BIOLOGY 4.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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Module 1: Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology
 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is
here to help you master the Earth’s capacity to support life and the
subsystems that make it possible. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Define anatomy and physiology
 Describe the levels at which anatomy and physiology can be
studied.

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 Get Ready!

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
Anatomy and Physiology

1. What is the study of the structure of the body called?

A. Physiology
B. Anatomy
C. Histology
D. Cytology
2. Which system is primarily responsible for transporting blood throughout the body?
A. Nervous System
B. Endocrine System
C. Circulatory System
D. Respiratory System
3. What is the basic unit of life?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organism
4. Which organ is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems?
A. Liver
B. Stomach
C. Pancreas
D. Intestines
5. What term describes a group of similar cells that perform a specific function?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Organ System
D. Organism
6. Which system is responsible for the production of hormones?
A. Circulatory System
B. Nervous System
C. Endocrine System
D. Integumentary System
7. What term refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment?
A. Adaptation
B. Homeostasis
C. Metabolism
D. Growth
8. Which organ is primarily responsible for detoxification in the body?
A. Kidney
B. Heart
C. Liver
D. Lungs
9. What is the anatomical term for the front of the body?
A. Dorsal
B. Ventral
C. Lateral
D. Medical
10. Which body system includes skin, hair, and nails?
A. Muscular System
B. Endocrine System
C. Integumentary System
D. Skeletal System

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 Think and Understand

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures, with some being small
and visible only with a microscope, and others being larger and easily observed. The term
"anatomy" comes from the Greek root "to cut apart." The study began with observing the
exterior of the body and wounds of soldiers, and later expanded to include dissecting dead
bodies. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and pathology labs.
Imaging techniques have been developed to observe structures in living people, such as
cancerous tumors or fractured bones. Gross anatomy, also known as macroscopic anatomy,
studies larger structures without magnification, while microscopic anatomy, which includes
cytology and histology, studies structures only with a microscope. As microscope technology
advances, anatomists can observe smaller structures, from large structures like the heart to
three-dimensional structures of large molecules.

Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. Gross anatomy is
the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification
(Figure 1.2 a). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic
anatomy. In contrast, micro- means “small,” and microscopic anatomy is the study of
structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification
devices (Figure 1.2 b). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and
histology, and the study of tissues. As the technology of microscopes has advanced,
anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices
of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the
body.

Anatomists study the body's structure through two approaches: regional and systemic.
Regional anatomy examines the interrelationships of body structures in a specific region,
such as the abdomen, while systemic anatomy studies the structures that make up a
discrete body system, such as the muscular system.

Physiology, on the other hand, focuses on the chemistry and physics of the body's
structures and their interaction to support life's functions. It focuses on the body's tendency
towards homeostasis, which is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living
things. Physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch, such as neurophysiology,
which studies the brain, spinal cord, and nerves to perform complex functions like vision,
movement, and thinking.

Form is closely related to function in all living things, as seen in the quick action and
retreat of the eyelid flap. The arrangement and function of nerves and muscles at the
microscopic level also depend on the interactions of specific molecules and ions. The three-
dimensional structure of certain molecules is essential to their function. Specialize in a
particular branch, such as neurophysiology, which studies the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
to perform complex functions like vision, movement, and thinking.

Try to Develop

Activity: Fill Me
Directions: Fill in what is asked for the space provided below.

Aspect Anatomy Physiology

Definition
Focus
Methods

Applications

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 Learn to Apply

Activity: Brainstorming

Objective: To introduce fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, including key

terms and body organization.

Materials Needed:

 Whiteboard or large paper

 Markers

What to Do:

 Briefly explain what anatomy (body structure) and physiology (body function) are.
 Write a few key terms on the board (e.g., cells, tissues, organs, systems).
 Ask participants to share what they know about each term.
 Explain the levels of organization: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
 Provide simple examples for each (e.g., heart = organ).
 In small groups, participants discuss and share their examples of each level.
 Each group shares one example with the whole class.
 Summarize the main points discussed.

Guide Criteria:

Criteria 5 10 15
Participation
Understanding of Concepts
Presentation of Ideas

Let’s Reflect!

Directions: Take a moment to think about the activity you just completed. Write
your responses to the following questions in your notebook or on a piece of paper.
Be as thoughtful and detailed as possible.

1. What was the most surprising thing you learned about the relationship between
anatomy and physiology?
2. How do you think understanding the levels of organization (cells, tissues, organs,
systems) can help in studying the human body?
3. Which key term or concept do you find most challenging, and why?
4. In what ways do you think the structure of a specific organ influences its function?
Can you provide an example?
5. How can the knowledge gained from this activity be applied to real-life situations,
such as health and wellness?

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 Test your knowledge!

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. System
2. What system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
A. Respiratory System
B. Circulatory System
C. Digestive System
D. Nervous System
3. Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?
A. Cardiac
B. Smooth
C. Epithelial
D. Skeletal
4. What is the anatomical term for the front of the body?
A. Dorsal
B. Ventral
C. Lateral
D. Medial
5. Which organ is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems?
A. Liver
B. Stomach
C. Pancreas
D. Intestine
6. The term "homeostasis" refers to:
A. The process of cell division
B. The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment
C. Study of body structures
D. The removal of waste products from the body
7. Which plane divides the body into upper and lower parts?
A. Sagittal Plane
B. Transverse Plane
C. Frontal Plane
D. Coronal Plane
8. What type of tissues cover the body’s surfaces and lines cavities?
A. Connective Tissue
B. Muscle Tissue
C. Nervous Tissue
D. Epithelial Tissue
9. Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?
A. Producing hormones
B. Protecting vital organs
C. Transporting nutrients
D. Regulating body temperature
10. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?
A. Cerebrum
B. Brainstem
C. Cerebellum
D. Thalamus

Answer Key:
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 Pre-test: Post-test:

4. B) Anatomy 1. C) Cell
5. C) Circulatory System 2. B) Circulatory System
6. C) Cell 3. C) Epithelial
7. C) Pancreas 4. B) Ventral
8. A) Tissue 5. C) Pancreas
9. C) Endocrine System 6. B) The body's ability to
10. B) Homeostasis maintain a stable internal
11. C) Liver environment
12. B) Ventral 7. B) Transverse Plane
13. C) Integumentary 8. D) Epithelial Tissue
System 9. B) Protecting vital organs
10. C) Cerebellum

C) Liver

Module 2: The Chemical Basis of Life

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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the Earth’s capacity to support life and the
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subsystems that make it possible. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Define anatomy and physiology
 Describe the levels at which anatomy and physiology can be
studied.

Get Ready!

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

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Chemical Basis of Life
1. What are the basic building blocks of matter?
A. Atoms
B. Molecules
C. Elements
D. Compounds
2. Which of the following elements are essential for life?
A. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)
B. Iron, Copper, Zinc, Magnesium
C. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus
D. All of the above
3. What is the difference between an organic and an inorganic compound?
A. Inorganic compounds contain carbon, while organic compounds do not.
B. Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do
not.
C. Inorganic compounds are found only in living organisms.
D. Organic compounds are always larger and more complex than inorganic
compounds.
4. Carbohydrates are primarily used for:
A. Energy storage
B. Building cell membranes
C. Catalyzing chemical reactions
D. Storing genetic information
5. Proteins are made up of:
A. Amino acids
B. Nucleotides
C. Fatty acids
D. Glycerol
6. Lipids are primarily used for:
A. Energy storage
B. Building cell membranes
C. Catalyzing chemical reactions
D. Storing genetic information
7. Nucleic acids are primarily used for:
A. Energy storage
B. Building cell membranes
C. Catalyzing chemical reactions
D. Storing genetic information
8. Enzymes are:
A. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
B. Carbohydrates that store energy
C. Lipids that build cell membranes
D. Nucleic acids that store genetic information
9. The pH scale measures the concentration of:
A. Hydrogen ions
B. Oxygen ions
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Water molecules
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10. A solution with a pH of 7 is:
A. Acidic
B. Basic
C. Neutral
D. Unsure

Think and Understand

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 Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is the building block of
life on earth. On earth, carbon circulates through the land, ocean, and atmosphere, creating
what is known as the Carbon Cycle. This global carbon cycle can be divided further into two
separate cycles: the carbon geological cycles take place over millions of years, whereas the
biological or physical carbon cycle takes place from days to thousands of years. In a non-
living environment, carbon can exist as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonated rocks, coal,
petroleum, natural gas, and dead organic matter. Plants and algae convert carbon dioxide to
organic matter through the process of photosynthesis, the energy of light.

In its metabolism of food and respiration, an animal consumes glucose (C6H12O6),

which combines with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and
energy, which is given off as heat. Animals have no need for carbon dioxide and release it
into the atmosphere. A plant, on the other hand, uses the opposite reaction of an animal
through photosynthesis. It takes carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight to make its
own glucose and oxygen gas. Glucose is used for chemical energy, which the plant
metabolizes in a similar way to an animal. The plant then emits the remaining oxygen into
the environment.

Cells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules, which include
proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. Macromolecules are a
subset of organic molecules (any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas) that are especially
important for life. The fundamental component for all these macromolecules is carbon. The
carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four
different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural
component, or “backbone,” of the macromolecules. Anatomists study the body's structure
through two approaches: regional and systemic. Regional anatomy examines the
interrelationships of body structures in a specific region, such as the abdomen, while
systemic anatomy studies the structures that make up a discrete body system, such as the
muscular system.

Individual carbon atoms have an incomplete outermost electron shell. With an atomic
number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving
four in the second shell. Therefore, carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds with other
atoms to satisfy the octet rule. The methane molecule provides an example: it has the
chemical formula CH4. Each of its four hydrogen atoms forms a single covalent bond with
the carbon atom by sharing a pair of electrons. This results in a filled outermost shell.

Key Terms:

Octet Rule: A rule stating that atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to have a full valence
shell of 8 electrons (has some exceptions)
Carbon Cycle: the physical cycle of carbon through the earth’s biosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere; includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition,
respiration and carbonification
Macromolecules: a very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological
polymers (e.g., nucleic acids and proteins)

Try to Develop
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 Activity: Fill in the Blank

Direction: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the appropriate
words or phrases related to the chemical basis of life. Use your knowledge or resources as
needed.

1. The four major types of biomolecules are ________, ________, ________, and
________.

2. Carbohydrates are primarily composed of the elements ________, ________, and

________.

3. The basic building blocks of proteins are called ________.

4. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, and ________.

5. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are made up of smaller units called ________.

6. The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide ______ for living organisms.

7. Enzymes are a type of ________ that speed up biochemical reactions.

8. The process of breaking down glucose to release energy is known as ________.

9. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a
variable ________ group.

10. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the ________ of an organism.

carbohydrates energy oxygen

Traits lipids protein
Amino acids nucleotides proteins
Cellular respiration hydrogen Lipid bilayers
R (side) Carbon dioxide phospholipids
carbon nucleic acids gene

Learn to Apply

Activity: "Building Blocks of Life"

Objective: Students will explore the chemical compounds essential for life and understand
their roles in biological systems.

Materials Needed:
o Periodic table
o Molecular models (or clay modeling)
o Diagrams of biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
o Research materials (textbooks, internet access)
o Whiteboard and markers

Instructions:

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1. Introduction (15 minutes)
 Begin with a brief overview of the chemical basis of life, focusing on elements like
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
 Discuss the four major biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids.

2. Group Research (30 minutes)

 Divide students into small groups, assigning each group one of the four
biomolecules.
 Each group will research the following:
 Chemical structure and composition
 Functions in living organisms
 Examples of each biomolecule in real life (e.g., glucose for carbohydrates, enzymes
for proteins).

3. Model Creation (30 minutes)

 Using molecular models or modeling clay, groups will create a 3D representation of
their assigned biomolecule.
 Encourage creativity in displaying the structure and any functional aspects (e.g.,
enzyme activity).

4. Presentation (20 minutes)

 Each group presents their biomolecule to the class, explaining its chemical structure,
biological function, and examples.
 Allow time for questions after each presentation.

5. Class Discussion (15 minutes)

 Facilitate a discussion on how these biomolecules interact in living organisms.
 Discuss the importance of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) in forming
these biomolecules.

Guide Criteria:

Group Presentation Model Creation (10 Class Discussion

(40 points) points) (20 points)

Content Accuracy Creativity (15 Contribution (10

(15 points) points) points)
Information about the Model is visually Students actively
biomolecule is correct appealing and participate in
and well researched. creatively represents discussions, asking
Key features such as the biomolecule. questions and
structure, function, providing insights.
and examples are Accuracy (10
clearly explained. points) Respect and
Model accurately Collaboration (10
Clarity and reflects the chemical points)
Organization (10 structure and Student shows
points) features of the respect for peers'
The presentation is biomolecule. contributions and
well-structured and collaborates
easy to follow. - Ideas effectively.
flow logically from Functionality (5
one point to the next. points)
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 Model includes
Engagement (10 functional aspects,
points) such as enzyme
Group actively activity or
engages the class interactions.
through questions or
demonstrations. -
Use of visuals or
models enhances
understanding.

Time Management
(5 points)
Presentation fits
within the allotted
time.

Let’s Reflect!

Directions: Take a moment to think about the activity you just completed. Write
your responses to the following questions in your notebook or on a piece of paper.
Be as thoughtful and detailed as possible.

1. Why are proteins considered essential for life?

2. How do the structures of carbohydrates and lipids differ in terms of their functions in
biological systems?
3. How do these molecules interact to sustain life?
4. What role do chemical reactions play in biological processes?

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 Test your knowledge!

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the basic unit of life?

A) Atom
B) Molecule
C) Cell
D) Tissue
2. Which of the following elements is most abundant in living organisms?
A) Carbon
B) Iron
C) Sodium
D) Calcium
3. What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
A) Ionic bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Van der Waals forces
4. Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Lipids
D) Nucleic acids
5. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
A) Energy storage
B) Catalyzing reactions
C) Genetic information storage
D) Structural support
6. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
A) Enzymatic activity
B) Energy storage
C) Structural support
D) Hormonal regulation
7. What type of lipid is most found in cell membranes?
A) Triglycerides
B) Steroids
C) Phospholipids
D) Waxes
8. Which of the following is a characteristic of water that makes it essential for life?
A) High boiling point
B) High heat capacity
C) Polarity
D) All of the above
9. What is the pH range of a neutral solution?
A) 0-7
B) 7-14
C) 7
D) 4-6
10. Which type of bond is responsible for the unique properties of water, such as cohesion and
surface tension?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Covalent bonds
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) Metallic bonds

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Module 3: The Human Organism

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This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
Earth’s capacity to support life and the subsystems that make it possible. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Describe the organizations of the body.
 Describe the major characteristics of each level.

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Get Ready!

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

The Human Organism

1. Which organ system is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the
body?
A. Digestive System
B. Nervous System
C. Circulatory System
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D. Endocrine System
2. Which organ is part of the respiratory system and helps in gas exchange?
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Stomach
D. Kidneys
3. Which system provides structural support and protects vital organs?
A. Skeletal System
B. Digestive System
C. Lymphatic System
D. Muscular System
4. What system is responsible for the body's movement and posture?
A. Digestive System
B. Respiratory System
C. Muscular System
D. Circulatory System
5. Which system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions?
A. Endocrine System
B. Nervous System
C. Excretory System
D. Respiratory System
6. Which system protects the body from disease and infection?
A. Respiratory System
B. Immune System
C. Circulatory System
D. Endocrine System
7. Which system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients?
A. Excretory System
B. Digestive System
C. Circulatory System
D. Nervous System
8. What is the primary function of the urinary system?
A. Absorption of nutrients
B. Filtration of blood and removal of liquid waste
C. Transporting oxygen
D. Hormone production
9. Which of the following organs is part of the nervous system?
A. Heart
B. Brain
C. Lungs
D. Liver
10. Which system provides oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body?
A. Circulatory System
B. Respiratory System
C. Muscular System
D. Digestive System

Think and Understand

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY

The human body is a single structure, but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of
four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs, and systems. An organ is an organization of several
different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function.

A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that

together they can perform complex functions for the body.

Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,

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lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive system.

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 Try to Develop

Activity: Test yourself!

Direction: You will be shown a picture that represents a specific type of organization of humans. Your
task is to name the organization depicted in the image.

1.
2.

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3.
4.

5. 6.

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7. 8.

9. 10.