21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES Drama

AND THE WORLD Prelim Reviewer

 Tragedy
 Comedy
Literature- from the Latin word, Litteratura, which - A literary work which is designed to be acted out on a
means "writing formed with letters.¨ stage performed by actors before an audience.
Literature Forms

-Prose Nonfiction Prose

-Poetry - Writing based on facts, well-written prose that deals
with real people, things, events, and places.
Literature Types

-Fiction
Creative Nonfiction
-Non-fiction
- A genre of writing that uses literally styles and
techniques factually accurate narratives.
Ingredients of Literature

 Subject- Any work of literature is about

Approaches in Appreciating Literature
something, and for this reason, it has a subject.
 Form- The vehicle used by literature to Literary Criticism- “Criticism asks what literature is,
communicate its subject. A verbal and artistic what it does, and what it is worth.”
structuring of ideas. E.g.: Sonnet
• Literary Theory
 Point of View- The angle of vision of the
narrator. first person, omniscient, limited - Philosophical discussions of the methods and
omniscient goals of literary criticism.
- It is not judgment but understanding of the
frames of judgment.
Literary Genres
 Author-dependent Approach
Prose Fiction  Historical- Biographical Approach-
Assumes that a text is a reflection of the
 Short Story
author’s life and times.
 Novelette
-Critics ask, “What does the work reveal about
 Novel the author or the history?”
- Imaginary story, usually written down, that someone  Moral- Philosophical Approach- An
tells in everyday, natural language. It generally uses a approach as old as classical Greek and
variety of techniques such as narrative and has a wide Roman critics.
range in terms of length. -The larger function is to teach morality.
-Critic is not aware of form, figurative language,
other aesthetic considerations, but are
Poetry secondary.
 Text-dependent Approach
-Is an expression written in verse, often with some form  Formalism- Roman Jakobson is one of
of regular rhythm. the significant proponent.
-A style of inquiry that focuses on the
-Is an expression written in verse, often with some form
of regular rhythm. features of the literary text itself.
-Emphasis on the FORM.
-Evaluates inherent features of a text.
 -Explication– the examination of the - oral tradition
relations of parts - collected and written down only after they have
-Exegesis– the unfolding of meaning, been told for many years.
line by line or even word by word
Folk- ordinary people
 Structuralism
-Proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure Lore- knowledge
-Identifies textual feature of a literary
text Grouped into four major categories
-Semiotics- study of signs  Folktales- short simple story told for
Sign= Signifier (Signified) entertainment and to teach values and morals
 Reader-dependent Approach to the culture it comes from
- Also known as reader response criticism.
-The “meaning” is an interpretation created or Characters are ordinary humans
constructed or produced by the reader -some have magical features (fairytale as a
(informed readers or competent readers). subcategory)
- Readers are asked to examine, explain, and
defend her/his personal reaction to a reading.  Fables- a tale that illustrates a clear, often
- Why direct moral
• like or dislike the reading,
Characters are often animals with human
• agree or disagree with the author,
characteristics
-Identify the reading's purpose, and
critique the text. -morals follows the story usually in sentence or
simple summary
• Literary Criticism
 Legends- a story about a person, event or place
- Is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of a
that may have some basis in historical facts
literary text, and finding out what makes it
outstanding. Character’s qualities are reflective of values,
attitudes and beliefs of the culture
Other Schools of Criticism The Legend of Lady Godiva
-Mythological Criticism -The recurrent universal - Lady godiva was an Anglo-Saxon woman and
patterns underlying most literary works. wife of the ruler of Coventry, England. She
loved her husband dearly, but always opposed
-Archetype- A symbol, character, situation, or
the way he treated his people
image that evokes a deep universal response.
- When her husband issued a heavy tax on the
-Marxism- Illuminate political and economic dimensions local people, Lady Godiva begged him to stop
of literature. this oppressive tax
- Godiva’s husband replied that the only way to
-Feminism- Questions the patriarchal thoughts that
stop the tax was if she rode through the streets
have dominated the world.
of Coventry naked.

Peeping Tom
Folklore - The woman was so highly respected that the
entire city shut down their windows
- Collection of fictional stories about animals and
- However, a tailor watched through a hole in his
people of cultural myths, jokes, songs, tales and
shutter as the naked woman roamed the city.
even quotes.
Allegedly, the tailor is named Tom, and thus
- Traditions, customs and stories that are passed
coined the term, “Peeping Tom”
along by word of mouth in a culture
 - -Historical inspiration Lady Godiva, or Godgifu, PART 2
was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. She was
THE BEGINNING OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
born around 980 and died between 1066 and
1086 -The Spanish first viewed the Philippines as a stepping
 Myths- stories that answer and explain basic stone of the riches of the East Indies (spies island).
questions about the world, gods and natural
occurrence -Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to
the Philippines and he reached Cebu on March 1521.
Characterization is very important traits are
-King Philip II sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who
revealed through appearance, actions, words etc.
established the first permanent Spanish settlement in
-Deal with gods and goddesses who have Cebu on 1565.
human emotions
-by the end of the 16th century, most of the coastal and
lowland areas from Luzon to Northern Mindanao are
under Spanish control.
PRE-SPANISH LITERATURE
-in 1595, manila was decreed to be the capital of the
-Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase a rich
Philippines.
past through their folk speech, folk songs, folk
narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances. LIFE OF THE FILIPINOS DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIZATION
PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE
 Government of the Friars
-University of the Philippines Professor Damian Fugeio
classified Philippine Folk Literature into three major  Racial Discrimination
groups.
 Socio-economic Classes
 Folk narratives
-either be in prose
 Myth The Propaganda Movement
 Alamat (legend)
 Kuwentong bayan (folktale) -aimed to seek reforms and inform the Spain of the
-or verse abuses of its colonial government.
 Folk epic -members of the Propaganda Movement were called
 Folk Speech Propagandists or Reformists.
-bugtong (riddle)
-salawikain (proverbs) -they worked inside and outside of the Philippines.
 Folk Songs
-folk ballads- tells stories and are rare
Philippine Literature during the Spanish colonization

 Religious Prose and Poetry

Add on:
-written by Ladino poets (those versed in both Spanish
-Epigrams (Salawikain) and Tagalog)
-Riddles (Bugtong/palaisipan) -used in catechism
-Sayings (kasabihan) -pasyon
-Idioms (Sawikain) -prose narratives were writte to prescribed proper
decorum
 -pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Jose Rizal
si Feliza
-Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realondo
 Secular Prose and Poetry
-considered as the National Hero of the Philippines
-followed the conventions of a romantic tradition
-penned the political novels Noli Me Tangere and El
-leading poets Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Filibusterimo
Fransisco Balagtas

-Awit and Korido (Metrical Romance) like Ibong

Adarna and Florante at Laura Marcelo H. Del Pilar

-Aug 30, 1856, from Kupang Bulacan

-Peninsulares -Propagandist & Satirist
-Insulares -1882: founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog
-Illustrados -1889, succeeded GLI as Editor of La Solidaridad
-Indio
Graciano Lopez Jaena

-Dec. 18, 1856 in Jaro, Iloilo

La Solidaridad
-at the age of 18, he wrote Fray Botod
-La Solodaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization
created in Spain. The organization aimed to increase -Botod- big belly
Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the
-leading literary and oratorical spokesman
Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship
between the colony and Spain -genesis of the Propaganda Movement

-the official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement. -founded La Solidaridad

Goals of the Propaganda Movement

-recognition of the Filipinos as a province of Spain

LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE
-equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards AMERICAN PERIOD
-Philippines representation in the Spanish cortes Treaty of paris
-Secularization of Philippines parishes. -july 4, 1946
-recognition of Human Rights

MEMBERS Life of the Filipinos during the American Period

 Dr. Jose Rizal (Laong Laan at Dimasalang) Education
 Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel, dasalan at  Public schools (open for all)
Tocsohan, Aba Guinoong Baria)
 Thomasites- sundalong guro
 Graciano Lopez Jaena (Fray Botod/ diego Laura)
 Filipino scholars (1904)
 Antonio Luna (taga-ilog)
- Siliman University
 Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning)
- Manila Central University
 Jose Mari Panganiban (Jomapa)
 - Philippine Normal University  Period of Self Discovery- writers had acquired
the mastery of English writing.
- University of the Philippines
-old time favorites of love and youth persisted.
Language

Mckinley  English Language Public Schools

Prominent Filipino writers during the American Period
 Poems

 Essays
Jose Garcia Villa
 Stories
“Doveglion” (a powerful literary influence in the
Literature Philippines)

- Desire for love and freedom Espoused the Dictum “art for art sake”

- Love for the country -Aug. 5, 1908; Sangalong, Manila

- Fight against colonization and imperialism Secondary Education in university of the Philippines

Three Groups of Writers -studied in medicine and took pre-law at the University
of the Philippines
 English
-Graduated of Bachelor of Arts degree at The University
 Filipino of New Mexico
 Spanish Died: Feb 7, 1997 (88 yrs old)

Changes of Philippine Literature ACHIEVEMENTS & WORKS

Literary forms -“Man Song” first gained notoriety at UP
 Free verse -Won the Philippines free press literary for “Mir-i-nisa”
 Modern short story -gained recognition for his collection of stories
“Footnote for Youth”
 Critical essays
-“Have come, Am here” & “Volume two” introduced his
Literary modernism
innovation the comma poems and reverse consonance
 Highlighted writers
-named as Nation Artist for Literature on June 12, 1973
 Individuality

 Cultivated consciousness

 Expense of social consciousness

Three time frames of Philippine Literature

 Period of Re-orientation- writers are still

adjusting to the new found freedom different
from the Spanish regime.

 Period of Imitation- writers imitated the style

of British and American writers which resulted
to unnatural and rigid styles of writing.
Angela Manalang Gloria

-Aug. 24, 1907 in Guagua, Pampanga

Dead Stars
-studied at St. Agnes Academy & St. Scholastic College
-Alfredo Salazar
-was among the first generation female students of
-Julia Salas
University of the Philippines
-Esperanza
-Literary rival of Jose Garcia Villa

WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS

Settings
-graduated valedictorian in Elementary
-House of Don Julian
-graduated Summa Cum Lade with a Degree of Ph. B
-House of Judge del Valle
-Literary Editor of The Philippine Collegian
-Church of Our Lady of sorrow
-author of Revolt from Hymen
-Calle Luz in Sa, Cruz the hometown of Julia Salas
-authored the poetry collection “poems” in 1949

Paz Marquez Benitez

-march 3, 1894 in Lucena, Tayabas

-secondary education: Tayabas Highschool

-trained in American Education system

- Graduated of Bachelor of Arts degree at UP (1912)

-married to UP college of education Dean, Francisco

Benitez

WORKS & ACHIEVEMENTS

-dead stars & a night in the hills

-become a teacher at UP teaching short story writing

(1916-1951)

-founded Philippines Woman’s College

-established “Woman’s Home Journal”

-compiled the first anthology of Philippines stories in

English “Filipino Love Stories” (1928)

-editor in Philippine Journal of Education at UP