Syllabus BS 2020-1

REVISED SCHEME OF STUDIES &
CURRICULUM
BS CHEMISTRY
(Semester / Term System)
(2020)
INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
SARGODHA
Revised Scheme of Studies and Curriculum for BS Chemistry with specialization in Analytical,
Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Biochemistry
Summary for BS 4 Year Program
BS 4 Years Chemistry program comprises of 8 semesters with 136 credit hours. Outline of the courses
is as under.
Semester I – IV (For BS student with Pre-Medical Combinations in Intermediate)

Botany and Zoology courses will be offered for the students who have entered in the program with Pre-
Medical combination in F.Sc. or equivalent.
Semester-I:
Course Code Course Title Credits

CHEM-5101* Physical Chemistry 4(3+1)
BOTN-5101 Diversity of Plants 4(3+1)
ZOOL-5101 Animal Diversity-I (Invertebrates) 4(3+1)
URCE-5101 Grammar 3(3+0)
URCI-5105 Islamic Studies 2(2–0)
Total Credits 17(14-3)
Semester-II:
CHEM-5102* Inorganic Chemistry 4(3+1)
BOTN-5102 Plant Systematic, Anatomy and Development/Embryology 4(3+1)
ZOOL-5102 Animal Diversity-II (Chordates) 4(3+1)
URCE-5102 Language Comprehension & Presentation Skills 3(3+0)
URCP-5106 Pakistan Studies 2(2–0)
Semester-III:
CHEM-5103* Organic Chemistry 4(3+1)
BOTN-5103 Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution 4(3+1)
ZOOL-5103 Animal Form and Function-I 4(3+1)
URCE-5103 Academic Writing 3(3+0)
URCI-5109 Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies 3(3+0)
Semester-IV:
CHEM-5104* Chemistry Special Topics 4(3+1)
BOTN-5104 Plant Physiology and Ecology 4(3+1)
ZOOL-5104 Animal Form and Function-II 4(3+1)
URCE-5104 Introduction to English Literature 3(3+0)
CHEM-5105 Introduction to Management 3(3+0)
*
Chemistry courses (semester I-IV) can be rotated with subject to availability of teacher in that
specialized field.
2
Semester I – IV (For BS student with Pre-Engineering Combinations in Intermediate)
Mathematics and Physics courses will be offered for the students who have entered in the program
with Pre-Engineering combination in F.Sc. or equivalent.
Semester-I:

CHEM-5101* Physical Chemistry 4(3+1)
PHYS-5161 Physics-I 4(3+1)
MATH-5120 Applications of Differentials 4(4+0)
URCE-5101 Grammar 3(3+0)
URCI-5105 Islamic Studies 2(2+0)
Semester-II:
CHEM-5102* Inorganic Chemistry 4(3+1)
PHYS-5162 Physics II 4(3+1)
MATH-5121 Techniques of Integration 4(4+0)
URCE-5102 Language Comprehension & Presentation Skills 3(3+0)
URCP-5106 Pakistan Studies 2(2+0)
Semester-III:
CHEM-5103* Organic Chemistry 4(3+1)
PHYS-5163 Physics III 4(3+1)
MATH-5122 Calculus 4(4+0)
URCE-5103 Academic Writing 3(3+0)
URCI-5109 Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies 3(3+0)
Total Credits 18 (16-2)
Semester-IV:
CHEM-5104* Chemistry Special Topics 4(3+1)
PHYS-5164 Physics IV 4(3+1)
MATH-5125 Linear Algebra 4(4+0)
URCE-5104 Introduction to English Literature 3(3+0)
CHEM-5105 Introduction to Management 3(3+0)
*
Chemistry courses (semester I-IV) can be rotated with subject to availability of teacher in that
specialized field.
3
334
Semester-V:
No. of Credits = 18 Credits

CHEM-6101 Basic Mathematics for Chemists 2(2–0)
CHEM-6102 Analytical Chemistry 4(3+1)
CHEM-6103 Inorganic Chemistry-I 4(3+1)
CHEM-6104 Organic Chemistry-I 4(3+1)
CHEM-6105 Physical Chemistry-I 4(3+1)
Semester-VI:
No. of Credits = 18 Credits

CHEM-6106 Basic Statistics for Chemists 2(2–0)
CHEM-6107 Biochemistry 4(3+1)
CHEM-6108 Inorganic Chemistry-II 4(3+1)
CHEM-6109 Organic Chemistry-II 4(3+1)
CHEM-6110 Physical Chemistry-II 4(3+1)
Semester-VII:
Every student will be offered two compulsory theory courses of five credits (3 and 2) in Semester VII.
Moreover, at the beginning of VII Semester every student shall opt one field of specialization (11
credits). Some of the students will be offered research on the basis of merit while others will be offered
a theory course (3 – 1 Credit) from field other than specialization in lieu of research.
List of Compulsory Courses
Course Code Title of the Course Credits

CHEM-6111 Forensic Chemistry 2(2+0)
CHEM-6112 Industrial Chemistry 3(3+0)
Semester with Research

Credit
Th – Pr
Two theory courses (compulsory) of (2-3) credits 5 (5-0)
One theory course of specialization (Major) 3(3+0)
One theory course of specialization (Minor) 4 (3+1)
Research 4 (4+0)
Total 16 (15-1)
4
Fields of Specializations
Every student shall opt any one of the following specializations.
i. Analytical Chemistry
ii. Biochemistry
iii. Inorganic Chemistry
iv. Organic Chemistry
v. Physical Chemistry
i) Analytical Chemistry
Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-6113 Research 4(4+0)
CHEM-6114 Advanced Spectroscopy – I (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6115 Advanced Chromatographic Techniques (Major) 3(3+0)
The following major course may also be substituted with the 3 credits Course (Major)
subject to the interest & availability of the faculty member
CHEM-6116 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3(3+0)
ii) Biochemistry

CHEM-6117 Metabolism and Bio-Energetics (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6118 Microbiology and Industrial Fermentation (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6119 Enzymes and Nutrition 3(3+0)
iii) Inorganic Chemistry

CHEM-6120 Advance Inorganic Chemistry (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6121 Organometallic & Bio-inorganic Chemistry (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6122 Inorganic Polymers & Chemical Forces 3(3+0)
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iv) Organic Chemistry

CHEM-6123 Reaction Mechanism, (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6124 Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6125 Organometallics 3(3+0)
v) Physical Chemistry

CHEM-6126 Surface Phenomena (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6127 Molecular Spectroscopy (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6128 Statistical and Quantum Mechanics 3(3+0)
Semester without Research

Credits
Th – Pr
Two theory courses (compulsory) of 05 credits 5 (5-0)
One theory course of specialization (Major) 3 (3+0)
One theory course of specialization (Minor) 4(3+1)
One theory course (Minor) from field other than specialization 4(3+1)
Total 16 (14-2)
Fields of Specializations
Every student shall opt any one of the following specializations.
vi. Analytical Chemistry
vii. Biochemistry
viii. Inorganic chemistry
ix. Organic chemistry
x. Physical chemistry

CHEM-6114 Advanced Spectroscopy – I (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6115 Advanced Chromatographic Techniques (Major) 3(3+0)
subject to the interest & availability of the faculty member.
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CHEM-6116 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3(3+0)
ii) Biochemistry

CHEM-6117 Metabolism and Bio-Energetics (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6118 Microbiology and Industrial Fermentation (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6119 Enzymes and Nutrition 3(3+0)

CHEM-6120 Advance Inorganic Chemistry (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6121 Organometallic & Bio-inorganic Chemistry (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6122 Inorganic Polymers & Chemical Forces 3(3+0)

CHEM-6123 Reaction Mechanism, (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6124 Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6125 Organometallics 3(3+0)

CHEM-6126 Surface Phenomena (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6127 Molecular Spectroscopy (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM- 6128 Statistical and Quantum Mechanics 3(3+0)
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Semester-VIII
Every student will be offered one compulsory theory course of three credits in Semester VIII. Moreover
the scheme of studies on behalf of VII semester will be carried over to semester VIII accordingly.
Compulsory course
Course Code Title of the Course Credits

CHEM-6129 Environmental Chemistry 3(3+0)
Semester with Research

Credits
Th – Pr
Research 4(4+0)
One theory course (compulsory) 3(3+0)
Total 14(13+1)
Field of Specialization
Field of specialization will remain same as opted in semester VII

CHEM-6130 Advanced Spectroscopy – II (Major) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6131 FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, ESR and Surface 3(3+0)
Analysis(Minor)
CHEM-6132 Instrumental Methods of Analysis-II 3(3+0)
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ii) Biochemistry

CHEM-6133 Chemotherapy & Immunology (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6134 Molecular Biology & Physical Techniques (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6135 Endocrine System 3(3+0)

CHEM-6136 Homogeneous Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes 4(3+1)
(Minor)
CHEM-6137 Inorganic Reaction Mechanism(Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6138 Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry 3(3+0)

CHEM-6139 Chemistry of Natural Products (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6140 Organic Synthesis (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6141 Chemistry of Protective Groups & Reactive Intermediates 3(3+0)

CHEM-6142 Advanced Approaches of Homogeneous and 4(3+1)
Heterogeneous Kinetics (Minor)
CHEM-6143 Polymers and Photochemistry (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6144 Elementary Group Theory 3(3+0)
9
Semester without Research
Credits
Th – Pr
One theory course (compulsory) 3(3+0)
One theory course (Minor) from field other than specialization 4(3+1)
Total 14(12-2)
Field of Specialization
Field of specialization will remain same as opted in semester 3rd.


CHEM-6130 Advanced Spectroscopy – II (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6131 FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, ESR and Surface 3(3+0)
Analysis(Major)
CHEM-6132 Instrumental Methods of Analysis-II 3(3+0)
ii) Biochemistry

CHEM-6133 Chemotherapy & Immunology (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6134 Molecular Biology & Physical Techniques (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM- 6135 Endocrine System 3(3+0)

CHEM-6136 Homogeneous Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes 4(3+1)
(Minor)
CHEM-6137 Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6138 Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry 3(3+0)
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CHEM-6139 Chemistry of Natural Products (Minor) 4(3+1)
CHEM-6140 Organic Synthesis (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6141 Chemistry of Protective Groups & Reactive Intermediates 3(3+0)

CHEM-6142 Advanced Approaches of Homogeneous and 4(3+1)
Heterogeneous Kinetics (Minor)
CHEM-6143 Polymers and Photochemistry (Major) 3(3+0)
CHEM-6144 Elementary Group Theory 3(3+0)
Note: Order of the courses in semesters may be changed depending upon the available resources.
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SEMESTER-I
CHEM-5101 Physical Chemistry 4 (3+1)
This course is the first part of this program, introduction to Physical Chemistry. This foundation course
of physical chemistry covers basic knowledge and its application for learning chemical principles of
physics to chemistry. This offer complementary approaches to the fundamental understanding of
chemical systems. Students will acquire knowledge to enable themselves to understand the kinetic
theory of gases, collision theory of reactions, fundamental principles and laws of thermodynamics and
chemical equilibria and to investigate the physical properties of ideal/non-ideal binary solutions.
Students will also be able to study the rates of reactions and perform related calculations. The general
goal of learning physical chemistry is to obtain a vision of matter-energy relationship in physical and
chemical systems. Learning objectives emphasized in CHEM 5101 involve developing an understanding
of basic principles of physical chemistry. Students learned in class to modern physical chemistry
techniques which give them opportunities to see how Physical Chemists are solving current, real-world
problems.
Contents
1. Elementary Mathematics: Logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions, differentiation of

elementary functions, methods of differentiation and integration, significance of differentiation and
integration.
2. Physical States of Mater: Gases (van der Waal’s equation, critical Phenomena, Critical values of T,
P andV., liquification of gases, molecular collisions, collision diameter, mean free path) Liquids
(viscosity, Parachor value, Refractive index, molar refraction and its applications. Dipole moment,
Solids (Unit cells. Bragg crystal analysis, crystal structure of NaCl, powder method of crystal
structure analysis).
3. Atomic Structure: De Brogile equation. Schrodinger wave equation, solution for particle in 1D box,
quantization concept, Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund’s Rule.
4. Chemical Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, state functions, isothermal and adiabatic
processes in ideal gases, heat capacity, reversible and irreversible processes. Spontaneous and non-
spontaneous processes, second law of thermodynamics, change of entropy with change in T, P andV.
5. Chemical Equilibrium: Law of Mass Action, equilibrium constant, relationship between Kc, Kp,
Kx and Ka and LeChaterlier’s Principle.
6. Solutions: composition, ideal and non-ideal solutions. Raoult’s law. Colligative properties,
ebullioscopy, cryoscopy, osmotic pressure, distillation and concept of azeotropes.
7. Chemical Kinetics: Zero, first and second order reaction, Arrhenius equation, activation energy,
Lindemann’s mechanism, collision theory and transition state theory.
8. Electrochemistry: Conductance, dependence of conductance on the nature of solvent and
temperature, Kohlrausch’s law and its applications, measurement of conductance strong and weak
electrolytes, degree of dissociation.
Physical Chemistry Lab
1. Determination of surface tension and Parachor value by stalagmometer.

2. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions from surface tension measurement.
3. Determination of viscosity and Rhechor value of liquids from viscosity measurement.
4. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions viscometrically.
5. Determination of refractive index and molar refractivity by refractometer.
6. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions by refractive index measurements.
7. Determination of heat of solution by solubility method.
12
8. Determination of heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.
9. A kinetic study of acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.
10. Kinetic study of saponification of ethyl acetate.
11. Determination of molecular weight of a compound by elevation in boiling point. (Ebullioscopic
method).
12. Determination of molecular weight of a compound by lowering of freezing point (The Cryoscopic
methods).
13. Determination of equilibrium constant of KI – I2 Kl3.
14. Conductometric titration of strong acid and strong base.
Recommended Texts
1. Atkins, P., Paula, J., & Keeler, J. (2017). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (11th ed.). UK: Oxford
University Press.
2. Kuhn, H., Försterling, H., & Waldeck, D. H. (2009). Principles of Physical Chemistry (2nd ed.).
USA: Wiley Publisher.
Suggested Readings
1. Akhtar, M. N., & Nabi, G. (2006). Text Book of Physical Chemistry. Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khawna.
2. Das, R. C., & Behera, B. (2003). Experimental Physical Chemistry. Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
13
BOTN-5101 Diversity of Plants 4 (3+1)
This course offers an evolutionary survey of the origin and diversification of land plants through
geological time. The course will start with the green algae and on how plants may have transitioned
from aquatic to the land environment. Land plants that will be discussed include bryophytes, lycophytes,
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms with emphasis on representative fossil and living taxa.
Lectures will emphasize on life histories, anatomical and morphological adaptations, ecology and
climate change, extinction, phylogenetics, economic importance, and conservation strategies of
representative taxa. Plants are one of the most successful and abundant groups of organisms on earth,
comprising the majority of terrestrial biomass, being integral to ecosystem structure, and providing
humans with food, shelter, and materials. The laboratory will provide ample hands-on opportunities for
analysis of plant anatomy and morphology, reproductive mechanisms, evolutionary adaptations, and
identification of a variety of living and preserved specimens. Plants are multi-cellular and mostly
photosynthetic organisms which found essentially everywhere, both in water and on land. Plants are
really important for the planet and for all living things. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
from their leaves, which humans and animals need to breathe.
Contents
Comparative study of life form, structure, reproduction and economic significance of:
1. Viruses (RNA and DNA types) with special reference to TMV
2. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria) with specific reference to bio
fertilizers, pathogenicity and industrial importance;
3. Algae (Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, Vaucheria, Pinnularia, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia)
4. Fungi (Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Ustilago, Puccinia, Agaricus) their implication on crop
production and industrial applications.
5. Lichens (Physcia)
6. Bryophytes (Riccia, Anthoceros, Funaria)
7. Pteridophytes: Psilopsida (Psilotum) , Pteropsida (Marsilea), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) Lycopsida
(Selaginella)
8. Gymnosperms (Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra)
9. Angiosperms: Monocot (Poaceae) , Dicot (Solanaceae)
Diversity of Plants Lab
1. Culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of microorganisms.

2. Study of morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theory.
3. Identification of various types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh collections.
Recommended Texts
1. Bellinger, E. G. & Sigee, D. C. (2015). Freshwater algae. USA: Wiley Publishers.

2. Prestre, P. G. (2017). Governing global biodiversity: the evolution and implementation of the
convention on biological diversity. UK: Routledge Publishers.
Suggested Readings
1. Şen, B., & Grillo, O. (2018) Selected Studies in Biodiversity. USA: Intech Open Publishers.
2. Zotz, G. (2016). Plants on Plants: The biology of vascular epiphytes. Germany: Springer-Verlag.
3. Cronk, J. K., & M. S. Fennessy (2016). Wetland plants: biology and ecology. USA: CRC Press.
4. Pullaiah T., Bahadur, B., & Murthy, K. (2015). Plant biodiversity. Germany: Springer-Verlag.
14
ZOOL-5101 Animal Diversity-I (Invertebrates) 4 (3+1)
(Foundation-I)
This course will provide the knowledge of evolutionary/phylogenetic relationship. It imparts the basic
taxonomic characteristics and classification of all the invertebrate phyla. This includes more than 95%
of all of the described species of animals and far more than 99% of all of the individual animals on the
planet. The central theme running throughout this course will be phylogeny. It provides understanding
of body organization, mode of feeding, digestion, reproduction and development of invertebrates. It
delivers information to students about economic and ecological importance of invertebrates. Students
will understand invertebrate organismal concepts in laboratory and field. The primary objectives for the
laboratory section of this course includes; introduction of structure, function and behavior of selected
invertebrate types through the observation of both living and preserved specimens, to reinforce basic
laboratory skills of students like microscopy, dissection and careful observation, to provide students
with the ability to recognize the major groups of invertebrate and to increasing understanding of the
methods of investigating animal evolution.
Contents
1. Introduction: Classification of organisms, Evolutionary relationships and Tree diagrams:

Patterns of organization.
2. Animal-like protists: the protozoa: Evolutionary perspective; Life within a single plasma
Membrane, Symbiotic Life-styles, Protozoon Taxonomy, Pseudopodia and Amoeboid
Locomotion; Cilia and other pellicular structure, Nutrition; Genetic Control and Reproduction;
Symbiotic ciliates, Further Phylogenetic consideration.
3. Multicellular and tissue levels of organization: Evolutionary Perspective, Origins of
Multicellularity; Animal Origins, Phylum Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Characters and
Classification, Maintenance functions.
4. The triploblastic and with acoelomate body plan: Phylum Platyhelminthes, Phylum Nematode,
Gastrotricha, Evolutionary Perspective; Classification up to class, Body plan and functions.
5. Pseudocoelomate body plan: Phylum Aschelminths, Evolutionary perspective; General
Characteristics; Classification up to order with External Features, Feeding and Digestive
system; Other Organ System; Reproduction and Development including Phylum Rotifera,
Phylum Nematoda and Phylum Kinorhyncha. Some important Nematode parasites of Humans.
6. Phylum Mollusca: Evolutionary perspective; Relationship to other animals; Origin of the
Coelom; Characteristics, Classification up to class. The characteristics of shell and associated
structures, Feeding, Digestion, Gas Exchange, Locomotion, Reproduction and Development,
Other maintenance Functions and Diversity in Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods.
7. Phylum Annelida: The Metameric Body Form; Evolutionary perspective; Relationship to other
animals, Metamerism and Tag-matization, Classification up to Class. External Structure and
Locomotion, Feeding and the Digestive system, Gas Exchange and Circulation, Nervous and
Sensory Functions, Excretion, Regeneration, Reproduction and Development,
Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, Further Phylogenetic Consideration.
8. Phylum Arthropoda: Evolutionary Perspective: Classification and relationship to other
Animals; Metamerism and Tagmatization; The Exoskeleton; Metamorphosis; Classification up
to Class.
9. The Hexapods and Myriapods: Evolutionary Perspective: Classification upto class.
External Structure and Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive system, Gas Exchange,
Circulation and Temperature Regulation, Nervous and Sensory Functions, Excretion, Chemical
Regulation, Reproduction and Development in Hexapoda, Insects Behavior, Insect and Human.
10. Phylum Echinoderms: Evolutionary Perspective: Relationship to other Animals; Echinoderm
Characteristics; Classification up to class. Maintenance functions, regeneration, reproduction,
and development in Asteroida, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuridea and Crinoidea.
11. Some lesser known Invertebrates: Lophorates, Entoprocts, Cycliophores, and Cheatognaths.
15
Animal Diversity-I (Invertebrates) lab
Note: Classification of each members of each phylum upto order with adaptions in relation to habitat
of the specimen. Preserved Specimen and or colored projection slide and or CD ROM projection of
computer must be used.
1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Endameba, Plasmodium, Trypanosome, Paramecium

as representative of animal like Protists.
2. Study of representatives of Phylum Porifera and prepared slides of spicules of sponges
3. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Coelenterate.
4. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representatives of phylum Rotifer, Phylum Nematode.
6. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Mollusca.
7. Study of principal representatives of classes of Phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representatives of classes of groups of Phylum Arthropoda
9. Study of representatives of classes of Phylum Echinodermta.
10. Preparation of permanent mount of Leucosolenia, Obelia, Hydra, Proglottid of
Tapeworm, Parapodia of Nereis and Daphnia. Drawing and labeling.
11. Preparation of permanent slide of mouthpart of insects (after dissection).
12. How to make grade-wise series for preparation of temporary and permanent slides.
Recommended Texts
th th th
1. Miller, A. S., & Harley, J. B. (1999, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012 and2016). Zoology (4 , 5 , 6 ,
th th th th
7 , 8 , 9 and 10 ed.) Singapore: McGraw Hill.
2. Hickman, C. P., Roberts, L. C. & Larson, A. (2007). Integrated principles of zoology (11th
and 12th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
th
1. Hickman, C. P., Roberts, L. C., & Larson, A. (2018). Integrated principles of zoology (15 ed.).
Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
2. Pechenik, J. A. (2015). Biology of invertebrates (7th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill
3. Kent, G. C., & Miller, S. (2001). Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. New York: McGraw-
Hill
16
PHYS-5161 Physics-I 4 (3+1)
Physics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with the basic principles of the universe.
It is the foundation upon which the other sciences—astronomy, biology, chemistry and geology are
based. Physics is based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements. The main
objective of physics is to find the limited number of fundamental laws that govern natural phenomena
and to use them to develop theories that can predict the results of future experiments. The course of
“physics-I”, presents often need to work with physical quantities that have both numerical and
directional properties of this nature. The course is primarily concerned imperative with graphical and
their algebraic properties and with some general properties of some common applications to physical
situations and its associated technologies. The goals of the course is to provide tools by which students
how to effectively read scientific material, identify fundamental concepts, reason through scientific
questions, and solve quantitative problems. However, it can also be one of the most rewarding because
it reveals the world’s fundamental clockwork from which all scientific and engineering applications
spring regarded the Particle’s motion Earth’ movements, movements of the planets, stars, and other
celestial objects.
Contents
1. Vectors
2. Particle Dynamics
3. System of Particles
4. Rotational Dynamics,
5. Angular Momentum,
6. Collisions,
7. Work, Power and Energy,
8. Gravitation,
9. Fluid Dynamics,
10. Bulk Properties of Matters,
11. Special Theory of Relativity
12. Oscillations, Harmonic Oscillations,
13. Waves, Waves in Physical Media,
14. Light, Interference, Diffraction, Polarization.
Physics-I Lab
1. Modulus of rigidity by static and dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle, Barton’s

apparatus).
2. Determination of moment of inertia of a solid/hollow cylinder and a sphere etc.
3. To study the conservation of energy (Hook’s Law)
4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary tube method.
5. To determine the value of ‘g’ by a compound pendulum.
6. To study the laws of vibration of stretched string-using sonometer.
Recommended Texts
1. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014). Fundamentals of physics (10th ed.). New
York: Wiley.
2. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Krane, K. S. (2003). Physics (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Suggested Readings
1. Sear, A., & Zemansky. (2008). University physics with modern physics (12th ed.). USA:
Pearson.
1
2. Ohanian, H. C., & Markert, J. T. (2006). Physics for engineers and scientists (3rd ed.). New
York: W. W. Norton.
3. Mark, H., & Olsono, H. T. (2004). Experiments in modern physics. New York: McGraw-
4. Hill.
5. Musaddiq, M. H. (2008). Experimental physics. Lahore: Allied Book Center.
2
MATH-5136 Applications of Differentials 4 (4+0)
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change. If quantities are continually changing, we
need calculus to study what is going on. Calculus is concerned with comparing quantities which vary
in a non-linear way. It is used extensively in science and engineering, since many of the things we are
studying (like velocity, acceleration, current in a circuit) do not behave in a simple, linear fashion.
Calculus has two major branches, differential calculus (Calculus–I) and integral calculus (Calculus–
II); the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of curves, while integral calculus
concerns accumulation of quantities, and areas under or between curves. This is the first course of the
sequence, Calculus-I, II and III, serving as the foundation of advanced subjects in all areas of
mathematics. The sequence, equally, emphasizes basic concepts and skills needed for mathematical
manipulation. It focus on the study of functions of a single variable. Applications of differential
calculus include computations involving velocity and acceleration, the slope of a curve,
and optimization.
Contents
1 Functions and their graphs

2 Rates of change and tangents to curves
3 Limit of a function and limit laws, the precise definition of a limit
4 One-sided limits
5 Continuity
6 Limits involving infinity; asymptotes of graphs
7 Differentiation: tangents and derivative at a point, the derivative as a function
8 Differentiation rules, the derivative as a rate of change
9 Derivatives of trigonometric functions, chain rule, implicit differentiation
10 Related rates, linearization and differentials
11 Higher derivatives
12 Applications of derivatives: extreme values of functions
13 Rolls’ theorem, the mean value theorem
14 Monotonic functions and the first derivative test
15 Convexity, point of inflection and second derivative test
16 Concavity and curve sketching
17 Antiderivatives, Integration: area and estimating with finite sums
18 Sigma notation and limits of finite sums
19 The definite integral, the fundamental theorem of calculus
20 Indefinite integrals and the substitution method
21 Substitution and area between curves
22 Applications of definite integrals: volumes using cross-sections
23 Volumes using cylindrical shells, arc length
24 Areas of surfaces of revolution
25 Transcendental functions: inverse functions and their derivatives
26 Natural logarithms, exponential functions
27 Indeterminate forms and L'Hôpital's rule
28 Inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions
Recommended Texts
1. Thomas, G. B., Weir, M. D., Hass, J. and Giordano, F. R. (2005). Thomas’ Calculus (11th ed.).
Boston: Addison Wesley.
3
2. Stewart, J. (2015). Calculus (8th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Suggested Readings
1. Anton, H., Bivens I. C., and Davis, S. (2016). Calculus (11th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.
2. Goldstein, L. J., Lay, D. C., Schneider, D. I., and Asmar, N. H. (2017). Calculus and Its
Applications (14th ed.). London: Pearson.
3. Hallett, D. H., et al. (2017). Calculus Single and Multivariable (7th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
4. Larson, R., and Edwards, B. H. (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). Brooks Cole.
4
URCE-5101 Grammar 3 (3+0)
The course introduces the students to the underlying rules to acquire and use language in academic
context. The course aims at developing grammatical competence of the learners to use grammatical
structures in context in order to make the experience of learning English more meaningful enabling
the students to meet their real-life communication needs. The objectives of the course are to, reinforce
the basics of grammar, understand the basic meaningful units of language, and introduce the functional
aspects of grammatical categories and to comprehend language use by practically working on the
grammatical aspects of language in academic settings. After studying the course, students would be
able to use the language efficiently in academic and real-life situations and integrate the basic language
skills in speaking and writing. The students would be able to work in a competitive environment at
higher education level to cater with the long-term learners’ needs.
Contents
1 Parts of speech
2 Noun and its types
3 Pronoun and its types
4 Adjective and its types
5 Verb and its types
6 Adverb and its types
7 Prepositions and its types
8 Conjunction and its types
9 Phrases and its different types
10 Clauses and its different types
11 Sentence, parts of sentence and types of sentence
12 Synthesis of sentence
13 Conditional sentences
14 Voices
15 Narration
16 Punctuation
17 Common grammatical errors and their corrections
Recommended Texts
1. Eastwood, J. (2011). A basic English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2. Swan, M. (2018). Practical English usage (8th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Thomson, A. J., & Martinet, A. V. (1986). A practical English grammar. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
2. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., Finegan, E., & Quirk, R. (1999). Longman
grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow Essex: MIT Press.
3. Hunston, S., & Francis, G. (2000). Pattern grammar: A corpus-driven approach to the
lexicalgrammar of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
5
URCI-5105 Islamic Studies 2 (2+0)
Islamic Studies engages in the study of Islam as a textual tradition inscribed in the fundamental sources
of Islam; Qur’an and Hadith, history and particular cultural contexts. The area seeks to provide an
introduction to and a specialization in Islam through a large variety of expressions (literary, poetic,
social, and political) and through a variety of methods (literary criticism, hermeneutics, history,
sociology, and anthropology). It offers opportunities to get fully introductory foundational bases of
Islam in fields that include Qur’anic studies, Hadith and Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH),
Islamic philosophy, and Islamic law, culture and theology through the textual study of Qur’an and
Sunnah..
Islamic Studies is the academic study of Islam and Islamic culture. It majorly comprises of the
importance of life and that after death. It is one of the best systems of education, which makes an
ethical groomed person with the qualities which he/she should have as a human being. The basic
sources of the Islamic Studies are the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah or Hadith of the Holy Prophet
Muhammad‫ﷺ‬. The learning of the Qur’an and Sunnah guides the Muslims to live peacefully.
Contents
1. Study of the Qur’an (Introduction to the Qur’an, Selected verses from Surah Al-Baqarah, Al-
Furqan, Al-Ahzab, Al-Mu’minoon, Al-An’am, Al-Hujurat, Al-Saff)
2. Study of the Hadith (Introduction to Hadith literature, Selected Ahadith (Text and Translation)
3. Introduction to Qur’anic Studies
4. Basic Concepts of Qur’an
5. History of Quran
6. Basic Concepts of Hadith
7. History of Hadith
8. Kinds of Hadith
9. Uloom –ul-Hadith
10. Sunnah and Hadith
11. Seerat ul-Nabi (PBUH), necessity and importance of Seerat, role of Seerah in the development
of personality, Pact of Madinah, Khutbah Hajjat al-Wada’ and ethical teachings of Prophet
(PBUH).
12. Legal Position of Sunnah
13. Islamic Culture and Civilization
14. Characteristics of Islamic Culture and Civilization
15. Historical Development of Islamic Culture and Civilization
16. Comparative Religions and Contemporary Issues
17. Impact of Islamic civilization
Recommend Texts
1. Hassan, A. (1990). Principles of Islamic jurisprudence. New Dehli: Adam Publishers.

2. Zia-ul-Haq, M. (2001). Introduction to al-Sharia al-Islamia. Lahore: Aziz Publication.
Suggested Readings
1. Hameedullah, M. (1957). Introduction to Islam. Lahore: Sh M Ashraf Publisher.

2. Hameedullah, M. (1980). Emergence of Islam. New Dehli: Adam Publishers.
3. Hameedullah, M. (1942). Muslim conduct of state. Lahore: Sh M Ashraf Publisher.
6
SEMESER-II
CHEM-5102 Inorganic Chemistry 4 (3+1)
This course covers a range of general topics of inorganic chemistry. It will provide a useful supplement
to the advanced courses specified in the department. This course aims to enable the students to achieve
the advance knowledge about the key introductory concepts of chemical bonding, acid-base chemistry,
and properties of the representative and transition elements, as well as using this knowledge for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of inorganic compounds during laboratory work. Learning
objectives emphasized in CHEM 5102 involve developing an understanding of basic principles of
inorganic chemistry. It develop critical thinking skills enabling students to solve chemistry problems
that incorporate their cumulative knowledge. Students learned in class to modern chemistry techniques
which give them opportunities to upgrade their knowledge about advanced inorganic concepts. The
essence of this course is to develop study skills that students need to succeed in university-level
chemistry courses and preparation of students for professional positions in chemistry.
Contents
1. Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties: Modern Periodic Table, Group trends and periodic
properties, Atomic and ionic radii, ionization potentials, electron affinities and electronegativities;
Redox potential, electrochemical series and its applications. Corrosion and electroplating.
2. Acid Base Equilibria: Acids and bases, relative strengths of acids, pH, pKa, pKb. Hard and soft
acid and Bases. SHAB Principle and its application. Buffers, types buffer, Preparation, Buffer
capacity and applications of buffers. Indicators: (Acid-base, Redox, Adsorption), Solubility
product, Common ion effect and its applications.
3. Chemical Bonding: Nature of a bond, hybridization, Valence Bond Theory (VBT), The Concept
of Resonance, Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT), Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
theory. Special types of bonds such as Metallic bonds, Hydrogen Bonding, Bent bond, Ion-dipole-
dipole bond, ion induced-dipole bond.
4. Chemistry of p-Block Elements: Introduction to p-block elements (Group trends in p-block
elements with reference to, atomic sizes and chemical reactivities). Boranes and Boride;
aluminium halides, hydrides and Alums; Silicates (Structural aspects, classifications and
applications); silicones (Structural aspects, classifications and applications),Germanes;
phosphazenes, Phosphides, Oxoacids of Phosphorous; Oxoacids and salts of sulphur; Noble gases
(compounds of Xe, Kr, Ra; bonding and applications).Production of pure silicon chips for solar
energy cells.
5. Chemistry of d-Block Elements: Electronic configuration. Characteristics. Nomenclature. Nature
of bonding in coordination compounds: Werner’s theory, VBT, MOT and CFT for coordination
compounds. Isomerism in coordination compounds. Chelates: Classification and applications.
Applications of coordination compounds (Medicinal, Industrial, Agricultural).
6. Separation Techniques: General introduction and Applications (Solvent extraction and
Chromatographic techniques such as paper, Ion exchange and Column).
7. Introduction to Analytical Techniques in Inorganic Chemistry: Introduction to spectroscopic
Techniques: Principle, brief instrumentation, sample handling and applications (Flame emission,
Atomic Absorption, IR and UV/Vis).
8. Chemical Industries: Metallurgy of Al, Cr and U, fertilizers (Urea and Phosphate fertilizers)
Cement and Sugar.
Inorganic Chemistry Lab
1. Qualitative Analysis; four radicals (cations and anions) for salt mixture.
2. Chromatographic separation of cations
3. Determination of total hardness of water using EDTA.
4. Estimation of manganese (II) using EDTA.
7
5. Estimation of copper (Iodometrically).
6. Determination of thiosulphate ion (lodometrically).
7. Determination of ferricyanide using KI solution.
8. Determination of chloride by Volhard’s and Mohr’s methods.
9. Estimation of chloride ions using adsorption (Fluorescein) indicator.
10. Estimation of bromide ions using adsorption (Eosin) indicator.
11. Estimation of percentage of ferrous ions in the Mohr’s salt using KMnO4.
12. Percentage determination of ferric ions in ferric alum using KMnO4 solution.
13. Determination of purity of commercial potassium oxalate using KMnO4 solution.
14. Estimation of ferrous ions using K2Cr2O7 solution.
Recommended Texts
1. Iqbal, M. Z. (2015). Text book of inorganic chemistry. Lahore: Ilmi Kitab Khana
2. Lee, J. D. (1996). Concise inorganic chemistry. (5th ed.). UK: Chapman and Hall
3. Vogel, A. I. (1995). A text book of macro and semi micro qualitative inorganic analysis. New
York: Longman Green and Co.
4. Skoog, D. A., West, D.M., & Holler, F. J. (1994). Analytical chemistry (6th ed.). UK: Saunders
College Publications.
Suggested Readings
1. Graham, H., & Man, H. (2000). Chemistry in context (5th ed.). UK: Thomas Nelson Ltd.
2. Philp, M. (1996). Advance chemistry. UK: Cambridge Publishing.
3. David, H. (2000). Modern analytical chemistry. New York: McGraw Hil.
8
BOTN-5102 Plant Systematics, Anatomy and Development/Embryology 4 (3+1)
Plant systematics is a science that includes and encompasses traditional taxonomy; however, its
primary goal is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of plant life. It divides plants into taxonomic
groups, using morphological, anatomical, embryological, chromosomal and chemical data. However,
the science differs from straight taxonomy in that it expects the plants to evolve, and documents that
evolution. Determining phylogeny -the evolutionary history of a particular group; is the primary goal
of systematics. The study systematics gives the order and relationships among the organism. This
order and relationship arise from evolutionary processes. These studies also give description of the
new species. It organizes the animals into groups and grouping is based on degree of evolutionary
relatedness. The modern classification system has been given by Carolus Linnaeus. Plant anatomy is
the study of the shape, structure, and size of plants and a typical plant body consists of three major
vegetative organs: the root, the stem, and the leaf, as well as a set of reproductive parts that include
flowers, fruits, and seeds. As a living thing, all of a plant's parts are made up of cells and this course
will also lead towards the developmental processes that how they took place.
Contents
Plant Systematic
1. Introduction to Plant Systematic: aims, objectives and importance.
2. Classification: Brief history of various systems of classification with emphasis on Takhtajan.
3. Brief introduction to nomenclature, importance of Latin names and binomial system with an
introduction to ICBN/ ICN for plants.
4. Morphology: A detailed account of various morphological characters root, stem, leaf,
inflorescence, flower, placentation and fruit types.
5. Diagnostic characters, economic importance and distribution pattern of the following families:
Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Rosaceae
Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitacea, Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Asteraceae
(Compositae), Liliaceae (Sen. Lato)
Anatomy
a) Cell wall: structure and chemical composition
b) Concept, structure and function of various tissues like:Parenchyma Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Phloem, Epidermis (including stomata and trichomes)
c) Meristem: types, stem and root apices
d) Vascular cambium
e) Structure and development of root, stem and leaf.
f) Primary and secondary growth of dicot stem, periderm
g) Characteristics of wood: diffuse porous and ring porous, sap and heart wood, soft and hard wood,
annual rings.
Development/Embryology
h) Early development of plant body: Capsella bursa-pastoris
i) Structure and development of Anther (microsporogenesis, microgametophyte)
j) Structure and development of Ovule (megasporogenesis, megagametophyte)
k) Endosperm formation
l) Parthenocarpy
m) Polyembryony
Plant Systematics, Anatomy and Development/Embryology Lab
Anatomy and Embryology
9
a) Study of stomata and epidermis.
b) Tissues of primary body of plant.
c) Study of xylem 3-dimensional plane of wood.
d) T. S of angiosperm stem and leaf.
e) Anatomy of germinating seeds
f) Study of pollens
Taxonomy
g) Identification of families given in syllabus with the help of keys.
h) Technical description of common flowering plants belonging to families mentioned in theory.
i) Field trips shall be undertaken to study and collect local plants.
j) Students shall submit 40 fully identified herbarium specimens.
Recommended Texts
1. Clive A., Stace, C. A., & Crawley, M. J. (2015). Alien plants. USA: Harper Collins Publishers.
2. Hather, J. G. (2016). Archaeological parenchyma. USA: Routledge Publishers.
Suggested Readings
1. Steeves, T. A., & Sawhney, V. K. (2017). Essentials of developmental plant anatomy. UK: Oxford
University Press.
2. Spichiger, R. E. (2019). Systematic botany of flowering plants: A new phytogenetic approach of
the angiosperms of the temperate and tropical regions. USA: CRC Press.
3. Hickey, M., & King, C. (2015). The Cambridge illustrated glossary of botanical terms, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
4. Lyons-Sobaski, S., Richard, C., & Robert, W. (2018). Plant anatomy. Germany: Springer-Verlag.
10
ZOOL-5102 Animal Diversity-II (Chordates) 4 (3+1)
This course will enable students to understand the taxonomic characteristics of protochordates and
chordates. It provides knowledge about the phylogenetic relationships of protochodates and various
classes of chordates. Students will understand the phylogenetic relations, physiological adaptations,
behavior and diversity of Pisces, amphibians, reptiles and mammals and able to analyze the process
of micro evolution within chordates. After this course the students will understand what the chordates
are, can recognize different categories of chordates, understands the level of organization in chordate
subphylum, can comprehend the general characters of chordates and know about the origin and
evolutionary relationship in different subphylum of chordates. Upon successful completion of this
subject students will be able to describe unique characters of urochordates, cephalochordates and
fishes, can recognize life functions of urochordates to fishes, will understand the ecological role of
different groups of chordates and understand the diversity of chordates and can identification of the
morphological and anatomical structure for the major groups of vertebrates from an evolutionary point
of view.
Contents
1. Protochordates: Classification of protochordates. Structure, anatomy and organ systems of

Acorn worms, Urochodates and Cephalochodates, Reproduction; life histories and
metamorphosis ofprotochodates. Phylogenetic relationships.
2. Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water. Phylogenetic relationships of Pisces. Classification of
Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Dipnoi and Holocephalli Locomotory adaptations, nutrition
and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, nervous and sensory functions,
excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development of Chondrichthyes
(Scoliodon) and Osteichthyes (Cyprinus carpioand Wallagoattu).
3. Amphibians: The first terrestrial vertebrates. Characteristics ofamphibians Phylogenetic
relationships. Classification of amphibians and characteristics of order Caudata,
Gymnophiona, and Anura. Structure and locomotor adaptations, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions,
excretion and Osmoregulation, reproduction, development, and metamorphosis of caudate,
anura and Gymnophiona.
4. Reptiles: The First Amniotes and cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage. General
characteristics of reptiles. Characteristics of Order Testudines or Chelonia,
Rhynchocephalia, Squamata, and Crocodilia. Adaptations in external structure and
locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and
development of chelonia, squamata, Rhynchocephalia and crocodilian. Further
phylogenetic considerations.
5. Birds: Classification, feathers, flight and endothermy. Phylogenetic relationships; ancient
birds and the evolution of flight. Diversity of modern birds. Adaptation in external structure
and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and
regulation, nervous and sensory systems, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and
development. Migration and navigation.
6. Mammals: Classification, Specialized teeth, endothermy, hair and viviparity. Diversity of
mammals. Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory
functions, excretion and osmoregulation, behavior, reproduction and development.
Animal Diversity-II (Chordates) Lab
1. Classification and study of lab specimens of hemichordates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles,

birds and mammals.
2. Visit to PMNH for the study of diversity of chordates.
11
Recommended Texts
1. Campbell, N.A., (2011). Biology (9th ed.). California: Benjamin Cummings.

2. Miller, S. A., & Harley, J. B. (2010). Zoology (8th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Miller, S. A. (2002). General zoology laboratory manual (5th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill
2. Hickman, C. P. Roberts, L. C., & Larson, A. (2009). Integrated principles of zoology (14th
ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill
3. Pechenik, J. A. (2000). Biology of invertebrates (4th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill
12
PHYS-5162 Physics-II 4 (3+1)
It is the foundation upon which the other sciences—astronomy, biology, chemistry and geology—are
“physics-II”, presents the fundamental aspects of flow and behavior of charges and basic concepts of
the strength of electrically and magnetically interaction of particle with objects around it. The subject
of “electricity and magnetism” is an overview of electromagnetic field and forces quite literally
dominate our everyday experience. However, it can also be one of the most rewarding because it
reveals the world’s fundamental clockwork from which all scientific and engineering applications
regarded industries. The course objectives are to enable the students about the ideas of electric field,
electric potential, capacitor, resistance, magnetic field, some concepts of basic electronics and to get
a deeper inside laws of electricity, magnetism and energy conservation.
Contents Course
1. Electric Field
2. Gauss’s Law
3. Electric Potential
4. Current and Resistances
5. Direct Current and Circuits
6. Capacitors and Dielectrics
7. Inductance
8. Alternating Current and Circuits
9. Basic Electronics,
10. Magnetic Field, Field Effects and Magnetic Properties of Matter,
11. Electro-Magnetic Waves (Maxwell’s Equations)
Physics-II Lab
1. Conversion of a galvanometer into Voltmeter and an Ammeter.

2. To determine the frequency of A.C mains by using a sonometer.
3. To determine the frequency of A.C by Meld’s experiment.
4. Resonance frequency of an acceptor circuit
5. Resonance frequency of a rejector circuit.
6. To set up and study various logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND etc.) using diode and to develop
their truth table.
7. Study the characteristics of a transistor.
Recommended Texts
1 Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014). Fundamentals of physics (10th ed.). New York:
Wiley.
2 Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Krane, K. S. (2003). Physics (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Suggested Readings
1. Sear & Zemansky. (2008). University physics with modern physics. (12th ed). USA: Pearson.
2. Ohanian, H. C., & Markert, J. T. (2006). Physics for engineers and scientists (3rd ed.). New York:
W. W. Norton.
3. Mark, H., & Olsono, H. T. (2004). Experiments in modern physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
13
MATH-5137 Techniques of Integration 4 (4+0)
Calculus demonstrates the beauty of math and the agony of math education. It relates the topics in an
elegant, brain bending manner. Calculus II is a prerequisite for many popular college majors, including
pre-med, Engineering, and Physics. This is the second course of the sequence, Calculus-I, II and III.
MATH–5137 continues the study of the calculus begun in MATH-5136. The course focuses on
definite integrals, which allow exact calculation of surface areas, volumes, the length of curves, and
solutions of practical and theoretical problems. Applications of integral calculus include computations
involving area, volume, arc length, center of mass, work, and pressure. More advanced applications
include power series and Fourier series. Students learned in this course different math which give them
opportunities to see how these techniques are solving current subject problems. This offer
complementary approaches to the fundamental understanding of math systems. Students will acquire
knowledge to enable themselves to understand the different theories.
Contents
1 Techniques of integration
2 Integrals of elementary, hyperbolic and trigonometric function
3 Logarithmic and exponential functions
4 Integration by parts, substitution rule
5 Partial fractions, improper integrals
6 Applications of integrals
7 Area between curves
8 Average value of a function
9 Volumes of Solids, arc length
10 Area of a surface of revolution
11 Infinite series, Sequences and series
12 Convergence and absolute convergence
13 Tests for convergence, divergence test
14 Integral test, p series test, comparison test
15 Limit comparison test, alternating series test
16 Ratio test, root test
17 Power series, convergence of power series
18 Representation of functions as power series
19 Differentiation and integration of power series
20 Taylor and McLaurin series
21 Conic section
22 Parameterized curves and polar coordinates
23 Curves defined by parametric equations
24 Calculus with parametric curves
25 Tangents, areas, arc length, polar coordinates
26 Polar curves
27 Tangents to polar curves
28 Areas and arc length in polar coordinates
Recommended Texts
1. Thomas, G. B., Weir, M. D., Hass, J., and Giordano, F. R. (2005). Thomas’ Calculus (11th ed.).
Boston: Addison Wesley.
2. Stewart, J. (2015). Calculus (8th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Suggested Readings
14
1. Anton, H., Bivens I. C., & Davis, S. (2016). Calculus (11th ed.). New Jersey: Wiley.
2. Goldstein, L. J., Lay, D. C., Schneider, D. I., & Asmar, N. H. (2017). Calculus and Its
Applications (14th ed.). London: Pearson.
3. Hallett, D. H., et al. (2017). Calculus Single and Multivariable (7th ed.). New Jersey: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
4. Larson, R., & Edwards, B. H. (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). USA: Brooks Cole.
15
URCE-5102 Language comprehension and presentation skills 3 (3+0)
The course aims at developing linguistic competence by focusing on basic language skills in
integration to make the use of language in context. It also aims at developing students’ skills in reading
and reading comprehension of written texts in various contexts. The course also provides assistance
in developing students’ vocabulary building skills as well as their critical thinking skills. The contents
of the course are designed on the basis of these language skills: listening skills, pronunciation skills,
comprehension skills and presentation skills. The course provides practice in accurate pronunciation,
stress and intonation patterns and critical listening skills for different contexts. The students require a
grasp of English language to comprehend texts as organic whole, to interact with reasonable ease in
structured situations, and to comprehend and construct academic discourse. The course objectives are
to enhance students’ language skill management capacity, to comprehend text(s) in context, to respond
to language in context, and to write structured response(s).
Contents
1 Listening skills
2 Listening to isolated sentences and speech extracts
3 Managing listening and overcoming barriers to listening
4 Expressing opinions (debating current events) and oral synthesis of thoughts and ideas
5 Pronunciation skills
6 Recognizing phonemes, phonemic symbols and syllables, pronouncing words correctly
7 Understanding and practicing stress patterns and intonation patterns in simple sentences
8 Comprehension skills
9 Reading strategies, summarizing, sequencing, inferencing, comparing and contrasting
10 Drawing conclusions, self-questioning, problem-solving, relating background knowledge
11 Distinguishing between fact and opinion, finding the main idea, and supporting details
12 Text organizational patterns, investigating implied ideas, purpose and tone of the text
13 Critical reading, SQ3R method
14 Presentation skills, features of good presentations, different types of presentations
15 Different patterns of introducing a presentation, organizing arguments in a presentation
16 Tactics of maintaining interest of the audience, dealing with the questions of audience
17 Concluding a presentation, giving suggestions and recommendations
Recommended Texts
1 Mikulecky, B. S., & Jeffries, L. (2007). Advanced reading power: Extensive reading,
vocabulary building, comprehension skills, reading faster. New York: Pearson.
2 Helgesen, M., & Brown, S. (2004). Active listening: Building skills for understanding.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suggested Readings
1 Roach, C. A., & Wyatt, N. (1988). Successful listening. New York: Harper and Row.
2 Horowitz, R., & Samuels, S. J. (1987). Comprehending oral and written language. San Diego:
Academic Press.
16
URCP-5106 Pakistan Studies 2 (2+0)
The course is designed to acquaint the students of BS Programs with the rationale of the creation of
Pakistan. The students would be apprised of the emergence, growth and development of Muslim
nationalism in South Asia and the struggle for freedom, which eventually led to the establishment of
Pakistan. While highlighting the main objectives of national life, the course explains further the socio-
economic, political and cultural aspects of Pakistan’s endeavours to develop and progress in the
contemporary world. For this purpose, the foreign policy objectives and Pakistan’s foreign relations
with neighbouring and other countries are also included. This curriculum has been developed to help
students analyse the socio-political problems of Pakistan while highlighting various phases of its
history before and after the partition and to develop a vision in them to become knowledgeable citizens
of their homeland. It tends to examine a range of important issues in national history and use these
theoretical frameworks to provide better understanding of these events.
Contents
1. Contextualizing Pakistan Studies

2. Geography of Pakistan: Geo-Strategic Importance of Pakistan
3. Freedom Movement (1857-1947)
4. Pakistan Movement (1940-47)
5. Muslim Nationalism in South Asia
6. Two Nations Theory
7. Ideology of Pakistan
8. Initial Problems of Pakistan
9. Political and Constitutional Developments in Pakistan
10. Economy of Pakistan: Problems and Prospects
11. Society and Culture of Pakistan
12. Foreign Policy Objectives of Pakistan and Diplomatic Relations
13. Current and Contemporary Issues of Pakistan
14. Human Rights: Issues of Human Rights in Pakistan
Recommended Texts
1. Kazimi, M. R. (2007). Pakistan studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

2. Sheikh, J. A. (2004). Pakistan’s political economic and diplomatic dynamics. Lahore: Kitabistan
Paper Products.
Suggested Readings
1. Hayat, S. (2016). Aspects of Pakistan movement. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and
Cultural Research.
2. Kazimi, M. R. (2009). A concise history of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
3. Talbot, I. (1998). Pakistan: A modern history. London: Hurst and Company.
17
SEMESTER-III
CHEM-5103 Organic Chemistry 4 (3+1)
The students will acquire knowledge about the basic concepts of organic chemistry, chemistry of
hydrocarbons, functional groups and the mechanism of organic reactions. It will be useful for the
qualitative analysis and synthesis of organic compound. Understanding and knowledge of new and
advanced field of organic and also significances the importance of application of advanced techniques.
This course is a foundation course for Organic Chemistry major courses of higher semester. The main
objectives emphasized in this course involve developing an understanding of basic principles of
organic chemistry. It develop critical thinking skills enabling students to solve general chemistry
problems that incorporate their cumulative knowledge. Students learned in class to advanced organic
chemistry concepts which give them opportunities to upgrade their knowledge about advanced organic
concepts. The essence of this course is to develop study skills that students need to succeed in
university-level chemistry courses and preparation of students for professional positions in the field
of synthesis chemistry.
Contents
1. Basic concepts: atomic, molecular and hybrid orbitals: multiple localized and delocalized bonds,
properties of bonds, inductive effect, dipole moment. The concept of resonance, rules of
resonance, resonance energy, stearic inhibition of resonance, hyperconjugation, resonance effect,
hydrogen bonding, tautomerism.
2. Introduction to spectroscopy with special reference to the infrared, ultraviolet/visible
spectroscopy.
3. Hydrocarbons: classification of hydrocarbons. Nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical
characteristics and chemical reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Source of aromatic
hydrocarbons. Structure of benzene and the concept of aromatic hydrocarbon. Aromatic
electrophilic substitution.
4. Stereoisomerism: conformational analysis of ethane and butane. Optical isomerism, optical
activity, chiral carbon atom and optical isomerism, relative and absolute configuration, creation
of chiral carbon and racemization. Optical isomerism in compounds containing two chiral carbons
atom, diastereoisomer, elements of symmetry, resolution of racemic mixture, geometric
isomerism, cis/trans isomerism, designation of isomerism, determination of configuration.
5. Alkyl halide: nomenclature, method of preparation and chemical reaction with special reference
to the nucleophilic substitution and elimination reaction of alkyl halide. Preparation, structure and
synthetic application of grignard reagent.
6. The hydroxyl group and ether: nature of hydroxyl group in phenol and alcohol.
7. Alcohol: classification and nomenclature, preparation method and chemical reaction, distinction
between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol, polyhydric alcohols. Phenol: preparation
method, acidity of phenol, chemical reaction.
8. Ether: preparation and reactions.
9. The carbonyl group: nature and its reactivity, nomenclature of aldehyde and ketone, aldehyde and
ketone preparation and reactions along with distinction between them. Carboxylic acid and their
derivatives: nomenclature, preparation and chemical reactions, strength of acid and factors
affecting it, formation and hydrolysis of acid anhydrides, acid halides, acid amides, esters
including glycerides. Introduction to amino acid.
10. Nitrogen compounds: amines; classification, nomenclature, preparation and chemical reactions,
distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Preparation and reaction of aniline.
Basicity of aromatic and aliphatic amines and factors affecting it. Diazzonium salts and their
synthetic applications.
18
Organic Chemistry Lab.
1. Qualitative organic analysis; systematic identification of organic compounds containing group

like COOH, OH, NH2, C=O.
2. Purification techniques viz solvent extraction distillation and recrystallization, etc.
3. Preparation of simple organic compounds viz, Ethyl benzoate, benzoic acid, tribromophenol,
aspirin, nitrobenzene.
Recommended Texts
1. Younas, M. (2006). Organic spectroscopy. Lahore: A. H. Publisher

2. Solomons, T. W. G. (2016). Fundamentals of organic chemistry. (12th ed.). New York: Wiley.
3. Vogel, A. I. (1996). A text book of practical organic chemistry. New York: Prentice Hall.
Suggested Readings
1. Kemp, W. (1990). Organic spectroscopy. London: Macmillan

2. Chughtai, F. A. (1995). Organic reactions. Lahore: Majid Book Depot.
3. Streitwieser, A. Heathcock, C. & Kosower, E. M. (2017). Introduction to organic chemistry. (4th
ed.). New York: Macmillan.
19
BOTN-5103 Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution 4 (3+1)
Cell biology, genetics and evolution are fundamental to an understanding of the processes of life. In
this unit, students will be able examine the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells,
including a discussion of the energy flow in photosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. A brief
introduction to DNA structure and function from molecular to organism levels and current applications
of DNA technology will be studied. This will also enlighten and introduce with classical genetic and
evolutionary theory as unifying explanations of life. This course is intended for the student interested
in understanding and appreciating common biological topics in the study of the smallest units within
biology: molecules and cells. There are thousands of opportunities within the medical, pharmaceutical,
agricultural, and industrial fields for a person with a concentrated knowledge of molecular and cellular
processes. This course will give you a general introduction of cell organelles, cell division and
enzymes which are involved in the process of metabolism. Evolution is the process of change in all
forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs.
Laboratory practicals will investigate enzyme function, cytogenetics and the genetic analysis of
populations.
Contents
Cell Biology
1. Structure and Function of Bio-molecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids)
2. Cell: Cell theory, cell types (prokaryotes, eukaryotes), basic properties of cell.
3. Brief description of structure and function of the following cell organelles (Cell wall, Cell
membrane, Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Plastids, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Dictyosomes,
Vacuoles)
4. Reproduction in somatic and embryogenic cell, mitosis, meiosis and cell cycle
Genetics
5. Introduction, scope and brief history of genetics. Mendelian inheritance; Lawsof segregation and
independent assortment, back cross, test cross, dominance and incomplete dominance
6. Molecular genetics; DNA replication, nature of gene, genetic code, transcription, translation,
protein synthesis, regulation of gene expression (e.g. lac operon).
7. Chromosomal aberrations; Changes in the number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy and Euploidy.
Changes in the structure of chromosomes, deficiency, duplication, inversion and translocation.
8. Evolution: Introduction and theories.
Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution Lab
1. Study of cell structure using compound microscope and elucidation of ultra structure from electron
microphotographs
2. Measurement of cell size.
3. Study of mitosis and meiosis by smear/squash method and from prepared slides.
4. Study of chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome number.
5. Extraction and estimation of carbohydrate, protein, RNA and DNA from plant sources.
Genetics
6. Genetical problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic material.
7. Identification of chromosomes in plant material. Carmine/orcein staining.
8. Determination of blood groups
Recommended Texts
1. Templeton, N.C. (2015). Gene and cell therapy (4th ed.). Germany: Taylor and Francis
20
Publications.
2. Sybille, M., & Shoshan, M. (2015). Tumor cell metabolism. Germany: Springer Publications.
Suggested Readings
1. Verma P. S., & Agarwal, V. K. (2016). Cell Biology (Cytology, Biomolecules and Molecular
Biology). India: S. Chand Publishing.
2. Milo, R., & Phillips, R. (2015). Cell biology by the numbers (1st ed.). Germany: Taylor and Francis
publications.
3. Bradshaw, R., & Stahl, P. (2015). Encyclopedia of cell biology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publications.
21
ZOOL 5103 Animal Form and Function- I (A Comparative Perspective) 4 (3+1)
This course teaches about animal’s diversity adapted in different strategies for performance of their
similar functions through modifications in body parts in past and present times. It impart
understanding of diverse strategic structural adaptations in each of the functions of integumentary,
skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory, endocrine, circulatory and respiratory systems for effective
survival in their specific conditions. The course mainly aims to teach the students about animal’s
diversity adapted in different ways for their functions through modifications in body parts, about the
diversity in integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory, endocrine, circulatory,
respiratory, nutritive, excretory, osmoregulatory and reproductive systems according to strategies to
survive in their specific conditions. It will also introduce about organ systems, their specialization and
coordination with each other and constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and
outside the animal’s body along with the basic structure of each system that determines its particular
function of animal body.
Contents
1. Protection, Support, and Movement: Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and
vertebrates; Movement and support: the skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates;
Movement: non-muscular movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the muscular system
of invertebrates and vertebrates
2. Communication I: Nerves: Neurons: structure and function.
3. Communication II: Senses: Sensory reception: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, georeceptors,
hygroreceptors, phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile receptors, and
thermoreceptors of invertebrates Lateral line system and electrical sensing, lateral-line system
and mechanoreception, hearing and equilibrium in air and water, skin sensors of mechanical
stimuli, sonar, smell, taste and vision in vertebrates.
4. Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers: Chemical messengers:
hormones chemistry; and their feedback systems; mechanisms of hormone action, Hormones
with principal function each of porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nemerteans, nematodes,
molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms invertebrates; an overview of the vertebrate
endocrine system; endocrine systems of vertebrates, endocrine systems of birds and mammals
5. Circulation and Immunity: Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates
Characteristics of invertebrate coelomic fluid, hemolymph, and blood cells, transport systems
in vertebrates; characteristics of vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the hearts and
circulatory systems of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; the human heart:
blood pressure and the lymphatic system; immunity: nonspecific defenses, the immune response
Animal Form and Function- I (A Comparative Perspective) Lab
1. Study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and mammalian
skin.
2. Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo (Labeo rohita), Frog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), Varanus
(Varanus bengalensis), fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) andrabbit (Oryctola guscuniculus).
Note: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons to their function must be done.
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catla catla or Labeo or any
other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits dissections as per availability.
4. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate (dissection of
representative fish/mammals).
22
Recommended Texts
1. Pechenik, J. A. (2013). Biology of invertebrates (4th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

2. Hickman, C. P., Roberts, L. S., & Larson, A. (2004). Integrated principles of zoology,
(11th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Campbell, N. A. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). California: Benjamin Cummings.

2. Kent, G. C., & Miller, S. (2001). Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
23
PHYS-5163 Physics-III 4 (3+1)
It is the foundation upon which the other sciences—astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology—are
“physics-III”, presents the fundamental aspects of flow and behavior of heat and basic concepts of the
asset of thermodynamically interaction of matter with other objects around it. Thermodynamics
literally means heat in motion. Statistical mechanics deals with average effects of large number of
individuals. However, it can also be one of the most rewarding because it reveals the world’s
fundamental clockwork from which all scientific and engineering applications regarded industries. It
is widely used in the design of heat engine, steam turbines, refrigerator, physical chemistry and
chemical physics. The main objectives of this course are to provide the student with a clear and logical
presentation of basic concepts and principles of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
Contents
1 Heat and Temperature

2 Kinetic theory of gases
3 Microscopic and macroscopic states
4 The Van der Waals equation
5 Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic equilibrium
6 Laws of Thermodynamics
7 Heat engine
8 Carnot cycle and efficiency measurements
9 Entropy, Entropy for reversible and irreversible process
10 Low temperature Physics
11 Thermodynamic Potentials, Tds Equation, Third Law of Thermodynamics
12 Statistical Mechanics
13 Mean Free Path, Maxwell distribution of molecular speeds and Energies
14 Phase space
15 Partition function and Relations with thermo-dynamical variables.
Physics-III Lab
1 Measurement of resistance using a Neon flash bulb and condenser

2 Determination of ionization potential of mercury.
3 To determine the stopping potential by photo cell.
4 Measurement of low resistance of a wire by using Carey Foster Bridge.
5 Calibration of a thermocouple by potentiometer.
6 Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a given wire.
Recommended Texts
2. York: Wiley.
3. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Krane, K. S. (2003). Physics (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Suggested Readings
1. Garg, S. C., Bansal, R. M., & Ghosh C. K. Thermal Physics Kinetic theory, thermodynamics and
statistical mechanics (2nd ed.). USA: McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited.
2. Ohanian, H. C., & Markert, J. T. (2006). Physics for engineers and scientists (3rd ed.). New
York: W. W. Norton.
3. Mark, H., & Olsono, H. T. (2004). Experiments in modern physics. New York: McGraw-Hill
24
MATH-5138 Calculus 4 (4+0)
This course in calculus is intended to further develop practical skills in differential and integral
calculus. As well, it is intended to illustrate various applications of calculus to technical problems. The
rules of differentiation will be introduced, and methods of differentiating various algebraic and
transcendental functions will be developed. Applications of differential calculus to finding roots of
equations by Newton's method, to finding maxima and minima, and to developing power series
representation for functions will be studied. Methods of algebraic integration will be introduced, with
both definite and indefinite integrals being determined for a variety of functions. The use of tables of
integrals for finding solutions for difficult integrals will be introduced. Numerical integration using
Simpson's rule will also be developed. Various applications of integration will be studied including
Fourier series. First and second order differential equations will be introduced, and methods of solving
will be developed. These methods will include Laplace transforms.
Contents
1. Parametric Equations: Curves defined by Parametric Equations

2. Calculus with Parametric Curves
3. Polar Coordinates: Introduction
4. Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates
5. Conic Sections, Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates
6. Infinite Sequence and Series: Sequences, Series
7. The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums
8. The Comparison Tests, Alternating Series
9. Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Test
10. Strategy for Testing Series, Power Series
11. Functions as Power Series
12. Taylor and Maclaurin Series.
Recommended Texts
1. Thomas, G. B. (2015). Calculus (12th ed.). India: Pearson

2. Stewart, J. (2015). Calculus early transcendentals (7th ed.). New York: Brooks/Cole.
3. Anton, H., Calculus. (2001). A new horizon (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley.
Suggested Readings
1. Laurence, D. H., & Gerald, L. (2010). Calculus (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
2. Thomas, G.B., & Finny, R. L. (1995). Calculus and analytic geometry (9th ed.). New Jersey:
Addison Wesley.
25
URCE-5103 Academic Writing 3 (3+0)
Academic writing is a formal, structured and sophisticated writing to fulfill the requirements for a
particular field of study. The course aims at providing understanding of writer’s goal of writing (i.e.
clear, organized and effective content) and to use that understanding and awareness for academic
reading and writing. The objectives of the course are to make the students acquire and master the
academic writing skills. The course would enable the students to develop argumentative writing
techniques. The students would be able to the content logically to add specific details on the topics
such as facts, examples and statistical or numerical values. The course will also provide insight to
convey the knowledge and ideas in objective and persuasive manner. Furthermore, the course will also
enhance the students’ understanding of ethical considerations in writing academic assignments and
topics including citation, plagiarism, formatting and referencing the sources as well as the technical
aspects involved in referencing.
Contents
1 Academic vocabulary
2 Quoting, summarizing and paraphrasing texts
3 Process of academic writing
4 Developing argument
5 Rhetoric: persuasion and identification
6 Elements of rhetoric: Text, author, audience, purposes, setting
7 Sentence structure: Accuracy, variation, appropriateness, and conciseness
8 Appropriate use of active and passive voice
9 Paragraph and essay writing
10 Organization and structure of paragraph and essay
11 Logical reasoning
12 Transitional devices (word, phrase and expressions)
13 Development of ideas in writing
14 Styles of documentation (MLA and APA)
15 In-text citations
16 Plagiarism and strategies for avoiding it
Recommended Texts
1 Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks
and skills (3rd ed.). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
2 Bailey, S. (2011). Academic writing: A handbook for international students (3rd ed.). New York:
Routledge.
Suggested Readings
1 Craswell, G. (2004). Writing for academic success. London: SAGE.

2 Johnson-Sheehan, R. (2019). Writing today. Don Mills: Pearson.
3 Silvia, P. J. (2019). How to write a lot: A practical guide to productive academic writing.
Washington: American Psychological Association.
26
URCI-5109 Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies 3 (2+1)
The course introduces students to information and communication technologies and their current
applications in their respective areas. Objectives include basic understanding of computer software,
hardware, and associated technologies. They can make use of technology to get maximum benefit
related to their study domain. Students can learn how the Information and Communications systems
can improve their work ability and productivity. How Internet technologies, E-Commerce applications
and Mobile Computing can influence the businesses and workplace. At the end of semester students
will get basic understanding of Computer Systems, Storage Devices, Operating systems, E-commerce,
Data Networks, Databases, and associated technologies. They will also learn Microsoft Office tools
that includes Word, Power Point, and Excel. They will also learn Open office being used on other
operating systems and platforms. Specific software’s related to specialization areas are also part of
course. Course will also cover Computer Ethics and related Social media norms and cyber laws.
Contents
1. Introduction, Overview and its types.

2. Hardware: Computer Systems and Components, Storage Devices and Cloud Computing.
3. Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software,
4. Introduction to Programming Language
5. Databases and Information Systems Networks
6. The Hierarchy of Data and Maintaining Data,
7. File Processing Versus Database Management Systems
8. Data Communication and Networks.
9. Physical Transmission Media and Wireless Transmission Media
10. Applications of smart phone and usage
11. The Internet, Browsers and Search Engines.
12. Websites Concepts, Mobile Computing and their applications.
13. Collaborative Computing and Social Networking
14. E-Commerce and Applications.
15. IT Security and other issues
16. Cyber Laws and Ethics of using Social media
17. Use of Microsoft Office tools (Word, Power Point, Excel), mobile apps or other similar tools
depending on the operating system.
18. Other IT tools/software specific to field of study of the students if any
Recommended Texts
1. Vermaat, M. E. (2018). Discovering computers: digital technology, data and devices. Boston:
Course Technology Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Timothy, J., O'Leary & Linda, I. (2017). Computing essentials, (26th ed.). San Francisco:
McGraw Hill Higher Education.
2. Schneider, G. M., & Gersting, J. (2018). Invitation to computer science. Boston: Cengage
Learning.
27
SMESTER-IV
CHEM-5104 Chemistry Special Topics 4 (3+1)
This course covers a range of specialized topics in chemistry which provide a useful supplement to
the advanced courses specified in the department. Student will be able to learn the basic knowledge of
biomolecules, simple heterocycles and introductory organic spectroscopy, is helpful in identification
of organic compounds. In addition to it, basics of surface chemistry, modern material and detail study
of unit operations in chemical industry and metallurgy can be a beneficial for new learners who are
ambitious for specialized area of chemistry. The main objectives emphasized in this course involve
developing an understanding of basic principles of different branches of chemistry. It develop critical
thinking skills enabling students to solve general chemistry problems that incorporate their cumulative
knowledge. Students learned in class to advanced chemistry concepts which give them opportunities
to upgrade their applicable knowledge. This course is to develop study skills that students need to
succeed in university-level advanced chemistry courses and preparation of students for professional
positions in this field and their industrial skill.
Contents
1. Bio-molecules and Simple Heterocycles: (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, their
importance, nomenclature, properties, synthesis and reactions of simple heterocycles).
2. Introduction to Spectroscopy: (IR and UV/Vis).
3. Surface Phenomena and Colloids: (Physisorption and chemisorption, isotherms, types, properties,
preparation and applications of colloids).
4. Nuclear Chemistry: (radioactivity; stability of nuclei, nuclear transformation, measurement of
nuclear radiation, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, nuclear reactor, uses of radioisotopes,
nuclear hazards and safety measures).
5. Modern Materials: (Introduction to liquid crystals, Inorganic polymers, Ceramics, Fiber glass,
Thin films, Semiconductors and Composite materials).
6. Chemical Industries: (Metallurgy of Al, Manufacturing of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, fertilizers,
cement and glass).
Chemistry Special Topics Lab
1. Percentage determination of barium in barium nitrate by gravimetric method.

2. Gravimetric determination of nickel.
3. Estimate the glucose content in the sample by titration method

4. Determination of adsorption parameters using Langmuir adsorption isotherm of acetic acid on
charcoal.
5. To determine the wavelength of maximum absorption of compounds using spectrophotometer.
6. To determine the concentration of Cr in water sample by using spectrophotometer.
7. To determine the concentration of Mn in water sample by using spectrophotometer.
8. To determine the concentration of the Sucrose, glucose and dextrose in samples by using
polarimeter.
9. To determine the Iodine value of the oil and fat
10. Estimate the glucose content in the sample by titration method
11. Identification Al3+, Cr3+ and F3+ in samples by TLC
12. Determine the partition coefficient of iodine between water and carbon tetrachloride
13. Qualitative analysis of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Recommended Texts
1. Voet, D. R. & Voet, J. G. (2001). Biochemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons
28
2. Younas, M. (2005). Organic spectroscopy. Lahore: A. H. Publisher
3. Solomons, T. W. G. (2016). Fundamentals of organic chemistry (12th ed.). New York: Wiley,
Suggested Readings
1. Kent, J. A. (1997). Riegal’s hand book of industrial chemistry. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
2. Arnikar, H. J. (1998). Nuclear chemistry. India: Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
3. Gurdeep, R. (2002). Advanced physical chemistry. India: Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
29
BOTN-5104 Plant Physiology and Ecology 4 (3+1)
This course is designed to provide students with comprehensive exposure to the subject of plant
physiology and ecology and will give know how about physiological adaptation; limiting factors;
resources acquisition/allocation; photosynthesis, carbon, energy balance; water use and relations;
nutrient relations; linking physiology, stable isotope applications ecophysiology; stress physiology;
life history, physiology; evolution of physiological performance; physiology population, community,
ecosystem levels. The goal in teaching this course is to give students a greater appreciation of the plant
world we depend on and to stimulate student learning of basic concepts in plant and biological science.
Plant physiology helps to study a wide range of processes and functions that plants use to live and
survive and its very important to know the functions of a living organism or any of its parts while
Plant Ecology is the study of the interactions of living things with their environment. It helps to ask
questions across four levels of biological organization—organismal, population, community, and
ecosystem. The laboratory exercises provide hands-on experiences with experiments and training in
instrumental skills on the topics: water relations, photosynthesis, inorganic nutrition, metabolism of
organic materials, and plant growth regulation, with emphasis on environmental factors in the
physiology of plants.
Contents
Plant Physiology
1. Water relations: (water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, matric potential).
Absorption and translocation of water. Stomatal regulation.
2. Mineral nutrition: Soil as a source of minerals. Passive and active transport of nutrients. Essential
mineral elements, role and deficiency symptoms of macronutrients.
3. Photosynthesis: Introduction, oxygenic and non-oxygenic photosynthesis. Mechanism: light
reactions (electron transport and photophosphorylation) and dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
Differences between C3 and C4plants.Factors affecting this process. Products of photosynthesis.
4. Respiration: Definition and respiratory substrates. Mechanism of Glycolysis, Krebscycle. Electron
transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration. Energy balance in aerobic and
anaerobic respiration, respiratory quotients.
Ecology
5. Introduction: Aims and applications of ecology.
6. Soil: Physical and Chemical properties of soil (soil formation, texture. pH, EC, organism and
organic matter etc.) and their relationships to plants.
7. Light and Temperature: Quality of light, diurnal and seasonal variations. Ecophysiological
responses.
8. Water: Field capacity and soil water holding capacity. Characteristics of xerophytes and
hydrophytes. Effect of precipitation on distribution of plants.
9. Wind: Wind as an ecological factor and its importance.
10. Population Ecology: Introduction. A brief description of seed dispersal and seed bank.
11. Community Ecology. Ecological characteristics of plant community ii. Methods of sampling
vegetation (Quadrat and line intercept) iii. Major vegetation types of the local area.
12. Ecosystem Ecology. Definition, types and components of ecosystem. ii. Food chain and Food web.
13. Applied Ecology: Causes, effects and control of water logging and salinity with respect to
Pakistan.
Plant Physiology and Ecology Lab
Plant Physiology
30
1. Preparation of solutions of specific normality of acids/bases, salts, sugars, molal and molar
solutions and their standardization.
2. Determination of uptake of water by swelling seeds when placed in sodium chloride solution of
different concentrations.
3. Measurement of leaf water potential by the dye method.
4. Determination of the temperature at which beet root cells lose their permeability.
5. Determination of the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration of a leafy shoot
by means of a photometer/cobalt chloride paper method.
6. Extraction of chlorophyll from the leaves and separation of component pigments on a paper
chromatogram. Study of absorption spectra using spectrophotometer.
7. Estimation of oxygen utilized by a respiring plant by Winkler's method.
Ecology
8. Determination of physical and chemical characteristics of soil.
9. Measurements of various population variables
10. Measurement of vegetation by Quadrat and line intercept methods.
11. Field trips to ecologically diverse habitats.
12. Measurements of wind velocity.
13. Measurement of light and temperature.
14. Effect of light and temperature on seed germination.
Recommended Texts
1. Sharma, H., & Singh, P. K. (2018). Laboratory manual for bioinstrumentation, biochemistry,
microbiology, cell biology and enzyme technology for PG and UG students. New Delhi, India:
Excellent Publishing House
2. Jugulam, M. (2017). Biology, physiology and molecular biology of weeds. Germany: CRC Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Keddy, P. A. (2017). Plant ecology origins, processes, consequences. (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge
University Press.
2. Canadell, J. G., Diaz, S., Heldmaier, G., Jackson, R. B., Levia, D.F., Schulze, E. D., & Wardle,
D. A. (2019). Ecological studies. Germany: Springer.
3. Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2019). Plant physiology.(7th ed.). Germany: Sinnauers Publ. Co. Inc.
31
ZOOL-5104 Animal Form and Function-II 4 (3+1)
This course will enable students to understand the diverse forms adapted to perform the same
functions are because of the different past and present conditions. Students will also be able to solve
that emergence of diversity of forms for the performance of similar function. It also demonstrates
that a form is successfully adapted to perform a function like temperature regulation adequately and
successfully. Upon successful completion of course students will have knowledge about nutrition and
digestion process among animal groups, temperature regulation strategies adapted by animals and
different modes of reproduction adapted by several groups for their successful stay on planet. The
practical section will let them to study the excretory system in invertebrate and vertebrate model
animals, can study nutritive canal in an invertebrate and a vertebrate animals through dissection and
will be able to study the male and female reproductive system of an invertebrate and a vertebrate
animal model.
Contents
1. Nutrition and Digestion: Evolution of nutrition; the metabolic fates of nutrients in heterotrophs;
digestion, Animal strategies for getting and using food, diversity in digestive structures of
invertebrates., The mammalian digestive system: gastrointestinal motility and its control, Oral
cavity, pharynx and esophagus, stomach, small intestine: main site of digestion; large intestine;
role of the pancreas in digestion; and role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.
2. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation : Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact
of Temperature on Animal Life; Heat Gains and Losses; Some Solutions to Temperature
Fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and
Mammals; Heat Production in Birds and Mammals , Control of Water and Solutes
(Osmoregulation and Excretion); Invertebrate and Vertebrate , Excretory Systems; How
Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation; Vertebrate Kidney Variations; Mechanism in Metanephric
Kidney Functions. Reproduction and Development
3. Reproduction: Asexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of asexual
reproduction, Sexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of sexual
reproduction; sexual reproduction in vertebrates; reproductive strategies; examples of
reproduction among various vertebrate classes; The human male reproductive system:
spermatogenesis, transport and hormonal control, reproductive function; The human female
reproductive system: folliculogenesis, transport and hormonal control, reproductive function;
hormonal regulation in gestation; prenatal development and birth: the placenta; milk production
and lactation.
Animal Form and Function-II Lab
1. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Model).

2. Study of dissection system in invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Dissection).
3. Dissection and study of male and female reproductive system in vertebrates and invertebrates.
Note: Prepared slides and preserved specimen and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM computer
projections may be used.
Recommended Texts
1. Pechenik, J. A. (2013). Biology of invertebrates (4th ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
32
2. Hickman, C. P., Roberts, L. S., & Larson, A. (2004). Integrated principles of zoology (11th ed.).
Suggested Readings
1. Campbell, N. A. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). California: Benjamin Cummings.

2. Kent, G. C., & Miller, S. (2001). Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Hickman, C. P., & Kats, H. L. (2000). Laboratory studies in integrated principles of zoology.
33
PHYS-5164 Physics-IV 4 (3+1)
It is the foundation upon which the other sciences—astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology—are
“physics-IV”, is intended for use with one semester-courses in “Modern Physics” (Quantum
mechanics, Laser physics, Plasma physics. Atomic physics, Nuclear physics and Cosmology.). A
framework for understanding the physics of atoms and nuclei and elementary particles are provided.
The deliberately leans more toward ideas and practical applications, because the beginning student is
better served by a conceptual framework than by a mass of individual details. The main objectives of
this course are twofold: to provide the student with a clear and logical presentation of basic concepts
and principles of modern physics, and to strengthen an understanding of the concepts and principles
through a broad range of interesting applications to the real world.
Contents
1 Relativistic mechanics
2 Origin of Quantum Theory
3 Wave nature of matter
4 Quantum Mechanics, Introduction to Quantum Optics, Laser and Plasma Physics
5 Atomic Physics
6 Bonding in Solids, Band theory of solids
7 Fundamental forces in nature
8 Nuclear structure
9 Fundamental particles
10 Nuclear transmutation (Alpha-Beta and Gamma decays)
11 Radioactivity
12 Half-life and Mean life
13 Fission and Fusion reactions
14 Introduction to cosmology
Physics-IV Lab
1 Determination of e/m of an electron.

2 Characteristics of a semiconductor diode.
3 Setting up of half and full wave rectifier and study of following factors.
i. Smoothing effect of a capacitor.
ii. Ripple factor and its variation with load.
iii. Study of regulation of output voltage with load.
4 Study of the parameter of wave i.e. amplitude, phase and time period of a complex signal by
CRO.
5 To determine Horizontal/Vertical distance by Sextant.
6 The determination of wavelength of Sodium D lines by Newton’s ring.
7 The determination of wavelength of light/laser by diffraction grating.
Recommended Texts
York: Wiley.
2. Krane, Y. (2008). Introductory nuclear physics. New York: Wiley.
Suggested Readings
34
1. Beiser, A. (2003). Concepts of modern physics. (6th ed). USA: McGraw Hill.
2. Sear, A., & Zemansky. (2008). University physics with modern physics (12th ed.). New York:
Pearson.
3. Mark, H. & Olsono, H. T. (2004). Experiments in modern physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
35
MATH–5139 Linear Algebra and Differential Equation 4 (4+0)
This course gives a working knowledge of systems of linear equations, matrix algebra, determinants,
eigenvectors and eigenvalues, finite-dimensional vector spaces, matrix representations of linear
transformations, matrix diagonalization, changes of basis, Separable and first-order linear equations
with applications, 2nd order linear equations with constant coefficients, method of undetermined
coefficients, Systems of linear ODE's with constant coefficients, Solution by eigenvalue/eigenvectors,
Non homogeneous linear systems and its applications in solving chemical problems. Computer
software and graphing calculators will be used to enhance the learning and teaching of topics and
techniques covered and also describe the chosen scientific method and communicate their findings in
a written scientific report using precise language and set up numerical experiments and interpret the
results and able to implement the algorithms in a chosen programming language. The main objectives
of this course is to provide the student with a clear and logical presentation of basic concepts and
principles of Algebra and Differential Equation, and to strengthen an understanding of the concepts
and principles through a broad range of their interesting applications.
Contents
1. Algebra of matrices
2. Types of matrices
3. Operations of matrices
4. Determination and its properties
5. Echelon form
6. Reduced Echelon form
7. Adjoint, inverse rank of a matrix
8. Solution of homogeneous liner algebraic system of equations by use of matrices
9. Solution of non- homogeneous liner algebraic system of equations by use of matrices
10. De Formation of differential equation
11. Different methods of solving first order
12. Bernoulli ' s Equation,
13. Cauchy - Euler differential equation
14. Second and higher order linear differential equations with constant co-efficient
Recommended Texts
1. Yusuf, S. M. Majeed. A. & Amin. M. (2002). Mathematical methods (3rd ed.). Lahore: Ilmi
Kitab Khana.
2. Dennis, Z. & Michael, C. (1993). Differential equations and boundary value problems (3rd
ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT.
Suggested Readings
1. Curtis, W. (2004). Linear Algebra. Berlin: Springer.

2. Apostol, T. (1997). Multi variable calculus and linear algebra. (2nd ed.). New York: John
Wiley and Sons
3. Friedberg, S. & Insel A. (2003). Linear algebra. Canada: Pearson Education
4. Grossman, S. I. (2004). Elementary linear algebra,.(5th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.
36
URCE-5104 Introduction to English Literature 3 (3+0)
The course is designed to provide the familiarity and comprehension of English literary pieces. The
students may not be familiar or well-versed in the various genres of literature prior to taking this
course. The course provides training and skills necessary to engage, understand, critically analyze,
and enjoy the literary genres of literature: short story, poetry, novel and drama. The students will
explore the basic concepts of literary technique, narrative, poetic, and dramatic structures and
innovations to engage with the more advanced cognitive aspects of literature. In addition to these
theoretical skills, students will also read below the surface of the texts for their historical, ethical,
psychological, social, and philosophical value by developing insights in how literature gives us a
window into both the experiences of others and wider appreciation for the human condition. The
course explores literary production in English against local context in particular, by emphasizing shifts
in thought as well as genre innovation, i.e. medieval to modern. It provides an introduction to key
texts, authors and literary periods, exploring the relationship of texts to their contexts and considering
multiple perspectives in the different literary genres.
Contents
1. Poems, Milton: Book IX, lines 897–959.

2. Shakespeare: All the World is a Stage.
3. Browning: My Last Duchess
4. Wordsworth: The Leech Gatherer
5. Keats: Ode to Autumn
6. Walter De La Mare: Tartary
7. Short Stories, The Necklace
8. The Woman Who had Imagination
9. Shadow in the Rose Garden
10. Essays, My Tailor
11. Whistling of the Birds
12. One Act Play, Riders to the Sea
13. Novel, Animal Farm
Recommended Readings
1. Kennedy, X. J., & Gioia, D. (2014). Literature: An introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and
writing. Boston: Pearson.
2. Mays, K. J. (2014). The Norton introduction to literature. New York: Norton.
Suggested Readings
1. Bausch, R., & Cassill, R.V. (2006). The Norton anthology of short fiction. New York: Norton and
Company.
2. Gardner, J. E., Lawn, B., Ridl, J., & Schakel, p. (2016). Literature: A portable anthology. Boston:
Bedford St. Martins.
37
CHEM-5105 Introduction to Management 3 (3+0)
This is an introductory course about the management of organizations. It provides instructions on

principles of management that have general applicability to all types of enterprises; basic management
philosophy and decision making; principles involved in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling;
and recent concepts in management. Have you ever wondered what qualities billionaire Warren Buffet,
visionary Steve Jobs, or Jeff Bezos all have in common? After you finish studying business practices
in this course, you may discover that you have some of the same qualities as other successful
entrepreneurs. This course is designed as a survey course that will expose you to business terminology,
concepts, and current business issues. The intent is to develop a viable business vocabulary, foster
critical and analytical thinking, and refine your business decision-making skills. These skills will be
acquired by the reading materials, exercises, and research assignments in this course that simulate the
workplace today. The principles learned in this course will allow the student to effectively work with
and through others in an organization. The course will also encourage the students to explore and
inquire the applicability of western management principles and theories in local settings.
Contents
1. Introduction to management the management process

2. Importance of management for a business
3. Organizational theories
4. Nature and types of organizations
5. The organizational culture and the management
6. The external environment and the manager
7. The internal environment and the manager
8. The manager's role as decision maker
9. Decision making process
10. Type of decision-making processes
11. Basics of strategic management
12. Organizational structure, types of organizational structure
13. Human Resource Management
14. Important of human resource for a business
15. Motivation its theories, team work and group behavior,
16. Leadership and its characteristics, leadership style and behavior
17. The process of control, case of controlling
Recommended Texts
1. Stephen, P. R., & Mary, A. C. (2017). Management (14th ed.). New York: Pearson Publication.
Suggested Readings
1. Hannaway, J. (1989). Managers managing: The workings of an administrative system (3rd

ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2. Eccles, R. G., and Nohria, N. (1992). Beyond the Hype: rediscovering the essence of
management. Boston: The Harvard Business School Press.
38
SEMESTER-V
CHEM-6101 Basic Mathematics for Chemist 2(2+0)
This course introduces students with basic mathematics that is used in chemistry. This is the
fundamental course of serving as the foundation of mathematics for its use in chemistry and chemical
calculation during the lab experiments and research. The course , equally, emphasizes basic concepts
and skills needed for mathematical manipulation. It focus on the study of functions of a logarithmic
and exponential functions, single variables, differential equations and their use in chemical problems,
and use of Integration, Determinants and Matrices. Applications of differential equations include
computations involving velocity and acceleration, the slope of a curve, and optimization. Student are
also expected to learn solutions of linear equations (simple, determinant and matrices methods),
operator theory, differentiation, integration and matrices. This course will also provide applications of
eigen value problem and curve fitting in chemistry. Upon successful completion of course students
will be able to derive basic mathematics equations use in chemistry and apply them to seek solution
for related problems in the experiments.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Review of basic algebra
3. Graphs and their significance in chemistry
4. Trigonometric
5. Logarithmic functions
6. Exponential functions
7. Differentiation
8. Partial differentiation
9. Differential equations and their use in chemical problems
10. Concept of maxima and minima
11. Integration
12. Determinants
13. Matrices
14. Their properties and use in chemical problems.
15. Solutions of linear equations (simple, determinant and matrices methods)
16. Operator theory,
17. The eigen value problem
18. Curve fitting.
Recommended Texts
1. Paul, M. (2006). Mathematics for chemistry. (1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford
University Press
2. Ghram, D. (1996). Mathematics in chemistry. (1st ed.). New York, USA: Prentice Hall Publishing.
Suggested Readings
1. Tebutt, P. (1998). Basic mathematics for chemists. (2nd ed.). New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Goldstein, L. J., Lay, D. C., Schneider, D. I., & Asmar, N. H. (2017). Calculus and Its Applications
(14th ed.). London: Pearson.
39
CHEM-6102 Analytical Chemistry 4 (3+1)
This course is aimed to build foundation of Analytical Chemistry among the beginners, introducing
them with the basic terminology and phenomenon of Analytical Chemistry, methods and precautions
in collection and preservation of different type of samples for chemical analysis. It provides
fundamental to deep insight about characterizing a material into its constituents as well as proportion
of different ingredients in given sample. All the techniques and precautions for sample collection, and
preparation are included in this course. Accuracy of this information is influenced by mode of
sampling. This course provides a comprehensive skill development for preparation of solutions for
measurements, calibration of volumetric glassware, and measurement of reagents with different types
of balances. Skill about data analysis is also included in this course. Besides, basic principle,
operational mechanism and applications of three different chromatographic techniques is contained in
this course. For advanced information, overview of spectroscopic techniques, with comprehensive
focus on UV/Visible spectrophotometry is also included in this course. After studying this course,
students will be able to work independently in any quality control laboratory of any industry.
Contents
1. Data Handling: introduction to analytical chemistry

2. Sampling; types of samples, techniques/ steps involved in sample preparation
3. Drying and ignition
4. Weighing, analytical balance, its construction working
5. volumetric glassware; errors in measurements, calibration of glassware
6. Steps involved in chemical analysis, system for units of measurements and their interconversion
7. Chemical concentration and preparation of solutions
8. Calibration and calibration curves (construction and interpretation), Standard addition and internal
standard methods
9. Statistical treatment of analytical data; Precision, accuracy and types of errors, sample, population,
mean, average, median, range, standard deviation, variance, significant figures
10. Chemical equilibrium ant its types
11. Separation techniques: chromatography (introduction, classification) TLC, column & ion
exchange chromatography (with reference to principles & applications), electrophoresis & solvent
extraction
Analytical Chemistry Lab – I
1. Calibration of glassware (Pipette, Burette, Flask) used for volumetric Analysis.

2. Use of Analytical balance and calculation of standard deviation.
3. Use of pH meter for plotting acid - base titration curve and assay of commercial caustic soda.
4. Plotting of first differential curve for titration of acetic acid and commercial soda.
5. Measurement of solubility products of sparingly soluble salts.
6. Determination of HCl by titrating with NaOH and plotting of a titration curve.
7. Packing of chromatographic column and separation of mixture of dyes.
8. Separation of various components of plant extract by column chromatography.
9. Separation of mixture of dyes by Radial chromatography.
10. Separation of mixture of Amino acids by paper chromatography.
11. Coating of TLC plates and separation of mixture of dyes.
12. Separation of mixture of Amino acids by TLC.
40
Recommended Texts
1. Robinson J.W., Frame E.S., & Frame G.M. (2014). Undergraduate instrumental analysis. (7th
ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker.
2. Harris, D.C. (2016). Quantitative chemical analysis. (9th ed.) New York: W.H. Freeman and
Company.
Suggested Readings
1. Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J., & Crouch S. R. (2014). Fundamentals of analytical
chemistry. (9th ed.) Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing.
2. Christian, G.D., Dasgupta, P.K., & Schug, K.A. (2013). Analytical chemistry. (4th ed.). New
York, John Wiley & Sons.
41
CHEM-6103 Inorganic Chemistry – I 4(3+1)
The students will be able to learn the detailed concept of d-block elements, inner transition elements,
non-aqueous solvents and structural elucidation of compounds. Nature of chemical bonding in
coordination compounds is included in the course, which enables the students to understand the color
and magnetic properties of compounds. The examples of salts with some properties different from
those of double-salts enable us to think about the introduction and nomenclature of coordination
compounds. The earlier knowledge of the electronic configuration of elements belonging to d-block
elements makes the learning easier about f-block Lanthanides and Actinides. Further, non-aqueous
chemistry provides information about reactions which otherwise cannot take place in aqueous polar
environment. Moreover, different methods for the analysis of halide ions and transition metals ions
will also be studied in lab work. Estimation of different metal ions in the water and biological samples
is necessary to explain the properties and nature of such samples.
Contents
1. Survey of Inorganic Structures and Bonding: Structures of molecules having single bonds
2. Resonance and formal charge, Complex structures-a preview of coming attractions
3. Electron-deficient molecules, Structures having unsaturated rings and Bond energies
4. Chemistry of Lanthanides and Actinides: Structure, occurrence and preparation
5. Separation, electronic configuration and oxidation states
6. Spectral and magnetic properties and Complex formation and their applications
7. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds: Introduction of d–block elements
8. Nomenclature, Werner’s theory, Valence bond theory, Crystal field and Ligand field theory
9. Molecular orbital theory and Jahn-Teller Theorem
10. The spectrochemical series, color, isomerism and stereochemistry of metal complexes
11. Geometry of complexes having coordination number 2 to 6
12. Applications of coordination compounds in chemistry, life and industry
13. Composition and Stability of Complexes.
14. Non – aqueous Solvents: Introduction and classification of solvents
15. Types of reactions in non-aqueous solvents
16. Effect of physical and chemical properties of solvents
17. Study of reactions in liq. NH3 and liq. SO2
18. Reactions in Liq. HF and liq. BrF3 and in molten salt system
Inorganic Chemistry Lab-I
1. Qualitative Analysis of inorganic mixture (six radicals) by micro and semi-micro techniques.
- - -
2. Estimation of Halide ions (Cl , Br , I ) by adsorption indicator.
3. Complexometric titrations using EDTA for Ni, Ca (II) and Mg (II) in a mixture.
4. Complexometric titrations using EDTA for Mg (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) in a mixture.
Recommended Texts
1. Cotton, F.A., & Wilkinson, G. (2015). Advanced inorganic chemistry. (7th ed.). New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
2. Greenwood, N.N., & Earnshaw, A. (1984). Chemistry of the elements. (2nd ed.). U.K.: Elsevier.
Suggested Readings
1. De Lavis, R. (1997). Principles of quantitative chemical analysis. (1st ed.). New York, USA:
WCB/McGraw Hill.
Company.
42
CHEM-6104 Organic Chemistry–I 4 (3+1)
It is a course designed to deliver fundamental concepts in organic chemistry for core understanding of
forthcoming courses (CHEM-6209, CHEM-6223 and CHEM-6240) of organic chemistry
specialization. The nomenclature of organic molecules (both carbocycles and heterocycles),
involvement of electronic (‒I, +I)/resonance (‒R, +R)/steric factors in reactions and stereochemical
aspects are major focus of this course. The major part of this course is associated with the study of
stereoisomers. Stereochemistry spans the entire spectrum of organic, inorganic, biological, physical
and especially supramolecular chemistry. It includes methods for determining and describing these
relationships; the effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships impart upon the
molecules in question, and the manner in which these relationships influence the reactivity of the
molecules in question (dynamic stereochemistry). A basic concept on 3D structures, conformations of
molecules, asymmetric synthesis, other stereochemical principles and attributes are essential. The
completion of this course shall enable the students to apply fundamental concepts in organic chemistry
and stereoisomerism.
Contents
1. IUPAC nomenclature of polyfunctional aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, heterocyclic, multicyclic

organic compounds, spiro and allenes.
2. Inductive effect, resonance, hyperconjugation, aromaticity & tautomerism. The effect of
structure, medium and steric factor on the strength of acids, bases and on acid-base equilibria.
Introductory linear free energy relationship.
3. Geometrical Isomerism: cis/trans, E/Z &syn/anti conventions, optical isomerism
4. Chirality and symmetry, elements of chirality and elements of symmetry.
5. Optical isomerism of compounds up to three asymmetric centers, configuration vs
conformation.
6. Wedge-head, saw-horse, Newman & Fischer projections. Baeyer’s Strain theory.
7. Conformational isomerism in acyclic, alicyclic compounds (cyclobutane, cyclopentane,
cyclohexane), mono / di-substituted cyclohexanes and condensed rings, locking groups.
8. Configurational isomerism, relative (D/L convention) and absolute configuration (CIP rule
&R/S, r/s, aR/aS conventions).
9. Configurational isomerism in biphenyls, allenes and spiro compounds.
10. Racemization, resolution of racemic modification and introductory asymmetric synthesis.
11. Stereospecificity vs stereoselectivity. Determination of configuration (ORD/CD).
Organic Chemistry Lab. – I
Separation & identification of two and three component mixture of organic compounds by physical
and chemical methods.
Recommended Texts
1. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., and Warren, S. (2012). Organic chemistry. (2nd ed.). Oxford, London.
2. Solomons, T. W. G. (2016). Fundamentals of organic chemistry. (12th ed.). New York: Wiley.
3. Hendrickson, J. B., Cram, D. J., and Hammond, G. S. (1980), Organic chemistry. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Suggested Readings
1. Streitwieser, A., Heathcock, C. and Kosower, E. M. (2017). Introduction to organic

th
chemistry. (4 ed.). New York: Macmillan.
th
2. Vogel, A. I. (1989). Practical organic chemistry. (4 ed.). London: Longman Publisher.
43
CHEM-6105 Physical Chemistry – I 4(3+1)
This course is designed to have basic concepts and strong foundation of Physical Chemistry. This
course will cover laws of thermodynamics, Nernst heat theorem and its applications and knowledge
of entropy in detail. Moreover, Maxwell’s law and its derivation, Barometric formula, effect of
altitude, temperature and molecular mass on vertical distribution of particles and kinetics of third
order, opposing reactions, parallel and consective reactions is also part of this course. Kinetics of
thermally excited chain reactions and theories of reactions will also be focused. As course covers main
directions of physical chemistry i.e. kinetics and thermodynamics so it provides a sound foundation to
the students in the field of physical chemistry. It makes the students capable of understanding the laws
of thermodynamics and their applications. Intensive knowledge of chemical kinetics is very useful for
the students to make them understand the dynamics of a chemical reactions and the ways to increase
yield at lab and industrial scale.
Contents
1. Review of first law of thermodynamics

2. Second law of thermodynamics and its applications.
3. Clausius inequality. Nernst heat theorem and its applications.
4. Third law of thermodynamics and determination of absolute entropy.
5. Entropy of mixing. Partial molal quantities.
6. Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities and derivation of average velocity, most probable
velocity and root mean square velocity from the law.
7. Significance of Maxwell’s law.
8. Derivation of Maxwell’s distribution for kinetic energy.
9. Barometric formula, effect of altitude, temperature and molecular mass on vertical distribution of
particles.
10. Concept of order of reaction.
11. Kinetics of third order reactions with different concentration and molecular identity.
12. Kinetics of opposing, reversible, consecutive and parallel reactions.
13. Kinetics of thermally excited chain reactions.
14. Theories of reactions.
Physical Chemistry Lab – I
1. Determination of specific and molar rotations of optically active substance in solution

polarimetrically.
2. Percentage by refractometer.
3. Verification of Beer–Lambert’s law, and determination of unknown concentration of KMnO4 and
K2Cr2O7 solution by colorimeter.
4. Determination of distribution coefficient of I2 between H2O and CCl4.
5. Preparation of buffer solution and measurement of exact pH-value by pH meter.
Recommended Texts
1. Marin, G. B., Yablonsky, G. S. (2011). Kinetics of chemical reactions: decoding complexity.

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.
2. Koretsky, M. D. (2010). Engineering and chemical thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
44
Suggested Readings
1. Raj, G. (2010). Advanced physical chemistry. (3rd Ed.) Meerut Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
2. Atkins P.W. (2017). Physical chemistry. (11th Ed.) UK: ELBS Oxford University Press.
3. Bhatti, H. N. (2019). Modern physical chemistry. Pakistan: Caravan Book House Lahore.
45
SEMESTER-VI
CHEM-6106 Basic Statistics for Chemists 2 (2+0)
This course aims at providing students basic knowledge of statistics. Student will be able to use
Simple linear regression, multiple regression (for two independent variables), and Correlation in terms
of chemistry. Students will be provided with the theoretical concepts, tools and methods of
statistics as well as the opportunity to work through example problems. This course also
provides basic statistical concepts for measuring the central tendency and dispersion, probability
distributions, the central limit theorem, sampling, estimation, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance,
correlation and regression analysis, multiple regression and statistical forecasting. Upon the
completing this course the students will be able to compute and interpret the results of Bivariate and
Multivariate Regression and Correlation Analysis, for forecasting and also perform ANOVA and F-
test. This will further enhance student knowledge to understand both the meaning and applicability of
a dummy variable and the assumptions which underline a regression model. Be able to perform a
multiple regression using computer software.
Contents
1. Statistics- Introduction.
2. Definition, Descriptive and inferential statistics, Population, Sample, Data collecting. Use of
Microsoft Excel for data analysis
3. Applications of statistics in chemistry.
4. Graphical Representation.
5. Simple Bar chart, Multiple Bar chart
6. Rectangle Sub-divided Chart, Histogram
7. Frequency Polygon, Histogram, Pi- Chart
8. Central Tendencies (A.M., G.M. Median, Mode, H.M. for Ungrouped Data.
9. Quantiles with Interpretation (for ungrouped data)
10. Quartiles, Percentiles, Deciles
11. Measures of dispersion (Mean Deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of
Variation).
12. Basic Probability Theory.
13. Regression, Definitions of Simple linear regression
14. Multiple regression (for two independent variables), and Correlation.
15. Estimation: Point estimate, interval estimates
16. Confidence Interval for Single Mean, Difference of Mean.
17. Testing of Hypothesis: t- test for single mean for paired samples and for Independent samples.
18. ANOVA, Multiple Comparison Test, (LSD and DUCANSAN).
19. Chi Square for Association.
Recommended Texts
1. Navidi, J. (2010). Statistics for engineers and scientists. (1st ed.). New York, USA: John Wiley.
2. Schuenemeyer, J. (2011). Larry drew statistics for earth and environmental scientists. New
York, USA: John Wiley.
Suggested Readings
1. Miller, C. J. & Miller, N. J. (1993). Statistics for analytical chemistry. New York: Ellis Horwood
Ltd.
2. Miller, N. J. & Miller, C. J. (2001) Statistics and chemometrics for analytical chemistry. (4th ed.).
New York: Prentice Hall.
46
CHEM-6107 Biochemistry 4 (3+1)
This is a basic biochemistry course designed to provide the fundamental concepts about biomolecules,
their classifications, functions and significance. This course demonstrate a broad knowledge of the
fundamental introductory concepts of biochemistry where students will gain a deep understanding of
function of biomolecules with respect to chemical and molecular processes that occur in and between
cells. Students will learn about proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids and their types. Lab
experiments related to qualitative and quantitative estimation of biomolecules are also part of this
course. Upon the successful completion of course, students will be able to show a deep understanding
of fundamental principles of biochemistry along with scientific reasoning to solve problems. Students
will demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the theory and practice of modern instrumentation
and apply it to appropriate chemical problems. Students will also be able to perform basic biochemistry
laboratory procedures with good standard lab practices and accurate record keeping. This compulsory
course is followed by advance biochemistry courses in next semesters.
Contents
1. History and Scope of Biochemistry. Origin and nature of biomolecules.

2. Proteins: Amino acids, classification and properties of amino acid. Stereochemistry,
3. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary protein structures.
4. Motif and domains in proteins. Biological functions of proteins and peptides,
5. Enzymes: Chemical Nature, Nomenclature and Classification.
6. Enzyme activity. Coenzymes and immobilized enzymes, Specificity of Enzymes,
7. Enzyme Inhibition. Regulation of Enzyme activity.
8. Carbohydrates: Definition and Classification, Monosaccharides:
9. Pyranose and Furanose ring structures. Stereoisomerism and Optical isomerism.
10. Disaccharides; Structures, Polysaccharides; starch, Glycogen and Cellulose.
11. Modified carbohydrates, Glycoproteins and Glycolipids.
12. Derived sugars, Hemiacetal, Acetal and Glycosidic linkages,
13. Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoconjugates.
14. Lipids: Structures and classification of Fatty Acids, essential and non-essential fatty acids
15. Phospholipids, Fats and oils; Hydrogenation, Oxidation and Rancidity
16. Steroids, Eicosanoids, Fats and oils, Waxes
17. Nucleic Acids: Purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides
18. Structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA.
19. Types of DNA and RNA, their functions in biological systems.
20. Vitamins: A basic introduction, classification and significance
Biochemistry Lab I
1. Safety Lab Practices – Safety signs and significance

2. Operation and use of micropipettes – types and uses
3. Standard Buffer preparation and use of pH meter
4. Qualitative Tests for carbohydrates
5. Molisch's Test, Fehling's Test, Benedict's Test, Barfoed's Test, Seliwanoff's Test, Bial's Test,
Osazone Test
6. Effect of Alkalis on Sugars
7. Quantitative Determination of Reducing Sugars by using Calorimetric Method (Spectrometric)
47
8. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycogen and Starch
9. Qualitative tests for Amino Acids;
10. Xanthoproteic acid Test, Millon's Test, Hopkins-Cole Test, Sakaguchi Test
11. Estimation of protein by Bradford and Lowery methods
12. Separation of Amino Acids using Paper Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography
(TLC)
13. Qualitative tests for fats, Sterols and Phospholipids
14. Determination of Ascorbic acid in Lemon Juice.
15. Saponification Tests and Iodine Values of Fat
16. Use of online available Protein Databases to get protein and DNA sequence
17. Use of online software to visualize Secondary structure of Proteins.
Recommended Texts
1. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. (7th ed.). New York,
USA: W. H. Freeman Publishers.
2. Voet, D. & Voet, J. G. (2016). Biochemistry. (5th ed.). New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
3. Boyer R. F. (2000). Modern experimental biochemistry. (3rd ed.). London, England: Pearson
Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Murray, R. K., Grammer, D. K., Mayes, P. A., & Rodwell, V.W. (2000). Harper’s biochemistry.
(25th ed.). New York, USA: Appleton & Lange.
2. Stryer, L. (2010). Biochemistry. (7th ed.). New York, USA: Freeman & Co.
3. Ausubel, F. M. (2010). Short protocols in molecular biology. (5th ed.). New Jersey, USA: John
Wiley & Sons.
48
SEMESTER-VII
CHEM-6108 Inorganic Chemistry – II 4(3+1)
Basic concept of dipole moments, intermolecular forces and effect of intermolecular forces on
properties of solvent and solute will be discussed in detail in this course. The physical properties like
dipole moment measure polarity of the molecules. The geometries and shapes of covalent compounds
which possess single and double bonds are determined by Valence Shell Electron Repulsion Theory.
The Valence Bond Theory in combination with hybridization approach makes it easy to closely know
structures of proposed compounds. Further, the pi-acceptor ligands will be discussed in detail
emphasizing the nature of bonding in coordination compounds and their chemical applications in
industrial processes. Different organic reagents used in inorganic analysis will also be discussed and
analysis will be performed in lab to estimate the inorganic species in different types of samples. Some
inorganic compounds will also be prepared in the lab work to understand the basic preparation methods
of compounds. After the successful completion of this course, students will be able to learn the
properties and bonding in metal complexes as well as intermolecular forces.
Contents
1. Dipole Moments and Intermolecular Interactions: Introduction & measurements.

2. Implications of dipole moment in inorganic molecules and dipole-dipole forces.
3. Dipole-induced dipole forces, London (dispersion) forces & other intermolecular forces: hydrogen
bonding.
4. VSEPR model followed by VB Theory: for determination of geometries of molecules and ions
containing sigma bond as well as pi-bonds.
5. Band theory of metallic bonding Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors.
6. pi – acceptor Ligands: Transition metal carbonyls (Mononuclear, Binuclear, Polynuclear).
7. The eighteen-electron rule as applied to metal carbonyls.
8. Evaluation of structures based on spectroscopic evidence and Chemistry of metal carbonyls.
9. Applications of metal carbonyls and their derivatives to catalysis and organic synthesis.
10. Organic Reagents used in Inorganic Analysis: Types of reagents, their specific nature and methods
of applications with specific examples.
11. Complexometric titrations involving various reagents (EDTA etc).
12. Chelates and chelate effect: Role of organic reagents in different analytical techniques.
13. Gravimetric Estimations (Barium ions and Oxalate ions).
14. Redox titrations (Cu (II) by Potassium iodate, Fe (II) by Ceric sulphate).
15. Preparation of four inorganic compounds in pure state using different techniques of synthesis
a. tris – Etylenediamine Ni(II) chloride dihydrate
b. Pot. Trioxalatoaluminate (III)
c. Ammonium Ni(II) sulphate
d. Hexa aquochromium (III) chloride
Recommended Texts
1. Greenwood, N.N., & Earnshaw, A. (1984). Chemistry of the elements. (2nd ed.). U.K.: Elsevier.
2. Sharpe, A. G. (2012). Inorganic chemistry. (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Suggested Readings
1. Kotz, J. C., & Treichel, P. (2018). Chemistry and chemical reactivity. (10th ed.). New York:
Saunders College Publishing.
2. Cotton, F.A., & Wilkinson, G. (2015). Advanced inorganic chemistry. (7th ed.). New York: John
Wiley & Sons.
49
CHEM-6109 Organic Chemistry–II 4 (3+1)
This course (Organic Chemistry-II) focuses on the classification, methods of determination, kinetic
and stereochemical aspects of reaction mechanisms of organic reactions. It includes addition (to
>C=C<, ‒C≡C‒, >C=O), substitution (nucleophilic & electrophilic) at sp3&sp2 hybridized C and
elimination reactions. This course is a foundation course for Reaction Mechanism (CHEM-6223,
Organic Chemistry major course of semester-VII), Organic Synthesis (CHEM-6240, Organic
Chemistry major course of semester-VIII) and Advance Organic Synthesis (CHEM-7146) of MSc and
MPhil with organic chemistry specialization. Synthetic organic chemists have the power to replicate
some of the most intriguing molecules of living nature in the laboratory and apply their developed
synthetic strategies and technologies to construct variations of them. Such molecules facilitate biology
and medicine, as they often find uses as biological tools and drug candidates for clinical development.
In addition, by employing sophisticated catalytic reactions and appropriately designed synthetic
processes, they can synthesize not only the molecules of nature and their analogues, but also myriad
other organic molecules for potential applications in many areas of science, technology and everyday
life. The practical work involves single step synthesis of small molecules followed by workup,
isolation and purification of product.
Contents
1. Introduction and classification of reaction mechanism on different basis. Benefits of

thermodynamic and kinetic data towards reaction mechanism.
2. Kinetic vs thermodynamic control. Isotopic labeling and trapping of intermediates.
3. Selectivity (Regio-, Chemo- and Stereoselectivity) vs Stereospecificity.
4. Addition reactions involving C=C, C≡C and C=O, MOT of C=C and C=O additions.
5. Syn vs anti additions, factors affecting addition reactions. Conjugate (1,4-) vs direct (1,2-)
additions.
6. Electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions at aromatic sytems, Mechanisms involved
(Arenium ion, SE1, simultaneous attack & departure etc.).
7. Nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1, SN2, SNi, SN1', SN2', SNi', SN1cA, SN2cA, neighboring
group participation / anchimeric assistance etc.) at aliphatic C, Td mechanism.
8. Enol, enolate & enolization, acid/base catalyzed aldol condensations.
9. Alkylation, arylation and acylation of acitve methylene compounds.
10. Conditions, mechanism and synthetic applications of Claisen, Claisen–Schmidt, Knovenagel,
Perkin, Reformatsky reactions, Stobbe’s condensation, Darzen’s glycidic ester synthesis, Mannich
and Wittig reactions.
11. Classification of elimination reactions. Syn / anti and E1cB eliminations.
12. E1vs E2, factors affecting eliminations.
13. Free radicals (generation, detection and reactions), application of free radical in industry, role of
free radicals in nature and environment.
Organic Chemistry Lab.–I
Estimation of phenol (PhOH) & acetone (Me2CO), amino (NH2) groups, synthesis of azodyes,
iodobenzene (PhI), iodoform (CHCl3), sulphanilic acid, cinnamic acid, benzil & benzilic acid, ethyl
benzene (PhEt).
Recommended Texts
1. March, J. (1992). Advanced organic chemistry. New York: Wiley.

2. Pine, S. H. (1987). Organic chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill.
nd
3. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., and Warren, S. (2012). Organic chemistry. (2 ed.). Oxford, London.
50
Suggested Readings
1. Hendrickson, J. B., Cram, D. J., and Hammond, G. S. (1980). Organic chemistry. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
2. Streitwieser, A., Heathcock, C. and Kosower, E. M. (2017). Introduction to organic chemistry. (4th
ed.). New York: Macmillan.
3. Vogel, A. I. (1989). Practical organic chemistry. (5th ed.). London: Longman Publisher.
51
CHEM-6110 Physical Chemistry – II 4 (3+1)
Physical chemistry-II is designed to make the students capable of learning in 3 important fields
(Quantum Chemistry, Statistical Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry) of Physical Chemistry. The
objective includes to make the students understand the foundation of Quantum Chemistry along with
derivation of Schrodinger Wave Equation, interpretation of wave function and its mathematical
requirements and the application of knowledge to understand the structure of atom & molecules and
a glance into sub-atomic phenomenon, properties and occurrences. The Boltzmann distribution law
and partition function, partition function and thermodynamics functions like internal energy and
entropy and Debye-Huckel Theory are important part of the syllabus to be covered. As course covers
three main directions i.e. Quantum Chemistry, Statistical Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry so
studying this course will make students capable of applying their knowledge to solve the issue related
to the mentioned fields. Students will be able to understand this basic knowledge understand the
properties of molecules and their reactions, energetics and probability of an electron to exist.
Knowledge will be guiding torch about electrochemical processes and cells too.
Contents
1. Schrodinger’s wave equation, postulates of quantum theory.

2. Operators, Eigen value, Eigen function, orthogonality and normalized wave functions.
3. Motion of particle in three-dimensional box and idea of degeneracy.
4. Mathematical treatment of rigid rotator and calculation of bond length of simple molecule
5. Stirling approximation. probability, statistical treatment of entropy. The Boltzman distribution law
and partition function.
6. Partition function and thermodynamics functions like internal energy and entropy.
7. Translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition function and their comparison).
8. Concept of conductance of electrolytes. Debye–Huckle equation and limiting law.
9. Ionic strength, weak electrolytes and Debye–Huckle theory.
10. Activity and activity coefficients of electrolytic solutions.
11. Determination of activities. Concentration cells. Determination of e.m.f. of concentration cells
with and without transference. Fuel cells and hydrocarbon fuel cells.
Physical Chemistry Lab – II

1. Determination of pKa and Ka value of a weak acid.
2. Molecular mass determination of non-electrolyte solute by cryoscopic method.
3. Determination of number of associated molecule of Benzoic acid in Benzene and to determine the
Distribution coefficient of Benzoic acid between H2O and Benzene.
4. Determination of unknown concentrations of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 solution
spectrophotometrically.
5. Determination of percentage purity of an optically active compound.
Recommended Texts
1. Atkins P.W. (2017). Physical chemistry. (11th Ed.) UK: ELBS Oxford University Press
2. Lehigh S.M. Electrochemistry. Volume 15. UK: Craig Banks Manchester
Suggested Readings
2. Polkinghorne, J. (2002). Quantum theory: a very short introduction. UK: Oxford University Press.
52
SEMESTER-VII
a) Compulsory Papers (Total 05 credits)
CHEM-6111 Forensic Chemistry 2 (2+0)
This course provide a comprehensive knowledge about applications of forensic procedures in

chemistry. Student will learn about types of evidences and methods to collect them. This course will
also provide a detailed knowledge about toxicology and forensic biology. This course explains the
principles of operation for common chemistry laboratory instrumentation used in forensic science,
using knowledge of chemical structure and properties and instrument design. Furthermore, it will also
allow to understand the role of law, ethics, courtroom testimony, quality assurance and professional
practice in forensic science. The importance and evidential value of separation and identification
techniques, and the scope and limitations of these techniques, is also emphasized in relation to the
analysis of forensic samples. Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to
understand the fundamental principles utilized in forensic science and can demonstrate a knowledge
of the applications of chemistry and criminal justice in forensic science.
Contents
1. History of Forensic science/forensic chemistry

2. Applications of forensic chemistry in relation to other sciences e.g. Botany, Zoology, Geology,
Odontology, Pathology etc
3. Types and classification of evidence, Physical, chemical biological evidence, Classifications of
forensic evidences
4. Fingerprint analysis, history, types, latent vs visible fingerprints
5. Chemical tests for latent and visible fingerprints
6. AFIS, fingerprint database.
7. Hair as a forensic physical evidence, composition and structure of hair, differences between
human and animal hair and identification.
8. Fiber as a forensic evidence, composition, chemical composition of fiber, microscopic analysis,
chemical tests for fiber analysis.
9. Glass as a forensic evidence, Physical and chemical properties of glass, chemical analysis
10. Trace evidences, Physical and chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative
11. Metal analysis
12. Microscopic analysis
13. Trace evidence types, characterization, chemical tests, collection, analysis, exhibiting in court.
Analysis of paints, vehicles, fire, bullet and cartridge analysis,
14. Tests for explosive residues, glass comparisons. Anthropometry, body measurement.
15. Toxicology, History, relation with other sciences
16. Introduction to drugs, narcotics, toxins, laws related to poisons
17. Classification of poisons, organic, inorganic and mechanical poisons,
18. Corrosives, irritants, neurotics, and miscellaneous poisons
19. Mechanisms of poisons, methods of administration, routes of excretion. Diagnosis of poisons.
Analytical chemistry techniques for drug and poison analysis, narcotics analysis.
20. Serology, forensic analysis of blood patterns, and chemical tests for identifications.
21. Forensic biology and DNA analysis; DNA CODIS databases, PCR, blotting, RE digestion, RFLP,
STRs, VNTRs analysis, DNA Fingerprinting, paternity tests.
22. Example cases in forensic chemistry related to above-mentioned topics
53
Recommended Texts
1. Bell, S. (2012). Forensic chemistry. (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Prentice Hall.
2. Jackson, A. R. W. & Jackson, J. M. (2016). Forensic science. (4th ed.). New York, USA: Prentice
Hall.
Suggested Readings
1. Khan, J. Kennedy, T.J. & Christian, D.R. Jr. (2012). Basic principles of forensic chemistry. New
Jersey, USA: Humana Press.
2. Walker, J. M. (1994). The basic protein and peptide protocols. New Jersey, USA: Humana Press.
54
CHEM-6112 Industrial Chemistry 3(3+0)
Industry is backbone of the economy of any country and among different industries; chemical
industries have versatile novelties in their operation. This course is aimed to provide understanding
about upgradation of laboratory processes to commercial scale, installation of industrial units, quality
assurance and quality control of a process. Parameters to determine feasibility for installation of an
industrial unit, its impact on living organisms and vegetation are also contained in this course.
Treatment of industrial effluents, sludge, and smoke are important segments of this course.
Significance of research and development in an industry and its need in domestic industries is part of
this course. Safety measures including fire extinguishing, saving from toxic chemicals and first-aids
in an industry are also part of the course. Chemical reactions, raw materials, process conditions and
scope of different industries listed in contents are part of the course. After studying this course,
students will have sufficient knowledge about working in any industrial unit as well as one will be
able to work at his own.
Contents
1. Chemical processes
2. Unit operations, unit process
3. Chemical process control and instrumentation
4. Safety; Hazards such as fire or toxic materials
5. Research and development
6. Important modern industries, their chemistry and technology
7. Pharmaceutical industry
8. Paper and pulp industries; kraft reaction
9. Oil, fats and waxes
10. Soap and detergent industries
11. Water conditioning
12. Flavors and food additives
13. Sugar and starch, steel
14. Cement industries
Recommended Texts
1. Shreve, R.N., & Brink, J.A. (1977). Chemical process industries. New York: McGraw Hill.
2. Witcoff, H.A., & Reuben, B.G. (2012). Industrial organic chemicals. (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Suggested Readings
1. Smith, R. (2016). Chemical process design. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Relevant research articles
55
b) Specialization (Total 11 credits)
CHEM-6114 Advanced Spectroscopy – I 4(3+1)
This course is aimed to provide an advanced knowledge about three spectroscopic techniques, which
are widely used in different industries for analytical characterization of samples. Atomic absorption
spectrometry is used for elemental analysis of different samples, while atomic emission spectroscopy
is used for elemental analysis of hard materials like refractory and ceramics. Among both of these
techniques, different atomizers are used to ensure the accurate determination of analyte at low
concentrations. Flame emission spectroscopy uses flame as source of excitation and is used for
identification of common salts, usually of alkali metals. UV/Visible spectrophotometry is used for
analysis of molecular species and is rapid, economical preliminary technique. These techniques are
widely used in different industrial units to analyze a wide range of products of daily use, ranging from
soil, fertilizer, food, cosmetic and material objects. After learning this course, students will be able to
work in any research or industrial laboratory with comprehensive background-knowledge based
operational skill.
Contents
1. Atomic Spectrometry: Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectrometry, instrumentation and
applications
2. Emission Spectrometry with plasma and electrical discharge sources
3. UV/Visible Spectrophotometry: basic principle, instrumentation and applications.
Analytical Chemistry Lab. III

1. Measurement of λmax and calculation of Molar absorptivity of potassium permanganate.
2. Plotting of calibration graph and measurement of unknown sample concentration.
3. Use of standard addition method in Spectrophotometry.
4. Determination of iron (II) using 1,10-phenanthroline method.
5. Determination of iron (III) using thiocyanate method involving solvent extraction.
6. Determination of phosphate by Spectrophotometry using molybdenum blue method.
7. Determination of Sodium in tap water sample by using Flame photometer.
8. Determination of Potassium in tap water sample by using Flame photometer.
9. Determination of Calcium in chalk sample by using Flame photometer.
10. Determination of Calcium in drinking water by EDTA.
11. Identification of free salicylic acid in aspirin by using TLC.
12. Determination of Methylene blue value of activated charcoal.
13. Determination of iron in tap water by AAS.
14. Determination of copper content in milk samples by AAS.
Recommended Texts
Company.
Suggested Readings
56
CHEM-6115 Advanced Chromatographic Techniques 3 (3+0)
This course is aimed to provide an advanced level information for students opting analytical chemistry
as field of specialization. It provides comprehensive overview of two commonly used
chromatographic techniques ranging from fundamental principles, instrumentation and applications
for analysis of different types of samples. Gas chromatography is used for analysis of gaseous samples
like petroleum products, air samples, dust, industrial smoke, and perfumeries. High performance liquid
chromatography is used for analysis of liquid samples or solutions like foods, pharmaceuticals.
Students will be able to learn optimization of different parameters affecting the quality of separation.
Van-Deemter equation gives insight about all the factors contributing towards plate height and
decrease efficiency of separation. By learning the course, students would be able to predict the material
to be used as stationary phase, mobile phase, length and width of chromatographic column. This will
be able to develop cost-effective methods saving time and cost of analysis, which is fundamental target
of any industry.
Contents
1. Gas–Liquid chromatography
2. Concepts of theoretical plates
3. Van–deemter equation
4. High–performance liquid chromatography, instrumentation and applications of these techniques
Recommended Texts
Company.
Suggested Readings
57
CHEM-6116 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3 (3+0)
This course is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of different instrumental techniques of

industrial significance. For rapid, economical and accurate analysis, electroanalytical techniques are
the techniques of choice; amongst which potentiometry is an economical technique with comparable
results. Ion-selective electrodes are used for determination of any specific ions in a sample without
any interference of matrix. In this course, significance of different electrodes used in potentiometry,
methods for development of new electrodes and their representative applications are included.
Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopic techniques are electromagnetic techniques used for
analysis of atomic and molecular species, on the basis of luminescence characteristics of sample.
Efficiency and applications of these luminescence techniques will be compared with UV/Visible
spectroscopic techniques. Basic principles, instrumentation, recent advances, limitations, domains and
scope of each of these techniques is contained in this course. After studying this course, students will
be able to work on these instruments in any of the research or industrial laboratories.
Contents
1. Potentiometry: Nernst equation, reference electrodes, Ion-selective electrodes, Glass electrodes

for pH measurements, Potentiometric titrations
2. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence spectrometry: Atomic and Molecular Fluorescence, basic
principles and applications, Structural factors, measurements
3. Comparison of Luminescence and UV–Visible absorption methods.
Recommended Texts
1. Robinson J.W., Frame E.S., & Frame G.M. (2014). Undergraduate instrumental
analysis. (7th ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker.
2. Harris, D.C. (2016). Quantitative chemical analysis. (9th ed.) New York: W.H. Freeman
and Company.
Suggested Readings
58
ii) Biochemistry
CHEM-6117 Bioenergetics and Metabolism 4 (3+1)
This course aims at providing a better understanding of metabolic pathways, their control mechanisms
and disorders. This course include both theory and practical modules that are offered to the students
who have adapted Biochemistry as a major or minor subject. This course focuses on the metabolic
pathways in living cells from prokaryotes to Eukaryotes, and how these pathways are regulated and
disturbed in disease state, and how metabolic energy is obtained and transduced to meet a cell’s
requirements. This focus will allow calculations of bioenergy produced and assimilate in the metabolic
pathways and will enhance the knowledge of students about how these pathways are integrated.
Students will learn about enzymes involved in metabolic reactions and their reaction mechanisms,
regulation of metabolic routes for energy production in form of ATP and diseases related to metabolic
dysfunctions. Student will also be able to enhance their knowledge about metabolic diseases and their
treatments.
Contents
1. Principles of Bioenergetics and Biochemical, Types of reaction involved in metabolism,

2. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis; mechanism of reactions of enzymes.
3. Regulation of glycolysis. Reaction energy calculations.
4. Net ATP consumption.
5. Gluconeogenesis; dedicated reaction, regulations and net energy calculations.
6. Fermentation
7. Pentose Phosphate Pathway; relationship to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
8. Metabolism of carbohydrates other than glucose; fructose, galactose, mannose starch and
Glycogen.
9. The Citric Acid Cycle; regulations, reaction mechanism.
10. Fatty Acid Metabolism; Beta oxidation of even and odd chain fatty acids, Lipid Biosynthesis
11. Oxidative Phosphorylation, Electron transport chain and Photophosphorylation.
12. Protein Metabolism; amino Acid Oxidation and production of Urea,
13. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
14. Nucleotide metabolism, Synthesis and degradation.
15. Integration and Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Metabolism
Biochemistry Lab. II
1. Isolation of serum and plasma from human blood

2. Estimation of fasting/random glucose levels in human serum by colorimetric methods (DNS
method, glucose peroxidase method).
3. Estimation of Hemoglobin in human blood.
4. Estimation of total protein serum/urine proteins by Colorimetric method.
5. Estimation of nitrogen content by microkjeldahl method.
6. Estimation of urea, creatinine triglycerides Glutathione, ammonia and cholesterol in human
serum/urine.
7. Liver function tests using human serum/urine and chicken liver sample.
8. Determination of antioxidant and lipid profiles of human serum
9. Determination of vitamin contents i.e. Ascorbic acid in food samples
59
10. Estimation of Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Chloride (Cl-) from serum using flame
photometer.
11. Estimation of heavy metals in human serum using atomic absorption.
12. Isolation and enzymatic hydrolysis of Glycogen from Liver
13. Sterilization and Preparation of culture media i.e use of autoclave
14. Steak, pour and spread plate methods sing a wire loop and spreader
15. Testing sensitivity to antimicrobial substances, Preparing serial dilutions of cultures
16. Use of microscope and differential staining: Gram’s staining method
17. Online resources for metabolic pathways i.e. KEGG, MetaCyc
Recommended Texts
1. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. (7th ed.). New York,
2. Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2016). Biochemistry. (5th ed.). New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
3. Boyer R. F. (2000). Modern experimental biochemistry. (3rd ed.). London, England: Pearson
Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Swaminathan, R. (2011). Handbook of clinical biochemistry. (2nd ed.). Singapore: World

Scientific Publishing Company.
2. Walker, J. M. (1994). The basic protein and peptide protocols. New Jersey, USA: Humana
Press.
60
CHEM-6118 Microbiology & Industrial Fermentations 3 (3+0)
This course is offered to the students who have adapted Biochemistry as a major subject and provides
a comprehensive understanding of industrial applications of microorganisms in production and
fermentation processes. This course also provides technical information on fermenter design,
operation and growth kinetics of microbes involved in the fermentation processes. Types of
fermentations and the commercial products derived from microbes are also discussed in this course.
Students will get hands on experience in the microbial production of biopolymer, enzymes, bioactive
compounds and biomass. Based on the skills acquired in this course, graduate students would have a
mini project / review writing/ assignment as an additional component. Upon the completion of course,
students will be able to have a better understanding of microorganisms, their classification,
identification and characterization techniques. Students will also learn about industrial fermentation
processes involved in production of Cheese, Alcohol, Citric acid, Acetic acid and Antibiotic synthesis.
The students will also be able to discuss the role of microorganisms in industry, as well as to carry out
experiments to produce microbial metabolites.
Contents
1. Definitions and Scope of Microbiology and fermentation.

2. Classification, methods of isolation, microscopic examination, general morphology and cytology
of microorganisms.
3. General effects of environments on microorganisms.
4. Nutrition of microorganisms.
5. Growth (Normal growth Cycle and Continuous Culture) and Reproduction, Pure culture Study.
6. Introduction to industrial microbiology and chemical biology.
7. Industrial Uses of Bacteria, Molds ,Yeast and viruses.
8. Microbial production of Cheese, Alcohol, Citric acid, Acetic acid, Antibiotic, enzyme production,
Fermented Foods, Vinegar production, Amino Acid.
9. Petroleum Microbiology and Deterioration of Materials.(Paper, Textile and Cordage, Painted
Surface).
10. Microbial assays
Recommended Texts
1. Willey, J. Sherwood, L. & Woolverton, C. J. (2017). Prescott's microbiology. (10th ed.). New
York, USA: Prescott Publishers.
2. Dawis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H. N., & Ginsbery, H. S. (2002). Microbiology. New York,
USA: Harper & Row.
Suggested Readings
61
CHEM-6119 Enzymes and Nutrition 3 (3+0)
This course provides insight about the function, classification and characterization of enzymes in
terms of kinetics and reaction mechanism. Studying the enzyme kinetics provide a better
understanding of enzyme catalytic efficiency and inhibition. This course also provide structural and
functional characteristics of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and micronutrients
(vitamins) in food consumed by humans. Students will learn about the biochemical mechanisms
associated with the digestion and assimilation of macronutrients, and are introduced to analytical
techniques in food biochemistry. Enzymes involved in food metabolism will also be explained to the
students. Upon the completion of this course, students will be able to have a better understanding of
classification of food, metabolic rates, micro- and macronutrients and their deficiencies. Students
will obtain the basic knowledges about the relationship between properties and structure of the
enzymes, their mechanism of action and kinetics of enzymatic reactions. Students will obtain basic
knowledges about the relationship between properties and structure of the enzymes, their mechanism
of action and kinetics of enzymatic reactions.
Contents
1. Enzyme Structure and Functions: Chemical nature, nomenclature and classification of enzymes
2. Cofactors, effect of different factors on enzyme activity
3. Kinetics Studies of substrate reactions. (Michaelis- Menten Equation and Lineweaver-Burke Plot)
4. Quantitative assay of enzyme activity, substrate specificity
5. Enzyme substrate interactions and nature of the active site
6. Models of enzyme substrate complex
7. Mechanism of enzyme action with specific reference to Chymotrypsin and nuclease
8. Inhibition, Competitive, uncompetitive, non-competitive and irreversible inhibition
9. Regulatory enzymes: Allosteric enzymes, Multi-enzyme systems, Zymogens
10. Isoenzymes Non-Protein Bio-catalysis Ribosome’s, (RNA as Enzyme)
11. Enzymatic control of metabolic pathways
12. Therapeutic uses of Enzyme and Immobilized enzymes.
13. Nutrition: Classification of Food, Source of Nutrients, Respiration
14. Caloric value of food, Calorimetry, Respiratory Quotient, Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
15. General Factor, chemical composition, functions
16. Deficiency symptoms and requirements of Nutrients and their biological values
17. Balanced diet, Role of nutrition in growth, development and Chronic disease.
Recommended Texts
Suggested Readings
1. Murray, R. K., Grammer, D. K., Mayes, P. A., & Rodwell, V.W. (2000). Harper’s
biochemistry. (25th ed.). New York, USA: Appleton & Lange.
2. Stryer, L. (2010). Biochemistry. (7th ed.). New York, USA: Freeman & Co.
62
CHEM-6121 Organometallic & Bio-inorganic Chemistry 3 (3+0)
Bioinorganic chemistry is a field that examines the role of metals in biology. Bioinorganic chemistry
includes the study of both natural phenomena such as the behavior of metalloproteins as well as
artificially introduced metals, including those that are non-essential, in medicine and toxicology.
Interaction of various inorganic compounds with the biological species enables the scientist to design
and formulate medicines for different diseases. Preparation of organometallic compounds by using
different reaction conditions will also be discussed to lead a new era of research for preparation of
stable metal complexes having metal-carbon bonding. Moreover, the role and interaction of different
metal ions will also be discussed in living organisms. Further, the metal--carbon bonding unlike
carbon-carbon bonding provides basis for catalysis. Starting from polymerization of ethylene by
Zeigler and Natta leading to industrial revolution, the recent M-C bond chemistry has been studied in
detail to materialize those reactions which otherwise are not possible. The fundamental rules like
Eighteen-electron-rule explain the stability of organometallic compounds.
Contents
1. Nature of metal-carbon bonds

2. Compounds with metal-carbon single bonds
3. Compounds with metal-carbon π- bonds
4. Classification of organometallic compounds
5. Compounds of transition metals: single, double and triple bonds to carbon
6. Compound and types of acyls, alkylidene complexes
7. Compound of alkylidyne complexes
8. Delocalized hydrocarbon systems (alkene, olefins, allyl and butadienes)
9. Alkyne complexes and cyclic π complexes (four, five and six member rings)
10. Fundamental processes in reactions of organotransition metal complexes
11. Ligand coordination and dissociation
12. Oxidative addition
13. Reductive eliminations
14. Insertion & extrusion reactions: reaction of coordinated ligands
15. Applications of organometallic compounds in synthetic chemistry
16. Applications of organometallic compounds in industry.
17. Bio-inorganic chemistry: introduction
18. Bio-inorganic chemistry : Environmental intrusion
19. Role of inorganic species in vivo
20. main group ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++)
21. Trace elements: general roles, lanthanides & actinides, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mo, W, Co, Si, Se, Sn, I.
22. Storage and transport of iron
23. Metalloenzymes
Recommended Texts
1. Huheey, J.E., Keiter, E.A., Keiter, R.L., & Medhi, O.K. (2006). Inorganic chemistry: principles
of structure and reactivity. Mumbai, India: Pearson Education.
2. Roat-Malone, R. M. (2007). Bioinorganic chemistry: a short course. New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
Suggested Readings
1. Hill, A.F., & Hill, A. (2002). Organotransition metal chemistry. Cambridge, U.K.: Royal
Society of Chemistry.
2. Astruc, D. (2007). Organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
63
CHEM-6122 Inorganic Polymers & Chemical Forces 3 (3+0)
This course aims to understanding of general concept of polymerization, types of polymerization,

inorganic polymers, their properties, stability and applications. Inorganic polymers are polymers with
a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms in their backbone. Polymers containing
inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called
inorganic polymers are hybrid polymers. Most of the ceramic material in use in routine life has its
origin from inorganic polymers. Blending of metal cluster compounds with carbonates, borates or
phosphates gives rise to a wide range of tensile material equally applicable in ceramic appliances and
other industrial reaction vessels. The material strength is governed more by a study of the forces
responsible within substances for inter- and intra-molecular bonding. After the successful completion
of this course, students will be able to synthesize the inorganic polymers of desired properties,
elaborate the stability and structure of inorganic polymers and the factors affecting their properties.
Contents
1. Inorganic Polymers: Molecular species

2. Polymeric sulphur and nitrogen compounds
3. Borazines
4. Phosphazines
5. Types and applications of phosphazines
6. Boranes
7. Carboranes
8. Silicones
9. Classification of silicones
10. Polyionic species: Isopropyl ions
11. Heteropoly anions of transition elements
12. Polysilicates
13. Polyphosphates
14. Metal cluster compounds
15. Chemical Forces: Internuclear distances and atomic radii
16. Types of chemical forces
17. Effects of chemical forces on physical properties
18. Hydrogen bond
19. Bonding in Clathrates
20. Urea adducts
21. Effects of Chemical forces
Recommended Texts
1. Miessler, G.L. and Tarr, D.A. (2004). Inorganic chemistry. (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson
Education, Inc.
2. Jordan, R.B. (1998). Reaction mechanisms of inorganic and organometallic systems. (2nd ed.).
U.K.: Oxford University Press.
3. Sharpe, A.G. (2012). Inorganic chemistry. (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Suggested Readings
1. Huheey, J.E., Keiter, E.A., Keiter, R.L., & Medhi, O.K. (2006). Inorganic chemistry: principles
of structure and reactivity. Mumbai, India: Pearson Education.
2. Hill, A.F., & Hill, A. (2002). Organotransition metal chemistry. Cambridge, U.K.: Royal
Society of Chemistry.
3. Astruc, D. (2007). Organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
64
CHEM-6123 Reaction Mechanism 3 (3+0)
This course is the continuity of study of organic reaction mechanisms (CHEM-6209) in which rest of
the polar mechanism (redox, molecular rearrangements and pericyclic cyclization) are addressed. The
chemistry of reactive intermediates (carbenes, nitrenes, arynes) are also focused in this course. This
course is a foundation course for Organic Synthesis (CHEM-6240, Organic Chemistry major course
of semester-VIII) and Advance Organic Synthesis (CHEM-7146) of MSc and MPhil, respectively,
with organic chemistry specialization. The reaction mechanism of a chemical reaction is a step-by-
step description of the course on which the starting materials are converted into the products. The
course is described on a molecular level and contains information about the position of all atoms and
electrons of the reactants (including the solvent, etc.) at each point of the reaction course (called
reaction coordinate) and, thus, about all the shiftings and movements of electrons and atoms. At the
end of this course the student’s shall be able to predict the mechanism of reaction and the synthetic
methodologies of small organic molecules.
Contents
1. Oxidation state of organic compounds. Oxidation of C=C. Mild oxidation of 1º-ols → CHO, 2º-
ols → ketone.
2. Harsh oxidation of alcohols, amines, nitriles.
3. Reduction involving metal/metal complexes (Wilkinson’s vs Crabtree catalysts), hydride (NaBH4,
LiAlH4, DIBAlH, Red-Al and their derivatives) reductions and reductions involving single
electron transfer (SET).
4. Classification of molecular rearrangements.
5. Mechanism of intramolecular 1,2–shifts involving migration of a group from C to C, C to N, N
to C, C to O and O to C.
6. Mechanism and examples of Wagner–Meerwein, Pinacol–Pinacolone, Benzidine–Benzillic acid,
Favorski, Wolf, Beckmann, Hofmann, Curtius, Lossen, Schmidt, Steven, Baeyer–Villiger, Dakin
and Fries rearrangements.
7. Introduction and classification, Hoffman, Fukii, Mobius–Huckle approaches of electrocyclization
and cycloadditions involving 4n/4n+2 π electrons
8. Diels-Alder, Alder-ene and 1,3-dipolar additions
9. Sigma tropic reactions, Ireland-Claisen rearrangement.
10. Structure, methods of generation, detection, reactions and synthetic applications of carbenes,
nitrenes and arynes.
Recommended Texts
1. Smith M. B. and March, J. (2019). March’s advanced organic chemistry. (8th ed.). John Wiley,
NY.
2. Morrison, R. T. and Boyd, R. N. (1987). Organic chemistry, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
3. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., and Warren, S. (2012). Organic chemistry. (2nd ed.). Oxford,
London.
Suggested Readings
1. Streitwieser, A., Heathcock, C. and Kosower, E. M. (2017). Introduction to organic chemistry.

(8th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
3. House, H. O. (1972). Modern synthetic reactions. California: Benjamin.
65
CHEM-6124 Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry 4 (3+1)
This course (Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry) focuses on the physical methods of
characterization of isolated natural products (animal, fungal, marine and terrestrial sources),
derivatives of natural products, bio/synthetic polymers and synthetic organic molecules of
pharmacological importance. The new molecular entities isolated/synthesized are studied by these
methods, which require only 5-10 mg quantity of the analyte as compare to chemical methods of
analyses, to elucidate their molecular structure. This course does not cover the medical aspects of
spectroscopy (commonly called Radiology) in broader spectrum. In fact, this course is a foundation
course for Advance NMR (CHEM-7140) and advance MS (CHEM-7147) courses of MPhil with
organic chemistry specialization.
The practical work involves the synthesis of a few small molecules in the laboratory by a reported
protocol followed by workup, purification (involving crystallization, partitioning, solvent extraction,
chromatography etc.) and comparative study of IR, UV, NMR and MS spectra of substrate and
product(s).
Contents
1. Basic principle & EMR, spectral regions (bands), allowed and forbidden transitions, spectrum.
2. Application of Schrödinger wave equation to rotational and vibrational transitions.
3. Basic principle, instrumentation and interpretation of IR spectroscopy. Classification of IR band
on the basis of functional groups, applications of IR spectroscopy.
4. Mathematical relationship between absorbance (A) and transmittance (T) in UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts, factors affecting λmax.
5. Woodward-Fieser rule for calculating λmax of conjugated dienes, carbonyls and acyclic systems.
Absorption by aromatic compounds. Applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy
6. Difference between spectroscopy and spectrometry, radical cations, radical anions and cabonium
ion.
7. Parts of a mass spectrometer (MS); basic principle, instrumentation, different methods of
ionization in MS (EI, APCI, FAB(+), FAB(-), ESI, MALDI).
8. Modes of fragmentation of various functional groups of organic molecules, Low resolution and
high-resolution mass spectrometry, radioactive abundance and ratio of isotopes of C, Cl, Br, S &
P.
9. Determination of molecular mass, molecular formula and molecular structure, Interpretation of a
mass spectrum.
10. NMR active nuclei, basic principle (Spin flipping, Spin relaxation)
11. Chemical shift (δ in ppm), factors affecting it
12. Coupling constant (J in Hz), factors affecting it
13. Spin-spin splitting, multiplicity (s, d, t, q, dd, ddd, dddd) of 1H signals. Interpretation of 1H-NMR
spectra.
14. Structure elucidation of organic compounds by joint applications of IR, UV, 1H-NMR
spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry.
Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry Lab.
1. Experimental techniques e.g. distillation, solvent extraction, chromatography etc.

2. Multi-step synthesis of some organic compounds
3. Estimation of glucose and number of acetyl groups
Recommended Texts
1. Williams, D. and Fleming, I. (1995). Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
2. Younas, M. (2005). Organic spectroscopy. Lahore: A. H. Publisher.
66
Suggested Readings
1. Anderson, R. J., Bendell, D. and Groundwater, P. (2004). Organic spectroscopic analysis – a

tutorial chemistry texts (serial-22). Cambridge: RSC Publisher.
2. Kemp, W. (1990). Spectroscopy. London: Macmillan.
67
CHEM-6125 Organometallics 3 (3+0)
The Inorganic Chemistry-I (CHEM-6103/6203) of BS/MSc curricula is the foundation course for
having a keen understanding of this course. The organometallic chemistry is the study of
organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a
carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline / alkaline earth / transition metals
and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon and tin as well. Some related
compounds such as transition metal hydrides and metal phosphine complexes are often included in
discussions of organometallic compounds but they are not necessarily organometallic
This course shall highlight the important transformations of organoboranes, ylides
(organophosphorous & organosulphur only) in addition to organotransition-metal (Li+, Mg2+, Cu+,
Zn0, Zr0, Sn4+, Pd0, Pd2+, Ru3+ etc.) species with an emphasis on their synthesis, basic mechanism of
action/catalysis, structure-reactivity relationships and applications in organic synthesis. This course
shall serve as foundation course for core understanding of a postgraduate course (Organometallic
Chemistry, CHEM-7149).
Contents
1. Historical perspective of organometallics

2. The eighteen-electron rule, classification of organometallics
3. Compounds with M‒C & M=C
4. Ligand coordination & dissociation, oxidative addition and reductive elimination
5. Transmetallation recations
6. Carbonylation reactions
7. Insertion and extrusion reactions
8. Preparation and applications of s-block organometallics; organoLi, organoMg (Grignard’s
reagent)
9. Preparation of organoCu, orgnaoZn and organoPd in synthetic organic chemistry with special
focus on stereochemical outcome.
10. Applications of organoCu, orgnaoZn and organoPd.
11. Brief introduction to organoSn, organoB, organoSi, organoS and organoP chemistry.
Recommended Texts
1. Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L. (2016). Inorganic chemistry: principles of structure
and reactivity. (4th ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
2. Hill, A. F. (2012). Organotransition metal chemistry. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
3. Astruc, D. (2007). Organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Suggested Readings
1. Spessard, G. O. and Miessler, G. L. (1997). Organometallic chemistry. Prentice Hall PTR.

68
CHEM-6126 Surface Phenomena 4(3+1)
This course is about the colloids and surfactants. In this course, main focus is on surface tension,
adsorption isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir and BET isotherms, surfactants, micellization, methods
of preparation of gels and emulsions, precipitation in gels, Liesegang rings, emulsifiers and breaking
of emulsions. Moreover, orientation theory, sols and their preparation, properties of sols, optical
properties of sols, determination of particle size, kinetic properties of sols, sedimentations of
suspensions, electrical properties of sols electrophoresis and electroosmosis and stability of
suspensions, molecular wt. determination of macromolecules are also part of this course. Course is
designed in a way that student may be able to prepare colloids (sols, emulsions and gels) by different
physical and chemical methods and use them in research and application fields. Knowledge about
different adsorption isotherms and the factors affecting adsorption process gives detailed
understanding of sorption mechanism which leads their command to prepare efficient sorbents to
remove pollutants and contaminations and to purify water etc.
Contents
1. Surface tension, adsorption isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir and BET isotherms

2. Adsorption at liquid surface
3. Surfactants, micellization
4. Methods of preparation of gels and emulsions, Classification structure of gels. Thixotropy
5. Precipitation in gels. Liesegang rings. Emulsifiers, Breaking of emulsions
6. Orientation theory. Emulsification and wetting, Significance
7. Sols and their preparation, properties of sols, optical properties of sols
8. Determination of particle size.
9. Sedimentations of suspensions,
10. Electrical properties of sols electrophoresis and electro osmosis
11. Stability of suspensions. Precipitation of sols
12. Molecular wt. determination of macromolecules
13. The cause of semi-permeability
14. Mechanism of osmotic pressure.
15. Determination of the molecular weight by osmometry
Surface Phenomena Lab
1. Determination of heat of solution of a substance by solubility method.

2. Determination of empirical formula of Ferric-salicylic acid complex calorimetrically.
3. Determination of order of reaction and the rate constant of a given reaction.
4. Verification of Freundlich isotherm for organic acids.
5. To prepare As2S3 sol.
6. Determination of activity coefficients by measuring electromotive force.
7. Determination of Molar extinction coefficient.
Recommended Texts
1. Kontogeorgis, G. M. & Kiil, S. (2016). Introduction to applied colloid and surface chemistry.
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Thomas, J. M. & Thomas, W. J. (2015). Principles and practice of heterogeneous
catalysis. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.
69
Suggested Readings
1. Somorjai, G. A., Yimin, L. (2010). Introduction to surface chemistry and catalysis. John Wiley &
Sons Inc.
2. Cosgrove, T. (2010). Colloid science: principles, methods and application. John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
3. Pashley, R., Karaman, M. (2004). Applied colloid and surface chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
70
CHEM-6127 Molecular Spectroscopy 3 (3+0)
The objective of this course is to comprehend the basics of spectroscopic techniques in a precise and
compact way and to understand its foundation based on equations of quantum mechanics. Course
focuses on classification of spectroscopy, rotational spectra of rigid linear molecules, harmonic and
inharmonic oscillator models for the energy of a diatomic molecule, types of vibrational modes,
interpretation of IR spectra of simple molecules. Moroever, a comprehensive and detailed knowledge
about fermi resonance, applications and sampling techniques, H–atom spectrum, energies of atomic
orbital, electronic angular momentum and the fine structure, Raman & Rayleigh scattering and
vibrational Raman spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy will be discussed in detail.
The student will learn about updated skills of analysis at laboratory as well as at industry. Analysis by
different techniques and the deep insight of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter reveals
the phenomena occurring and the interpretation of meaningful signals to conclude quantitative and
qualitative analyses is a part of this course. After studying this course students will be able to analyze
samples through different spectroscopic techniques and they will be able to understand the way to
interpret the meaning of signals for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Contents
1. Classification of spectroscopy.
2. Rotational spectra of rigid linear molecules
3. Determination of bond lengths
4. The stark-effect
5. Harmonic and inharmonic oscillator models for the energy of a diatomic molecule
6. Types of vibrational modes
7. Interpretation of IR spectra of simple molecules
8. Fermi resonance, applications and sampling techniques
9. Types of electronic transition
10. H–atom spectrum, energies of atomic orbital
11. Electronic angular momentum and the fine structure
12. Idea of Raman scattering
13. Rayleigh scattering and molecular polarizability
14. Rotational Raman spectra of linear molecules
15. Symmetric top molecules and spherical top molecules
16. Vibrational Raman spectra
17. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Recommended Texts
1. Castellan G. W. (2004). Physical chemistry (3rd ed.). Dehli, India: Norasa Publishing House.
2. Banwell, C. N. & McCash, E. M. (1994). Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy. (2nd ed.). UK:
The Bath Press Avon.
Suggested Readings
1. Raj, G. (2010). Advanced physical chemistry. (3rd ed.). Meerut Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd.
2. Related Research Papers
71
CHEM-6128 Statistical and Quantum Mechanics 3(3+0)
This course is designed for the students opting Physical Chemistry as a part of their field of
specialization to teach the students the detailed objectives, theory, mathematical calculations of
Statistical and Quantum mechanics. It enables the students to apply the concepts of Quantum
chemistry on very simple and some of the complex molecules. Quantum chemistry is a very powerful
tool for studying the properties of molecules and phenomena involved during the reactions taking
place between the molecules. The recent years, development in quantum chemistry methods,
especially in theoretical methods has made it possible for quantum chemistry calculations to reach
accuracies comparable to those obtained in experiments for molecules of moderate sizes. This is
further facilitated by the rapid development of computer technologies that has greatly encouraged the
chemists to use quantum chemistry to understand, simulate model, and predict molecular properties
and their reactions, properties of nanometer materials and processes taking place in biological systems.
While doing so the statistical mechanics plays the role of a bridge between the two concepts.
Contents
1. Statistical ensembles
2. Probability
3. Description of various systems
4. Concept of states
5. Accessible states and distribution
6. Maxwell’s Boltzmann’s statistics (MBS) of the systems of independent particles
7. Applications of partition functions of two chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics
8. Bose-Einstein statistics (BES)
9. Fermi-Dirac statistics (FDS)
10. Operators and their properties, angular momentum
11. Central field problem, Hydrogen like atoms
12. Approximate methods
13. Perturbation method and variation principle
14. Valence bond theory (VBT)
15. Molecular Orbital theory (MOT)
Recommended Texts
1. Bogolubov, N. N. & Bogolubov, N. N. Jr. (2009). Introduction to quantum statistical mechanics.

(2nd ed.). Russia.
2. Atkins P.W. & Friedman, R. S. (2010). Molecular quantum mechanics. UK: Oxford University
Press.
Suggested Readings
2. Atkins P.W. (2017). Physical chemistry. (11th Ed.) ELBS Oxford University Press
3. William C. Schieve, W. C. (2009). Quantum satistical mechanics. UK: Cambridge University
Press.
4. Polkinghorne, J. (2002). Quantum theory: a very short introduction. UK: Oxford University Press.
72
SEMESTER-VIII
a) Compulsory Courses
CHEM-6129 Environmental Chemistry 3 (3+0)
This course is aimed to familiarize the students about components of environment, their origin,
composition, chemical reactions, fate, and sink. Distribution of water, chemistry of surface, fresh,
marine and underground water is part of hydrosphere. Lithosphere deals with the ores, mines, and
minerals contained in soil; their determination and extraction are part of this course. Types of soil,
chemical composition and reactivity of soil components is also included in this course. Composition
of Origin and sources of different pollutants, their reactivity and toxicity in environment, measures to
control them are also included in the course. Role of different pollutants in causing acid rain and its
impact on quality of life is also part of the course. Source of gases imparting greenhouse effect, its
significance, impact on vegetation and environment and artificial greenhouse are part of the course.
After studying the course, students will be able to work with any environmental protection
organization or sanitation agency. Different techniques for characterization of environmental samples
are also included. The acquired knowledge will be helpful for skill development and career building
of students, especially in environmental sciences.
Contents
1. The Human Environment

2. The litho, bio and hydrosphere
3. The nature and composition of natural waters
4. Water pollution
5. Chemistry of soil
6. Composition of the atmosphere
7. Oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen in air pollution
8. Atmospheric Monitoring
9. Instrumental methods of environmental chemistry
10. Ozone demolition
11. Acid rain
12. Green House Effect
Recommended Texts
1. Manahan, S.E. (2017). Environmental Chemistry. (7th ed.). New York: CRC press.
2. Robinson J.W., Frame E.S., & Frame G.M. (2014). Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis. (7th
3. Harris, D.C. (2016). Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (9th ed.) New York: W.H. Freeman and
Company.
4. Christian, G.D., Dasgupta, P.K., & Schug, K.A. (2013). Analytical Chemistry. (4th ed.). New
Suggested Readings
5. Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J., & Crouch S. R. (2014). Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry. (9th Ed.) Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing.
73
b) Specialization
CHEM-6130 Advanced Spectroscopy –II 4 (3+1)
This course gives comprehensive overview about principle, instrumentation and applications of two
important spectroscopic techniques. Mass spectrometry is used for determination of elemental
composition of samples as well as for molecular analysis, determination of exact molecular mass of a
compound using isotopic masses and is ultimate technique for structure elucidation of a compound.
Components and operational skills of high-resolution mass spectrometers providing very accurate
information are also part of this course. Spectroscopic techniques based on X-rays include X-ray
diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption, X-ray emission and X-ray crystallography; each of
these have their typical applications with different detection devices. X-rays find wide application in
medical diagnostics, internal structure of large molecules, security check of packed baggage. X-ray
crystallography is used for 3-D structure determination of single crystals. X-ray fluorescence
spectrometers are used in cement industry. After studying this course, students will be able to work
on these instruments in any research or industrial laboratory, independently.
Contents
1. Mass Spectroscopy: Principle of Mass spectroscopy, Instrumentation in details

2. Quantitative and Qualitative application in analytical chemistry
3. X-rays Spectroscopy: Nature and production of X-rays
4. X-rays absorption, X-rays emission, Instrumentation
5. X-rays fluorescence analysis, Diffraction studies single crystal analysis
Analytical Chemistry Lab
1. Verification of deviations from Beer-Lambert’s law.

2. Determination of chloride content in drinking water samples by mercury(II) thiocyanate
spectrophotometric method.
3. Determination of copper in various food samples by diethyldithiocarbamate
spectrophotometric method.
4. Determination of aspirin in pharmaceutical preparation and caffeine in tea and coffee by U.V
Visible Spectrophotometry involving extraction.
5. Analysis of analgesic by HPLC.
6. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of different fruit juices for vitamin C by HPLC.
7. Estimation of Sodium and Potassium in biological fluids by flame photometry.
8. Determination of calcium in milk samples by flame photometry.
9. Determination of Magnesium in tap water, food, leaves etc by AAS.
10. Determination of manganese content in tea leaves by AAS.
11. Determination of sulphate and phosphate in commercial samples by complexometric titrations
using EDTA.
12. Determination of iron in pharmaceutical samples by redox titration.
13. Determination of Sodium bicarbonate contents in baking Soda powder by conductometric
titration with HCl.
Recommended Texts
74
Company.
Suggested Readings
75
CHEM-6131 FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, ESR and Surface Analysis 3 (3+0)
This course is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview about four spectroscopic techniques, based
on different modes of analysis; mentioned in title. Basic principle, detailed instrumentation,
applications, limitations, scope and domain of each of these techniques is part of this course. Infrared
spectroscopy gives fast, economical, and reliable information about identification of functional groups
of sample components. Raman spectroscopy is based on principle of light scattering and is
complement to infrared spectroscopy and can analyze those samples, which could not be analyzed by
infrared spectroscopy. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is based on spinning of nuclei and gives
very authentic information about presence of certain compounds in sample. Surface analysis finds
wide scope in corrosion resistance, paints, thin films, pharmaceutical coatings and medicines. Auger
electron spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis are
the techniques of choice for the characterization of surface of any material. These techniques are
widely used in different industries including food, pharmaceutical and fabrics industries. Students after
having these instrumental skills will be well versed in handling these machines either in their future
research activities or professional career spheres.
Contents
1. Origin of Molecular spectra
2. Origin of infrared and Raman spectra
3. Normal coordinate and normal vibrations
4. Symmetry of normal vibration and selection rules
5. Selection rule for infrared and Raman spectra
6. Metal isotope spectroscopy
7. Vibrational spectra in gaseous phase and inert gas matrices
8. Comparison of Raman with Infrared spectroscopy
9. Quantitative/Qualitative analysis, Instrumental detail and their use as analytical tool
10. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy: Instrumentation, Samples and sample holder
11. ESR spectra and Hyperfine interaction
12. Applications, Spin labels and spin traps
13. Surface Analysis: Introduction, Electron spectroscopy techniques
14. X-Rays photoelectron spectroscopy, Instrumentation for XPS
15. Sample introduction and handling for surface analysis
16. Analytical applications of XPS
Recommended Texts
Company.
Suggested Readings
76
CHEM-6132 Instrumental Methods of Analysis-II 3 (3+0)
This course is aimed to provide an overview about an important spectroscopic technique, i.e. nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy and number of techniques based on thermal methods of anlaysis.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is and electromagnetic technique, based on spinning of
nuclei and is recognized as an ultimate technique for structure elucidation of compounds with different
spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Nuclear reactions linked with radioactive decay gives an
important in-depth information about nuclear characteristic of sample; used for identification of
sample molecules. Nuclear reactors, accelerators and sources of neutron generation are also contained
in this course. Thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry are
the techniques based on thermal modes of analysis. These techniques give information about stability
of molecules, pyrolysis reactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, and decomposition rates of polymers,
medicines and food materials. Energetics of molecule as function of termperature are also included in
this course. Students studying this course will be able to work in any hi-tech laboratory at their own
with good background troubleshooting skills.
Contents
1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

2. Nuclear emission Alpha particles, Beta particles, Gamma – rays
3. Neutron activation analysis
4. Nuclear reactors; materials and working
5. Nuclear reactions
6. Radiochemical decay and activity
7. Necessary instrumentation including sources, accelerators and detectors
8. Thermal method of Analysis
9. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning
Calorimetry (DSC)
10. Thermogravimetric curves and interpretation of thermograms
11. Pyrolysis and thermometric titration, type of measurements and applications of these techniques
Recommended Texts
Company.
Suggested Readings
2. Christian, G.D., Dasgupta, P.K., & Schug, K.A. (2013). Analytical chemistry. (4th ed.). New York,
John Wiley & Sons.
77
ii) Biochemistry
CHEM-6133 Chemotherapy and Immunology 3 (3+0)
This course provides insights about classification, characterization and diagnosis of various types of
cancers and its therapies in respect to theoretical knowledge of the disease process. It will examine the
concepts of epidemiology, aetiology and pathology of cancer along with contemporary and emerging
treatment modalities and their effects. The course serves as an ideal primer for students who seek an
entry point to the domain of cellular transformation, carcinogenesis and immune surveillance. This
course will also examine cancer vaccine development (dendritic, genetic, anti-idiotypic, use of
adjuvants) as well as the use of vaccination to counter microbial causes of cancer. Students will learn
about chemical structures, mechanism of action and mechanism of drug resistance of various classes
of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antipyretic, analgesic and antimalarial drugs. The course will
also provide basic concepts about immune system, its functioning, principles of Innate, adaptive, cell-
mediated and humoral immunity.
Contents
1. Cancer: Reasons, Types and definition of various terms

2. Metastasis, Benign and malignant tumors, Oncogenes, Proto-oncogenes, hyperplasia
3. Chemotherapy: Definition, different treatment strategies
4. Problems associated with chemotherapy, mechanism of drug resistance
5. Chemotherapeutic Agents: Chemical structure
6. Mechanism of action and mechanism of drug resistance of various classes
7. Antitumor-antibiotics, Antimetabolites, Alkylating agents, Microtubule Inhibitors
8. Steroids and their Antagonists, Aromatase inhibitors
9. Monoclonal antibodies, Platinum based drugs, Irinotecan and topotecan
10. Etoposide, L-Asparaginase, Interferons and Imatinib.
11. Chemical structures, mechanism of action and mechanism of drug resistance of various classes of
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antipyretic, analgesic and antimalarial drugs.
12. Immunology: Fluid systems of the body, Blood groups (A, B, O and Rh system)
13. Components of Immune system, Definitions and Principles of Innate, adaptive, cell-mediated and
humoral immunity, and the complement system.
14. Antibodies: Classes, biochemical structures, characteristics and functions.
15. Mechanism of allergy, hypersensitivity, acquired immunity, Immunodeficiencies and antigen-
antibody reaction.
Recommended Texts
1. Sharma, A. K. (2019). Immunology: an introductory textbook. Singapore: Jenny Stanford

Publishing.
2. Gadebusch, H. (2019). Chemotherapy of infectious Disease. (1st ed.). Florida, USA CRC Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Kuby, (2002). Immunology. (5th ed.). New York, USA: Macmillan Publishing Co.
2. Dawis, B. D., Dulbecco, R., Eisen, H. N., & Ginsbery, H.S. (2002). Microbiology. New York,
USA: Harper & Row.
78
CHEM-6134 Molecular Biology & Physical Techniques 4 (3+1)
This course provides a deep understanding of molecular biology central phenomenon including DNA
replication, transcription and translation with respect to their functionality at the molecular leve and
including the flow of information from genes to proteins, and regulation of cellular processes,
signaling and proliferation in eukaryotic cells. This course is designed as a theory and practical course
and introduces some of the major ideas and experimental approaches in molecular biology using
biophysical methods and techniques. Student will learn basic concepts about physical techniques that
are involved in characterization of biomolecules in the theory portion, while same techniques will also
be performed in the lab. Students will also learn to understand and apply general concepts of cell and
molecular biology to relevant, specific problems and will be able to describe and discuss the properties
and biological significance of the major classes of molecules found in living organisms and the
relationship between molecular structure and biological function.
Contents
1. Molecular dogma; DNA as a genetic material

2. DNA replication in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. Type of DNA polymerases and functions
4. DNA damage; types of mutations. DNA repair; NER, MMR, homologous DNA repair.
5. Virus DNA/RNA replication and its protein regulation
6. Transcription in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
7. Differences and types of DNA polymerases, operons
8. Splicing; introns, exons and ribozymes. Gene regulation
9. Translation; protein synthesis, regulation
10. Metabolism of RNA and DNA nucleosides
11. Structure of Chromatin and its functions.
12. Protein expression, purification and characterization using different biophysical methods
13. UV/Vis Spectrophotometry, FT-IR, Circular Dichroism (CD)
14. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
15. Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis)
16. Ultra-, analytical and gradient centrifugation
17. Cryo-electron microscopy, protein NMR, X-ray crystallography/Diffraction.
18. DNA amplification by PCR and real time PCR.
19. Applications of DNA sequencing
20. Mass spectrometry and isotopes in molecular biology.
Biochemistry Lab III
1. Methods for the isolation of proteins from plant and animal samples i.e. liver/plasma protein,
Salivary and Barley amylase using various cell disruption methods.
2. Protein precipitation by NH4SO4 method, using acid and organic solvent methods.
3. Protein dialysis and ultrafiltration methods.
4. Estimation of proteins using UV, Braford and Lowry’s methods.
5. Characterization of proteins i.e. Amylase activity by enzyme assays, plasma proteins by
characterization by SDS PAGE and Western blotting, analysis of a Protein from Egg White
6. Chromatographic separation/purification of proteins
7. Characterization of protein secondary structure using UV, FT-IR and circular dichroism
spectroscopy.
79
8. Estimation and Isolation of total DNA/RNA from plant/animal tissues/cells
9. Preparation of genomic/plasmid DNA from bacteria.
10. Phenol/chloroform extraction of DNA. Mini- and Maxi- preparation of DNA
11. Isolation of RNA from mammalian cells
12. Characterization of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Southern blotting
13. Primer design and amplification of target DNA by PCR
14. Restriction enzyme digestion
15. Preparation of competent cells and gene cloning
16. Preparation of sequencing gels and DNA sequencing
17. PCR primer designing by online resources
18. Characterization of proteins using online tools.
Recommended Texts
1. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. (7th ed.). New York,
3. Boyer, R. F. (2000). Modern experimental biochemistry. (3rd ed.). London, England: Pearson
Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Swaminathan, R. (2011). Handbook of clinical biochemistry. (2nd ed.). Singapore: World

Scientific Publishing Company.
2. Walker, J. M. (1994). The basic protein and peptide protocols. New Jersey, USA: Humana
Press.
3. Lodish, H., Berk, A. Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H., & Martin A. A. (2016).
Molecular cell biology. (8th ed.). New York USA: W. H. Freeman.
80
CHEM-6135 Endocrine System 3 (3+0)
This course provide details for functions and control of signaling pathway using the hormone that are
chemical substance secreted by a ductless gland into blood that is transported to a distant target organ.
This course also covers the endocrine system from the standpoints of anatomic and histologic
structure, hormones including their structures, functions, mechanisms of action receptors, and their
metabolism in addition to the endocrinologic disorders including hyperactivity or hypoactivity,
immune-mediated diseases, benign and malignant tumours and pharmacological properties of
hormones and drugs used in the treatment of endocrine diseases. Hormones specifically control the
certain pathways in the cell by binding to their specific receptors. This course also overview various
diseases related to endocrine dysfunctions. Upon the successful completion of course, students will be
able to identify the location, blood supply, innervation and anatomical relations of the endocrine
glands and will have better understanding of the development and histological features of the
endocrine glands.
Contents
1. Introduction, Chemical nature of Hormones

2. Common characteristics of hormones
3. Mode of action of Hormones, Chemistry and mechanism
4. Hormonal receptors
5. Metabolism and biological functions of Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreatic and
gonadal hormones.
6. Biochemistry and body fluids
7. Composition and function of Blood, blood plasma
8. Blood proteins, Red blood cells, Hemoglobin
9. White blood cells, Platelets
10. Blood coagulation, Blood pressure
11. Antibodies, Antigens and blood groups
12. Composition of Urine
13. Extra- cellular fluid like cerebrospinal fluid, Lymph sweats tears
14. Synovial fluid and interstitial fluid.
Recommended Texts
1. Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2010). Text book of medical physiology. (12th ed.). Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA: W. B. Saunders Company.
2. Bolander, F. F. (2012). Molecular endocrinology. (5th ed.). Cambridge, USA: Academic Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Jameson, J. L., Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Braunwald, E. Longo, D. L. & Hauser, S. L. (2006).
Harrison's endocrinology. New York, USA: McGraw Hill.
2. Gardner, D. & Shoback, D. (2007). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology. (8th ed.). New
York, USA: McGraw Hill Medical.
81
CHEM-6136 Homogeneous catalysis by transition metal complexes 4 (3+1)
This course aims to the understanding of homogeneous catalysis by transition metal complexes of
different ligands to synthesize different compounds having useful applications. Catalysis is
responsible to economize processes and revolutionize the industrial era. Beginning with the
polymerization of ethylene to produce polythene, an important commercial product of daily use in life
at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, to the state-of-the art production of silicon from
sand for solar technology, all are the fruitful outcomes of catalysis. Transition metals play a pivotal
role in bringing about all the dreams to come true. Different analytical techniques such as
conductometry, spectrophometry and potentiometry will be studied for the estimation and
identification of chemical species in lab work. Accurate and precise determination of different
hazardous species in biological and lab samples is very important for the health of workers and
consumers. After the successful completion of course, students will be able to explain the concept of
catalysis carried out by the metal complexes formed by inorganic ligands or hybrid lgands.
Contents
1. Reaction of CO and Hydrogen: Hydroformylation and Reductive Carbonylation,

2. Reduction of CO by hydrogen,
3. Synthesis of water gas and the water gas shift reactions
4. Carbonylation reactions: Synthesis of methanol and methyl acetate
5. Adipic ester, Carbonylation reactions and Decarbonylation reactions
6. Catalytic addition of molecules to C – C multiple bonds
7. Homogeneous hydrogenation
8. Hydroxylation and Hydrocynation
Inorganic Chemistry Lab-IV

a. Conductometry
1. Titration of Strong acid and Weak acid with a Strong base
2. Precipitation Titration involving AgNO3 and KCl
3. Determination of Dissociation Constant (Ka) for Acetic Acid
b. Spectrophotometry (Colorimetry)
1. Microdetermination of Cr (III) by diphenylecarbazide
2. Determination of Fe (II) by I:10 - Phenanthroline
3. Determination of Nitrites
4. Determination of Fe (III) by 8 – hydroxyquinoline
c. Potentiometry
1. Determination of K1, K2, and K3 for H3PO4
2. Determination of Chloride in the presence of Iodide and evaluation of Ksp of AgI and AgCl
3. Determination of Co (II) and Fe (II)
Recommended Texts
1. Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P.M., & Townsend, J. (2012). Chemistry and chemical reactivity. Boston,
USA: Cengage Learning.
2. Angelici, R.J. (1986). Synthesis and technique in inorganic chemistry. (1st ed.). California, USA:
University Science Books.
Suggested Readings
1. Miessler, G.L., & Tarr, D.A. (2004). Inorganic chemistry. (3rd ed.). New York, USA: Pearson
Education, Inc.
82
CHEM- 6137 Inorganic Reactions Mechanism 3 (3+0)
This course aim to the understanding of kinetics and mechanism of different inorganic reactions. The
mechanism of a chemical reaction is the most important part which is normally not visible to the
chemist. However, the pace of a chemical reaction is controlled by the kinetic parameters that govern
these changes. Geometry of the transition state of metal catalyst is always important because it guides
the reaction pathway in the forward or backward direction. The two most significant steps in a typical
catalysis are the oxidative addition and the reductive elimination. Moreover, different types of effects
such as cis-effect, trans-effect, steric effects of inert ligand etc. also govern the synthesis of different
types of products. After the successful completion of this course, students will be able to learn the
factors affecting the kinetics and stability of inorganic products. Moreover, they will also be able to
carry out different oxidative and reductive reactions.
Contents
1. Kinetics and mechanisms of inorganic reactions: rate law

2. Stationary state approximation,
3. Inert and labile complexes
4. Substitution reaction
5. Octahedral complexes
6. Acid hydrolysis and acid catalyzed equation
7. Anation reactions
8. Base hydrolysis
9. Attack on ligands
10. Steric effects of inert ligand
11. Square planar complexes
12. Nucleophilic reactivity
13. Trans effect
14. Cis effect
15. Effect of leaving group
16. Electron transfer processes: outer and inner sphere reactions
17. Complimentary and non - complimentary reactions
18. Mechanism of oxidative
19. Addition and reductive eliminations
20. Oxidative addition, one electron oxidative addition
21. Addition of oxygen
22. Addition of bimetallic species
23. Hydrogen addition and hx addition
24. Organic halides
25. Reductive elimination
Recommended Texts
2. Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P.M. & Townsend, J. (2012). Chemistry and chemical reactivity. Boston,
Suggested Readings
1. Miessler, G.L., & Tarr, D.A. (2004). Inorganic chemistry. (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson
Education, Inc.
2. Purcell, K.F., & Kotz, J.C. (1980). An introduction to inorganic chemistry. (1st ed.). Philadelphia,
USA: Saunder College Press.
83
CHEM-6138 Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry 3 (3+0)
This course aims to the understanding of different physical methods used for the analysis of inorganic
products such as thermogravimetric analysis. Analysis of the product formed in a chemical reaction is
an important step in chemical laboratory preparations. Different analytical techniques are used for this
purpose ranging sensitivity from mg level to as low as Nano gram level. Isolation and purification of
a product from the reaction mixture is accomplished by techniques like solvent extraction, thin layer
chromatography, column chromatography etc. After the successful synthesis of a new compound the
most important is now to find out its applications. Certain physical techniques are meant for
thepurposeof analysis of product like TGA, DTA, DSC, chromatography, conductometry and
potentiometry etc. After the successful completion of this course, students will be able to understand
the different techniques used for the purification, isolation and determination of inorganic specie from
the reaction mixture as well as the importance of physical methods of analysis.
Contents
1. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2. Applications in lab and industry
3. Thermogravimetry (TG)
4. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
5. Instrumentation of DTA
6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
7. Separation Methods
8. Solvent Extraction
9. Solid phase micro extraction
10. Applications of SPME
11. Column chromatography
12. TLC
13. Analytical applications and instrumentation of TLC
14. Ion Exchange Chromatography
15. Types of ICE
16. Industrial applications of IEC
17. Potentiometry
18. Applications of potentiometry
19. Conductometry
20. Applications of conductometry
Recommended Texts
2. Kotz, J.C., Treichel, P.M., & Townsend, J. (2012). Chemistry and chemical reactivity. Boston,
3. Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., & Holler, F.J. (1994). Analytical chemistry. (6th ed.). Philadelphia,
USA: Saunders College Publications.
Suggested Readings
1. Miessler, G.L., & Tarr, D.A. (2004). Inorganic chemistry. (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson
Education, Inc.
2. Purcell, K.F., & Kotz, J.C. (1980). An introduction to inorganic chemistry. (1st ed.).
Philadelphia, USA: Saunders College Press.
3. Harris, D.C. (2006). Quantitative chemical analysis. (ed.). New York: Freeman.
84
iv) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEM-6139 Chemistry of Natural Products 4 (3+1)
This course is a foundation course for Natural Product Chemistry (CHEM-7148) and Steroids (CHEM-
8108) courses of MPhil and PhD classes, respectively, with Organic Chemistry specialization. Natural
products have high structural diversity and unique pharmacological or biological activities due to the
natural selection and evolutionary processes that have shaped their utility over hundreds of thousands
of years. In fact, the structural diversity of natural products far exceeds the capabilities of synthetic
organic chemists within the laboratory. Thus, natural products have been utilized in both traditional
and modern medicine for treating diseases.
This course focuses on the biosynthesis, isolation of new natural products, rational structural
modifications of known natural products scaffolds for new lead discovery, total synthesis of complex
natural products and green chemistry. Special emphasis is given to the development of synthetic
methodologies to facilitate generation of diversity around the scaffolds, which can be utilized as key
intermediates for total synthesis. The new molecular entities generated are screened for
pharmacological activities with focus on cancer and anti-bacterial properties. The practical work
involves the purification of selected natural products and the synthesis of a few small sized natural
products.
Contents
1. Primary and secondary metabolites, introduction to natural products and classification on different
basis;
2. Hormones (endocrines, exocrines, paracrines), pheromones (chemical communication) and
allomones (chemical defense)
3. Isolation, biosynthesis, laboratory synthesis and structure elucidation of alkaloids (ephedrine,
atropine, indole, quinine, morphine etc.) by chemical, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods
of analyses
4. Isolation, biosynthesis, laboratory synthesis and structure elucidation of terpenoids (lemonenes,
carvones, pinenes, menthol, camphor, tritepenoids) by chemical, spectroscopic and spectrometric
methods of analyses
5. Isolation, biosynthesis, laboratory synthesis and structure elucidation of steroids (ecdysteroids,
corticocoids, gonadal & neuro steroids, phytosteroids, brassinoloids, withanolides etc.) by
chemical, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods of analyses
6. Isolation, classification, biosynthesis, laboratory synthesis and structure elucidation of vitamins
(A, B, C, D, E and K) by chemical, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods of analyses
7. Isolation, classification, biosynthesis, laboratory synthesis and structure elucidation of flavonoids
by chemical, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods of analyses.
Chemistry of Natural Products Lab.
1. Multistep synthesis of different types of organic compounds. Purification of the products by

chromatographic and other techniques.
2. Isolation and purification of some natural products.
3. Conformation of natural products by different techniques e.g., elemental analysis, spectroscopy
Recommended Texts
1. Finar, I. L. (2001). Natural product chemistry. Vol-I, London: Longman.
2. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P. (2012). Organic chemistry. (2nd ed.). Oxford
University Press.
3. Dewick, P. M. (2008). Medicinal natural products - a biosynthetic approach. (3rd ed.). England:
Wiley.
85
Suggested Readings
1. Bhat, S. V. (2005). Chemistry of natural products. (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer.
86
CHEM-6140 Organic Synthesis 3 (3+0)
This course is a foundation course for Advance Organic Synthesis (CHEM-7146) of MPhil class, with
Organic Chemistry specialization. This course focuses on general methods and strategies for the
synthesis of complex organic molecules. Emphasis is on strategies for stereoselective synthesis,
including stereocontrolled synthesis of complex acyclic compounds. The transformation of functional
groups by substitution reactions, protecting groups, dummy groups, electrophilic addition to C-C
double and triple bonds, hydroboration, reactions with organoboranes, reduction of carbonyl, C-C
double and triple bonds, hydrogenation, hydride reductions are included in this course. The
stereocontrol in pericyclic reactions (cycloadditions, sigmaotroptic rearrangements, electrocyclic
reactions), group transfer reactions are also part of this course including introduction to retro synthesis.
After the end of course the students are supposed to be able to:plan syntheses of organic molecules by
proper choice of starting materials, reagents and reaction conditions and shall be able to predict
competing reactions and plan simple synthetic routes based on retrosynthetic synthesis strategy.
Contents
1. Introduction to reterosynthesis, retrosynthetic analysis

2. Protective groups (protection of alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones)
3. Dummy groups and umpulong
4. Functional group inter-conversion (FGI)
5. Methods for C–C, C–N and C–O bond formation
6. Applications to the synthesis of a variety of target molecules.
7. Difunctionalized compounds
8. Role of crown others and quaternary ammonium salts in organic synthesis
9. Recent trends in organic synthesis.
Recommended Texts
1. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. and Wothers, P. (2012). Organic chemistry. (2nd ed.). Oxford
University Press.
2. Smith, M.B. and March, J. (2019). March’s advanced organic chemistry. (8th ed.). New York:
John Wiley.
3. Warren, S. (2008). Organic synthesis. New York: Wiley.
Suggested Readings

87
CHEM-6141 Chemistry of Protective Groups and Reactive Intermediates 3 (3+0)
Protecting groups are used in synthesis to temporarily mask the characteristic chemistry of a functional
group because it interferes with another reaction. A good protecting group should be easy to put on,
easy to remove and in high yielding reactions and inert to the conditions of the reaction required. In
many preparations of delicate organic compounds, some specific parts of their molecules cannot
survive the required reagents or chemical environments. Then, these parts, or groups, must be
protected. For example, LiAlH4 is a highly reactive but useful reagent capable of reducing esters to
alcohols. It will always react with carbonyl groups, and this cannot be discouraged by any means.
Neutral reactive intermediates (radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, and aryenes) occupy a fascinating place in
the history of organic chemistry. First regarded as mere curiosities, neutral reactive intermediates
ultimately came under the intense scrutiny of physical organic chemists from a mechanistic point-of-
view. This concise text concentrates on how these electron-deficient species now play a key role in
synthetic chemistry research. Important reactions are clearly and simply laid out with carefully chosen
examples that illustrate their use in organic synthesis.
Contents
1. Important protective groups of different organic functional groups involved in organic synthesis
including alcohols/phenols (-OH), amines (-NH2), carboxylic acids (-COOH), aldehydes (-CHO),
ketones (-CO) etc.
2. Structure generation and reaction of reactive intermediate including carbenes, nitrenes, arynes and
free radicals.
Recommended Texts

2. Hendrickson, J. B., Cram, D. J. and Hammond, G. S. (1980). Organic chemistry. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
3. Pine, S. H. (1980). Organic chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Suggested Readings
1. Streitwieser, A., Heathcock, C. and Kosower, E. M. (2017). Introduction to organic chemistry.

th
(4 ed.). New York: Macmillan.
2. Warren, S. (2008). Organic synthesis. New York: Wiley.
88
CHEM-6142 Advanced approach of homogeneous and heterogeneous kinetics 4 (3+1)
This course is designed for the students opting Physical Chemistry as Minor Subject along with their
field of specialization to provide comprehensive knowledge about the kinetics of homogeneous and
heterogeneous reactions. Course include detailed discussion about liquids and gaseous systems of
inorganic and organic reactions, single systems, double systems, reactions on solid surfaces, kinetics
of single reacting gas, retardation by reaction products, kinetics of two reacting gases, retardation by
reactants, reactions in solution, influence of solvents involving ions, primary and secondary salt effect
on kinetics of the reactions and comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous kinetics. Course
is designed to make the students capable of understanding the dynamics and phenomena of
homogeneous and heterogeneous kinetics. As catalysis is backbone of any synthesis. To control the
reaction rate and develop new interfaces suitable for reaction catalysis, students will be trained along
with solid foundation of physical chemistry. Kinetics equations dealing different cases of
homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions will be guiding torch to make them understand.
Contents
1. Liquids and gaseous systems of inorganic and organic reactions

2. Single systems, double systems
3. Study of reactions on solid surfaces
4. Single reacting gas, retardation by reaction products
5. Two reacting gases, retardation by reactants
6. Adsorb-heterogeneous reaction
7. Reactions in solution
8. Influence of solvents involving ions, primary and secondary salt effect on kinetics of the reactions
9. Comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous kinetics
Advanced Approach of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Kinetics Lab
1. Determination of equilibrium constant of reversible reaction I2 + I- I3- and to

evaluate D Gº.
2. Determination of molecular mass of polymer by viscosity method.
3. Determination of flocculation value of electrolytes and to verify Hardy-Schultz rule.
4. Determination of activation energy of a chemical reaction.
5. Study of variation of conductance of solution of weak and strong electrolytes with concentration
(a) pure solvents (b) binary mixture of solvents
6. Determination of heat of solution of a substance from solubility measurements and to determine
thermodynamic quantities like D Gº, D Hº, D Sº of the solution.
7. Potentiometric titration
Recommended Texts
1. Kontogeorgis, G. M. & Kiil, S. (2016). Introduction to applied colloid and surface chemistry.
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Thomas, J. M. & Thomas, W. J. (2015). Principles and practice of heterogeneous
catalysis. Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.
Suggested Readings
89
1. Somorjai, G. A. , Yimin, L. (2010). Introduction to surface chemistry and catalysis. John Wiley
& Sons Inc.
2. Cosgrove, T. (2010). Colloid science: principles, methods and application. John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
3. Pashley, R.. & Karaman, M. (2004). Applied colloid and surface chemistry. John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
90
CHEM-6143 Polymers and Photochemistry 3 (3+0)
The objective of this course is to make the students enable to understand the process of polymerization
and to know the approaches by which polymerization may be achieved. Additionally a deep insight of
photochemical reactions and laws of photochemistry is also incorporated in this course. The course
includes the kinetics of polymerization occurring through different approaches e.g. condensation,
addition and copolymerization along with the knowledge of photochemical reactions. Fluorescence
and phosphorescence and relevant information is also a part of this course. A knowledge of polymer
chemistry enables the students to know about natural and synthetic polymers. Natural and semi-
synthetic polymers find their uses in almost every field of science ranging from drug delivery to
common sensors and biosensors. Photochemistry enables students to know how UV/Visible light is
absorbed or emitted during a physical or chemical change. The basic knowledge of photochemistry is
applied in the field of carbon nanodots because of their unique optical properties which is applied in
imaging the biological process.
Contents
1. Classification of polymers
2. Kinetics of condensation polymerization
3. Kinetics of addition polymerization
4. Kinetics of co-polymerization reactions.
5. Molecular mass determination by different methods and laws of photochemistry.
6. Quantum efficiency
7. Methods to determine quantum yield and quantum efficiency
8. Photochemical reactions
9. Photosensitized reactions
10. Phosphorescence
11. Fluorescence
12. Chemiluminescence
13. Lasers.
Recommended Texts
1. Turro, N. J., Ramamurthy, V. & Scaiano, J.C. (2009). Principles of molecular photochemistry: an
introduction. USA: University Science Books.
2. Rawe, A. (2000). Principles of polymer chemistry. (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Plenum publishers.
Suggested Readings
1. Allen, N. S. (2010). Photochemistry and photophysics of polymeric materials. John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
2. Albini, A. & Protti, S. (2019). Photochemistry: Volume 47. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of
Chemistry.
3. Wardle, B. (2010). Principles and applications of photochemistry. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
4. Neckers, D. C., Jenks, W. S. & Wolff, T. (2005). Advances in photochemistry. John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
91
CHEM-6144 Elementary Group Theory 4 (3+1)
This course is highly advanced for the students having physical chemistry as their field of interest.
The course is based on algebraic foundation. Different physical systems including crystals as well as
the Hydrogen atom, can be modelled by symmetry groups. So the group theory and representation
theory have important applications. Almost all structures in abstract algebra are special cases of groups
such as rings can be visualized as abelian groups (corresponding to addition) together with a second
operation (corresponding to multiplication). Therefore, group theoretic arguments underlie large parts
of the theory of those entities. Course covers concept of symmetry, symmetry elements and operations,
point groups, group representation and character table. Moreover, reducible representation, irreducible
representation, application of group theory to valence bond theory, application of group theory to
molecular orbital theory & crystal field theories and IR spectra are important parts of the course. Group
theory and its application in structure finding makes it very vital. This course makes the students able
to apply their knowledge at advance applied fields of research and to understand the structure of
molecules inside and covers its application on valence bond theory (VBT), molecular orbital theory,
(MOT) and crystal field theory (CFT) etc.
Contents
1. Introduction to Elementary Group Theory

2. Symmetry
3. Symmetry elements and operations
4. Point groups
5. Group representation
6. Character table
7. Reducible representation
8. Irreducible representation
9. General applications of group theory
10. Application of group theory to valence bond theory
11. Application of group theory to molecular orbital theory
12. Crystal field theory and IR spectra
Recommended Texts
1. Ramond, P. (2015). Group theory: a physicist's survey. UK: Cambridge University Press
2. Carter, N. (2009). Visual group theory. USA: Mathematical Association of America
Suggested Readings
1. Joyner, D. (2008). Adventures in group theory: Rubik's cube, Merlin's machine, and other
mathematical toys. Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2. Tinkham, M. (2003). Group theory and quantum mechanics. Dover Publications Inc.
3. Vincent, A. (2001). Molecular symmetry and group theory: a programmed introduction to
chemical applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
4. Related Research Papers
92

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REVISED SCHEME OF STUDIES &

Summary for BS 4 Year Program

Semester I – IV (For BS student with Pre-Medical Combinations in Intermediate)

Course Code Course Title Credits

Course Code Course Title Credits

Course Code Course Title Credits

Course Code Course Title Credits

List of Compulsory Courses

Course Code Title of the Course Credits

Semester with Research

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-6116 Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3(3+0)

Course Code Title of Course Credits

iii) Inorganic Chemistry

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-6122 Inorganic Polymers & Chemical Forces 3(3+0)

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Semester without Research

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-6119 Enzymes and Nutrition 3(3+0)

iii) Inorganic Chemistry

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-6122 Inorganic Polymers & Chemical Forces 3(3+0)

iv) Organic Chemistry

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM- 6128 Statistical and Quantum Mechanics 3(3+0)

Course Code Title of the Course Credits

Semester with Research

Field of specialization will remain same as opted in semester VII

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

iii) Inorganic Chemistry

Course Code Title of Course Credits

iv) Organic Chemistry

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Field of specialization will remain same as opted in semester 3rd.

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

iii) Inorganic Chemistry

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-6138 Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry 3(3+0)

Course Code Title of Course Credits

Course Code Title of Course Credits

CHEM-5101 Physical Chemistry 4 (3+1)

1. Elementary Mathematics: Logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions, differentiation of

Physical Chemistry Lab

1. Determination of surface tension and Parachor value by stalagmometer.

Diversity of Plants Lab

1. Culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of microorganisms.

1. Bellinger, E. G. & Sigee, D. C. (2015). Freshwater algae. USA: Wiley Publishers.

1. Introduction: Classification of organisms, Evolutionary relationships and Tree diagrams:

computer must be used.

1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Endameba, Plasmodium, Trypanosome, Paramecium

1. Modulus of rigidity by static and dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle, Barton’s

1 Functions and their graphs