Directional Academy

Moving Charges & Magnetism

Obtain an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate (air) capacitor. The given figure shows a network of five
capacitors connected to a 100 V supply. Calculate the total charge and energy stored in the network.

[2019]

Answer:

e my
ad
l Ac
na
tio
ec
Dir

1/37
 In the given figure the capacitors C1 and C2 are in parallel combination.
C12=1+2=3μFC12=1+2=3μF
The circuit reduces to

Capacitors C4 and C5 are in parallel combinations

∴C45=3+3=6μF∴C45=3+3=6μF
Now, the circuit reduces to

Capacitors C12 and C45 are in series combinations.

1C1245=16+131C1245=16+13

e my
ad
∴C1245=3×63+6=1892μF[∵CS=C1⋅C2C1+C2]∴C1245=3×63+6=1892μF[∵CS=C1⋅C2C1+C2]
Now, C1245 and C3 are in parallel combinations, thus equivalent capacitance is
∴C=C1245+C3=2+2=4μF∴C=C1245+C3=2+2=4μF
Total charge q = CV
=4×10−6×100=4×10−4C=4×10−6×100=4×10−4C
Energy stored =12CV2=12CV2
Ac
=12×4×10−6×(100)2=12×4×10−6×(100)2
=2×10−6×104=2×10−2J=2×10−6×104=2×10−2J

Using the concept of force between two infinitely long parallel current carrying conductors define one ampere of
l
current.
na

[2014]

Answer:
tio

One ampere current is the current which flows through each of two parallel uniform linear conductors of length 1m
each, which are placed in free space at a distance of 1m from each other and for which they attract or repel each
other with a force of 2××10-7 N in that space.

Use Biot-Savart's law to derive the expression for the magnetic field on the axis of a current carrying circular loop of
radius R. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular wire carrying current (I).
ec

[2016]

Answer:
Dir

Let us consider a circular loop of radius "a" with centre C. Let the plane of the coil be perpendicular to the plane of
the paper and "I" be the current flowing in the direction as shown in the figure (coming out from plane of paper
normally at top). Suppose P is any point on the axis at a distance "r" from the centre C.

2/37
 Now, consider a current element "Idl" on top (L) where the
current comes out of paper perpendicularly whereas at bottom
(M) the current enters into the plane of paper perpendicularly.
∵LP⊥Idl∵LP⊥Idl
Also, MP⊥IdlMP⊥Idl
∵LP=MP=r2+a2−−−−−−√∵LP=MP=r2+a2

According to Biot-Savart's law,

The magnetic field at point P due to current element Idl
dB=μ04π⋅Idlsin90∘(r2+a2)dB=μ04π⋅Idlsin⁡90∘(r2+a2)
where, a = radius of circular loop,
r = distance of point P from centre and along the axis.

my
The direction of dB is perpendicular to LP and along PQ, so PQ⊥LPPQ⊥LP.
Similarly, the value of magnetic field at point P due to current element Idl at the bottom is same and its direction is
along PQ', where PQ′⊥MPPQ′⊥MP .
Let ϕ = the angle between LP and CP.
Now, resolving magnetic field dB into two components, (i) dBsinϕ along the axis and (ii) dBcosϕ normally to the axis.
The components dBcosϕ balance each other and axial components are in same direction so get added. So,

e
net magnetic field is given by
B=∮dBsinϕ=∮μ04π(Idlr2+a2)⋅ar2+a2√B=∮dBsin⁡ϕ=∮μ04π(Idlr2+a2)⋅ar2+a2 [∵InΔPCL,sinϕ=ar2+a2√][∵InΔPCL,sin⁡ϕ=ar2+a2]

ad
or B=μ0Ia22(r2+a2)3/2B=μ0Ia22(r2+a2)3/2
For N turns, B=μ0NIa22(r2+a2)3/2B=μ0NIa22(r2+a2)3/2Tesla.
Magnetic field lines due to a current carrying loop are given by

1. Obtain the expression for the cyclotron frequency.

Ac
2. A deuteron and a proton are accelerated by the cyclotron. Can both be accelerated
with the same oscillator frequency? Give a reason to justify your answer.

[2017]

Answer:
l
na

1. In a cyclotron, a charged particle is accelerated between the gaps of two dees. As, the charge particle completes
one rotation both dees change their polarity and charged particle is accelerated toward another dees. In this
way, the charged particle moves in the circular path whose radius is r,in the presence of magnetic field created
by magnetic poles. Thus, in equilibrium,
magnetic force on q = centripetal force on q.
tio

⇒qvBsin90∘=mv2r⇒qvB=mv2r⇒qvBsin⁡90∘=mv2r⇒qvB=mv2r[∵sin90∘=1][∵sin⁡90∘=1]
⇒r=mvqB⇒r=mvqB
Time period of charged particle is,
⇒T=2πrv=2πmqB⇒T=2πrv=2πmqB
Frequency, f=1T=qB2πmf=1T=qB2πm
ec

∴∴ The frequency of oscillation of the charged particle from the above expression is
⇒f=qB/2πm⇒f=qB/2πm
It is also known as Cyclotron frequency.
2. Let the mass of proton= m
Dir

Charge of proton= q
Mass of deuteron= 2m
Charge of deuteron =q
Cyclotron frequency, f=Bq2πm⇒f∝qmf=Bq2πm⇒f∝qm
For proton frequency, fp∝qmfp∝qm ........ (i)
For deuteron frequency, fd∝q2mfd∝q2m ....... (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, fp=2fdfp=2fd
Thus, the frequency of proton is twice that of deuteron.
Since, both proton and deutron are of different masses, so they both dont have same frequency.

Find the expression for magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. What is Bohr magneton?

[2011]
3/37
 Answer:

Electron revolving in circular orbit is a source of current in that orbit due to which this orbit behave as current carrying
loop.
We know that, Current in this orbit is given as:
⇒I=e/T=ev/2πr⇒I=e/T=ev/2πr
where, time period
⇒T=2πr/v⇒T=2πr/v,
r = radius of orbit and
v = velocity of electron in that orbit
The magnetic moment of revolving electron due to the current,
M=IA=ev2πr×πr2M=IA=ev2πr×πr2

my
⇒M=evr2⇒M=evr2
If electron revolves in anti-clockwise sense, the current will be in clockwise sense. Hence, according to right-hand rule,
the direction of magnetic moment will be perpendicular to the plane of orbit and directed inwards to the plane.
So,
∴M=evrm/2m=eL/2m∴M=evrm/2m=eL/2m
where,

e
mvr = L= angular momentum orbital of electron and m is the mass of electron.
∴M=−e(L/2m)∴M=−e(L/2m)

ad
Negative sign indicates µ and L are in mutually opposite directions.
From Bohr's postulates,
L=mvr=nh2πL=mvr=nh2π,
where n = 1, 2, 3, ....
⇒M=e2m⋅nh2π=nμB⇒M=e2m⋅nh2π=nμB
where, μB=eh4πmμB=eh4πm is known as Bohr magneton.
Ac
Bohr magneton is defined as the magnetic moment of first orbit of H atom.

A proton moving in a straight line enters a strong magnetic field along the field direction. How will its path and
velocity change?
l
[2011]
na

Answer:

When a proton enters a strong magnetic field along the field direction (θθ = 0°), the force experienced by proton is, F
= qvB sin θθ = qv B sin 0 o = 0. Therefore the path and velocity of the proton will remain unchanged.
tio

State the underlying principle of working of a moving coil galvanometer. Write two reasons why a galvanometer
cannot be used as such to measure the current in a given circuit. Name any two factors on which the current
sensitivity of a galvanometer depends.
ec

[2010]

Answer:

Principle : The current carrying coil placed in normal magnetic field experiences a torque when current passes
Dir

through it, which is given by

τ=NI(A⃗ ×B⃗ )τ=NI(A→×B→)
where, N =number of turns of the coil, I = current in the coil, A = area of coil and B = magnetic field applied
The galvanometer cannot be used to measure the current because

1. all the currents to be measured has to be passed through coil which would get damaged due to heating effect
of electric current or
2. its coil has considerable resistance because of length and it may affect original current.

Current sensitivity is defined as the angular deflection of a moving coil galvanometer when unit current pass through
it and expressed as θI=NABKθI=NABK. It can be increased by

1. increasing the magnetic field intensity, B and

4/37
 2. decreasing the value of torsional constant, K.

Deduce the expression for the torque experienced by a rectangular loop carrying a steady current I and placed in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of the torque acting on the loop.

[2009]

Answer:

e my
ad
l Ac
na
tio
ec
Dir

5/37
 Let a current carrying rectangular loop PQRS is carrying a steady current I placed in a uniform magnetic field B
keeping the axis of the coil perpendicular to the field as shown in figure. Let at any instant the area vector A makes an
angle θθ with the direction of magnetic field intensity B.

Let length and breadth of the coil are I and b respectively.

Now, magnetic force on PS arm of the coil is given
by F1=BIlsin90∘F1=BIlsin⁡90∘ [∵∵ PS || axis of coil, ∴∴ θ=90∘θ=90∘]
F1 = BIl ...... (i)
By Fleming's left hand rule, the direction of the above force is
perpendicular to SP and B is along upward direction. Similarly, force on
QR arm of the coil
F2 = BIl sin 90° ..... (ii)

my
The direction of force is perpendicular to QR and B is along downward
direction
∵∵ F1 and F 2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, parallel
to each other acting on the loop forms a couple which try to rotate the
coil.

e
Now, force on RS part of the coil
F3=IBbsin(90∘+θ)⇒F3=IBbcosθF3=IBbsin⁡(90∘+θ)⇒F3=IBbcos⁡θ
and also force on PQ part of the coil

ad
F4=IBbsin(90∘−θ)=IBbcosθF4=IBbsin⁡(90∘−θ)=IBbcos⁡θ
But by Fleming's left hand rule, F3 and F 4 are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction along the same line of action. Therefore, they balance
each other.
Now, torque due to F1 and F 2 is given by
Ac
ττ = force ×× perpendicular distance between Iines of action of F 1 and F 2.
τ=F×bsinθτ=F×bsin⁡θ
But, F1=F2=F=IBl,∴τ=(IBl)×(bsinθ)F1=F2=F=IBl,∴τ=(IBl)×(bsin⁡θ)
⇒τ=IB(lb)sinθ⇒τ=IB(lb)sin⁡θ
l
∴τ=IBAsinθ∴τ=IBAsin⁡θ
where, A = lb = area of coil.
na

For N turns of the coil, we have

τ=NIABsinθτ=NIABsin⁡θ, this is the required expression of the torque in the
current carrying rectangular loop.

1. State Biot-Savart law in vector form expressing the magnetic field due to an element dl→dl→ carrying current I
tio

at a distance r⃗ r→ from the element.

2. Write the expression for the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of radius r carrying
a steady current I. Draw the field lines due to the current loop.

[2014]
ec

Answer:

1. According to Biot-Sarvart's law, the magnetic field due to a current element vector (dl) carrying current I at a
Dir

distance of r is given by:

dB−→=μ04πI(dl→×r⃗ )r3dB→=μ04πI(dl→×r→)r3
2. The magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop is given by:
B = μ0I2rμ0I2r
The field lines are as shown:

6/37
 An element M = △l=△xiˆ△l=△xi^ is placed at the origin (as shown in
figure) and carries a current I = 2 A. Find out the magnetic field at a point P
on the Y-axis at a distance of 1.0 m due to the element Δx=1 cmΔx=1cm.
Also, give the direction of the field produced.

[2009]

Answer:

According to Biot-Savart's law,

|dB|=μo4πIdlsinθr2|dB|=μo4πIdlsin⁡θr2
dl = △x△x = 1 ×× 10-2m, I = 2 A, r = 1m = y, μo/4πμo/4π = 10-7 Tm/A
and θθ = 90o
So,

my
|dB||dB| = 10-7 ×× 2 ×× 1 ×× 10-2 sin 90o = 2 ×× 10-9 T
Its direction is along +Z-axis as:
dl ×× r = △x△x iˆi^ ×× y jˆj^ = y △x△x (iˆi^ ×× jˆj^) = y △x△x kˆk^

Write the expression in a vector form for the Lorentz magnetic force F due to a
charge moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B. What is the direction of the

e
magnetic force?

ad
[2014]

Answer:

The expression for Lorentz magnetic force in vector form is given by

F→=q(v→×B→)F→=q(v→×B→)
where, q is the magnitude of charged particle.
Ac
From right hand rule, the direction of the magnetic force is perpendicular to the plane containing v and B.

A beam of αα-particles projected along +X-axis experiences a force due to a magnetic field along the + Y-axis. What is
l
the direction of the magnetic field?
na

[2010, 2008]

Answer:

Velocity of α−α−particles along +x axis,

tio

v=vi^v=vi^
Force experienced is along +y axis, F=FjˆF=Fj^
Magnetic Lorentz force on αα-particles
F→=q(v→×B→)Therefore,Fjˆ=q(viˆ×B→)F→=q(v→×B→)Therefore,Fj^=q(vi^×B→)
Thus, B vector must be in −kˆ−k^ direction for F to be in jˆj^ direction. Hence the direction of the magnetic field must
ec

be along negative Z-axis.

Write the underlying principle of a moving coil galvanometer.

Dir

[2016]

Answer:

The underlying principle of a moving coil galvanometer is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque.

A long solenoid of length L having N turns carries a current I. Deduce the expression for the magnetic field in the
interior of the solenoid.

[2011]

Answer:

7/37
 Figure shows the longitudinal sectional view of current carrying long solenoid.

Let B be the magnetic field at any point inside the solenoid along ab. The
current comes out of the plane of paper at points marked.
The rectangular Amperian loop abcd is considered to determine the magnetic
field.
Applying Ampere's Circuital Law over loop abcd,
∮B⋅dl=μ0×∮B⋅dl=μ0×(Total enclosed current)

∫baB⋅dl+∫cbB⋅dl+∫dcB⋅dl+∫adB⋅dl=μ0(NLlI)∫abB⋅dl+∫bcB⋅dl+∫cdB⋅dl+∫daB⋅dl=μ0(NLlI)
where, NL=NL= n, number of turns per unit length and ab = cd = l = length of rectangular Amperian loop, and total
number of turns = NLlNLl
As the field outside the solenoid is zero, ∫dcB.dl=0∫cdB.d⁡l=0,

my
∫baBdlcos0∘+∫cbBdlcos90∘+0∫abBdlcos⁡0 ∘+∫bcBdlcos⁡90∘+0+∫adBdlcos90∘=μ0(NL)lI+∫daBdlcos⁡90∘=μ0(NL)lI
B∫badl=μ0(NL)lI⇒Bl=μ0(NL)lIB∫abdl=μ0(NL)lI⇒Bl=μ0(NL)lI
⇒B=μ0(N/L)I⇒B=μ0(N/L)I
or B=μ0nIB=μ0nI
This is a required expression for magnetic field inside the current carrying long solenoid.

e
A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius r carries a current I. Write the expressions for the following:

ad
1. The magnetic field at its centre.
2. The magnetic moment of this coil.

[2012]

Answer:
Ac
1. The expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular current-carrying coil,
B=μ0NI/2rB=μ0NI/2r
where N is the number of turns of coil, I is current flowing in the coil, r is the radius of circular coil and μoμo is
permeability of free space.
l
2. Magnetic moment is given by,
na

M=NIA=NI(πr2)M=NIA=NI(πr2)
M=πNIr2M=πNIr2

A square coil of side 10cm has 20 turns and carries a current of 12A. The coil is suspended vertically and normal to
the plane of the coil, makes an angle θθ with the direction of a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.80 T. If the
tio

torque experienced by the coil equals 0.96 Nm, find the value of θθ.

[2010]

Answer:
ec

Here, Area (A) of coil =10×10=100cm2=10−2m2=10×10=100cm2=10−2m2

Number of turns, N = 20 turns
Coil Current, I = 12 A
Magnetic Field Strength, B = 0.8 T
Dir

Torque, τ=0.96Nmτ=0.96Nm
Torque (τ)(τ) experienced by current carrying coil in the magnetic field is given by,
τ=NIABsinθτ=NIABsin⁡θ
0.96=20×12×10−2×0.8×sinθ0.96=20×12×10−2×0.8×sin⁡θ
⇒sinθ=0.961.92=12⇒θ=π6rad⇒sin⁡θ=0.961.92=12⇒θ=π6rad
Thus, plane of the coil makes an angle of θ=30oθ=30o with the direction of the uniform magnetic field.

State Ampere's circuital law. Show through an example, how this law enables an easy evaluation of the magnetic field
when there is a symmetry in the system.

[2010]

Answer:
8/37
 Ampere's circuital law: Itstates that the line integral of magnetic field B along any closed loop is equal to µ 0 times
the total current passing through the loop.
i.e. ∮B⋅dl=μ0I∮B⋅dl=μ0I

When there is a symmetry in the system such as for an infinitely long

conductor wire carrying a steady current I, the magnetic field can be
calculated easily using Ampere Circuital Law. Consider the Figure.

Here, B (magnetic field) is tangential to circumference of the circular

loop. The magnetic field at point P at a distance R from the centre of
the circular loop is calculated as under.

∮B.dl=μoIB.2πR=μoI∮B.dl=μoIB.2πR=μoI

my
⇒B=μ0I/2πR⇒B=μ0I/2πR [From Ampere's Circuital law]

The direction of magnetic field will be determined by Right

Hand Thumb Rule.

Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying loop.

e
[2013]

ad
Answer:

The magnetic field lines for a current loop are shown in the Figure. They form closed loops.
Ac
Deduce the expression for the magnetic field inside the toroid carrying current I and having
N number of turns.

[2011]

Answer:
l
Figure shows the toroid, which can be viewed as an endless solenoid in the form of ring.
na

Magnetic Field at point P and Q is zero. To calculate the magnetic field in the interior of it, Ampere's circuital law can
be used. Let I be the current, r be the mean radius, N number of turns in toroid and B be the magnetic field inside the
toroid.
Then, the line integral of the magnetic field around the closed path of the circle of radius r is
tio

∮B.dl=B.2πr∮B.dl=B.2πr

Now, from Ampere's circuital law,

B.2πrB.2πr = μoNIμoNI
Thus, B=μoNI2πrB=μoNI2πr
Comparing with solenoid, if n be the number of turns/unit length, the total number of
ec

turns,
N = 2πrn2πrn
Thus, B=μ0nIB=μ0nI
Dir

A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current of 1A kept near an infinite long straight
wire carrying a current of 2A in the same plane as shown in the figure.

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the net force exerted on the loop due to the
current carrying conductor.

[2015]

Answer:

Force exerted on the loop due to current carrying conductor is given by,
F=μ0I1I2l2πrF=μ0I1I2l2πr
9/37
 Force on arm AB, FAB=μ0×2×1×20×10−22π×10×10−2FAB=μ0×2×1×20×10−22π×10×10−2
=2μ0πN=2μ0πN (Attractive, towards the wire)

where N is unit of Force in Newtons.

Force on arm
CD, FCD=μ0×2×1×20×10−22π×30×10−2FCD=μ0×2×1×20×10−22π×30×10−2
=2μ03πN=2μ03πN (Repulsive, away from the wire)
Force on arms BC and DA are equal and opposite, so they cancel out each
other.
The net force on the loop ABCD is
F = FAB - F CD
=μ0π[2−23]=μ0π[2−23]
=4μ03π=4×4π×10−73π=4μ03π=4×4π×10−73π

my
=5.33×10−7N=5.33×10−7N (Attractive, towards the wire)
This net force is directed towards the infinitely long straight wire.

Two identical loops P and Q each of radius 5 cm are lying in perpendicular planes such that they have a common
centre as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at the common centre of

e
the two coils, if they carry currents equal to 3A and 4A, respectively.

[2017]

ad
Answer:

Magnetic field due to circular loop P is directed vertically upwards and is given by,

BP=μ0IP2rBP=μ0IP2r
Ac
Magnetic field due to circular loop Q is directed horizontally and is given by,

BQ=μ0IQ2rBQ=μ0IQ2r
l
So, net magnetic field at the centre of the loop is given by,
na
tio

Bnet=B2P+B2Q−−−−−−−−√=(μ0IP/2r)2+(μ0IQ/2r)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√Bnet=BP2+BQ2=(μ0IP/2r)2+(μ0IQ/2r)2

=μ02rI2P+I2Q−−−−−−√=4π×10−72×5×10−2×5=2π×10−5T=μ02rIP2+IQ2=4π×10−72×5×10−2×5=2π×10−5T, The
direction of current I is not given, hence, direction of B→B→ cannot be predicted.
The net magnetic field makes an angle θθ with B Q which is given by,
ec

tanθ=BPBQ=IPIQ=34tan⁡θ=BPBQ=IPIQ=34

θ=36.87oθ=36.87o
Dir

A narrow beam of protons and deuterons, each having the same momentum enters a region of the uniform
magnetic field directed perpendicular to their direction of momentum. What would be the ratio of the radii of the
circular path described by them?

[2011]

Answer:

The radius of circular path depends on the charge and magnetic field as,
r = mvqBmvqB [∵∵ qvB = mv2rmv2r]
For constant momentum, r∝(1q)r∝(1q)

10/37
 Also, charge on proton = charge on deuteron
∴rprd=qdqp=qpqp=1∴rprd=qdqp=qpqp=1
Hence, rp : rd = 1 : 1

An electron does not suffer any deflection while passing through a region of a uniform magnetic field. What is the
direction of the magnetic field?

[2009]

Answer:

Force on a charge, F = qvB sinθθ

As an electron does not suffer any deflection in the magnetic field, force is zero. It means θθ = 0o or 180o
Thus, the direction of the magnetic field should be parallel or antiparallel to the motion of the electron causing zero

my
magnetic force on electron so that it suffers no deflection.

Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B.
Show that no work is done by this force on the charged particle.

[2011]

e
Answer:

ad
The expression of Lorentz Magnetic Force is,
Fm=q( v× B)Fm=q(v×B)

where F m, v and B are vectors. Let θθ is the angle between v and B. Thus,

Fm = qvB sinθθ
Ac
Thus, Resultant Lorentz magnetic force always acts in the direction perpendicular to both velocity and magnetic field.
As Fm is perpendicular to v,
⇒⇒ Force is perpendicular to displacement, d made by charged particle. So, work done W is,
l
W = F m . d = F m d cos ϕϕ
na

where ϕϕ is the angle F and motion of charge

Thus, W = F m d cos90o = 0 [∵∵ Force F and displacement d are perpendicular to each other]
⇒W=0⇒W=0
Hence proved, no work is done by Lorentz magnetic force on the charged particle.
tio

Is the steady electric current the only source of magnetic field? Justify your answer.

[2013]

Answer:
ec

No, the steady electric current is not the only source of the magnetic field. The magnetic field can also be produced
by other sources like alternating current, a moving charged particle, a permanent magnet, changing electric field, etc.
Dir

Two identical circular loops P and Q, each of radius r and carrying equal currents are kept in the parallel planes
having a common axis passing through O. The direction of current in P is clockwise and in Q is anti-clockwise as seen
from O which is equidistant from the loops P and Q. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at O.

[2012]

Answer:

In general, at an axial distance x the field due to circular coil of radius r carrying current I is
given by
B=μ0Ir22(r2+x2)3/2B=μ0Ir22(r2+x2)3/2
In the figure, from Right Hand Rule the direction of magnetic field in P and Q will be towards left, so net magnetic
field at point O is the sum of BP and B Q and as the loops are equidistant from point O and carrying the same

11/37
 current I, so BP = B Q . Here, x = r
Thus, B = BP + B Q = 2BP = 2[μ0Ir22(r2+r2)3/2]=μ0I23/2r2[μ0Ir22(r2+r2)3/2]=μ0I23/2r

Find the condition under which the charged particles moving with different speeds in the presence of electric and
magnetic field vectors can be used to select charged particles of a particular speed.

[2017]

Answer:

Total force on a charge, q moving with velocity, v in both electric and magnetic fields is given by,
F→=q(E→+v→×B→)=FE−→+FB−→F→=q(E→+v→×B→)=FE→+FB→
Consider electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the velocity of the
particle as shown in the figure.

my
Thus, E→=Ejˆ,B→=Bkˆ,v→=viˆE→=Ej^,B→=Bk^,v→=vi^
Therefore, F→=q(E−vB)jˆF→=q(E−vB)j^
If we adjust the values of electric field (E) and magnetic field (B) such that the
magnitude of two forces are equal, then the total force on the charge is zero and
will move in the fields undeflected.

e
This happens when,
Electric Force (FE) = Magnetic Force (F B)

ad
⇒qE=qvB⇒v=EB⇒qE=qvB⇒v=EB
The above condition can be used to select charged particles of a particular
speed from the charged particles moving with different speeds.

A particle of charge q and mass m is moving with velocity v. It is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B directed
Ac
perpendicular to its velocity. Show that it describes a circular path. Write the expression for its radius.

[2012]

Answer:
l
Consider a charge q moving with velocity v projected perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field B. As v and B are
na

perpendicular, so the perpendicular force, qvB, acts as a centripetal force and produces a circular motion
perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown in the Figure.

Thus,
qvB=mv2rqvB=mv2r
tio

r=mvqBr=mvqB
where, r = radius of the circular path followed by charge projected perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field.

How is a moving coil galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter? Explain it giving
ec

the necessary circuit diagram and the required mathematical relation used.

[2011]
Dir

Answer:

Galvanometer can be used as voltmeter by connecting it in parallel across the section to measure the voltage. A
galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a very high resistance R in series with it. Thus very
negligible current flows through it and there is no potential drop across it.
G is the resistance of the galvanometer. R is so chosen that current Ig gives full deflection in the galvanometer.

12/37
 Now,
V=Ig(G+R)⇒R+G=VIg⇒R=VIg−GV=Ig(G+R)⇒R+G=VIg⇒R=VIg−G
This equation gives the value of resistance R that is connected in series with
the galvanometer to convert into a voltmeter of range 0 to V volts.
The appropriate scale of voltmeter needs to be graduated to measure the
potential difference.

A cyclotron used to accelerate positive

ions (Mass =1.7×10−27kg=1.7×10−27kg, charge = 3.2×10−19C3.2×10−19C) has a magnetic field of (π/2)T(π/2)T . What
must be the value of the frequency of the applied alternating electric field to be used in it?

[2009]

my
Answer:

Frequency of applied electric field in cyclotron is given by, f = q B / 2 πmf = q B / 2 πm

Here, q=3.2×10−19C,m=1.7×10−27kgq=3.2×10−19C,m=1.7×10−27kg and B=π2TB=π2T
∴f=(3.2×10−19)×(π/2)2×π×1.7×10−27∴f=(3.2×10−19)×(π/2)2×π×1.7×10−27
Thus, f = 47 MHz

e
State the underlying principle of a cyclotron. Write briefly how this machine is used to accelerate charged particles to

ad
high energies.

[2014]

Answer:
Ac
Cyclotron is a device in which a charged particle can be accelerated to high energies.
Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences
magnetic lorentz force due to which the particle moves in a circular path.

When a high frequency alternating voltage is applied across the two D-shaped
l
magnetic field regions, the charge particles are accelerated. As magnetic field is
na

normal to the path of the charged particle, the particles follow circular path inside
the Dees. Every time the particle moves from one dee to the other, it comes
under the influence of electric field which ensures to increase the energy of the
particle. The increased energy increases the radius of the circular path, so the
accelerated particle moves in a spiral path.
tio

Resonance condition is when the frequency of the applied voltage is equal to

Cyclotron frequency. The polarity of the applied voltage reverses at the same
time the particles complete one half revolution so that the electric field
accelerates the particles each time they cross the gap from one dee to the other.
Hence, particles velocity increases and high kinetic energies are attained.
ec

A deuteron and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same magnetic field region at right angles to the
direction of the field. Show the trajectories followed by the two particles in the magnetic field. Find the ratio of the
radii of the circular paths which the two particles may describe.
Dir

[2010]

Answer:

The trajectories of the two particles, Proton and Deuteron in the magnetic field are shown in the Figure.

13/37
 Now, as r=mvqB⇒r∝mr=mvqB⇒r∝m
So, ratio of radii of deuteron path and proton path is
rdrp=mdmprdrp=mdmp
∵md=2mp∵md=2mp
⇒rd=2rp⇒rd=2rp
or rd:rp=2:1rd:rp=2:1
Also note that smaller the radius, greater the curvature and vice-versa. This
is why, proton's path has got greater curvature.

A point charge is moving with a constant velocity perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure.
What should be magnitude and direction of the electric field so that the particle moves undeviated along the same
path?

my
[2009]

Answer:

For the undeflected motion of the particle, total force on the particle is zero. So,
Force due to electric field + Force due to the magnetic field = 0
qE→+q(v→×B→)=0⇒E→=−(v→×B→)qE→+q(v→×B→)=0⇒E→=−(v→×B→)

e
From the figure, v→=−viˆandB→=−Bkˆv→=−vi^andB→=−Bk^
As the particle is moving along X-direction and the magnetic field is perpendicular to the

ad
plane of the paper directed inwards, i.e. Z-direction
Thus, E→=−(−viˆ×−Bkˆ)=−vB(−jˆ)=vBjˆE→=−(−vi^×−Bk^)=−vB(−j^)=vBj^
Therefore, Magnitude of electric field is vB and direction of electric field will be perpendicular to both v and B, i.e.
along positive Y-axis.
Ac
A wire of length L is bent round in the form of a coil having N turns of same radius. If a steady current I flows through
it in clockwise direction, then find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced at its centre.

[2009]
l
Answer:
na

When a straight wire of length L is bent in the form of a circular coil of N turns, then the length of the wire
becomes equal to the circumference of the circular coil multiplied by the number of turns.
Let the radius of coil be r as shown in the figure.
tio

∴N×∴N× circumference of the coil = Length of the wire

∴(2πr)×N=L⇒r=L/2πN∴(2πr)×N=L⇒r=L/2πN.....(i)
Magnitude of magnetic field at the centre due to N turns of a coil is given by
B=μ0(NI)2r⇒B=μ0(NI)2(L/2πN)B=μ0(NI)2r⇒B=μ0(NI)2(L/2πN) [From Eq. (i)]
B=μ0πN2I/LB=μ0πN2I/L
ec

According to right hand thumb rule, the direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the
plane of loop and entering into it represented as cross.

Two particles A and B of masses m and 2m have charges q and 2q respectively. They are moving with velocities υυ1
and υυ2 respectively in the same direction, enters the same magnetic field B acting normally to their direction of
Dir

motion. If the two forces F A and F B acting on them are in the ratio of 1 : 2, find the ratio of their velocities.

[2011]

Answer:

The ratio of forces acting on the two particles is,

FAFB=12⇒qv1B1sin90∘(2q)v2B2sin90∘=12FAFB=12⇒qv1B1sin⁡90∘(2q)v2B2sin⁡90∘=12
As given, magnetic field is same, so B1 = B 2 = B
⇒v1v2=1⇒v1:v2=1:1⇒v1v2=1⇒v1:v2=1:1

Define one tesla using the expression for the magnetic force acting on a particle of charge q moving with velocity v in
a magnetic field B.

14/37
 [2014]

Answer:

The magnetic force acting on a particle of charge q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given by,
F = qvB
⇒⇒ B = FqvFqv
Let, F = 1N, q = 1C and v = 1 ms-1
⇒⇒ 1T = 1N / (1C)(1 ms -1) = Ns / Cm
Thus, One Tesla is defined as the strength of magnetic field at the point when a charge of 1
Coulomb moving perpendicularly to the direction of magnetic field at a velocity of 1 ms-1 experiences a force of 1
Newton.

Write the expression for the force F, acting on a charged particle of charge q moving with a velocity v in the presence

my
of both electric field E and magnetic field B.
Obtain the condition under which the particle moves undeflected through the fields.

[2012]

Answer:

e
Force experienced by the charged particle in the presence of both electric and magnetic field is the sum of electric

ad
force and magnetic force on it.
Let a point charge q is moving with a velocity v in the presence of Electric Field E and Magnetic Field B.
As, Electric force, Fe = qE
Magnetic force, Fm=q(v×B)Fm=q(v×B)
Thus the expression of Lorentz force is, F=Fe+Fm=qE+q(v×B)F=Fe+Fm=qE+q(v×B)= F=q[E+(v×B)]F=q[E+(v×B)]
Ac
When a charged particle moves perpendicular to both electric and magnetic fields, a charged particle
remains undeflected and F = 0. Thus,
q[E+(v×B)]=0q[E+(v×B)]=0
or E+(v×b)=0E+(v×b)=0
In scalar form, E=BvsinθE=Bvsin⁡θ = B v when θ=90∘θ=90∘
l
Thus, v=EBv=EB
na

A rectangular coil of sides l and b carrying a current I is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B acting perpendicular
to its plane. Obtain the expression for the torque acting on it.

[2014]
tio

Answer:

A rectangular coil PQRS is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown in the figure below.

Consider the plane of the loop makes an angle with the field. Forces on
ec

arm PQ and RS are equal and opposite and they cancel each other as
they are collinear.
Force on SP is F1 and Force on QR is F 2 and are equal and opposite, with
magnitude,
Dir

F1=F2=IlBF1=F2=IlB
Torque is present due to forces F1 and F 2. Thus, magnitude torque due
to these forces on the coil will be given as

τ=F1b2sinθ+F2b2sinθ=IlbBsinθ=IABsinθτ=F1b2sin⁡θ+F2b2sin⁡θ=IlbBsin⁡θ=IABsinθ
where, A= lb (area of coil), θθ is the angle between the field and normal to the coil.
In vector form,
τ=MBsinθ n^=M×Bτ=MBsin⁡θn^=M×B
15/37
 where, M = N I A, is the magnetic moment of the current loop.
According to the question,
θ=0∘θ=0∘(as plane of coil is perpendicular to the field)
Thus, τ=0τ=0
i.e. Torque acting on the coil will be zero.

A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make a square coil of side a having
same number of turns N. Keeping the current I same, find the ratio of the magnetic moments of the square coil and
the circular coil.

[2013]

Answer:

my
As the same circular coil is unwound and rewound into square coil, length remains same. Thus,
(2πr)N=(4a)N(2πr)N=(4a)N
2πr=4a⇒a=πr22πr=4a⇒a=πr2 ...... (i)
Thus, the ratio of magnetic moment of square coil and circular coil is given as
MsMc=NIAsNIAc=a2πr2=(πr/2)2πr2=π4MsMc=NIAsNIAc=a2πr2=(πr/2)2πr2=π4 [∵∵ from Eq. (i)]

e
⇒Ms:Mc=π:4⇒Ms:Mc=π:4

An electron of mass m e revolves around a nucleus of charge +Ze. Show that it behaves like a tiny magnetic dipole.

ad
Hence, prove that the magnetic moment associated with it is expressed as μ=−e2meLμ=−e2meL, where L is the
orbital angular momentum of the electron. Give the significance of negative sign.

[2017]

Answer:
Ac
When electron revolves around a positively charged nucleus, the circular loop constitutes a current, which have a
definite dipole moment. So, it behaves as a tiny magnetic dipole.
The current, I=eTI=eT
where, e is charge of electron, T is the time period of revolution
l
T=2πrvT=2πrv
na

where r is electron orbital radius and v is the orbital speed.

Thus, I=ev2πrI=ev2πr
Magnetic moment is given by,
μ=IA=Iπr2=evr2μ=IA=Iπr2=evr2
and its direction is into the plane of paper.
tio

Now, μ=e2me(mevr)=e2meLμ=e2me(mevr)=e2meL
where L is orbital angular momentum.
In vector form, μ⃗ =−eL⃗ 2Meμ→=−eL→2Me
Here, negative sign indicates that angular momentum of electron is opposite in direction to magnetic moment.
ec

1. Write the expression for the force F acting on a charged particle of mass m and charge q moving with velocity v
in a magnetic field B. Under what conditions, will it move in
1. a circular path and
2. a helical path?
Dir

2. Show that the kinetic energy of the particle moving in magnetic field remains constant.

[2017]

Answer:

16/37
 1. The expression for force acting on the charged particle q is given by in vector form,
F=q( v× B)F=q(v×B)
where, B is uniform magnetic field and v is velocity with which particle is moving.

From this equation, it is clear that direction of force is perpendicular

to the plane containing both v and B.
(a) When v is perpendicular to B, the perpendicular force acts
as centripetal force and a circular motion is produced perpendicular
to the magnetic field.

my
(b) When velocity has component parallel to the field B, the resultant
motion is a helical motion along the magnetic field. In case, B is not
perpendicular to v, a component of v remains perpendicular to B. It
creates circular path. The component of v parallel to B will create
linear path. Here, the particle will have circular path due to v cosθθ

e
and linear path due to vsinθvsin⁡θ. Both, when combined, gives a
helical path.

ad
2. A charged particle moving in a perpendicular magnetic field describes a circular path, on which its speed v does
not change. So its kinetic energy K(=1/2mv2)K(=1/2mv2) remains unchanged.

1. Write the expression for the magnetic force acting on a charged particle moving with velocity v in the presence
of magnetic field B.
Ac
2. A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform magnetic field going
into the plane of the paper as shown in the figure. Trace their paths in the field and justify your answer.

[2015]
l
Answer:
na

1. When a charged particle,q moves with velocity,v in a uniform magnetic

field, B, then magnetic lorentz force,F acting on it is given
by, F=q(v×B)F=q(v×B)
tio

2. The direction of force on the charged particle is given by (v×B)(v×B). Here, direction of v is + i^i^ and direction of
B is −k^−k^.
For αα -particle, charge is positive
So, direction of force is +(+iˆ×−kˆ)i.e.+jˆ+(+i^×−k^)i.e.+j^
ec

Thus for αα-particle, it describes a circle with anti-clockwise motion.

For neutron:
It is a neutral particle, so it goes undeviated as F=q(v×B)=0F=q(v×B)=0
Dir

For electron:
Magnetic Force is given by F=−e( v× B)F=−e(v×B)
So, direction is −(+iˆ×−kˆ)⇒−jˆ−(+i^×−k^)⇒−j^
Thus, e- describes a circle with clockwise motion.

The path of the particles in the presence of magnetic field is shown below:

17/37
 A uniform magnetic field B is set up along the positive X-axis. A particle of charge q and mass m
moving with a velocity v enters the field at the origin in XY-plane such that it has velocity
components both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field B. Trace, giving reason, the
trajectory followed by the particle. Find out the expression for the distance moved by the particle
along the magnetic field in one rotation.

[2011]

Answer:

The path of the charged particle will be helix as the charge moves linearly in the direction of the
magnetic field with velocity vcosθvcos⁡θ and also describe the circular path due to velocity vsinθvsin⁡θ.

Let r be the radius of the circular path of a particle. The centripetal

my
force perpendicular to the path towards the centre of the circle is
given by mv2/rmv2/r
If velocity v is perpendicular to magnetic field B, the magnetic force is
perpendicular to both v and B and acts like centripetal force of
magnitude q v B.

e
Thus, mv2/rmv2/r = q v B
Now, v = ωω r

ad
where ωω is the angular frequency. So, ωω = q B / m
Time taken to complete one revolution,
T=2π/ωT=2π/ω
⇒T=2πm/Bq⇒T=2πm/Bq
If parallel component of velocity is also present, the particle will move along the field in a helical path.
Ac
Distance moved by the particle along the magnetic field in one rotation (pitch of the helix path) is,
= v∥Tv∥T [∵v∥=v parallel ][∵v‖=v parallel ]
=vcosθ×2πm/Bq⇒P=2πmvcosθ/qB=vcos⁡θ×2πm/Bq⇒P=2πmvcos⁡θ/qB

Draw a labelled diagram of cyclotron. Explain its working principle. Show that cyclotron frequency is independent of
the speed and radius of the orbit.
l
na

[2019]

Answer:

Cyclotron is a device by which the positively charged particles like protons, deutrons, etc. can be accelerated. The
tio

labelled diagram of cyclotron is shown in the Figure.

Working Principle: The cyclotron uses crossed electric and magnetic fields
which increases the kinetic energy of a charged particle without changing its
frequency of revolution.
ec

Here, Magnetic lorentz force is equal to the Centripetal force. Thus,

Fc = F m
mv2rmv2r = q v B
Thus, vrvr = BqmBqm
Now, time taken to describe a semi-circle is,
Dir

t=πrv=πmBqt=πrv=πmBq
Thus, period of rotation, T = 2t
T=2πmBqT=2πmBq
The frequency of rotation of particle known as cyclotron frequency is,
νc=1T=Bq2πmνc=1T=Bq2πm
From the above equation we can see, cyclotron frequency is independent of the speed and radius of the orbit.

Use the expression, F=q(v×B)F=q(v×B) to define the SI unit of magnetic field.

[2010]

Answer:

18/37
 Lorentz magnetic force, F=q( v× B)⇒F=qvBsinθF=q(v×B)⇒F=qvBsin⁡θ
where, θθ is the angle between v and B.
⇒B=F/qvsinθ⇒B=F/qvsin⁡θ
If q = 1 C, v = 1 ms -1, θ=90∘θ=90∘
Thus the magnetic field is,
B=1N(1C)(1ms−1)sin90o=1Ns/Cm=1TB=1N(1C)(1ms−1)sin90o=1Ns/Cm=1T
So, SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla (T).
Thus, the magnitude of magnetic field at a point is said to be one Tesla, if a charge of one Coulomb moving at a right
angle to a magnetic field B with a velocity of 1ms-1 experiences a force of one Newton.

A circular coil of N turns and diameter d carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another coil of
diameter 2d, current I remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moments of the new coil and the
original coil.

my
[2012]

Answer:

In Ampere's law, the loop boundary is circle and magnetic field B is tangential to the circumference of the circle. Thus
length,

e
L=2πr=πdL=2πr=πd
where r and d is the radius and diameter of the circle.

ad
As the same coil in unwound and rewound, total length remains same. Thus,
Total Length of wire of coil 1 = Total Length of wire of coil 2
N1×πd1=N2×πd2N1×πd1=N2×πd2 where N1 and N2 are the number of turns of coil 1 and 2 respectively.
N1×πd=N2×π×2dN1×πd=N2×π×2d
N2=N12N2=N12 [where, N1 = N]
⇒N2:N1=1:2⇒N1:N2=2:1⇒N2:N1=1:2⇒N1:N2=2:1
Ac
Magnetic moment, M = N I A
∴M1M2=N1IA1N2IA2=N1πd2N2π(2d)2∴M1M2=N1IA1N2IA2=N1πd2N2π(2d)2
M1M2=(N1N2)×14=2×14=12M1M2=(N1N2)×14=2×14=12
M1M2=12M1M2=12
l
⇒M1:M2=1:2⇒M1:M2=1:2
na

A straight wire of length L is bent into a semi-circular loop. Use Biot-Savart's law to deduce an expression for the
magnetic field at its centre due to the current I passing through it.

[2011]
tio

Answer:

A straight wire of length L carrying a current I is bent into semi-circular loop of arc radius r. Consider the figure.

Considering a small element dl on circular current loop. The magnitude dB of

ec

magnetic field due to small current element dl is given by Biot-Savart's law:

dB=μ04πI|dl×r|r3dB=μ04πI|dl×r|r3
Dir

Now, dB due to the straight segments is zero as dl and r are parallel.

The magnetic field at the centre C of the loop for segments of semi-circular arc is calculated below.
Length of wire = Circumference of semi-equal circular wire
⇒L=πr⇒r=Lπ⇒L=πr⇒r=Lπ....... (i)
The magnetic field dB,
dB=μ04π⋅Idlsin90∘r2dB=μ04π⋅Idlsin⁡90∘r2 [∵ Idl ⊥r,…θ=90∘][∵ Idl ⊥r,…θ=90∘]
dB=μ04π⋅Idlr2dB=μ04π⋅Idlr2
∴∴ Net magnetic field at C due to semi-circular loop
B=∫ semicircle μ04πIdlr2B=∫ semicircle μ04πIdlr2⇒B=μ04πIr2∫ semicircle dl⇒B=μ04πIr2∫ semicircle dl
B=μ04π⋅Ir2LB=μ04π⋅Ir2L
Using (i), r=L/πr=L/π

19/37
 B=μ04π⋅IL(L/π)2=μ04π×ILL2×π2⇒B=μ0Iπ4LB=μ04π⋅IL(L/π)2=μ04π×ILL2×π2⇒B=μ0Iπ4L
This is the required expression of the magnetic field. From right hand rule, direction of B is normal to the plane of the
paper going into it.

State Biot-Savart's law.

A current I flows in a conductor placed perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Indicate the direction of the magnetic
field due to a small element dl at a point P situated at a distance r from the element as shown in the figure.

[2009]

Answer:

Biot-Savart's law states that the magnitude of the magnetic field (dB)
is

my
1. directly proportional to the current I, length of current element
dl of the conductor.
2. directly proportional to sinθsin⁡θ , i.e. dB∝sinθdB∝sin⁡θ where,
θθ is the angle between dl and r.
3. inversely proportional to the square of the distance r,

e
dB∝1r2dB∝1r2
Combining all the inequalities,

ad
dB∝Idlsinθr2=μ04π⋅Idlsinθr2dB∝Idlsin⁡θr2=μ04π⋅Idlsin⁡θr2
where, μo4π=10−7Tm/Aμo4π=10−7Tm/A for free space
where μoμo is permeability of free space.
In vector form, dB⃗ =μ04π⋅Idl⃗ ×r⃗ r3dB→=μ04π⋅Idl→×r→r3
Ac
The direction of the magnetic field dB is perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r. So,
according to the given figure,

B→=μo4π(Idlkˆ)×(rj)ˆr3=μo4πIdlr2(−iˆ)B→=μo4π(Idlk^)×(rj)^r3=μo4πIdlr2(−i^)
Thus the direction of the magnetic field is along the negative X direction.
l
A steady current I1 flows through a long straight wire. Another wire carrying steady current
na

I2 in the same direction is kept close and parallel to the first wire. Show with the help of a
diagram, how the magnetic field due to the current I 1 exert a magnetic force on the second
wire. Deduce the expression for this force.

[2011]
tio

Answer:

When a conductor carries current, magnetic field exists. This external magnetic
field will exert a force on the current carrying conductor. Thus, when two
ec

current carrying conductors are placed near to each other, they exert magnetic
forces on each other.

Consider the figure. Let two infinitely long straight current carrying conductors separated by distance 'r' carry
Dir

currents I1 and I2 in the same direction.

20/37
 Magnetic field B 1 due to a on b from Ampere circuital law is,
B1=μ04π2I1r=μ0I12πrB1=μ04π2I1r=μ0I12πr ....... (i)
The direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed inwards.

Now, the conductor 'b' experience a force, F 2 due to the field B 1. Thus, Magnetic Force on
length L of second wire is given by
F2=I2B1Lsin90∘⇒F2=I2(μ04π⋅2I1r)LF2=I2B1Lsin⁡90∘⇒F2=I2(μ04π⋅2I1r)L
⇒F2L=μ04π2I1I2r=μ0I1I22πr⇒F2L=μ04π2I1I2r=μ0I1I22πr ..... (ii)
By Fleming's left hand rule, the direction of force F2 is towards the conductor 'a'
Similarly, F 1 is calculated which is equal in magnitude to F 2 and directed towards 'b'. Thus,
F1 = - F 2
Thus the two straight parallel current carrying conductors having the same direction of flow

my
of currents attract each other.

A moving coil galvanometer of resistance G gives its full scale deflection when a current I g flows through its coil. It can
be converted into an ammeter of range (0 to 1), (I > I g) when a shunt of resistance S is connected. Find the expression
for the shunt required in terms of Ig and G.

e
[2010]

Answer:

ad
A moving coil galvanometer of range I g and resistance G can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a very low
shunt resistance (S) in parallel with the galvanometer. Consider the figure.

Now, the potential difference across the combination is same.

Ac
Therefore, PD across Galvanometer = PD across shunt resistance, S
Ig G = I s S
where Is is the current in shunt resistance, S
But Is + I g = I
⇒Is=I−Ig⇒Is=I−Ig
l
⇒IsS=(I−Ig)S⇒IsS=(I−Ig)S
na

⇒IgG=(I−Ig)S⇒IgG=(I−Ig)S
⇒S=IgI−IgG⇒S=IgI−IgG
This is the required expression.

1. Derive the expression for the torque acting on a current carrying loop placed in a magnetic field.
tio

2. Explain the significance of a radial magnetic field when a current carrying coil is kept in it.

[2019]

Answer:
ec

1. Consider the figure. A rectangular loop is placed such that a uniform magnetic field B is in the plane of the loop.

Forces on the arms AD and BC are zero.

Dir

Force on arm AB = F1 = l b B (directed into the plane of the loop)

Force on arm CD = F2 = I b B (directed out of the plane of the paper)

Thus net force on the loop is zero.

The magnitude of the torque on the loop due to forces F1 and F 2 is,
ττ = F1a2a2 + F2a2a2
= l (ab) B
= l A B (where A = ab = area of the loop)
If there are n such turns, the torque will be nlab sinθθ.
The magnetic moment of the current, m=IA
∴τ⃗ =m⃗ ×B⃗ ∴τ→=m→×B→

21/37
 2. The uniform radial magnetic field keeps the plane of the coil always parallel to the direction of the magnetic
field. Thus produces a constant torque on the coil irrespective of the rotation of the coil. In application, when a
current carrying coil is kept in a radial magnetic field the corresponding moving coil galvanometer would have a
linear scale.

1. Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a current carrying coil of radius R at a distance x from the
centre along the X-axis.
2. A straight wire carrying a current of 5 A is bent into a semicircular arc of radius 2 cm as shown in the figure. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the centre of the arc.

[2019]

Answer:

my
1. Consider a circular loop having current I of radius R in y-z plane. Let O be the origin. Let P be the point on x-axis
at the distance x from the origin O where the magnetic field is to be calculated. Consider dldl element of the
loop.

According to Biot Savart Law, the magnitude dB of the magnetic field due
to dldl is given by,

e
|dB−→||dB→| = μ04πIdlsin90∘r2μ04πIdlsin⁡90∘r2
Where r = x2+R2−−−−−−√x2+R2

ad
|dB−→||dB→| = μ04πIdl(x2+R2)μ04πIdl(x2+R2)
The direction of dB−→dB→ is perpendicular to dl→dl→ and r→r→.
It has components dBxdBx and dB⊥dB⊥. The components dB⊥dB⊥ due
to the whole coil cancel out in pairs.
Net field B = ∫∫ dBx = ∫∫ dB cos θθ
Now, cosθ=R(x2+R2)1/2cosθ=R(x2+R2)1/2
Ac
Therefore, dB x = μ0Idl4πR(x2+R2)3/2μ0Idl4πR(x2+R2)3/2
The summation of elements dldl over the circular loop yields the circumference, 2πR2πR
Thus, net magnetic field (in vector form),
B⃗ B→ = μ0IR22(x2+R2)32iˆμ0IR22(x2+R2)32i^
l
At, x = 0,
na

B=μoI2RiˆB=μoI2Ri^

2. From above, for circular loop, the magnitude of magnetic field B is

B=μoI2RB=μoI2R
tio

For the semi-circular loop, the magnitude of the net magnetic field, B = μ0I4Rμ0I4R i.e. half of the circular loop
= 4π×10−7×54×2×10−24π×10−7×54×2×10−2
= 7.85 ×× 10-5 T
And the field is directed inwards perpendicular to the plane of the page.

1. Derive with the help of a diagram the expression for the magnetic field inside a very long solenoid having n
ec

turns per unit length carrying a current I.

2. How is a toroid different from a solenoid?

[2019]
Dir

Answer:

22/37
 1.
Consider the loop abcd. Along cd, the magnetic field is zero. Along bc
and ad, the field component is zero, hence makes no contribution. Let
field along ab be B. Let n be the number of turns per unit length.
Thus, the total number of turns is nh.
The enclosed current is Ie = I(nh)
From Ampere’s circuital law,
BL = μoμo Ie
Bh = μoμo I (nh) [ here L = h ]
Therefore, magnetic field B = μoμo n I
Its direction is given by right hand thumb rule.

2. The toroid is a hollow circular ring having large number of turns closely wound. It is viewed as solenoid bent

my
into circular shape.
The magnetic field, B of toroid having N turns is,
B=μoNI2πrB=μoNI2πr
where N = 2πrn2πrn
Also, Solenoid behaves like a bar magnet whereas Toroid does not.

e
1. State and explain the law used to determine magnetic field at a point due to a current element. Derive the
expression for the magnetic field due to a circular current carrying loop of radius R at its centre.

ad
2. A long wire with a small current element of length 1 cm is placed at the origin and carries a current of 10 A
along the X-axis. Find out the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to the element on the Y-axis at
a distance 0·5 m from it.

[2019]

Answer:
Ac
1. Biot Savart law is the law that is used to determine the magnetic field at a point due to a current element.
Let finite conductor XY carrying current I as shown in Figure. Let dl be the infinitesimal element of the
conductor. The magnetic field, dB due to a current element, dl at a point P which is at a distance r, is given by
l
dB→dB→ = μo4πIdl→×r⃗ r3μo4πIdl→×r→r3
na

The magnitude of this field is,

∣∣∣dB→∣∣∣=μo4πIdlsinθr2|dB→|=μo4πIdlsin⁡θr2
Now, to calculate the magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop of radius R,
tio

consider the figure below:

Now here, r=R2+x2−−−−−−√r=R2+x2. Also |dl×r|=rdl|dl×r|=rdl

So, the magnitude of dB due to dl is,
∣∣∣dB→∣∣∣=μo4πIdlx2+R2|dB→|=μo4πIdlx2+R2
ec

Now dB has two components. The perpendicular component gets

cancelled and only x-component survives. So,
dBx = dB cosθθ
cosθθ = R(x2+R2)1/2R(x2+R2)1/2
Dir

Thus, dBx = μoIdl4πR(x2+R2)3/2μoIdl4πR(x2+R2)3/2

Therefore, field due to the whole circular loop is,
|B⃗ ||B→| = ∫∫dBx = μoI4πR(x2+R2)3/2μoI4πR(x2+R2)3/2∫∫dl
= μoI4πR(x2+R2)3/2μoI4πR(x2+R2)3/2 ×× 2ππR
= μoIR22(x2+R2)3/2μoIR22(x2+R2)3/2
At the centre of loop, x = 0, thus
|B⃗ ||B→| = μ0I2Rμ0I2R

23/37
 2.
|dB→||dB→| = μo4πIdlsinθr2μo4πIdlsin⁡θr2

= 4π×10−74π4π×10−74π ×× 10×(1×10−2)×sin90∘(0.5)210×(1×10−2)×sin⁡90∘(0.5)2 = 4××10-8 T

And the field is directed perpendicular to the plane and directed into it.

Write the expression for the magnetic moment (m) due to a planar square loop of side 'll' carrying a steady current
II in a vector form. In the given figure, this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long straight conductor carrying
a steady current I 1 at a distance 'll' as shown.

my
Give reasons to explain that the loop will experience a net force but no torque. Write the expression for this force
acting on the loop.

[2010]

Answer:

e
ad
l Ac
na
tio
ec
Dir

24/37
 The magnetic moment due to the planar square current-carrying loop of side l is,
m=IA=Il2m=IA=Il2
where A = area of the loop (square)

1. State Biot - Savart's law and express this law in the vector form.
2. Two identical circular coils, P and Q each of radius R, carrying currents 1A and 3–√3A respectively, are placed
concentrically and perpendicular to each other lying in the XY and YZ planes. Find the magnitude and direction
of the net magnetic field at the centre of the coils.

[2017]

Answer:

1. Biot-Savarat's Law: It states that magnetic field due to current element Idl of a conducting wire at a distance r

my
from it is given as
dB−→=μ04πIdl−→×r→r3dB→=μ04πIdl→×r→r3
The direction of magnetic field can be find out by using right hand thumb rule.
2. As magnetic field at the centre of circular coil is given as
B=μ0I2πrB=μ0I2πr
Using this formula for P coil and Q coil,

e
BP=μ02πrBP=μ02πr
BQ=μ03√2πrBQ=μ032πr

ad
As BP and BQ are perpendicular to each other as shown in diagram, so net magnetic field is given as

So, net magnetic field, Bnet=B2P+B2Q−−−−−−−√Bnet=BP2+BQ2

Putting the values we get,
Bnet=2μ02πr=μ0πrBnet=2μ02πr=μ0πr
Also direction of magnetic field,
Ac
tan θ =BpBQ=BpBQ = 13√13 = tan 30°
So, θθ = 30°
Hence, net magnetic field directed in 30° with horizontal plane.
l
1. State Ampere's circuital law expressing it in the integral form.
na

2. Two long co-axial insulated solenoids S1 and S2 of equal length are

wound one over the other as shown in the figure. A steady current I
flows through the inner solenoid S1 to the other end B which is
connected to the outer solenoid S 2 through which the some current
I flows in the opposite direction so, as to come out at end A. If n1
tio

and n2 are the number of turns per unit length, find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at a
point
1. inside on the axis and
2. outside the combined system.
ec

[2014]

Answer:

1. Ampere’s circuital law: The line integral of the magnetic field around a
Dir

closed path is μ0μ0times of total current enclosed by the path.

∮B→.dl→=μ0I∮B→.dl→=μ0I

25/37
 2. a. The magnetic field due to a current carrying solenoid:

B=μ0nIB=μ0nI
where n = number of turns per unit length
i = current through the solenoid
Now, the magnetic field due to solenoid S1 will be in the upward direction
and the magnetic field due to S2 will be in the downward direction (by right-
hand screw rule).
Bnet=BS1−BS2Bnet=BS1−BS2
Bnet=μ0n1I−μ0n2I=μ0I(n1−n2)Bnet=μ0n1I−μ0n2I=μ0I(n1−n2)
The direction of field is in the upward direction.

b. The magnetic field is zero outside a solenoid.

my
A long straight wire of a circular cross-section·of radius a carries steady current I. The current is uniformly distributed
across the cross-section. Apply Ampere's circuital law to calculate the magnetic field B(r) at a point in the region for (i)
r < a and (ii) r > a. Draw a graph showing the dependence of B(r) on r.

[2010]

e
Answer:

ad
1. Consider the case r < a. The Amperian loop is a circle labelled 1 (fig.)

For this loop, taking the radius of the circle to be r

Let this loop contains charge Ie. This current enclosed Ie is not I, but is
less than this value.
Ac
Since the current distribution is uniform, the current enclosed is
Ie=I(πr2πa2)=I(r2a2)Ie=I(πr2πa2)=I(r2a2)
Using Ampere's law,
B.2πr=μ0I(r2a2)B.2πr=μ0I(r2a2)
B=μ0I2π(ra2)B=μ0I2π(ra2)
l
So, B∝rforr<aB∝rforr<a
na

2. Consider the case r > a. The Amperian loop, labelled 2, is a circle concentric with the cross-section. For this loop,
L=2πrL=2πr
Ie = Current enclosed by the loop = I
The result is the familiar expression for a long straight wire
tio

B.2πr=μ0IB.2πr=μ0I
B=μ0I2πrB=μ0I2πr
B∝1rB∝1r when r>ar>a

Fig. shows a plot of the magnitude of B with distance r from the

ec

centre of the wire. The direction of the field is tangential tothe

respective circular loop (1 or 2) and given by the right-hand rule.

State Biot-Savart's law and give the mathematical expression for it. Use
Dir

this law to derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular
coil carrying current at a point along its axis. How does a circular loop
carrying current behave as a magnet?

[2011]

Answer:

Biot Savart's Law: It states that the magnetic field strength (dB) produced due to a current element (of current I and

26/37
 length dl) at a point having position vector r relative to current element is
dB−→=μ04πIdl−→×r→r3dB→=μ04πIdl→×r→r3
Where μ0μ0 is permeability of free space.
The direction of magnetic field vector dB is perpendicular to the plane
containing vector Idl and vector r.
Magnetic field at the axis of a circular loop: Consider a circular loop of
radius R carrying current I, with its plane perpendicular to the plane of paper.
Let P be a point of observation on the axis of this circular loop at a distance x
from its centre O as shown in figure. Consider a small element of length dl of
the coil at point A. The magnitude of the magnetic induction vector dB at
point P due to this element is given by

dB=μ0Idlsin904πr2=μ0Idl4πr2dB=μ0Idlsin⁡904πr2=μ0Idl4πr2 ........ (1)

my
(angle between I vector dl and vector r is 90°)
The direction of vector dB is perpendicular to the plane
containing vector dl and vector r and is given by right hand
screw rule. In figure, vector dB has been represented by
vector Q. The vector Q can be
resolved into two components, namely PM and PN.

e
dBx=μ0Idl4πr2sinαdBx=μ0Idl4πr2sin⁡α
dBy=μ0Idl4πr2cosαdBy=μ0Idl4πr2cos⁡α

ad
Now consider another small current element of length dI' at
A'. The magnetic induction vector dB due to this element has
been represented by vector Q ' and is given as Ac
dB′=μ0Idl4πr2sin90=μ0Idl4πr2dB′=μ0Idl4πr2sin⁡90=μ0Idl4πr2 ....... (2)
So dB = dB'
which can also be resolved into two components; PM and PN' along the axis and perpendicular to the axis
respectively. Thus if we consider the magnetic induction produced by the whole of the circular coil, then by symmetry
l
the components of magnetic induction perpendicular to the axis will be cancelled out, while those parallel to the axis
will be added up. Thus the resultant magnetic induction vector B at axial point P is along the axis and may be
na

evaluated as follows:
B=∫dBx=∫μ0Idl4πr2sinα=∫μ0Idl4πr2RrB=∫dBx=∫μ0Idl4πr2sin⁡α=∫μ0Idl4πr2Rr
B=μ0IR4πr3∫dl=μ0IR4πr32πRB=μ0IR4πr3∫dl=μ0IR4πr32πR ...... (3)
Putting r=R2+x2−−−−−−√r=R2+x2 we get,
tio

B=μ0IR22(R2+x2)3/2B=μ0IR22(R2+x2)3/2
This is the total magnetic field due to current carrying coil on the axis of coil.

1. State Ampere's circuital law. Use it to derive an expression for magnetic field inside along the axis of an air-
cored solenoid.
ec

2. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a finite solenoid. How are these field lines different from the electric field
lines from an electric dipole?

[2010]
Dir

Answer:

27/37
 1. Ampere circuital law: It states that the line integral of magnetic field induction along a closed path is equal
to μ0μ0 times the current enclosed by the path.
Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Long Solenoid: A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a
close-packed helix, carrying current. When an electric current is passed through the solenoid, a magnetic field is
produced within the solenoid. If the solenoid is long and the successive insulated copper turns have no gaps,
then the magnetic field within the solenoid is uniform with practically no magnetic field outside it.
Take a closed path 'pqrs' in the solenoid as shown in the figure:

e my
ad
Ac
Using Ampere's circuital law we have
∮B⃗ ⋅dl→=μ0I∮B→⋅dl→=μ0I
fB⃗ ⋅dl→=∫pqB⃗ ⋅dl→+∫qrB⃗ ⋅dl→+∫rsB⃗ ⋅dl→+∫spB⃗ ⋅dl→fB→⋅dl→=∫pqB→⋅dl→+∫qrB→⋅dl→+∫rsB→⋅dl→+∫spB→⋅dl→
l
∮B⃗ ⋅dl→=∫pqBdlcos0+∫qrBdlcos90+∫spBdlcos90∮B→⋅dl→=∫pqBdlcos⁡0 +∫qrBdlcos⁡90+∫spBdlcos⁡90
na

∮B⃗ ⋅dl→=∫pqBdl=Bl∮B→⋅dl→=∫pqBdl=Bl
Also by Ampere circuital law we have,
∮B→.dl−→=μ0NI∮B→.dl→=μ0NI
From above equation,
Bl=μ0NIBl=μ0NI
tio

B=μ0NlIB=μ0NlI
If there are ‘n’ number of turns per metre length of the solenoid and I amperes is the current flowing.
Let n = NlNl where N is the total number turns of coil.
So, B=μ0nIB=μ0nI
2. Magnetic field lines due to a finite length solenoid are as shown in the figure.
ec
Dir

Electric field lines due to dipole start from positive charge and end at negative charge while magnetic field lines
inside the solenoid are uniform inside the solenoid and are from south pole towards the negative pole.
28/37
 1. State Ampere's circuital law. Show through an example, how this law enables an easy evaluation of this
magnetic field when there is a symmetry in the system?
2. What does a toroid consist of? Show that for an ideal toroid of closely wound turns, the magnetic field
1. inside the toroid is constant.
2. in the open space inside, and exterior to the toroid is zero.

[2010]

Answer:

1. Ampere's circuital law: Ampere’s law states that the line integral of magnetic field around closed path is equal to
μ0μ0 times the total current passing through the closed surface.
∮B→.dl−→=μ0I∮B→.dl→=μ0I
This law helps to evaluate the magnetic field due to a wire carrying current when the current is uniformly

my
distributed across the cross section.
2. Toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns of a wire are closely wound.
Figure shows a sectional view of the toroid. The direction of the magnetic field inside is clockwise as per the
right-hand thumb rule for circular loops. Two circular Amperian loops 1 and 2 are shown by dashed lines.

e
By symmetry, the magnetic field should be tangential to each of
them and constant in magnitude for a given loop.

ad
Let the magnetic field inside the toroid be B. We shall now consider
the magnetic field at S. Once again we employ Ampere’s law in the
form of,
∮B→.dl→=μ0NI∮B→.dl→=μ0NI
B∮dl=μ0NIB∮dl=μ0NI
BL=μ0NIBL=μ0NI ........ (1)
Ac
Where, L is the length of the loop for which B is tangential, I be the
current enclosed by the loop and N be the number of turns.
We find, L=2πrL=2πr...... (2)
From (1) and (2) we have
l
B=μ0NI2πr=μ0nIB=μ0NI2πr=μ0nI
here n is number of turns per unit length of toroid.
na

Open space inside the toroid encloses no current thus, I = 0.

Hence, B = 0

An electron and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same magnetic field region at right angles to the
tio

direction of the field.

Show the trajectory followed by the two particles in the magnetic field. Find the ratio of the radii of the circular paths
which the particles may describe.

[2010]
ec

Answer:

When a charged particle enters in the magnetic field at right angle, then the particle
follows a circular path. The trajectory of the two particles in the magnetic field is
Dir

shown below.

Radius of the circular path, r=mvqBr=mvqB

For same speed v, magnitude of charge and magnetic field
r∝m⇒rerp=mempr∝m⇒rerp=memp
where, me and m p are masses of electron and proton, respectively
∵∵ me<mpme<mp (Proton is much heavier than electron)
⇒re<rp⇒re<rp
The curvature of path of the electron is much less than curvature of path
of proton.

29/37
 rerp=memp=9.1×10−311.66×10−27=5.48×10−4rerp=memp=9.1×10−311.66×10−27=5.48×10−4

Draw a schematic sketch of the cyclotron. State its working principle. Show that the cyclotron frequency is
independent of the velocity of the charged particle.

[2011]

Answer:

Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles like protons, deuterons, α-particles etc., to very high
energies.
Principle: A charged particle can be accelerated to high speeds (energies) by passing it through the electric field many
number of times and at the same time magnetic field makes the charged particle moving in a circular path.

my
Let a particle of charge q and mass m enters a region of magnetic
field vector B with a velocity vector v, normal to the magnetic field
vector B. The particle follows a circular path, the necessary
centripetal force is provided by the magnetic field.
Magnetic force F=qVBsin90=qvBF=qVBsin⁡90=qvB ....... (1)
Centripetal force = mv2rmv2r ...... (2)

e
From (1) and (2)
r=mvBqr=mvBq

ad
Time period of revolving charged particle is given as
T=2πrv=2πmBqT=2πrv=2πmBq
Frequency of cyclotron is given as
f=1T=Bq2πmf=1T=Bq2πm
Ac
So, the frequency is independent of velocity of the particle.

Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the help of a schematic diagram. Write the expression for
cyclotron frequency.

[2009]
l
Answer:
na

Cyclotron: Cyclotron is a device by which the positively charged particles like protons, deutrons, etc. can be
accelerated.
Principle: Cyclotron works on the principle that a positively charged particle can be accelerated by making it to cross
the same electric field repeatedly with the help of a magnetic field.
tio

Construction: The construction of a simple cyclotron is shown in figure.

It consists of two-semi-cylindrical boxes D1 and D 2, which are

called dees. They are enclosed in an evacuated chamber. The
ec

chamber is kept between the poles of a powerful magnet so that

uniform magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the
dees. An alternating voltage is applied in the gap between the two
dees with the help of a high frequency oscillator. The electric field
is zero inside the dees.
Dir

Working: At a certain instant, let D1 be positive and D2 be

negative. A proton from an ion source will be accelerated towards
D2, it describes a semi-circular path with a constant speed and is
acted upon only by the magnetic field. The radius of the circular
path is given by
The frequency of revolution is given by
f=1T=qB2πmf=1T=qB2πm
From the above equation, it follows that frequency f is independent of both v and r and is called cyclotron frequency.

1. Two long straight parallel conductors 'a' and 'b' carrying steady currents I a and l b respectively are separated by
a distance 'd'. Write the magnitude and direction, what is the nature and magnitude of the force between the
two conductors?

30/37
 2. Show with the help of a diagram, how the force between the two conductors would change when the currents
in them flow in the opposite directions.

[2014]

Answer:

1. Let a and b be two long straight parallel conductors, Ia and l b are the current flowing through them and
separated by a distance d.

Magnetic field induction at a point P on a conductor b due to current Ia passing

through conductor a is
B1 = μoIa2πdμoIa2πd
From right hand rule, the direction of this field is downwards.

my
The conductor b carrying a current Ib will experience a force F 2 due to field B1. The
direction of this force is left, towards conductor a, according to vector rule.
Now, Force per unit length of the wire
F2=B1Ib×1=B1IbF2=B1Ib×1=B1Ib
F2 =μoIaIb2πd=μoIaIb2πd

e
Conductor 'a' also experiences the same amount of force and is directed towards b.
Thus, F2 = -F 1

ad
Hence the conductors a and b attract each other when the currents flowing in same direction.
2.

Now, let the direction of current in conductor b be reversed. The

magnetic field B1 at point P due to current I a flowing through
Ac
conductor a will be downwards. Similarly, the magnetic field B2 at point
Q due to current Ib passing through conductor b will also be downward
as shown. According to vector rule, the force F 1 on conductor a will be
towards the left. Also, the force F2 on conductor b will be towards the
right. Hence, the two conductors will repel each other as shown when
l
the currents flow in opposite direction.
na

State the principle of working of a galvanometer. A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter to
measure upto V volts by connecting a resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a resistance R 2 is connected in series with
it, then it can measure upto V2V2 volts. Find the resistance, in terms of R 1 and R2, required to be connected to
convert it into a voltmeter that can read upto 2V. Also, find the resistance G of the galvanometer in terms of R1 and
tio

R2.

[2015]

Answer:
ec

Principle of moving coil galvanometer: It states that when a current-carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences torque due to the magnetic force.
When resistance R1 is connected, then the galvanometer equation can be written as:
R1=VI−GR1=VI−G ..... (i)
Dir

When resistance R2 is connected, then the galvanometer equation can be written as:
R2=V2I−GR2=V2I−G ...... (ii)
From both these equations, we get,
R1−R2=V2IR1−R2=V2I ..... (iii)
and
G = R 1 - 2R 2 ..... (iv)
When resistance R₃ is connected to make it read 2V, then the galvanometer equation can be written as:
R3=2VI−GR3=2VI−G
Using equations (iii) and (iv) we get
R3 = 4(R 1 - R2) - (R1 - 2R 2) = 3R 1 - 2R 2

31/37
 Draw the magnetic field lines due to two straight, long, parallel conductors carrying currents I 1 and I2 in the same
direction. Hence, deduce an expression for the force per unit length acting on one of the conductors due to the
other. Is this force attractive or repulsive?

[2011]

Answer:

Magnetic field lines due to two straight parallel conductors carrying current are as shown in the figure:

e my
ad
Magnetic force between two parallel current carrying conductors:
Suppose two long thin straight conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are placed parallel to each other in vacuum (or air)
carrying currents I1 and I2 respectively. It has been observed experimentally that when the currents in the wire are in
the same direction, they experience an attractive force and when they carry currents in opposite directions, they
experience a repulsive force.
Ac
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry currents I 1 and I2 in same direction and placed at
separation r. Consider a current–element ‘ab’ of length ΔL of wire RS. The magnetic field
produced by current-carrying conductor PQ at the location of other wire RS is given as
B1=μ0I12πrB1=μ0I12πr ...... (i)
l
According to Maxwell’s right hand rule, the direction of B1 will be perpendicular to the
na

plane of paper and directed downward. Due to this magnetic field, each element of
other wire experiences a force and is given as
△F=B1I2△lsin90=μ0I12πrI2△L△F=B1I2△lsin⁡90=μ0I12πrI2△L ....... (ii)
The total force acting on length L of conductor is
F=μ0I1I22πr∑△LF=μ0I1I22πr∑△L ..... (iii)
tio

F=μ0I1I22πr LF=μ0I1I22πrL ....... (iv)

Force per unit length of conductor is given as
f=FL=μ0I1I22πrf=FL=μ0I1I22πr ....... (iv)
According to Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of magnetic force will be towards
PQ i.e. the force will be attractive.
ec

Similarly it can be shown that force per unit length on conductor PQ is

f=FL=μ0I1I22πrf=FL=μ0I1I22πr ..... (vi)
So forces are equal and opposite and conductors attract each other.
Dir

1. Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its principle and working.
2. Answer the following questions.
1. Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer?
2. Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity.
Explain with giving reasons

[2014]

Answer:

32/37
 1. Construction: It consists of a circular coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non magnetic frame. The
frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with leveling screws on the base. The coil can be
rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a
circular scale. The compass box is circular in shape. It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at
the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided
into four quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0 0 to 900. A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the
needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the
compass needle.

Working: The current to be measured is now sent through the coil, and
produces a magnetic field, perpendicular to the plane of the coil, and
directly proportional to the current. The magnitude of the magnetic field
produced by the coil is B; the magnitude of the horizontal component

my
the earth's magnetic field is BH. The compass needle aligns itself along
the vector sum of B and BH after rotating through an angle theta from
its original orientation, such that, tan theta = B/BH. Since the magnetic
field of the earth is constant, and B depends directly on the current, the
current is thus proportional to the tangent of the angle through which
the needle has turned.

e
2.

ad
1. A soft iron core is used in a moving coil galvanometer. The soft
iron core attracts the magnetic lines of force and hence the
strength of the magnetic field increases if we use soft iron core.
Thus the sensitivity of galvanometer increases. Also, the use of soft iron core makes the magnetic field
radial (i.e the plane of the coil will be always parallel to the direction of magnetic field).
Ac
2. Current sensitivity does not depend upon resistance(R), whereas voltage sensitivity does.
Current sensitivity = θI=NBAKθI=NBAK
Voltage sensitivity = θV=θIR=NBA(KR)θV=θIR=NBA(KR)
Current sensitivity can be increased by increasing the number of turns of the coil. However, this increases
the resistance of the coil also (R is proportional to length of conductor). Since voltage sensitivity decreases
l
with increase in resistance of the coil, the effect of increase in number of turns is nullified in the case of
na

voltage sensitivity. Hence, there is no increase in voltage sensitivity.

1. State using a suitable diagram, the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the function of a
radial magnetic field and the soft iron core used in it?
2. For converting a galvanometer into an ammeter, a shunt resistance of small value is used in parallel, whereas in
tio

the case of a voltmeter a resistance of large value is used in series. Explain, why?

[2014]

Answer:
ec

1. Priciple and working: When current is passed in the coil, it experiences torque due to magnetic force.

When the magnetic field is radial, as in the case of cylindrical pole pieces
and soft iron core, then in every position of coil the plane of the coil, is
Dir

parallel to the magnetic field lines, so that θ = 90° and sin 90° = 1
Deflecting torque = NIAB
If C is the torsional rigidity of the wire and θθ is the twist of suspension
strip, then
restoring torque =Cθ=Cθ
For equilibrium, deflecting torque = restoring torque
so, θ∝Iθ∝I
So deflection of coil is directly proportional to current flowing in the coil
and hence we can construct a linear scale. In other words, the radial
magnetic field makes the scale linear. To produce radial magnetic field
pole pieces of permanent magnet are made cylindrical and a soft iron core is placed between them. The soft
iron core helps in making the field radial and reduce energy losses produced due to eddy currents.

33/37
 2. A voltmeter is used to measure potential difference across a resistance in an electrical circuit. It is connected in
parallel across the resistance. If a voltmeter has very high resistance, it will not affect the resistance of circuit,
hence reading will be true. That is why while using a moving coil galvanometer on a voltmeter, a high resistance
in series is required.
An ammeter is used to measure current in circuit, hence it is connected in series with the circuit. If an ammeter
has very low resistance it will not affect the circuit - resistance and so reading will be true. That is why while
using a moving coil galvanometer as an ammeter, a shunt (small resistance in parallel) is used.

Write Biot Savart expression for the magnetic field due to a current element in vector form.

[1991]

Answer:

my
It is given by
dB−→dB→ = μ04π⋅Idl→×r→r3μ04π⋅Idl→×r→r3
where the letters have their usual meanings

State Ampere’s circuital law, expressing it in the integral form.

e
[2014]

ad
Answer:

It states that the line integral of a magnetic field (B→B→) around any closed path or circuit is equal to μμ0 (absolute
permeability of free space) times the total current (I) threading the closed circuit.
Mathematically, ∮B→⋅dl→=μ0I∮B→⋅dl→=μ0I
Ac
Figure shows a circular loop carrying current I. Show the direction of the magnetic field with the help of lines of force.

[2004]
l
Answer:
na

According to the right-hand thumb rule, when the current flows through the circular loop in the
direction as shown in figure, the direction of a magnetic field (B) is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and in an
outward direction. It has been represented by a dot (•) in the figure.
tio

Write the expression, in a vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force F⃗ F→ due to a charge moving
with velocity v⃗ v→ in a magnetic field B⃗ B→. What is the direction of the magnetic force?

[2014]

Answer:
ec

When a charge q moves with velocity v⃗ v→ inside magnetic field of strength B⃗ B→, then force on the charge,
F→=q(v⃗ ×B→)F→=q(v→×B→)
If the charge q moves along Y-axis with velocity v⃗ v→ and the magnetic field B⃗ B→ is directed along Z-axis, then force
Dir

on the charge acts in the direction of (v→×B→)(v→×B→)) i.e. along X-axis.

Write the relation for the force F⃗ F→ acting on a charge carrier q moving with velocity v⃗ v→ through a magnetic field
B⃗ B→ in vector notation. Using this relation, deduce the conditions under which, this force is

1. maximum and
2. minimum

[2007]

Answer:

The relation is F→=q(v⃗ ×B→)F→=q(v→×B→)

34/37
 1. The force is maximum, when the charge moves perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field i.e.
v⃗ ⊥B→v→⊥B→
2. The force is minimum, when the charge moves along the direction of magnetic field i.e. v⃗ ||B⃗ v→||B→

Write an expression for the force experienced by a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field B.

[2004]

Answer:

It is given by
F→=q(v⃗ ×B→)F→=q(v→×B→)
The magnitude of force is given by
Fm=B qvsinθFm=Bqvsin⁡θ

my
Write two properties to select suitable materials for making permanent magnets.

[2010]

Answer:

e
(1) It should have high retentivity so that it remains magnetised in the absence of the magnetising field.
(2) It should have high saturation magnetisation.

ad
Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a galvanometer?

[2014]

Answer:
Ac
When a cylindrical soft iron core is used, the magnetic field lines tend to crowd through the core. It is because, soft
iron core is ferromagnetic in nature. As a result, the strength of the magnetic field due to the field magnet increases,
which in turn increases the sensitivity of the galvanometer.
l
Out of an ammeter and a voltmeter, which of the two has higher resistance and why?
na

[2010]

Answer:

In an ammeter, a small resistance S is connected in parallel to the coil of the galvanometer.

tio

Therefore, resistance of the ammeter,

RA = GSG+SGSG+S
Since is very small as compared to G,
RA ≈≈ S (very small)
On the other hand, in a voltmeter, a suitable high resistance R in series with its coil.
ec

Therefore, resistance of the voltmeter,

RV = G + R ≈≈ R (very large)
Hence, a voltmeter has higher resistance than an ammeter.
Dir

In a given figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetisation (I) versus the applied magnetic field intensity (H) for
two magnetic materials A and B :

35/37
 1. Identify the materials A and B.
2. Why does the material B have a larger susceptibility than A for a given
field at constant temperature?

[2008]

Answer:

1. Paramagnetic materials have a small positive susceptibility (IHIH), while

ferromagnetic materials have a much larger positive susceptibility.
Therefore, material A is paramagnetic and material B is
ferromagnetic.
2. For a given magnetic field intensity, intensity of magnetisation in case of
ferromagnetic materials is very large.

my
Out of the following, identify the materials, which can be classified as paramagnetic and diamagnetic:
Aluminium, bismuth, copper and sodium
Write one property to distinguish between paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.

[2009]

e
Answer:

ad
1. Paramagnetic materials. Aluminium and sodium.
2. Diamagnetic materials. Bismuth and copper

A diamagnetic is feebly magnetised in a direction opposite to the direction of magnetising field, whereas a
Ac
paramagnetic is magnetised feebly in the same direction as that of the field.

The susceptibility of a magnetic material is -0.085. Identify the magnetic type of the substance.

[2001]
l
Answer:
na

Since the susceptibility of the material has a small negative value, the given material is diamagnetic in nature.

Two identical circular wires P and Q, each of radius r and carrying currents I and 2I respectively are lying in parallel
planes, such that they have a common axis as shown in the figure.
tio

The direction of current in both the loops is clockwise as seen from O, which is
equidistant from both the loops. Find the magnitude and net magnetic field at point
O.

[2012]
ec

Answer:

Magnetic field due circular wire P,

BP = μ04π⋅2πIrμ04π⋅2πIr (along vertically upwards)
Dir

Magnetic field due to circular wire Q,

BQ = μ04π⋅2π(2I)r=μ04π⋅4πIrμ04π⋅2π(2I)r=μ04π⋅4πIr (along horizontal towards left)
Net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils,
B = μ04π⋅2πIrμ04π⋅2πIr + μ04π⋅4πIr=μ04π⋅6πIrμ04π⋅4πIr=μ04π⋅6πIr
The direction of the net magnetic field at the common centre of the two coils will be towards the left.

An element ΔΔl⃗ l→ = ΔΔx iˆi^ is placed at the origin and carries a current I = 2 A as shown in the figure.

36/37
 Find out the magnetic field at a point P on Y-axis at a distance of 1 m due to the
element ΔΔx = 1 cm. Give also the direction of the field produced.

[2009]

Answer:

According to Biot Savart's law, the magnetic field (both in magnitude and direction) at
point P due to a small current element is given by
dB−→dB→ = μ04π⋅Idl→×r^r2μ04π⋅Idl→×r^r2
Here, dl→dl→ = Δxi^Δxi^ and r^=j^r^=j^
∴dB−→=μ04π⋅IΔxi^×j^r2=μ04π⋅IΔxk^r2∴dB→=μ04π⋅IΔxi^×j^r2=μ04π⋅IΔxk^r2
Thus, the magnetic field at point P is directed along a positive direction of the Y-axis.

my
Further, ΔΔx = 1 cm = 0.01 m and r = 1m
The magnitude of the magnetic field is given by
dB = μ04π⋅IΔxr2μ04π⋅IΔxr2 = 10−7×2×0⋅011210−7×2×0⋅0112 = 2 ×× 10-9 T

As shown in Figure., a charge q moving along the X-axis with a velocity v is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B
acting along the Z-axis as it crosses the origin O.

e
1. Trace its trajectory

ad
2. Does the charge gain kinetic energy, as it enters the magnetic field? Justify
your answer.

[2009]

Answer:
Ac
1. As the charged particle crosses the origin O with velocity v⃗ v→ (along
negative X-axis), it comes under the effect of magnetic field B⃗ B→ (acting
along positive Z-axis). A force equal to F→=q(v⃗ ×B→)F→=q(v→×B→) acts on
the charged particle positive Y-axis. As a result, the particle moves along a
l
circular path in XY-plane as shown in Fig (ii).
na

2. The force on the charged particle due to magnetic field is always

perpendicular to its path and therefore, work done by a magnetic field on
the moving charge is zero. Hence, the charged particle will not gain kinetic
energy.
tio
ec
Dir

37/37