermined by the constant threat of rebellion.

The Impact of the Spanish Conquest:

 The Loss of Independence: While the Spanish were unable to fully conquer the
Moro people, their presence had a significant impact on the south. The
sultanates were weakened, their influence diminished, and their territories
gradually came under Spanish control.
 A Legacy of Tension: The Spanish-Moro conflicts left a lasting legacy of tension
and distrust. The Moro people were determined to protect their autonomy and
their cultural identity, and they continued to resist Spanish rule.
 Cultural Resilience: Despite the challenges they faced, the Moro people
maintained their cultural heritage. They continued to practice their Islamic faith,
maintain their distinct traditions, and resist efforts to assimilate them into
Spanish culture.
 A Divided Philippines: The Spanish conquest of the Philippines divided the
country into two distinct zones: the Christianized north and the largely Muslim
south. This division continues to influence the dynamics of Philippine society
today.

The End of Spanish Rule:

 The Philippine Revolution: The Moro people were involved in the Philippine
Revolution (1896-1898), which led to the overthrow of Spanish rule. However,
they continued to resist the newly formed Philippine government, seeking
greater autonomy and recognition of their unique identity.
 The American Era: The Spanish-American War in 1898 resulted in the transfer
of power from Spain to the United States. The Moro people continued to resist,
leading to the Moro Wars against the Americans (1899-1913).

The Lasting Impact:

The Spanish conquest was a pivotal period in Moro history. It led to a loss of
independence, a legacy of tension, and the struggle for self-determination that
continues to this day. However, it also forged a resilient and enduring cultural identity
for the Moro people, who have preserved their traditions and their unique Islamic
heritage.

Moros Struggles in Autonomy

Roots of the Struggle:
 A History of Resistance: The Moro people have a long history of resisting foreign
domination. From resisting the Spanish to battling the Americans, they have
fought to protect their independence and their unique cultural identity.
 The Legacy of Spanish and American Rule: The Spanish and American colonial
periods, despite introducing modernization, also solidified the power of the
Philippine state, making it difficult for the Moro people to achieve autonomy.
They argued that they had never fully accepted the authority of the Philippine
government and that their unique cultural experience deserved recognition.

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  The Desire for Self-Governance: The Moro people have always sought to
govern themselves and to protect their traditions and way of life. Their struggle
for autonomy is a deep-seated desire for self-determination and the right to
shape their own future.

The Emergence of Moro Liberation Movements:

 Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF): The MNLF, founded in 1972, was the
first major Moro liberation movement. It sought an independent state for the
Moro people, encompassing the southern islands.
 The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF): The MILF emerged in the 1990s,
advocating for a separate autonomous region in the south. It also emphasized
the Islamic identity of the Moro people and sought to create a region governed
by Islamic law.

Peace Talks and Agreements of Moro:

 A Complex Process: The Philippine government has engaged in numerous
rounds of peace talks with both the MNLF and the MILF. These talks have been
complex, marked by periods of progress and setbacks, and the pursuit of a
lasting peace has proven to be a challenging task.
 Key Agreements: Several agreements have been signed over the years,
including:
 The Tripoli Agreement (1976): An agreement between the Philippine
government and the MNLF that granted a degree of autonomy to the Moro
people.
 The Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (2012): An agreement between
the Philippine government and the MILF that laid out the framework for a new
autonomous region.
 The Bangsamoro Organic Law (2019): The law granted the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) more political and
administrative power, including the authority to manage its own resources and to
legislate on a range of issues related to governance, education, and culture.

Challenges to Autonomy:
 The Presence of Armed Groups: The Moro people have faced challenges from
within their own communities, including the presence of armed groups that have
engaged in violence and conflict. These groups often operate outside the
control of the government and the Moro liberation movements, adding
complexity to the peace process.
 Economic Inequality: The Moro people have also struggled with poverty,
economic inequality, and a lack of development in the south. These issues have
contributed to social unrest and have made it difficult to achieve a lasting peace.
 Government Resistance: The Philippine government, despite signing
agreements, has at times shown reluctance to fully implement these
agreements. This has created tension and frustration among the Moro people.

The Future of the Moro Struggle:

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  The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region: The establishment of the BARMM in
2019 represents a significant step forward in the Moro people's struggle for
autonomy. However, the implementation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law and
the challenges of building a lasting peace are ongoing.
 The Role of Dialogue and Compromise: The future of the Moro people's struggle
for autonomy will depend on the willingness of all parties to engage in dialogue,
compromise, and to address the root causes of the conflict.

Moros Peace Talks And Agreement Against The Other Group

The peace talks and agreements they've engaged in with the Philippine
government and other groups.

1. Early Attempts at Peace:

 The 1970s: The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), founded in 1972,
sought to establish an independent state for the Moro people, leading to clashes
with the Philippine government.
 The Tripoli Agreement (1976): The first major agreement was signed in Tripoli,
Libya, between the Philippine government and the MNLF. It granted a degree of
autonomy to the Moro people but fell short of full independence.
 Continued Conflict: Despite the Tripoli Agreement, conflict continued between
the MNLF and the Philippine government. This was partly due to disagreements
over the implementation of the agreement and the rise of other Moro groups, like
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).

2. The Rise of the MILF:

 New Leadership: The MILF, founded in 1980, advocated for a separate
autonomous region in the south, emphasizing the Islamic identity of the Moro
people. They sought a region governed by Islamic law.
 Renewed Negotiations: The Philippine government engaged in negotiations
with both the MNLF and the MILF, seeking a lasting peace agreement that
addressed the Moro people's grievances.

3. The Framework Agreement and the Bangsamoro Organic Law:

 The Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (2012): This agreement
between the Philippine government and the MILF laid out the framework for a
new autonomous region called the Bangsamoro. It promised greater political
and administrative power for the Bangsamoro, including the right to manage its
own resources and to legislate on a range of issues.
 The Bangsamoro Organic Law (2019): The law, passed by the Philippine
Congress, implemented the Framework Agreement. It created the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) and granted it more
autonomy than previous regions.

4. Challenges and Setbacks:

 Continued Violence: The peace process has been challenged by ongoing
violence in the south, perpetrated by various armed groups, including factions
within the MNLF and MILF that have refused to accept peace agreements.
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  Government Resistance: The Philippine government, despite signing
agreements, has at times shown reluctance to fully implement them, leading to
tension and frustration among the Moro people.
 Implementation Challenges: The implementation of the Bangsamoro Organic
Law has also faced challenges, including disputes over the sharing of resources
and the powers of the BARMM government.

5. The Role of Dialogue and Compromise:

 The Importance of Collaboration: The success of the peace process depends
on the willingness of all parties – the Philippine government, the Moro liberation
movements, and other stakeholders – to engage in dialogue, compromise, and
to address the root causes of the conflict.
 The Need for Trust: Building trust between the parties is essential to achieving a
lasting peace. This requires a commitment to fulfilling past agreements,
addressing the grievances of the Moro people, and ensuring a fair and equitable
sharing of power and resources.

6. The Path Forward:

 Building Institutions: Strengthening the institutions of the BARMM and providing
the region with the resources and support it needs to function effectively is vital
for the success of the peace process.
 Addressing Root Causes: Addressing the underlying causes of the conflict,
such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination, is essential to creating a lasting
peace.
 A Shared Future: The future of the Moro people's struggle for autonomy lies in
the ability of all parties to work together, to build trust, and to create a shared
vision for a more just and equitable future in the south.

The Moro peace talks and agreements are a complex and challenging process. There
are no easy answers, and progress is often slow and uneven. However, the pursuit of a
lasting peace for the Moro people is a vital goal for the Philippines, and it is one that
requires ongoing dialogue, compromise, and a commitment to a shared future.

Lesson 3 Cultural Expression of Moro

The Moro people's cultural expressions is rich and vibrant tapestry woven from
their history, beliefs, and environment.

1. Textiles:
 A Symphony of Colors and Patterns: Moro textiles are renowned for their
intricate designs, vibrant colors, and symbolic meanings. Each group has its own
unique traditions and techniques, creating a diverse array of styles.
 "Inaul" (Maranao): This handwoven cloth features intricate geometric designs,
often depicting animals, plants, and symbols related to their beliefs. The colors,
like deep blues, reds, and yellows, are derived from natural dyes.

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  "Kaba" (Tausug): This rectangular cloth, often used as a wrap or a shawl,
showcases a distinctive "pis" pattern – a series of diagonal lines that create a
striking visual effect.
 "Pis siyabit" (Yakan): The Yakan are known for their intricate "pis siyabit," small
handwoven cloths that are incredibly detailed. They feature geometric designs in
vibrant colors and are often used as decorative elements or gifts.

2. Music and Dance:

 The Rhythms of Life: Moro music and dance are a vibrant expression of their
culture, rooted in both ancient traditions and Islamic influences.
 Percussion Instruments: The Moro people use a variety of percussion
instruments, like the "kulintang" (a set of bronze gongs), the "gabbang" (a
xylophone-like instrument), and the "kudyapi" (a stringed instrument similar to a
lute). These instruments create complex rhythms and create a lively and
energetic soundscape.
 Melodies and Rhythms: Moro music is characterized by its distinctive melodies
and rhythmic patterns. The use of scales and intervals found in Islamic music
adds a unique dimension to their music.
 Dance: Moro dances often tell stories, celebrate important events, and express
their beliefs and values. The "Singkil," a dance of the Maguindanao, is a
beautiful example of this storytelling tradition. It involves two bamboo poles, and
the dancers gracefully weave in and out of them, representing the struggle and
triumph of the Moro people.

3. Language:
 A Tapestry of Tongues: The Moro people speak a variety of languages,
primarily Austronesian languages, which are related to languages spoken in
other parts of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Each group has its own distinct
language, further highlighting their cultural diversity.
 Arabic Script: The Moro people also use Arabic script for writing, reflecting the
influence of Islam. However, they have adapted the Arabic alphabet to their own
languages, creating their own unique writing systems.
 Oral Tradition: The Moro people have a rich oral tradition that preserves their
history, myths, and cultural knowledge. Stories are passed down through
generations, ensuring the continuity of their traditions.

4. Social Structures:
 Strong Family Ties: Family plays a central role in Moro society. The extended
family is a source of support, security, and guidance, and they uphold strong
traditions of respect for elders.
 Kinship Systems: The Moro people have complex kinship systems that extend
beyond immediate family, encompassing relatives, friends, and community
members. These systems provide a network of social support and define roles
and responsibilities within the community.

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  Hierarchical Structure: Moro society is also characterized by a hierarchical
structure based on lineage, wealth, and status. The leaders of the community,
often from prominent families, hold a position of authority and influence.

5. Religious Expression:
 Islamic Faith: Islam is the dominant religion of the Moro people, and it
permeates many aspects of their culture, including their art, music, law, and
social customs.
 The Role of the Mosque: The mosque is a central gathering place for the Moro
people. It serves as a place of worship, a center for learning, and a focal point
for community gatherings and celebrations.
 Observance of Islamic Traditions: The Moro people observe Islamic traditions
like prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage. These practices are interwoven with their
cultural traditions, creating a unique blend of Islamic beliefs and indigenous
practices.

A Blend of Influences:

The Moro people's cultural expressions are a blend of their indigenous traditions, the
influences of the Malay world, and the adoption of Islam. This unique mix of cultural
influences is a testament to their resilience, their adaptability, and their ability to create a
vibrant and distinct cultural identity.

Lesson 4 Challenge of the Present

The Moro people face a number of challenges in the present day, stemming from
their long history of conflict and the complex dynamics of their relationship with the
Philippine government. Let's take a look at some of the key challenges:

1. Ongoing Conflict and Violence:

 Armed Groups: The south of the Philippines is still plagued by conflict, with
various armed groups operating in the region. These groups include factions
within the MNLF and MILF that have refused to accept peace agreements, as
well as other groups with their own agendas.
 The Impact of Violence: This ongoing violence has resulted in loss of life,
displacement, and a climate of fear in many communities. It also hampers
economic development and hinders the ability of the Moro people to rebuild their
lives.

2. Poverty and Inequality:

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  Economic Disparities: The Moro people face significant economic challenges.
The south is generally poorer than the rest of the Philippines, with high levels of
poverty, unemployment, and limited access to basic services.
 Lack of Development: There has been a historical lack of investment in
infrastructure, education, and healthcare in the south, which has contributed to
the economic disparities between the Moro people and other Filipinos.

3. The Challenge of Integration:

 Cultural Differences: The Moro people have a distinct cultural identity, and they
often face discrimination and prejudice from other Filipinos. Their Islamic faith
and their unique traditions can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and a
sense of being marginalized.
 The Need for Inclusion: The challenge of integration lies in finding ways to
bridge cultural differences, to promote understanding and respect, and to ensure
that the Moro people are fully included in the fabric of Philippine society.

4. The Struggle for Autonomy:

 The Bangsamoro Organic Law (2019): The passage of this law created the
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), granting it
more political and administrative power.
 Implementation Challenges: The implementation of the Bangsamoro Organic
Law has faced challenges, including disputes over the sharing of resources and
the powers of the BARMM government.
 Building Trust: The success of the BARMM and the pursuit of lasting peace will
depend on the ability of all parties – the Philippine government, the Moro
liberation movements, and other stakeholders – to build trust, engage in
dialogue, and to address the underlying causes of the conflict.

5. The Need for Sustainable Development:

 Investing in the Future: Economic development is essential for the Moro people
to improve their quality of life and to create a more stable and prosperous future.
- Investing in Education: Investing in education is key to breaking the cycle of poverty
and to empowering the Moro people to participate fully in Philippine society.
- Protecting Cultural Heritage: It is vital to protect the cultural heritage of the Moro
people, to preserve their traditions, and to ensure that their unique identity is recognized
and celebrated.

Facing the Challenges:

The challenges facing the Moro people are complex and multifaceted. They require a
multifaceted approach that addresses the issues of poverty, inequality, conflict, and the
need for greater autonomy and self-determination. The future of the Moro people
depends on the ability of all parties to work together, to build trust, and to create a more
just and equitable future for the south.

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