Exercise4 Muscles

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Exercise 4
Muscle Tissues
Muscles are organs whose main task is the conversion of chemical energy. In muscle tissue the cells are called
fibers and arc composed of elongated cells in which the property of contractility is highly developed. Only a small
amount of intercellular substance is present in muscles, except that it is
intermingled with connective cells and fibers. The nucleus of each fiber is well-defined. The cytoplasm stains red
with eosin and contains myofibrils made up of contractile proteins that run parallel to the long access of the cell, and
the fiber (cell) is surrounded by a limiting membrane, the sarcolemma. There are three basic types of muscles and
each win be described below.
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to distinguish muscle from other tissues. e.g., connective tissue.
2. To distinguish between the three types of muscles.
3. To identify connective tissue arrangements of skeletal muscle.
II. PREPARED SLIDES:
Mammal Skeletal Muscle, teased Cardiac Muscle Any Digestive Tube

Mammal Smooth Muscle Heart Any Digestive Tube
Tongue Urinary Bladder Other muscular organs
III. PROCEDURE: PROCEDURE: Examine the three types of muscles as described below. Label each of the
muscle types as specified after the description.
A. Skeletal Voluntary Striated/Striped Muscles

These muscles are attached to the bones. This type is characterized by the presence of numerous parallel
banding or cross-striations, a feature which it shares with the cardiac muscles. These striations are caused by
the fact that the cell contains numerous thick bundles of myofibrils which in turn are made of myofilaments.
Each myofibril is composed of a succession of bands with different refractive indices. The A-band, consisting
of myosin, appear dark that alternate with light or I — bands which contain actin. Fibers, are much longer and
much greater in diameter than are smooth muscle fibers. Each fiber is multinucleated with no cell boundaries
separating then; nuclei are slender ovoid or elongated. The fiber, therefore, is called a syncytium. The fibers
that compose a muscle are gathered in fascicles or bundles. Each fasciculus is covered by the perimysium
while surrounding the bundle is the epimysium. Between muscle fibers are numerous capillaries which are
present in the endomysium which surrounds them. Fibocytes may be seen in the endomysium.
Locate and label the following: nuclei, A-bands, blood vessels, fibroblasts/fibrocytes, and I-bands.
B. Smooth/ Involuntary Muscles

This type is composed of cells or fibers that are spindle-shaped with an elongated or ovoid nucleus
centrally located. The fibers lack cross striations and are commonly arranged in sheets. These muscles
constitute one or more layers of walls of tubes and certain hollow structures in the body, such as blood vessels
(except capillaries) tubes conducting air into and out of the lungs, the, urinary bladder and gall bladder and all
regions of the alimentary tract except its beginning where striated muscles are present. Small amounts of
connective tissue envelop the muscles fibers. Larger amounts occur between the two layers of muscle and
around blood vessels.
Locate the following: smooth muscle fibers, bundle of smooth muscles, nuclei, blood vessels, fibroblast in the
connective tissue.
C. Cardiac Muscles
This type of muscle is not entirely confined to the heart. It is also normally in the walls of the pulmonary
vein and superior vena cava. It has the ability to contract rhythmically and continuously.
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Cross striations are dearly seen in those fibers sectioned longitudinally. Furthermore, fibers are
crossed every so often by unique, darkly-staining bands appearing as steplike formations and there are called
intercalated disks. These represent in the interdigitating ends of cardiac muscle cell. The nuclei are centrally
located. Fibers branch and anastomose extensively leaving slit-like spaces between them which contain
endomysium that carries capillaries and lymphatics close to the muscle fibers.
Locate: cardiac muscle fibers, nucleus, intercalated disks, fibroblasts in the endomysium and blood
vessels.
IV. Questions: Write your answers on a separate bond paper.

1. Why do smooth muscle fibers in cross section have different diameters and why do some of these fails to
show nuclei?
2. Are myofibrils or sarcomeres present in smooth muscle fibers?
3. Mention five (5) disorders affecting muscle tissues.
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II. PREPARED SLIDES:

Mammal Skeletal Muscle, teased Cardiac Muscle Any Digestive Tube

A. Skeletal Voluntary Striated/Striped Muscles

B. Smooth/ Involuntary Muscles

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IV. Questions: Write your answers on a separate bond paper.

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