Q1 CLPW reviewer ✿

jolei

LITERATURE - general features / characteristics of the

background genre style.
✦ latin: “literatura / litteratura” - a specific literary trend.
- learning, writing, grammar. - literature as an art form.
✦ originally from: “litera / littera” - art as a whole.
- writing formed with letters.
“literature is a mirror of life and society.”
definition
• collection of written work. two major forms of literature
- used more narrowly for writings considered prose
to be an art form. • novels, novellas, and short stories.
• traditionally defined as a body of written works • characterized by ordinary syntax contained in
associated with imaginative and creative works of complete sentences.
poetry and prose. • whether in a lengthy novel or a brief story, it
- can be classified into a variety of systems. generally conveys a complete narrative.
ex. language, national origin, • categories:
historical period, genre, and subject 1. non-fiction
matter. - author’s opinion and facts.
• has expanded to include oral literature, much of - aims to perform and persuade.
which has been transcribed. ex. articles, magazines,
newspapers, etc.
literary text 2. fiction
• products of written literature. - created from the imagination.
• can be considered literary if it has the elements of - not facts, but can be based on a
psychological characterization and chronology. true story or situation.
• literature uses literary devices such as metaphor ex. novels, short stories,
and symbolism. novellas.
• characteristics: poetry
1. narrates a story. • greater focus on language and rhythm and
2. expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas less focus on narrative.
based on the author’s or other people’s • often far more abstract than prose.
imagination or real-life experiences. • more emphasis on the aesthetics of language.
3. delivers significant information and crosses • shorter than novels and stories, yet some can
boundaries of time, places, cultures, and span hundreds of pages.
languages. ex. “Cantos” – Ezra Pound (long)
• categories:
literary structure 1. drama
• literature contains specific structures referring to - literature represented through
the organizational method. performance (a play).
• the most common type is the narrative. - performed by actors on stage.
- parts of the narrative structure / plot: - more reliant on dialogue.
- exposition, rising action, climax, - interpreted by a director, acted by
falling action, and resolution. actors, viewed by an audience.
• in a much broader context, literary structure is not
only limited to content and form.
• may also refer to:
 2. folk tale / folktale
• a tale or story originating from a group of people
and becoming part of an oral tradition.
• taken as fiction and enjoyed by its hearers.
• characters – humans, animals, or plants.
ex. Si Pilandok at ang mga Buwaya,
Si Pilandok, ang Bantay ng Kalikasan.

3. folk song
INTRODUCTION TO PH LITERATURE • mirrored the early forms of culture.
genre • manifests the artistic feelings of the filipinos.
• forms of literature. - innate appreciation for love and beauty.
• can be prose or poetry. ex. Leron-Leron Sinta, Dandansoy, Sarong
• most general genres in literature: Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing.
- epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative
non-fiction (loose chronological order). 4. epic
- can be applied to any type of • highest point of development of philippine folk
literature. culture.
ex. movies, etc. • recounts the adventures of tribal heroes.
• transmitted through oral tradition using a select
literary elements group of singers and chanters.
• particular identifiable characteristics of a whole ex. Biag ni Lam-ang & Ibalon – Bicol region
text. Hudhud – Ifugaos
• common elements of a story: Hinilawod – Sulod people of Central
- setting, character, conflict, theme, point of Panay Island
view, and plot. Darangen – Maranao people of Lake
- elements of a plot: exposition, rising Lanao
action, climax, falling action, and
resolution or denouement. spanish period
• essential elements of poetry: • baybayin (first filipino alphabet) > replaced by the
1. form roman alphabet.
2. imagery • the teachings of the Christian Doctrine became
3. rhythm the basis of religious practices.
4. sound • european legends and traditions from here
• traditions – specific traits of literary works that became included in our songs.
define a historical generation or period. - corrido: a poem narrating historical or
legendary events, forming a ballad.
GEOGRAPHIC, LINGUISTIC, & ETHNIC - moro-moro: a folk drama based on the
DIMENSIONS OF PH LITERARY HISTORY battles between christians and the muslim
pre-spanish literature moros in the PH.
1. myth
• a traditional story, concerning the early history of 1. recreational plays
people or explaining a natural / social phenomenon. • many were performed by filipinos at the time.
- typically involves supernatural beings or - almost all were in a poetic form.
events. • examples:
✦ mythology – collection / study of myths. a. cenaculo: stage re-enactment of Christ’s
passion and death.
 b. panunuluyan: a dramatization of the search the american regime (1898 – 1944)
for shelter by Mary and Joseph before the • tagalog writers continued in their lamentations on
birth of Jesus. the conditions of the country.
c. zarzuela: a play carried through an - attempting to arouse love for one’s native
alternating combination of song and tongue.
speech, often about filo romance and social • english writers imitated the themes and methods
or political issues of its time. of the americans.
1. Jose Garcia Villa
period of enlightenment (1872 – 1898) - a filipino poet, literary critic,
1. ilustrados short-story writer, and painter.
• filipino intellectuals educated in Europe. - awarded the National Artist of the
- in the 19th century, they began to write Philippines title for literature in
about the hitch of colonization. 1973.
• middle class filipinos, many of whom were ex. The Anchored Angel, The
educated in Spain, were exposed to spanish liberal Emperor’s New Sonnet,
and european nationalist ideals. Footnote to Youth.
2. Paz Marquez-Benitez
2. propaganda movement - a filipina short-story writer, educator,
• first filipino nationalist movement led by a filipino and editor.
elite. - wrote short stories critical of
• inspired by the proto-nationalist activism of many american-imperialism.
filipino figures. ex. Dead Stars, A Night in the
ex. Jose Burgos and his execution, Jose Rizal, Hills (popular works).
Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. japanese period (1941 – 1945)
Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. • strict prohibitions by Japan caused PH literature
• some of Rizal’s writings: in english to experience a dark period.
- Noli me Tangere (Touch Me Not) • upon the revival of tagalog, the writings dealt with
- El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) japanese brutalities, the poverty of life, and the
- Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) brave guerilla exploits.
- Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos • common themes of most poems:
(The Indolence of Filipinos) - nationalism, country, love, life in the barrios,
• some of del Pilar’s writings: faith , religion, and the arts.
- Caiigat Cayo (Be as Slippery as an Eel)
- Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and 1. haiku
Mockeries) • a japanese poetic form.
- Ang Cadaquilaan nang Dios (The Greatness • 3 lines, 5-7-5 syllables.
of God) • originally, it was restricted to an objective
- La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic description of nature evoking a definite, though
Supremacy in the Philippines) unstated, emotional response.
• some of Jaena’s writings:
- Fray Botod (Big-Bellied Friar) 2. tanaga
- La Hija del Fraile (The Daughter of a Friar) • 4 lines, 7 syllables – (AAAA, ABAB, AABB) rhyme.
- Esperanzas (Hope)
period of activism (1970 – 1972)
literary revolution
• the youth moved to seek reforms and became
vocal with their sentiments.
• manifested in the bloody demonstrations, types of 21st century literature
sidewalk expressions, and even in literature. blog
• a website containing short articles called posts
period of the new society (1972 – 1980) that are changed regularly.
• marcos era • some blogs are written by one person containing
• the enactment of the Martial Law. their opinions, interests, and experiences, while
- Proclamation No. 1081 on sept. 21, 1972. others are written by different people.
• poems dealt with patience, regard for native
culture, customs, and the beauties of nature and chick lit / chick literature
surroundings. • addresses issues of modern womanhood, often
• newspapers donned new forms. humorously and lightheartedly.
• news on economic progress, discipline, culture, • typically features a female protagonist whose
tourism, etc. were more favored than reports of femininity is heavily thermalizing the plot.
killings, rape, and robberies.
• filipinos were hooked in reading magazines and creative non-fiction
comics. • also called “literary non-fiction”.
• uses literary styles and techniques to create
period of the third republic (1981 – 1985) factually accurate narratives.
• Martial Law was lifted after 10 years on jan. 2, 1981. • relatively young.
• the PH became a new nation, called by Marcos, • only beginning to be scrutinized with the same
“The New Republic of the Philippines”. critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
• poems were romantic and revolutionary.
• many filipino songs dealt with themes that were digi fiction
true-to-life. • also known as “triple media literature”.
ex. grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, • combines three types of media.
God, country, and fellowmen. - book, movie / video, and an internet website.
• to get the full story, you must engage in navigation,
post-edsa revolution (1986 – 1995) reading, and viewing in all three forms of media.

21st CENTURY LITERATURE doodle fiction

• refers to literary work created since 2001. • incorporates doodle writing, drawings, and
• written by contemporary authors. handwritten graphics in place of a traditional font.
• deals with current themes / issues. • drawings enhance the story, often adding
• reflects a technological culture. humorous elements.
• breaks traditional writing rules.
flash fiction
21st century reader . . . • characterized by extreme brevity.
• grew up using technology as a learning tool. • could range from a word to a thousand.
• capable of navigating and interpreting digital ex. For Sale: Baby Socks, Never Worn
formats and media messages. – Ernest Hemingway
• possesses literacy skills. Longed for Him. Got Him. *Bleep*.
ex. keyboarding, internet navigation, – Margaret Atwood
interpretation of technological speak,
decipher graphics. graphic novel
• narrative in comic book formats.
• encompasses non-fiction works and thematically
linked short stories as well as fictional stories across
a number of genres.
hyper poetry ELEMENTS OF A STORY
• can either involve sets of words, phrases, lines, etc. characters
that are presented in variable order. • people, sometimes animals / objects, who take
- sits on the page or can contain parts of the part in the action of the story.
poem that move and transform. • considered to be the heart of the narrative.
• usually found online since the mid 1980s. • the development of characters contributes to the
story’s appeal.
illustrated novel
• presents a story through text and images. types of characters according to role
• 50% of the narrative is presented without words. 1. protagonist
• require readers to interpret images to comprehend • main character and center of most action.
the story completely. • all other roles are defined in relation to this.
• textual portions are presented in traditional form.
• some illustrated novels may contain no text at all. 2. antagonist
• opposes the protagonist.
manga
• a generic term for all comic books and graphic 3. deuteragonist
novels originally published in Japan. • equivalent to a sidekick.
• comics created by american artists in a manga • gives the story warmth and heart.
style are called ameri-manga.
• sub-genres: 4. tertiary characters
- shounen (boy’s manga) • flit in and out of the main character’s life.
- shoujo (girl’s manga) • only appear in one or two scenes in the story.
- seinen (men’s manga)
- josei (women’s manga) 5. love interest
- kodomo (kid’s manga) • usually elicits strong reactions from the main
character.
science fiction
• also called “sci-fi” and “literature of ideas”. 6. confidant
• speculative fiction dealing with imaginative • often best friends, but also be a potential love
concepts. interest or mentor.
ex. futuristic science & technology, • confided in by the protagonists.
dystopian societies, space travel, time
travel, parallel universe, and extraterrestrial 7. foil
life. • someone whose personality and values clash with
• explores the potential consequences of scientific the protagonist’s.
and other innovations. • not usually the primary antagonist.

text-talk novel types of characters according to quality

• refers to narrative presented in blog, email, or 1. dynamic characters
instant messaging format. • change over the course of the story.
• stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating • often evolve to become better or wise, but can
social network exchanges. devolve as well.
2. static characters • the conflict and climax are resolved.
• stay as they are throughout the story. • the suspense is eased.
• may also impart a lesson to the reader.
ex. “you don’t want to end up like me.” 5. resolution / denouement
• the story comes to an end.
3. round characters • questions are answered and the outcome is
• have full backstories, complex emotions, and resolved.
realistic motivations. • may have a happy, sad, or unresolved ending.
- backstories are not always revealed in the - cliffhanger: leaves the reader to want more.
narrative.

4. flat characters.
• with little to no complex emotions, motivations, or
personality. NPCS

setting
• time (period), place (locale), and condition
(weather, mood, etc.) in which the story happens.
• may either be based on facts or a product of the
author’s imagination.
conflict
• descriptive words help the readers visualize.
• a struggle between opposing forces.
• provides crucial tension in any story.
plot
- used to drive the narrative forward.
• series of events and actions of the characters in
• used to reveal a deeper meaning in a narrative
the narrative.
while highlighting characters’ motivations, values,
and weaknesses.
elements of the plot
1. exposition
types of conflict
• most often occurs at the beginning of the story.
1. man vs self
• the characters. setting, and conflict are introduced.
• internal conflict, opposition is coming from within.
• provides the readers with background information.
• a struggle to discern what the moral or “right”
choice is.
2. rising action
• may also encompass mental health struggles.
• part of the story where the conflict/s develops.
• part of the story where the suspense and interest
2. man vs man
builds.
• there are two sides contradicting with each other.
• can be depicted as a straightforward fist fight or
3. climax
an intricate struggle for power.
• the turning point or most exciting moment in the
story.
3. man vs nature
• the protagonist comes face to face with the main
• weather, wilderness, or a natural disaster.
conflict.
• man struggles with human emotions while nature
• important decisions are made or important things
charges forth undeterred.
are discovered.

4. falling action
• the story nears its end.
• all loose ends of the plot are explained.
4. man vs supernatural 3. third person omniscient POV
• characters struggle against phenomena. - the omniscient narrator knows
• raises the stakes a conflict by creating unequal everything about the story and
playing field. characters.
• characters may struggle against their fate or - narrator can enter anyone’s mind,
destiny. move freely through time, and give
ex. ghosts, gods, monsters. the reader their own opinions and
observations as well as those of the
5. man vs technology characters.
• raises poignant question about what it means to
be human and what sets us apart from machines. 4. third person limited POV
• humans develop technology that is intended to be - allows the author to limit a reader’s
benevolent. perspective and control what
- eventually becomes sentient and outsmarts information they know.
/ rebels against humanity. - used to build interest and heighten
suspense.
6. man vs society
• character is placed in opposition with society.
• characters may be motivated by a need to survive,
a moral sense of right and wrong, or a desire for
freedom, justice, or love.

theme
• central idea and a general truth.
• the author’s message to the readers.

point of view
• the way the story is told or narrated.
• the vantage point that a writer uses to narrate a
story.

types of point of view

1. first person POV
- one of the characters is narrating.
- generally revealed by using “i”.
- can provide intimacy and a deeper
look into a character’s mind
- limited by the perceptive
abilities of the character

2. second person POV

- structured around the “you”
pronoun.
- less common in novel-length work.
- draws readers into the story and
become part of the action because
the narrator speaks directly to
them.