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    Desiccant Dehumidification

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    The document discusses desiccant cooling systems and technologies for dehumidification. It describes different types of desiccants and dehumidification methods, including liquid desiccant systems using solutions like lithium chloride and lithium bromide. The document also compares liquid and solid desiccant systems and discusses hybrid desiccant cooling systems that combine desiccant dehumidification with sensible cooling technologies.

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    Desiccant Dehumidification

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    jb_mitm
    166 views30 pages
    The document discusses desiccant cooling systems and technologies for dehumidification. It describes different types of desiccants and dehumidification methods, including liquid desiccant systems using solutions like lithium chloride and lithium bromide. The document also compares liquid and solid desiccant systems and discusses hybrid desiccant cooling systems that combine desiccant dehumidification with sensible cooling technologies.

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    The document discusses desiccant cooling systems and technologies for dehumidification. It describes different types of desiccants and dehumidification methods, including liquid desiccant systems using solutions like lithium chloride and lithium bromide. The document also compares liquid and solid desiccant systems and discusses hybrid desiccant cooling systems that combine desiccant dehumidification with sensible cooling technologies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    166 views30 pages

    Desiccant Dehumidification

    Uploaded by

    jb_mitm
    The document discusses desiccant cooling systems and technologies for dehumidification. It describes different types of desiccants and dehumidification methods, including liquid desiccant systems using solutions like lithium chloride and lithium bromide. The document also compares liquid and solid desiccant systems and discusses hybrid desiccant cooling systems that combine desiccant dehumidification with sensible cooling technologies.

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    of 30

    Desiccants for Dehumidification and Cooling

    Sanjeev Jain, MASHRAE


    Professor of Mechanical Engineering

    Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

    Comfort Cooling Options


    Vapour Compression Cooling Systems (VCS)
    Quite effective & Reliable, highly energy intensive, requires skilled maintenance, Environmental issues - ODP/ GWP

    Vapour Absorption Cooling systems (VAS)


    Utilizes waste heat/ low grade energy, skilled maintenance, little bulky, Ecofriendly

    Evaporative Cooling Systems


    Simple, low initial and operating costs, low maintenance, ineffective during humid conditions, Cannot go below wet bulb temperature (WBT) of air Used in hot and dry climates & for precooling of ventilation air

    Desiccant Cooling Systems


    Hybrid Systems

    Dehumidification Methodologies
    Compression (Drying) and Cooling
    Reduces capacity of air to hold moisture, Suitable for pressure systems such as instrument air, Produces 100% RH at elevated pressure, too expensive for large volumes at atm. pressure

    Refrigeration below dew point


    Suitable for dew points above 50C and comparatively warm, high moisture content air (else defrosting/ anti-icing/ brine required)

    Desiccation
    Removal of moisture due to vapor pressure difference, Suitable for low dew points, large latent loads, Used extensively in drying

    What are Desiccants?


    Adsorb water on surface or chemical absorption
    Remove heat of sorption (~ 25% more than latent heat) and regenerator heat dumpback

    Liquid Absorbents
    Glycols e.g. Propylene Glycol and TEG, Lithium Chloride, Lithium Bromide, Calcium Chloride etc. and their mixtures Vapor pressure a function of Temperature and Concentration [Operating ranges : 45-60% LiBr, 30-45% LiCl, 40-45% CaCl2, 90-98% TEG]

    Solid Adsorbents
    Silica Gel, Molecular Sieves, Activated Alumina, Activated Charcoal/ Carbon, Natural Zeolites, Synthetic polymers (PSSASS), Metal SilicatesTitanium Silicate

    Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier

    Liquid Desiccant Equipments


    Packed Bed Towers
    Random and Structured packings (Rigid Media cellulose pads) Compact, efficient but higher pressure drops and higher desiccant flow rates

    Spray Towers
    Cooling Coils Simple, low cost

    Wetted Wall Columns


    Shell & Tube type, Plates High Contact area per unit volume and low pressure drops

    Types of Absorber and Regenerator


    Liquid Desiccantin

    Airout Liquid Desiccantout


    Air out

    Liquid Desiccantin

    Spraying Nozzle

    Waterout

    Airout

    Packing

    Waterin

    Liquid Desiccantout

    Air in

    Airin

    Liquid Desiccantout

    Liquid Desiccant out

    Airin

    Packed Bed Tower

    Falling Film Tower

    Spray Tower

    Zero Carry Over Test-Rig

    Measures of Tower Performance


    Ullah et al. (1986) introduced the widely popular term dehumidification effectiveness or moisture effectiveness.

    AlMutairi (2000) introduced effectiveness of the regenerator based on its end use.

    Stevens (1988) introduced enthalpy effectiveness in order to predict combined effect of heat and mass transfer between desiccant and air.

    Ullah et al. (1988)

    Chung et al. (1994)

    Comparative Assessment of Liquid Desiccant Solutions


    Property @ 250 /750C Vapor Pressure (psol) Density (sol) Viscosity (sol) Specific Heat (Cp, sol) Surface Tension (sol) Thermal Conductivity (Ksol) Cost Aqueous Solution of Inorganic Salts Unit LiCl 40% by weight 0.593/9.379 Conde (2003) 1251/1224 Conde (2003) 8.33/2.90 Conde (2003) 2.692/2.874 Conde (2003) 95.8/90 Conde (2003) 0.53/0.59 Conde (2003) 1860 LiBr 60% by weight 0.265/4.779 Yuan & Herold (2005) 1716/1684 Yuan & Herold (2005) 7.4/2.8 Yuan & Herold (2005) 1.876/1.946 Yuan & Herold (2005) 94.5/89.4 Yao et al. (1991) 0.41/0.45 Yuan & Herold (2005) 2340 CaCl2 45% by weight 0.952/14.707 Conde (2003) 1445/1413 Conde (2003) 14.0/4.81 Conde (2003) 2.269/2.503 Conde (2003) 96.5/91.3 Conde (2003) 0.54/0.60 Conde (2003) 160 Organic Solution TEG 95% by weight 0.528/9.355 Dow (2005) 1118/1079 Dow (2005) 54/6.5 Dow (2005) 2.27/2.549 Dow (2005) 45.55/43.7 Wu et al. (2001) 0.25/0.22 Dow (2005) 250

    kPa

    kg/m3 Ns/m2 *10-3 kJ/kg 0C N/m *10-3 W/m


    0C

    Rs/kg

    Rotary Desiccant Wheel

    Desiccant Cooling Technology


    Augmenting evaporative cooling for humid climates
    Dehumidify air - Desiccants Sensible Cooling - Series of Heat Exchangers, Indirect Evaporative Coolers

    Types
    Solid Desiccant systems - Silica Gel, Molecular Sieves ... Liquid Desiccant systems - TEG, LiCl, LiBr, CaCl2 ... Hybrid Desiccant systems - Integrate with VAS or VCS

    Why Desiccant Cooling?


    Eco-friendly High grade Energy savings & Low Maintenance
    Can save upto 25% energy for humid climates Atmospheric operation Use waste heat/ renewable energy sources e.g. Solar energy

    Better Indoor Air Quality


    Allows more fresh air and disinfects air

    Applications
    Large latent loads and low humidity requirements e.g. Hotels, supermarkets, auditoriums, ice rinks, pools, Ventilation air etc.

    A liquid desiccant system

    Cycle on Psychometric Chart

    SPECIFIC HUMIDITY

    OA

    1 5 4 ROOM 2 3

    DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

    A Solid Desiccant Cooling System

    Ventilation Cycle - Schematic


    Outside air
    Supply Air

    3 Sensible Heat Exchanger

    EC

    W H E E L

    HTR EC
    Return Air

    Q heat

    Recirculation Mode
    Return Air T=20C RH=80% w= 10.9kg/kg
    1

    W=3.64g/kg T=60C
    2 3

    Supply Air
    EC
    4

    W H E E L

    Sensible Heat Exchanger =0.8

    HTR

    T T = 2 3 T T 2 6

    EC

    Q heat

    T5 T6 = T5 WBT 5

    A Typical Liquid Desiccant Cycle


    DS 8 AIR OUT REGENERATOR REGENERATOR ABSORBER ABSORBER 2 CS HE ROOM 3 4 EC EC WATER OUT 5

    HE

    L H E

    WATER IN 1

    OUTSIDE AIR 6

    6 CS DS

    Comparative Assessment
    Liquid Systems
    Lower pressure drop Simultaneous cooling during dehumidification Thermodynamically better Single regenerator for multiple conditioners Flexibility in locations of conditioner and regenerator Problems of Corrosion (Glycols non corrosive), Carryover of solution into the air stream and Crystallization of salt

    Solid systems
    Compact - better for low capacity units Free from corrosion and carryover problems

    Hybrid Desiccant Cooling Systems


    Desiccant dehumidifiers (Solid or Liquid) Latent Loads VCS/ VAS Sensible Loads Condenser heat for regeneration

    Hybrid Liquid desiccant System

    Spray Type Dehumidifier

    Hybrid Solid Desiccant System

    Various Modes of Operation

    Processes on Psychrometric Chart

    Thank you for your kind attention

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