5 Lapisan Epidermis

5 LAPISAN EPIDERMIS
 The basal layer (stratum basale) is a single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells
on the basement membrane at the dermal-epidermal junction. Hemidesmosomes in
the basal cell membranes join these cells to the basal lamina, and desmosomes bind the
cells of this layer together in their lateral and upper surfaces. The stratum basale is
characterized by intense mitotic activity and contains, along with the deepest part of
the next layer, progenitor cells for all the epidermal layers. In addition to the basal stem
cells for keratinocytes found here, a niche for such cells also occurs in the hair follicle
sheaths that are continuous with the epidermis. The human epidermis is renewed
about every 15-30 days, depending on age, the region of the body, and other factors.
An important feature of all keratinocytes in the stratum basale is the cytoskeletal
keratins, intermediate filaments about 10 nm in diameter. During differentiation, the
cells move upward and the amount and types of keratin filaments increase until they
represent half the total protein in the superficial keratinocytes.
 The spinous layer (stratum spinosum) is normally the thickest layer, especially in the
epidermal ridges (Figures 18–2 and 18–3), and consists of generally polyhedral cells
having central nuclei with nucleoli and cytoplasm actively synthesizing keratins. Just
above the basal layer, some cells may still divide and this combined zone is sometimes
called the stratum germinativum. The keratin filaments assemble here into
microscopically visible bundles called tonofibrils, which converge and terminate at the
numerous desmosomes holding the cell layers together. The cells extend slightly around
the tonofibrils on both sides of each desmosome (and the extensions elongate if the
cells shrink slightly during histologic processing), leading to the appearance of many
short “spines” or prickles at the cell surfaces. The epidermis of thick skin subject to
continuous friction and pressure (such as the foot soles) has a thicker stratum spinosum
with more abundant tonofibrils and desmosomes.
 The granular layer (stratum granulosum) consists of three to five layers of flattened
cells, now undergoing the terminal differentiation process of keratinization. Their
cytoplasm is filled with intensely basophilic masses called keratohyaline granules. These
are dense, non-membrane-bound masses of filaggrin and other proteins associated with
the keratins of tonofibrils, linking them further into large cytoplasmic
structures.-/-/-/Characteristic features in cells of the granular layer also include Golgi-
derived lamellar granules, small ovoid (100 × 300 nm) structures with many lamellae
containing various lipids and glycolipids. Among the last activities of the keratinocytes,
the lamellar granules undergo exocytosis, producing a lipid-rich, impermeable layer
around the cells. This material forms a major part of the skin’s barrier against water loss.
Formation of this barrier, which appeared first in ancestral reptiles, was a key
evolutionary process that permitted animals to develop on land. Together,
keratinization and production of the lipidrich layer also have a crucial sealing effect in
skin, forming the barrier to penetration by most foreign materials.
 The stratum lucidum, found only in thick skin, consists of a thin, translucent layer of
flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes held together by desmosomes (Figures 18–2 and
18–5). Nuclei and organelles have been lost, and the cytoplasm consists almost
exclusively of packed keratin filaments embedded in an electron-dense matrix.
 The stratum corneum, consists of 15-20 layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with
birefringent filamentous keratins. Keratin filaments contain at least six different
polypeptides with molecular masses ranging from 40 to 70 kDa, synthesized during cell
differentiation in the immature layers. As they form, keratin tonofibrils become heavily
massed with filaggrin and other proteins in keratohyaline granules. By the end of
keratinization, the cells contain only amorphous. fibrillar proteins with plasma
membranes surrounded by the lipid-rich layer. These fully keratinized or cornified cells
called squames are continuously shed at the epidermal surface as the desmosomes and
lipid-rich cell envelopes break down.
(a) Micrograph shows the sequence of the epidermal layers in thick skin and the
approximate sizes and shape of keratinocytes in these layers. Also shown are the coarse
bundles of collagen in the dermis and on the far left, the duct from a sweat gland entering
the epidermis from a dermal papilla and coiling to a surface pore through all the strata.
(X100; H&E)
(b) Diagram illustrating the sequence of the epidermal layers also indicates the normal
locations of three important nonkeratinocyte cells in the epidermis: melanocytes, a
Langerhans cell, and a tactile Merkel cell.

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