Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 107 views

    S-Domain Circuit Analysis: Operate Directly in The S-Domain With Capacitors, Inductors and Resistors

    Uploaded by

    jaspreet964
    This document discusses s-domain circuit analysis. Key points include: - Circuits can be analyzed directly in the s-domain, where linearity is preserved and circuits are described by ordinary differential equations. - Element and source transformations allow circuits to be converted between the time and s-domains. - Circuit analysis techniques like nodal analysis can be used directly in the s-domain. - Impedance and admittance represent proportionality factors relating voltages and currents in the s-domain. - Circuit responses are rational functions in s-domain analysis, allowing inverse Laplace transforms to find time-domain responses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    S-Domain Circuit Analysis: Operate Directly in The S-Domain With Capacitors, Inductors and Resistors

    Uploaded by

    jaspreet964
    107 views25 pages
    This document discusses s-domain circuit analysis. Key points include: - Circuits can be analyzed directly in the s-domain, where linearity is preserved and circuits are described by ordinary differential equations. - Element and source transformations allow circuits to be converted between the time and s-domains. - Circuit analysis techniques like nodal analysis can be used directly in the s-domain. - Impedance and admittance represent proportionality factors relating voltages and currents in the s-domain. - Circuit responses are rational functions in s-domain analysis, allowing inverse Laplace transforms to find time-domain responses.

    Original Title

    sdomain

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses s-domain circuit analysis. Key points include: - Circuits can be analyzed directly in the s-domain, where linearity is preserved and circuits are described by ordinary differential equations. - Element and source transformations allow circuits to be converted between the time and s-domains. - Circuit analysis techniques like nodal analysis can be used directly in the s-domain. - Impedance and admittance represent proportionality factors relating voltages and currents in the s-domain. - Circuit responses are rational functions in s-domain analysis, allowing inverse Laplace transforms to find time-domain responses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views25 pages

    S-Domain Circuit Analysis: Operate Directly in The S-Domain With Capacitors, Inductors and Resistors

    Uploaded by

    jaspreet964
    This document discusses s-domain circuit analysis. Key points include: - Circuits can be analyzed directly in the s-domain, where linearity is preserved and circuits are described by ordinary differential equations. - Element and source transformations allow circuits to be converted between the time and s-domains. - Circuit analysis techniques like nodal analysis can be used directly in the s-domain. - Impedance and admittance represent proportionality factors relating voltages and currents in the s-domain. - Circuit responses are rational functions in s-domain analysis, allowing inverse Laplace transforms to find time-domain responses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    s-Domain Circuit Analysis

    Operate directly in the s-domain with capacitors, inductors and resistors


    Key feature linearity is preserved Ccts described by ODEs and their ICs Order equals number of C plus number of L

    Element-by-element and source transformation Nodal or mesh analysis for s-domain cct variables Solution via Inverse Laplace Transform Why?
    Easier than ODEs Easier to perform engineering design Frequency response ideas - filtering
    165

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    Element Transformations
    Voltage source Time domain i(t)
    vS + _

    v(t) =vS(t) i(t) = depends on cct


    Transform domain

    V(s) =VS(s)=L(vS(t)) I(s) = L(i(t)) depends on cct


    Current source

    I(s) =L(iS(t)) V(s) = L(v(t)) depends on cct

    iS
    v(t)

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    166

    Element Transformations contd


    Controlled sources
    v1(t ) = v2 (t ) ! V1( s ) = V2 ( s ) i1(t ) = "i2 (t ) ! i1(t ) = gv2 (t ) !
    vSC (t ) = 0

    I1( s ) = "I 2 ( s ) I1( s ) = gV2 ( s )

    v1(t ) = ri2 (t ) ! V1( s ) = rI 2 ( s )

    Short cct, open cct, OpAmp relations


    iOC (t ) = 0 !

    ! VSC ( s ) = 0 I OC ( s ) = 0

    v N (t ) = vP (t ) ! VN ( s ) = VP ( s )

    Sources and active devices behave identically


    Constraints expressed between transformed variables This all hinges on uniqueness of Laplace Transforms and linearity
    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    167

    Element Transformations contd


    Resistors
    vR (t ) = RiR (t ) VR ( s ) = RI R ( s )
    dv (t ) iC (t ) = C C dt I C ( s ) = sCVC ( s ) ! CvC (0!)
    + vR

    iR

    iR (t ) = GvR (t ) I R ( s ) = GVR ( s )
    Z R ( s) = R

    + vC

    iC

    + vL

    iL

    Capacitors

    YR ( s ) =

    1t vC (t ) = " iC (# )d# + vC (0) C0 v ( 0) 1 IC (s) + C sC s 1 Z C (s) = sC 1t iL (t ) = " vL (# )d# + iL (0) L0 VC ( s ) =


    I L (s) = 1 i ( 0) VL ( s ) + L sL s Z L ( s ) = sL

    1 R

    Inductors
    diL (t ) vL (t ) = L dt VL ( s ) = sLI L ( s ) ! LiL (0)

    YC ( s ) = sC

    YL ( s ) =

    1 sL

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    168

    Element Transformations contd


    Resistor
    iR(t)
    + R

    IR(s)

    + R

    vR(t) -

    VR(s) -

    VR ( s ) = RI R ( s )

    Capacitor
    iC(t)
    + C vC(t) -

    IC(s)

    IC(s)
    +

    VC(s) -

    1 sC

    CvC (0)

    1 sC
    + _

    VC(s)

    I C ( s ) = sCVC ( s ) CvC (0)

    1 v (0) VC ( s ) = IC (s) + C sC s

    vC (0) s

    Note the source transformation rules apply!


    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    169

    Element Transformations contd


    Inductors
    VL ( s ) = sLI L ( s ) LiL (0) IL(s)
    +

    I L (s) =

    1 i (0) VL ( s ) + L sL s

    IL(s)
    sL + VL(s) + _ LiL(0) sL

    iL(t)
    + vL(t) VL(s)

    i L ( 0) s

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    170

    Example 10-1, T&R, 5th ed, p 456


    RC cct behavior
    Switch in place since t=-, closed at t=0. Solve for vC(t).
    t=0

    VA

    + vC -

    R I1(s) I2(s)

    1 sC

    CvC (0)

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    171

    Example 10-1 T&R, 5th ed, p 456


    RC cct behavior
    Switch in place since t=-, closed at t=0. Solve for vC(t).
    t=0

    VA

    + vC -

    R I1(s) I2(s)

    1 sC

    CvC (0)

    vC (0) = V A Initial conditions s-domain solution using nodal analysis V (s) V (s) I1( s ) = C I 2 (s) = C = sCVC ( s ) 1 R sC t-domain solution via inverse Laplace transform
    VA VC ( s ) = 1 s+ RC
    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    vc (t ) = V Ae

    !t

    RC u (t )

    172

    Example 10-2 T&R, 5th ed, p 457


    R

    Solve for i(t)


    R VAu(t) + _ L

    VA s

    + + _ I(s) + _ sL

    VL (s )
    -

    i(t)

    LiL(0)

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    173

    Example 10-2 T&R, 5th ed, p 457


    R

    Solve for i(t)


    R VAu(t) + _ L

    VA s

    + + _ I(s) + _ sL

    VL (s )
    -

    i(t)

    LiL(0)

    KVL around loop Solve


    VA

    VA ! ( R + sL) I ( s ) + LiL (0) = 0 s


    VA # & %iL (0) " V A ( R' R +$ s s+ RL

    I(s) =

    L + iL (0) = s s+ RL s+ RL

    Invert !

    Rt & #V A V A " Rt L + i (0)e" L u(t) Amps i(t) = % " e ( L R R $ '


    174

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    Impedance and Admittance


    Impedance (Z) is the s-domain proportionality factor relating the transform of the voltage across a two-terminal element to the transform of the current through the element with all initial conditions zero V (s) = Z(s)I(s) Admittance (Y) is the s-domain proportionality factor relating the transform of the current through a two-terminal element to the transform of the ! voltage across the element with initial conditions zero I(s) = Y (s)V (s) Impedance is like resistance Admittance is like conductance !
    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    175

    Circuit Analysis in s-Domain


    Basic rules
    The equivalent impedance Zeq(s) of two impedances Z1(s) and Z2(s) in series is Z eq ( s ) = Z1( s ) + Z 2 ( s ) Same current flows I(s)
    + V(s) -

    Z1 Z2

    V ( s ) = Z1( s ) I (s )+ Z 2 ( s ) I ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) I (s )

    The equivalent admittance Yeq(s) of two admittances Y1(s) and Y2(s) in parallel is Yeq ( s ) = Y1( s ) + Y2 ( s ) Same voltage I(s)
    + V(s) MAE140 Linear Circuits

    I ( s ) = Y1( s )V ( s ) + Y2 ( s )V ( s ) = Yeq ( s )V ( s )

    Y1

    Y2
    176

    Example 10-3 T&R, 5th ed, p 461


    Find ZAB(s) and then find V2(s) by voltage division
    A v1(t) + _ B L + C R v2(t) B A V1(s) + _ sL + R V2(s) -

    1 sC

    1 = + 1 = RLCs 2 + Ls + R Z eq ( s ) = sL + R sL 1+ sC RCs + 1 sC R

    & Z1( s ) # & # R V2 ( s ) = $ V1( s ) = $ V (s) ! 2 + sL + R ! 1 % RLCs " $ Z eq ( s ) ! % "

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    177

    Superposition in s-domain ccts


    The s-domain response of a cct can be found as the sum of two responses
    1. The zero-input response caused by initial condition sources, with all external inputs turned off 2. The zero-state response caused by the external sources, with initial condition sources set to zero Linearity and superposition

    Another subdivision of responses


    1. Natural response the general solution Response representing the natural modes (poles) of cct 2. Forced response the particular solution Response containing modes due to the input
    178

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    Example 10-6, T&R, 5th ed, p 466


    The switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t=0. Find the zero-state and zero-input components of V(s) Find v(t) for IA=1mA, L=2H, R=1.5K, C=1/6 F
    + v(t) IA L R C +
    t=0

    IA s

    sL

    1 sC

    V(s) RCIA -

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    179

    Example 10-6, T&R, 5th ed, p 466


    The switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t=0. Find the zero-state and zero-input components of V2(s) Find v(t) for IA=1mA, L=2H, R=1.5K, C=1/6 F
    + v(t) IA L R C +
    t=0

    IA s

    sL

    1 sC

    V(s) RCIA -

    IA IA C Vzs ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) = 1 RLs = Z eq ( s) = s s2 + 1 s + 1 2 + Ls + R 1 +1+ sC RLCs RC LC sL R RI A s Vzi ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) RCI A = 1 1 s2 + s+ RC LC180 MAE140 Linear Circuits

    Example 10-6 contd


    I C Vzs ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) A = s s2 + 1 s + 1 IA RC LC s RI A s Vzi ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) RCI A = 1 1 s2 + s+ RC LC IA
    +

    sL

    1 sC

    V(s) RCIA -

    Substitute values

    Vzs (s) =

    6000 3 "3 = + (s + 1000)(s + 3000) s + 1000 s + 3000 v zs (t) = 3e"1000t " 3e"3000t u(t)

    Vzi (s) =
    !

    1.5s "0.75 2.25 = + (s + 1000)(s + 3000) s + 1000 s + 3000 v zi (t) = "0.75e"1000t + 2.25e"3000t u(t)

    What are the natural and forced responses?


    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    181

    Example
    Formulate node voltage equations in the s-domain
    R1 v1(t) + _ C1 C2 R3 R2 + vx(t) + + vx(t) v (t) 2 -

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    182

    Example
    Formulate node voltage equations in s-domain
    R1 v1(t) + _ C1 C2 R3 R2 + vx(t) + + vx(t) v (t) 2 -

    A V1(s) + _

    R1

    B R3

    1 sC1
    C1vC1(0)

    C + Vx(s) -

    R2

    + Vx(s) V (s) 2 -

    1 sC2

    C2vC2(0)
    183

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    Example contd
    A V1(s) + _

    R1

    B R3

    1 sC1
    C1vC1(0)

    C + Vx(s) -

    R2

    + Vx(s) V (s) 2 -

    1 sC2

    C2vC2(0)

    Node A: V A ( s) = V1( s) Node B:

    Node D: VD ( s) = Vx ( s) = VC ( s)

    VB (s) " V A (s) VB (s) " VD (s) VB (s) + + 1 R1 R2 sC1 V (s) " VC (s) + B " C1vC1 (0) " C2vC 2 (0) = 0 1 sC2

    Node C:
    !

    "sC2VB (s) + [ sC2 + G3 ]VC (s) = "C2vC 2 (0)


    184

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    Example
    Find vO(t) when vS(t) is a unit step u(t) and vC(0)=0
    A vS(t) + _ R1 B C + C R2 D + vO(t)

    Convert to s-domain

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    185

    Example
    Find vO(t) when vS(t) is a unit step u(t) and vC(0)=0
    A vS(t) + _ R1 B C + VA(s) VS(s) + _ R1 CvC(0) C R2 D + vO(t)

    Convert to s-domain

    1 VB(s) sC VC(s) R2 VD(s)


    + -

    + VO(s)

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    186

    Example
    Nodal Analysis

    VA(s) VS(s) + _

    R1

    1 VB(s) sC VC(s) R2 VD(s)


    + -

    + VO(s)

    CvC(0) Node A: V A ( s ) = VS ( s ) Node D: VD ( s ) = VO ( s ) Node C: VC ( s ) = 0 Node B: (G1 + sC )VB ( s ) ! G1VS ( s ) = CvC (0) Node C KCL: ! sCVB ( s ) ! G2VO ( s ) = !CvC (0) Solve for VO(s) # sG1C & # & % R s G2 ( (V (s) VO (s) = "% VS (s) = "% 2 ) ( % R1 s + 1 ( S G1 + sC % ( R1C ' $ $ ' # & R s 1 ( 1 = "R2 ) = "% 2 ) % R1 s + 1 ( s R1 s + 1 R1C ' R1C $

    Invert LT
    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    t R2 R C vO (t ) = e 1 u (t ) R1

    187

    Features of s-domain cct analysis


    The response transform of a finite-dimensional, lumped-parameter linear cct with input being a sum of exponentials is a rational function and its inverse Laplace Transform is a sum of exponentials The exponential modes are given by the poles of the response transform Because the response is real, the poles are either real or occur in complex conjugate pairs The natural modes are the zeros of the cct determinant and lead to the natural response The forced poles are the poles of the input transform and lead to the forced response
    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    188

    Features of s-domain cct analysis


    A cct is stable if all of its poles are located in the open left half of the complex s-plane
    A key property of a system Stability: the natural response dies away as t Bounded inputs yield bounded outputs

    A cct composed of Rs, Cs and Ls will be at worst marginally stable


    With Rs in the right place it will be stable Z(s) and Y(s) both have no poles in Re(s)>0

    Impedances/admittances of RLC ccts are Positive Real or energy dissipating

    MAE140 Linear Circuits

    189

    You might also like