THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)-BASED

TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM

Auwal Lawal

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

August, 2024

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THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)-BASED

TRANSFORMER MONITORING SYSTEM

Auwal Lawal

17/48344D/2

EE510 Project and Seminar II

Supervisor: Prof. Y. S. Haruna

A Project submitted

To the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

August, 2024

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

Electricity is an essential form of energy that plays a crucial role in modern industrial societies.

Power systems, which are highly complex and non-linear, are interconnected for economic

efficiency, increased reliability, and operational benefits. When used under optimal conditions,

distribution transformers have a long operational life. However, factors such as overloading can

significantly shorten their lifespan, leading to unexpected breakdowns and power outages, which

in turn, negatively impact system reliability. Overheating due to excess load and inadequate

cooling are the primary causes of transformer failures.

Most power companies utilize Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems for

transformer monitoring. However, extending these systems to distribution transformers is often

cost-prohibitive, leaving manual inspections as the standard practice. Unfortunately, this method

does not capture transient overloads or temperature spikes in transformer oil and windings, both

of which can reduce the transformer’s service life.

An IoT-based system that allows real-time monitoring of key operational parameters offers a

better solution. Such a system can provide continuous data about the health of transformers,

allowing power utilities to manage them more efficiently and extend their operational lifespan.

The proposed system, which relies on microcontroller-based embedded technology, is designed

to be cost-effective, energy-efficient, and reliable. Significant cost savings, power consumption

and greater reliability.

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1.2 Problem Statement

The traditional approach to monitoring step down transformers presents several challenges,

including delayed detection of faults, high maintenance costs, and potential power outages.

There is a pressing need for a more efficient and effective solution to monitor these critical assets

in real time. This study proposes the design and implementation of an IoT-based monitoring

system for medium-voltage transformers within a defined geographical area.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to focus on the design and implementation of an IoT-based monitoring

system for step-down transformers within a defined geographical area.

The primary objectives of this study are:

1. To design an IoT-based monitoring system for step down transformers.

2. To select and integrate appropriate sensors for monitoring key parameters of

transformers.

3. To develop a user-friendly interface for visualizing and analyzing the collected data.

5. To evaluate the system's performance within the constraints of budget, technological

availability, and implementation timeframe.

1.4 Significance of the Project

This project has the potential to transform how step-down transformers are

monitored and maintained. By adopting IoT technologies, the system enables real-

time fault detection, reduces downtime, and lowers maintenance costs. Additionally,

the system serves as a model for broader implementation in other areas,

contributing to the growing use of IoT in the energy sector.

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1.4 JUSTIFICATION

The project focuses on enhancing the reliability and efficiency of power distribution

by using sensors to monitor essential parameters like temperature, humidity,

voltage, and oil levels in transformers. Both wired and wireless communication

methods will ensure the reliable collection and transmission of data. Moreover, the

user interface will facilitate real-time monitoring and provide alerts for issues that

need immediate attention. The project takes budget, technology, and time

constraints into account, aiming to deliver a scalable solution that extends

transformer life and prevents power outages.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly impacted various
industries by enabling enhanced monitoring, control, and automation. One of the
key applications of IoT is in electrical power systems, particularly in the monitoring of
medium-voltage transformers. These transformers are essential components in the
electrical grid, acting as intermediaries between high-voltage transmission and low-
voltage distribution networks. Their reliable and efficient operation is crucial for
maintaining the stability and quality of power supply.

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IoT-based systems for transformer monitoring utilize networks of sensors and
communication technologies to gather real-time data from the transformers. This
data is then transmitted to centralized systems where it is analysed to identify
abnormalities, predict failures, and optimize maintenance schedules. The primary
goal of these systems is to enhance the reliability of transformer operations,
minimize downtime, and reduce maintenance costs.

This chapter reviews existing literature on key aspects of designing and

implementing IoT-based monitoring systems for medium-voltage transformers. It
focuses on critical components such as sensor selection and integration, data
transmission methods, user interface development, and considerations for budget,
technology availability, and implementation timelines.

2.2 Theoretical Background

The design of IoT-based monitoring systems for medium-voltage transformers

requires a multidisciplinary understanding of electrical engineering, sensor

technologies, communication methods, and data analysis. These systems rely on the

IoT framework, which interconnects various devices and sensors to enable real-time

data collection, transmission, and analysis.

Key elements of the IoT framework include devices and sensors, connectivity, data

processing, and user interfaces. Sensors are used to monitor critical parameters like

temperature, humidity, voltage, current, and oil levels in transformers. Connectivity

options, such as wired or wireless methods, ensure that the collected data reaches a

central system for analysis. Data processing uses algorithms to detect anomalies and

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optimize maintenance schedules, while the user interface enables operators to

monitor transformer performance and respond to issues.

2.3 Sensor Selection and Integration

Sensors are vital to the performance of an IoT-based monitoring system.

Transformers operate under varying environmental and electrical conditions,

requiring constant monitoring of parameters such as temperature, humidity, voltage,

current, and oil levels. Selecting the appropriate sensors is crucial for achieving

accurate, reliable, and cost-effective monitoring.

Temperature sensors: Devices like thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors

(RTDs), and infrared sensors provide critical data on a transformer’s thermal

condition, which is a key indicator of its health.

Humidity sensors: Capacitive and resistive humidity sensors detect moisture levels,

which can damage transformer insulation and lead to electrical failures.

Voltage and current sensors: Current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers

(PTs) monitor the electrical parameters of transformers to identify abnormal

operating conditions.

Oil level sensors: Ultrasonic and float-type sensors are crucial for monitoring the oil

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levels that serve as the cooling and insulation medium in transformers.

2.4 Data Transmission Methods

Reliable data transmission is a crucial element of IoT-based systems. Data must be

transmitted from the sensors to the central system without loss or delays. Both

wired and wireless communication options have their advantages and challenges.

Wired communication: Methods like Ethernet and RS-485 provide high reliability and

speed but can be costly to install and maintain.

Wireless communication: Technologies like Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and LoRaWAN offer

flexibility and ease of installation, although they may have trade-offs in terms of

range, power consumption, and susceptibility to interference.

2.5 User Interface Development

The development of a user-friendly interface is essential for the efficient use of the

monitoring system. The interface acts as the bridge between the system and its

users, providing real-time monitoring, alerts, and historical data analysis. A well-

designed interface, often web-based or a mobile application, allows operators to

interpret data, respond to alerts, and make informed decisions regarding

transformer operation and maintenance.

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2.6 Practical Considerations

Several practical considerations affect the design and implementation of IoT-based

monitoring systems, including budget constraints, technological availability, and

implementation timeframes.

Budget constraints: Cost-effective solutions are necessary, but system performance

should not be compromised. Open-source technologies and affordable hardware

options can be considered to keep costs within budget.

Technological availability: The choice of sensors, communication protocols, and

platforms depends on the availability of technology. Widely supported and

documented technologies are preferred for ease of maintenance and scalability.

Implementation timeframe: The system’s implementation should follow a structured

plan, with timelines for initial research, prototype development, testing, and full

deployment.

2.7 Review of Existing Studies

Several studies highlight the effectiveness of IoT-based monitoring systems for

transformers. Radwan and Saad (2018) point out that IoT systems allow continuous

real-time monitoring of key transformer parameters, which improves operational

efficiency and reduces maintenance costs. Similarly, Sánchez et al. (2020) emphasize

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the role of such systems in early fault detection, which prevents significant outages

and enhances predictive maintenance

In Conclusion the integration of IoT technology in transformer monitoring systems

offers several benefits, including real-time data collection, early fault detection, and

predictive maintenance. A well-designed system requires careful selection of

sensors, reliable data transmission methods, and a user-friendly interface. Practical

considerations such as cost, technology availability, and implementation timelines

must also be addressed to ensure a successful deployment. Future research should

focus on developing more advanced algorithms for predictive maintenance and

exploring new sensor technologies to further improve the reliability and efficiency of

these systems.

2.3 Literature Review

The integration of IoT in monitoring medium-voltage transformers has garnered

substantial attention due to its potential to enhance reliability and operational

efficiency. Radwan and Saad (2018) highlight that IoT-based systems provide

continuous, real-time monitoring of critical parameters such as temperature,

humidity, voltage, current, and oil levels, which are essential for maintaining

transformer health and preventing failures. Sánchez et al. (2020) also emphasize the

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capability of these systems to allow early detection of issues and facilitate preventive

maintenance, significantly reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

The selection of appropriate sensors is crucial for accurate data collection in IoT-

based transformer monitoring systems. Li et al. (2019) explain that temperature

sensors are essential for detecting overheating, a common precursor to transformer

failure. Dastjerdi et al. (2018) point out that humidity sensors help identify moisture

ingress, which can lead to insulation breakdown. Additionally, Martínez et al. (2020)

note that voltage and current sensors monitor electrical parameters critical to

transformer operation, while oil level sensors ensure the integrity of the insulating

oil vital for the transformer’s cooling system.

Effective data transmission methods are fundamental to the success of IoT-based

monitoring systems. Guo et al. (2017) discuss that both wired options, such as

Ethernet, and wireless technologies, like Wi-Fi and Zigbee, are employed to ensure

timely and reliable data transfer. Ahmed et al. (2020) mention that each method has

its advantages and challenges; wired methods offer high reliability but may incur

higher installation costs, while wireless methods provide flexibility and lower

installation costs but can be susceptible to signal interference and security issues.

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The development of a user-friendly interface is vital for enabling operators to

interpret data, respond to alerts, and perform historical data analysis efficiently.

Rinaldi et al. (2019) argue that a well-designed interface provides real-time

monitoring, intuitive dashboards, and visualization tools, enhancing the usability and

effectiveness of the monitoring system. Ferreira et al. (2021) add that such interfaces

ensure operators can quickly identify and address potential issues, improving overall

system reliability and performance.

Budget constraints and technological availability significantly impact the design and

implementation of IoT-based monitoring systems. Rahman et al. (2020) suggest that

cost-effective solutions often rely on off-the-shelf components and open-source

software, which provide adequate functionality while keeping costs low. Zhu et al.

(2019) further elaborate that scalable and modular designs allow for future upgrades

and expansions without substantial investments, ensuring the system remains up-to-

date with technological advancements.

The implementation timeframe for IoT-based monitoring systems can be optimized

through agile development methodologies and prototyping. Singh et al. (2018)

describe how these approaches allow for rapid development and deployment,

ensuring that the systems meet operational needs promptly. Patel et al. (2017)

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emphasize that continuous collaboration with stakeholders and iterative testing and

refinement ensure the final system aligns with user requirements and expectations.

Kumar et al. (2021) support this by highlighting the importance of stakeholder

feedback in refining system functionality.

Overall, IoT-based monitoring systems represent a significant advancement in

transformer maintenance and management. Radwan and Saad (2018) and Martínez

et al. (2020) both note that these systems offer enhanced capabilities for real-time

monitoring and predictive maintenance, leading to improved reliability, efficiency,

and cost-effectiveness in managing medium-voltage transformers. Future research

should focus on developing advanced algorithms for predictive maintenance and

exploring new sensor technologies to further enhance these systems' capabilities.

MATERIAL AND MEHOD

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

1) POWER SUPPLY

The power supply circuit consists of step down transformer which is 230v step down to 12v. In

this circuit four diodes are used to form bridge rectifier which delivers pulsating dc voltage and

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then fed to capacitor filter the output voltage from rectifier is fed to filter to eliminate any a.c.

components present even after rectification. The filtered DC voltage is given to regulator to

produce 12v constant DC voltage.

Figure 2: - Regulated Power Supply

2) TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more

circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux,

which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the

same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic

connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described the

induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the alternating voltages in electric power

applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits.

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 Figure 3: - Step Down Transformer

3) 1N4007 DIODES

A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the current

should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be identified by using

a grey bar as shown in the picture above.

For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks up to 30A.

Hence it can be used in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse current is 5uA

which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.

Figure 4: 1N4007 Diodes

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Features:

Average forward current is 1A

Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A

Reverse current is 5uA.

Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V

Power dissipation 3W

Available in DO-41 Package

Pin Description:

Table 1: Pin Description of 1N4007 Diodes

Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 Anode Current always Enters through Anode

2 Cathode Current always Exits through Cathode

Usage:

It is used to convert AC mains supply voltage into DC voltage. It will be finally provided to DC

motor.

4) 47uF/25V CAPACITOR

Capacitor is a passive component which can store a charge (Q). This charge (Q) will be a product

of the value of capacitance (C) and the voltage (V) applied to it. The value of the capacitance and

Voltage of a capacitor will be mentioned on its label.

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Figure 5: 47uF/25V Capacitors

Features:

Capacitor Type - Electrolytic

Has a high range of capacitance value starting from 0.01uF to 10000uF

Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V

Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature

Pin Diagram:

Figure 6: Pin diagram of 47uF/25V Capacitors

The Electrolytic Capacitors have polarity. Meaning they have a positive and negative pin. The

pin which is long is the positive pin and the pin which is short is the negative pin. You can also

identify the polarity using the negative strip on the capacitor label. As shown in the picture above

the negative pin will be directly under the negative symbol.

Usage:

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It is used to convert the pulsating DC voltage obtained from rectifier into pure DC voltage. It acts

as filter for DC voltage.

5) VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805

A LM7805 Voltage Regulator is a voltage regulator that outputs +5 volts. 7805 IC, a member of

78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular

voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC).

Features:

Input voltage range 7V- 35V

Current rating = 1A

Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V

Pin Diagram:

Figure 7: Pin diagram of Voltage Regulator LM7805

Table 2: Pin Description of Voltage Regulator LM7805

Pin No. Pin Function Description

In this pin of the IC positive

Input voltage
1 INPUT unregulated voltage is given in
(7V-35V)
regulation.

2 GROUND Ground (0V) In this pin where the ground is given.

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 This pin is neutral for equally the input

and output.

Regulated
The output of the regulated 5V volt is
3 OUTPUT output; 5V
taken out at this pin of the IC regulator.
(4.8V-5.2V)

Usage:

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not providing fixed voltage

outputs. A voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value.

6) ULN 2803 RELAY DRIVER

The ULN2803A device is a 50 V, 500 mA Darlington transistor array. The device consists of

eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp

diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of each Darlington pair is 500

mA. The Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for higher current capability.

Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas

discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2803A device has a 2.7-kΩ series base

resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.

Features:

• 500-mA-Rated Collector Current (Single Output)

• High-Voltage Outputs: 50 V

• Output Clamp Diodes

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• Inputs Compatible with Various Types of Logic

Pin Description:

Pin diagram of ULN2803A is shown in figure 4.4 below and description of all the pins is given

in table 4.3 below.

Figure 8: Pin diagram of ULN2803A

Table 3: Pin Description of ULN2803A

Pin Number Description

BASE CONNECTIONS for DARLINGTON ARRAYs

1 1B-BASE of 1st TRANSISTOR

2 2B- BASE of 2nd TRANSISTOR

3 3B- BASE of 3rd TRANSISTOR

4 4B- BASE of 4th TRANSISTOR

5 5B- BASE of 5th TRANSISTOR

6 6B- BASE of 6th TRANSISTOR

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 7 7B- BASE of 7th TRANSISTOR

8 8B- BASE of 8th TRANSISTOR

SHARED TERMINALS

9 GND- EMITTER of all TRANSISTORs

10 COM- Common cathode (Negative) node for flyback diodes.

COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS for DARLINGTON ARRAYs

11 8C-COLLECTOR of 8th TRANSISTOR

12 7C-COLLECTOR of 7th TRANSISTOR

13 6C-COLLECTOR of 6th TRANSISTOR

14 5C-COLLECTOR of 5th TRANSISTOR

15 4C-COLLECTOR of 4th TRANSISTOR

16 3C-COLLECTOR of 3rd 6thTRANSISTOR

17 2C-COLLECTOR of 2nd TRANSISTOR

18 1C-COLLECTOR of 1st TRANSISTOR

Usage: - It is used to drive the relay.

7) ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz

ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It

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contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with

a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from

all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it

features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial

converter.

MicrocontrollerATmega328

Operating Voltage5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S

RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

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The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The

power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-

to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-

positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and

Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to

20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and

the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and

damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows: •

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as

opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply

voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. •

5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the

board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or

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another regulated 5V supply. • 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.

Maximum current draw is 50 mA. • GND. Ground pins.

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),

digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or

receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of

20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).

Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins are connected to the

corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip . • External Interrupts: 2 and 3.

These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a

change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.

Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12

(MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by the

underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. • LED: 13. There is a

built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the

pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different

values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the

upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally,

some pins have specialized functionality: • I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)

communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board: • AREF.

Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). • Reset. Bring this line

LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the

one on the board.

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The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another

Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial

communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the

board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to

software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no

external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.. The Arduino software

includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino

board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the

USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on

pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's

digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino

software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino

Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your

board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes

preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an

external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference,

C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the

ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. The

ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU

bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board

(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software

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(Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can

use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).

8) LCD DISPLAY

LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven

segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are

limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of

refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the

data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which means that

they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They areused for writing different messages on

a miniature LCD.

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A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in

practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two

lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks,

mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its

own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer,

backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.

Pins Functions

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the

microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light

is built in). Their function is described in the table below:

Pin Logic
Function Name Description
Number State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 - Vdd

Control of 4 RS 0 D0 – D7 are interpreted as

1 commands

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 D0 – D7 are interpreted as

data

Write data (from controller to

0 LCD)
5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to
operating
controller)

0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
6 E
From 1 Data/commands are

to 0 transferred to LCD

7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

Data / 10 D3 0/1 Bit 3

commands 11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6

14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

LCD screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5x7 dot

matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are

displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as

Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have

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built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current

limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

METHOD:

The objective of this study is to design and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based

monitoring system for step down transformers within a specified geographical area. The scope

includes selecting and integrating sensors, designing data transmission methods, and developing

a user interface for real-time monitoring and alerts. Key considerations include budget

constraints, technological availability, and implementation timeframe.

1) Selection and Integration of Sensors

Sensor Types

The selection of appropriate sensors is crucial for monitoring the critical parameters of medium-

voltage transformers. The parameters to be monitored include:

2) Temperature: Monitored using thermocouples or RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors) to

prevent overheating.

Humidity: Measured using capacitive or resistive humidity sensors to detect moisture ingress.

Voltage and Current: Monitored using potential transformers (PTs) and current transformers

(CTs) respectively, to ensure the transformers operate within safe limits.

Oil Levels: Monitored using ultrasonic or capacitive level sensors to ensure proper insulation and

cooling.

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Sensor Integration

Integrating these sensors involves:

3) Mounting and Positioning: Proper installation on the transformer body to accurately capture

data.

Signal Conditioning: Converting raw sensor outputs into standardized signals for processing.

4) Calibration and Testing: Ensuring sensors are calibrated correctly to provide accurate

measurements. Regular testing under various conditions is necessary to validate performance.

Design and Implementation of Data Transmission Methods

Wired Transmission

For reliable data collection, especially in environments with high electromagnetic interference,

wired transmission methods can be employed. This includes:

5) Ethernet: Provides high-speed data transfer and reliability.

RS485: A robust protocol for industrial environments, capable of long-distance communication

with noise resistance.

Wireless Transmission

Wireless methods offer flexibility and ease of installation, particularly in geographically

dispersed areas. Options include:

Wi-Fi: Suitable for locations with existing network infrastructure. Provides high data rates but

limited range.

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network): Offers extended range and low power

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consumption, ideal for large geographical areas with low data rate requirements.

Cellular Networks (4G/5G): Ensure wide coverage and high data throughput, though they come

with higher operational costs.

Data Aggregation and Processing

Data from various sensors are aggregated using edge computing devices or microcontrollers

(e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi). These devices preprocess the data to reduce transmission load and

ensure timely updates. The processed data is then transmitted to a central server or cloud

platform for further analysis and storage.

6) Development of a User Interface

Real-Time Monitoring and Alerts

The user interface (UI) is a critical component for enabling real-time monitoring and proactive

maintenance. The UI is designed using web development frameworks such as React, Angular,

or Vue.js, ensuring a responsive and user-friendly experience. Key features include:

7) Dashboard: Displays real-time data on transformer status, including temperature, humidity,

voltage, current, and oil levels.

Alerts: Configurable thresholds trigger alerts via email, SMS, or push notifications for immediate

action in case of anomalies.

Historical Data Analysis

The UI also provides tools for historical data analysis, aiding in predictive maintenance and

decision-making. This involves:

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8) Data Visualization: Graphs and charts illustrating trends and patterns over time.

Reporting Tools: Generating detailed reports on transformer performance and maintenance logs.

Machine Learning Algorithms: Implementing predictive analytics to forecast potential failures

based on historical data trends.

Considerations for Implementation

9) Budget Constraints

To address budget constraints, cost-effective sensor options and transmission methods are

selected without compromising reliability. Open-source software and low-cost hardware (e.g.,

Arduino, Raspberry Pi) are utilized where feasible. Phased implementation allows for spreading

costs over time.

10) Technological Availability

The choice of technologies is guided by their availability and maturity in the market. Preference

is given to widely supported and documented technologies to ensure ease of maintenance and

scalability. Collaborations with local technology providers can enhance support and integration

efforts.

11) Implementation Timeframe

A realistic implementation timeframe is established, considering the following phases:

12) Initial Research and Planning: Identifying suitable sensors and technologies (1-2 months).

13) Prototype Development: Building and testing a small-scale prototype (3-4 months).

Pilot Testing: Deploying the system in a limited geographical area for real-world testing (3-

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6 months).

Full-Scale Implementation: Rolling out the system across the entire defined geographical area (6-

12 month.)

The successful implementation of an IoT-based monitoring system for step down transformers

involves careful selection and integration of sensors, robust data transmission methods, and a

comprehensive user interface. Addressing budget constraints, technological availability, and a

structured implementation plan ensures the project is both feasible and sustainable. Through real-

time monitoring and predictive analytics, the system aims to enhance the reliability and

efficiency of transformer operations within the specified geographical area.

EXPECTED RESULT

 Comprehensive Sensor Integration:

Successful selection and integration of appropriate sensors to monitor temperature,

humidity, voltage, current, and oil levels in medium-voltage transformers.

Reliable sensor readings within specified accuracy and precision levels for each

parameter.

 Efficient Data Transmission System:

Implementation of both wired and wireless data transmission methods.

Consistent and reliable data transfer with minimal latency and data loss.

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 Demonstrated compatibility of transmission systems with the existing network

infrastructure.

 Robust User Interface:

Development of an intuitive and user-friendly interface for real-time monitoring of

transformer parameters.

Implementation of alert mechanisms for critical conditions and parameter thresholds.

Provision of historical data analysis and visualization tools for trend analysis and

predictive maintenance.

 Operational Reliability:

System operates effectively within the defined geographical area, considering

environmental and logistical challenges.

Ensures continuous monitoring and timely response to potential issues.

Budget and Technological Feasibility:

Project completion within the allocated budget, with detailed documentation of cost

management.

Utilization of commercially available technologies to ensure cost-effectiveness and ease

of maintenance.

 Timely Implementation:

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 Adherence to the project timeline, with milestones met according to the project schedule.

Successful testing and deployment of the system within the defined timeframe.

 Scalability and Future Integration:

Design of the system to allow for future scalability and integration with other monitoring

or management systems.

Recommendations for potential enhancements and upgrades based on initial

implementation feedback.

REFERENCES

Gungor, V. C., Lu, B., & Hancke, G. P. (2010). Opportunities and challenges of wireless sensor

networks in smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 57(10), 3557-3564.

Ahmad, T., Chen, H., & Chen, L. (2019). Review of the current status, future prospects, and

research challenges of the Internet of Things in smart grids. Journal of Cleaner

Production, 223, 80-95.

Patel, H., & Shah, P. (2016). Sensor selection in IoT based on reliability, sensitivity, and cost.

Procedia Computer Science, 79, 697-704.

Tan, Z., Siau, K., & Lee, K. S. (2014). Designing a human-centric interface for a smart home.

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 30(5), 385-403.

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Li, H., Sun, B., & Lu, Z. (2018). An IoT-based monitoring system for high voltage transformers.

IEEE Access, 6, 54879-54888.

Raza, U., Kulkarni, P., & Sooriyabandara, M. (2017). Low power wide area networks: An

overview. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(2), 855-873.

CONCLUSION

This system would be eliminating the requirement of human power and thus providing efficiency

and accuracy.
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The IOT based monitoring of distribution transformer is quite useful as compared to manual

monitoring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to monitor always the, ambient temperature

rise ,load current manually. After receiving of message of any abnormality we can take action

immediately to prevent any catastrophic failures of distribution transformers.

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