Rac MP

Walchand College of Engineering
Sangli
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Year-2023-2024
T.Y. Mechanical
Microproject Report on
Co2 Refrigeration System

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education
Certificate
This is to certify that Roll no.210,224,245 & 252 of Sixth Semester of

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Institute Walchand College of
Engineering (0009) has completed the microproject Co2
Refrigeration System satisfactorily in course Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning for the academic year 2023-2024 as prescribed in the
curriculum.
Place: Sangli
Enrollment No. & Name
2100090044- Kshitij Sawant (210)
2100090057- Vinayak Gove (224)
2100090079- Ashish Bhosale (245)
2100090086- Swaraj Tawade (252)
Under Gudiance of H.O.D. & Vice Principal

Mr. A.V. Kamble Mr. A.V. Kamble
INTRODUCTION
The utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant represents a significant

advancement in the pursuit of sustainable and environmentally friendly cooling
solutions. Unlike traditional refrigerants with high global warming potential,
CO2 stands out as a naturally occurring and abundant gas that poses minimal
harm to the environment. One of its key advantages lies in its impeccable
thermodynamic properties, with a critical point situated within a moderate
temperature and pressure range, making it highly efficient for heat transfer in
various applications. CO2 refrigeration systems have gained prominence in
commercial refrigeration, finding application in supermarkets and convenience
stores for both medium- and low-temperature cooling needs. Moreover,
industries such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, and cold storage have
embraced CO2 due to its energy efficiency and sustainability. The safety profile
of CO2, being non-toxic and non-flammable under standard operating
conditions, further enhances its appeal. As the refrigeration industry continues
to grapple with the environmental impact of synthetic refrigerants, CO2
emerges as a promising and adaptable solution, offering a glimpse into a future
where cooling technologies align with ecological responsibility.
The Road Ahead: A Sustainable Future with CO2:
As we embark on this journey into the realm of CO2 refrigeration systems, it

becomes evident that the integration of this eco-friendly refrigerant is not
merely a technological choice but a commitment to a sustainable future. This
introduction sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the design, operation,
and benefits of CO2 refrigeration systems, offering a glimpse into the
transformative potential of sustainable refrigeration practices. In subsequent
sections, we will delve into the intricacies of CO2-based technologies,
unraveling the layers of innovation that underpin this sustainable refrigeration
revolution.
Working
The working of a CO2 refrigeration system involves a series of steps that
collectively facilitate the transfer of heat, compression, and expansion of CO2
gas to achieve the desired cooling effect. Below is a step-by-step overview of
how a typical transcritical CO2 refrigeration system operates:
1) Compression:
The process begins with the compression of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) in
the compressor. The compressor increases the pressure and temperature of
the CO2 gas.
2) High-Pressure Gas:
The compressed CO2 becomes a high-pressure, high-temperature gas.
3) Heat Rejection in Gas Cooler:
The high-pressure CO2 gas is then directed to a gas cooler (also known as a
gas/air cooler or gas cooler). In the gas cooler, the gas releases heat to the
surroundings, allowing it to cool and partially condense.
4) Subcritical and Transcritical Phases:
The CO2 undergoes a transition from a supercritical to a transcritical state. In
transcritical operation, the CO2 gas experiences both subcritical (liquid and gas
coexist) and transcritical (only gas) phases.
5) Expansion Valve:
The partially condensed and high-pressure CO2 is then expanded through an
expansion valve. The expansion valve reduces the pressure and temperature of
the CO2, causing it to undergo a phase change.
6) Two-Phase Mixture:
The CO2 transitions into a two-phase mixture of liquid and gas. This mixture is
then sent to the evaporator.
7) Evaporation:
In the evaporator, the low-pressure liquid-gas mixture absorbs heat from the
surroundings (refrigerated space or a heat source). This absorption of heat
causes the CO2 to evaporate, turning into a low-pressure gas.
8) Low-Pressure Gas:
The low-pressure CO2 gas returns to the compressor to restart the cycle.
9) Return to Compression:
The low-pressure gas is compressed again in the compressor, initiating a new
cycle of heat absorption, compression, and heat rejection.
Refrigeration Cycle:
 Subcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:
 The subcritical cycle operates below the critical point of CO2, where the
refrigerant exists in both liquid and vapor phases.
 The basic components of a subcritical CO2 system include a compressor,
condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.
 The cycle starts with the compressor, which compresses the low-
pressure CO2 vapor into a high-pressure gas.
 The high-pressure gas then passes through the condenser, where it
releases heat to the surroundings and becomes a high-pressure liquid.
 The high-pressure liquid undergoes expansion through an expansion
valve, leading to a decrease in pressure and temperature.
 The low-pressure liquid-vapor mixture enters the evaporator, where it
absorbs heat from the surroundings and evaporates into a low-pressure
vapor.
 The cycle then repeats as the low-pressure vapor returns to the
compressor.
 Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:
 The transcritical cycle operates above the critical point of CO2, where
there is no clear distinction between the liquid and vapor phases.
 In this cycle, the CO2 undergoes both subcritical and supercritical
processes.
 The transcritical cycle includes a gas cooler in addition to the basic
components found in the subcritical cycle.
 The gas cooler is used to reject heat from the transcritical cycle when the
CO2 is in the supercritical state.
 The basic process is similar to the subcritical cycle, but the high-pressure
gas leaving the compressor experiences a supercritical state in the gas
cooler before entering the condenser.
 Subcritical Refrigeration Cycle
Advantages of Subcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:
 Lower System Pressures: Subcritical cycles operate at lower pressures

compared to transcritical cycles. This can result in reduced stress on
system components, potentially leading to lower equipment costs and
improved reliability.
 Easier System Design: Subcritical cycles are generally easier to design and
control than transcritical cycles. The equipment used in subcritical
systems is more conventional, making it easier to find components and
design systems for various applications.
 Wider Operating Range: Subcritical cycles may be suitable for a wider

range of operating conditions, making them more versatile in different
climate zones and applications.
 Higher Efficiency at Low Temperatures: Subcritical cycles can be more

energy-efficient than transcritical cycles at lower temperatures, making
them suitable for applications requiring low-temperature refrigeration.
Disadvantages of Subcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:
 Limited Efficiency at Higher Temperatures: Subcritical cycles may have

lower efficiency at higher temperatures compared to transcritical cycles.
This limitation can affect their performance in applications where high
ambient temperatures are common.
 Environmental Impact: While CO2 is considered environmentally friendly

compared to some traditional refrigerants, subcritical cycles may still
have a higher global warming potential (GWP) than transcritical cycles.
 Transcriticle Refrigeration Cycle
Advantages of Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:
 Higher Efficiency at Higher Temperatures: Transcritical cycles can be

more efficient than subcritical cycles at higher ambient temperatures.
This makes them suitable for applications in warmer climates.
 Reduced Environmental Impact: Transcritical cycles often use the

supercritical state of CO2, which can result in a lower overall refrigerant
charge and, consequently, a reduced environmental impact.
 Applicability in High Ambient Conditions: Transcritical cycles are often

preferred in applications with high ambient temperatures, where they
can provide better performance compared to subcritical cycles.
Disadvantages of Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:
 Higher System Pressures: Transcritical cycles operate at higher pressures,

which can increase the cost and complexity of system components.
Specialized and more robust equipment may be required to handle these
higher pressures.
 Complex System Design: Transcritical cycles involve more complex

system designs, including the addition of a gas cooler to handle the
supercritical state. This complexity can lead to higher installation and
maintenance costs.
 Reduced Efficiency at Low Temperatures: Transcritical cycles may not be

as efficient as subcritical cycles at lower temperatures. This can limit
their effectiveness in applications requiring low-temperature
refrigeration.
 Co2 as a Refrigerant
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has gained attention as a refrigerant due to its
environmentally friendly properties and its potential to replace
traditional synthetic refrigerants with high global warming potential
(GWP). Here's some information on CO2 as a refrigerant:
 Environmental Benefits:
Low GWP: CO2 has a very low GWP compared to many other
refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning
systems. This makes it an attractive option for industries seeking to
reduce their environmental impact and comply with regulations aimed at
phasing out high-GWP refrigerants.
Thermodynamic Properties:
Efficient Heat Transfer: CO2 has good heat transfer properties, allowing
for efficient cooling and heating processes. Its thermodynamic
characteristics make it suitable for a range of applications, including
commercial refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps.
Phase Transitions:
Transcritical and Subcritical Phases: CO2 can exist in both subcritical and
transcritical phases, allowing for flexibility in system design. Subcritical
cycles operate below the critical point, while transcritical cycles include
the supercritical phase, providing options for various temperature and
pressure requirements.
System Types:
Subcritical CO2 Systems: These systems are similar to traditional vapor

compression cycles and are commonly used for low-temperature
applications, such as commercial refrigeration.
Transcritical CO2 Systems: These systems include a gas cooler to handle

the supercritical phase, making them suitable for higher-temperature
applications and climates.
Challenges:
Higher Pressures: CO2 operates at higher pressures than some
traditional refrigerants, requiring robust and specialized components to
handle these conditions.
System Complexity: Transcritical systems, in particular, can be more
complex due to the inclusion of a gas cooler. This complexity can lead to
increased installation and maintenance costs.
 Applications:
 Commercial Refrigeration: CO2 is commonly used in supermarkets

for refrigeration applications due to its efficiency and low
environmental impact.
 Heat Pumps: CO2 heat pump systems can provide both heating
and cooling, making them versatile for residential and commercial
applications.
1) Regulatory Considerations:
 Regulatory Support: The use of CO2 aligns with global efforts to

reduce the environmental impact of refrigeration systems.
Regulatory frameworks in various regions encourage the adoption
of low-GWP refrigerants, further supporting the use of CO2.
Conclusion
The CO2 refrigeration cycle stands as a promising and environmentally

conscious solution for diverse cooling applications. Leveraging carbon dioxide
as a refrigerant offers distinct advantages, primarily in its low global warming
potential and favorable thermodynamic properties. The choice between
subcritical and transcritical configurations depends on specific application
needs. Subcritical cycles, with lower operating pressures, offer simplicity and
reliability, particularly in low-temperature applications. On the other hand,
transcritical cycles exhibit enhanced efficiency in high-temperature conditions,
showcasing versatility in warmer climates. However, challenges such as higher
pressures and increased system complexity accompany transcritical cycles.
Overall, the CO2 refrigeration cycle aligns with sustainability goals and
technological advancements, emphasizing the need for a careful consideration
of system requirements to optimize its benefits in diverse refrigeration
scenarios.
References
I. IR International Dictionary of
Refrigeration, http://dictionary.iifiir.org/search.php
II. https://www.wikipedia.org/
III. https://hvacinsider.com/demystifying-co2-refrigeration/
IV. CO2 Refrigeration Cycle and Systems, Xin-Rong Zhang, Trygve Magne
Eikevik

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Walchand College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Co2 Refrigeration System

This is to certify that Roll no.210,224,245 & 252 of Sixth Semester of

Under Gudiance of H.O.D. & Vice Principal

The utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant represents a significant

The Road Ahead: A Sustainable Future with CO2:

As we embark on this journey into the realm of CO2 refrigeration systems, it

 Subcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:

 Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:

Advantages of Subcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:

 Lower System Pressures: Subcritical cycles operate at lower pressures

 Wider Operating Range: Subcritical cycles may be suitable for a wider

 Higher Efficiency at Low Temperatures: Subcritical cycles can be more

Disadvantages of Subcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:

 Limited Efficiency at Higher Temperatures: Subcritical cycles may have

 Environmental Impact: While CO2 is considered environmentally friendly

Advantages of Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:

 Higher Efficiency at Higher Temperatures: Transcritical cycles can be

 Reduced Environmental Impact: Transcritical cycles often use the

 Applicability in High Ambient Conditions: Transcritical cycles are often

Disadvantages of Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration Cycle:

 Higher System Pressures: Transcritical cycles operate at higher pressures,

 Complex System Design: Transcritical cycles involve more complex

 Reduced Efficiency at Low Temperatures: Transcritical cycles may not be

Subcritical CO2 Systems: These systems are similar to traditional vapor

Transcritical CO2 Systems: These systems include a gas cooler to handle

 Commercial Refrigeration: CO2 is commonly used in supermarkets

 Regulatory Support: The use of CO2 aligns with global efforts to

The CO2 refrigeration cycle stands as a promising and environmentally

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