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    Lesson 3 Science

    Uploaded by

    Yuri Gagarin
    The stratum granulosum contains keratinocytes that have become flatter and thicker, generating large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin proteins. These proteins accumulate as granules within the cells, giving the layer a grainy appearance. As the keratinocytes are pushed upward, their nuclei and organelles disintegrate, leaving behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and skin structures. The stratum corneum, the outermost epidermal layer, contains 15-30 layers of dry, dead keratinized cells that help prevent moisture loss and protect against abrasion. It is replaced every 4 weeks as cells

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    Lesson 3 Science

    Uploaded by

    Yuri Gagarin
    41 views2 pages
    The stratum granulosum contains keratinocytes that have become flatter and thicker, generating large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin proteins. These proteins accumulate as granules within the cells, giving the layer a grainy appearance. As the keratinocytes are pushed upward, their nuclei and organelles disintegrate, leaving behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and skin structures. The stratum corneum, the outermost epidermal layer, contains 15-30 layers of dry, dead keratinized cells that help prevent moisture loss and protect against abrasion. It is replaced every 4 weeks as cells

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    The stratum granulosum contains keratinocytes that have become flatter and thicker, generating large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin proteins. These proteins accumulate as granules within the cells, giving the layer a grainy appearance. As the keratinocytes are pushed upward, their nuclei and organelles disintegrate, leaving behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and skin structures. The stratum corneum, the outermost epidermal layer, contains 15-30 layers of dry, dead keratinized cells that help prevent moisture loss and protect against abrasion. It is replaced every 4 weeks as cells

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    41 views2 pages

    Lesson 3 Science

    Uploaded by

    Yuri Gagarin
    The stratum granulosum contains keratinocytes that have become flatter and thicker, generating large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin proteins. These proteins accumulate as granules within the cells, giving the layer a grainy appearance. As the keratinocytes are pushed upward, their nuclei and organelles disintegrate, leaving behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and skin structures. The stratum corneum, the outermost epidermal layer, contains 15-30 layers of dry, dead keratinized cells that help prevent moisture loss and protect against abrasion. It is replaced every 4 weeks as cells

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum begin the synthesis of keratin and release a water-repelling

    glycolipid that helps

    prevent water loss from the body, making the skin relatively waterproof. As new keratinocytes are
    produced atop the stratum

    basale, the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum are pushed into the stratum granulosum.

    Stratum Granulosum

    The stratum granulosum has a grainy appearance due to further changes to the keratinocytes as they
    are pushed from the

    stratum spinosum. The cells (three to five layers deep) become flatter, their cell membranes thicken,
    and they generate large

    amounts of the proteins keratin, which is fibrous, and keratohyalin, which accumulates as lamellar
    granules within the

    cells (see Figure 5.5). These two proteins make up the bulk of the keratinocyte mass in the stratum
    granulosum and give

    the layer its grainy appearance. The nuclei and other cell organelles disintegrate as the cells die, leaving
    behind the keratin,

    keratohyalin, and cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, the stratum corneum, and the
    accessory structures of

    hair and nails.

    Stratum Lucidum

    The stratum lucidum is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis located just above the
    stratum granulosum

    and below the stratum corneum. This thin layer of cells is found only in the thick skin of the palms, soles,
    and digits. The

    keratinocytes that compose the stratum lucidum are dead and flattened (see Figure 5.5). These cells are
    densely packed

    with eleiden, a clear protein rich in lipids, derived from keratohyalin, which gives these cells their
    transparent (i.e., lucid)

    appearance and provides a barrier to water.

    Stratum Corneum

    The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to the
    outside environment

    (see Figure 5.5). The increased keratinization (also called cornification) of the cells in this layer gives it its
    name. There are
    usually 15 to 30 layers of cells in the stratum corneum. This dry, dead layer helps prevent the
    penetration of microbes and the

    dehydration of underlying tissues, and provides a mechanical protection against abrasion for the more
    delicate, underlying

    layers. Cells in this layer are shed periodically and are replaced by cells pushed up from the stratum
    granulosum (or stratum

    lucidum in the case of the palms and soles of feet). The entire layer is replaced during a period of about
    4 weeks. Cosmetic

    procedures, such as microdermabrasion, help remove some of the dry, upper layer and aim to keep the
    skin looking “fresh”

    and healthy.

    Dermis

    The dermis might be considered the “core” of the integumentary system (derma- = “skin”), as distinct
    from the epidermis

    (epi- = “upon” or “over”) and hypodermis (hypo- = “below”). It contains blood and lymph vessels,
    nerves, and other

    structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of conn

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