Up Development Report 2007

iii
v
vii
ix
PREFACE
The traditional way of measuring the quality of life of the people is generally based on
the economic growth and the per-capita income. But after the passage of time, it was realized
that the "trickle down effect" theory would not be sufficient to capture the intricate dimensions
of development in entirety and therefore, the direct anti-poverty programmes were also
required to hit the problem of poverty effectively. The impact of these efforts however, does
have some encouraging feature but the paradigm of civilization "that the extent to which the
weakest person of the society feels secured in that society" is yet to be translated into action.
In the above context, the UNDP introduced the concept of Human Development Index
to assess the quality of life of the masses. Conceptually, human development index is the
combination of the indices of education, health and livelihoods. Thus, the concept of human
development places people at the centre instead of macro level achievements. The human
development approach basically identifies three essential areas in which enlargement of peoples
choices must take place. These are for people, to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire
knowledge and to have access to the resources necessary for a decent standard of living.
Hence, HDR proposes composite indices that go beyond income based measures.
It is in the above background, an attempt has been made to prepare second Human
Development Report for Uttar Pradesh in pursuance of the methodology propounded by UNDP.
This report of Human Development for Uttar Pradesh includes three composite indices namely,
Human Development index (HDI), Gender Development index (GDI) and Human Deprivation
index in place of Human Poverty index (HPI) computed for the state as a whole alongwith the
districts. The Report incorporates latest information as far as possible in every dimension.
The results and recommendations of the report are indicative and point towards planning for
further development of the State. The report also indicates a suitable pattern of human
development at more disaggregated level (district level) in the state in order to provide a
base for the accelerated development of those districts and regions, which are lagging
behind in terms of human development.
The Report on UPHDR II includes nine chapters. In the first chapter, a brief profile of
"Uttar Pradesh economy and Society" has been given along with important sectoral status like
agriculture, industry, power, irrigation, transport, education, health, drinking water etc. The
chapter depicts the fiscal situation of the State also.
The second chapter discusses "The Status of Human Development" in Uttar Pradesh.
"The Status of Education in Uttar Pradesh" is highlighted in the third chapter including public-
private partnership and financing education alongwith empowerment of teachers and
community support. The fourth chapter gives an analysis of " The Condition of Health in Uttar
Pradesh" including mortality rate, morbidity, child health and nutritional status, maternal
health and key challenges in improving the health status of the masses in Uttar Pradesh.
The fifth chapter is titled "Economic well- being in Uttar Pradesh." It deals with per
capita income, sectoral growth, employment and unemployment, labour productivity and
challenges of unemployment and poverty eradication in U.P. "Status of women in Uttar Pradesh"
is being dealt with in the sixth chapter. This chapter provides a deep analysis of the status of
women in Uttar Pradesh. The seventh chapter incorporates "Human Development and Social
Groups in Uttar Pradesh" in terms of education, health, employment, income, basic amenities
and security.
In the eighth chapter "Governance and Human Development in Uttar Pradesh" has been
focussed. The chapter includes issues of governance, effectiveness of public programmes,
right to information, security and Panchayati Raj institutions. The last chapter includes the
important points relating to "Future challenges and strategies" for Human Development in
the State.
xi
According to the National Human Development Report (Planning Commission 2001) U.P.
ranked 14th in 1991 having human development index value at 0.314 among 15 major states
of the country. However, the rank of U.P. improved to 13th position in 2001 having corresponding
index value at 0.388. The all India average in 1991 and 2001 were 0.381 and 0.472 respectively.
For this report, however, HDI for 17 major states and all India have been computed for
the years 2001 and 2005 using the three indicators namely, per capita income, infant mortality
rate and literacy. On this basis, the results indicate that U.P. occupied 15th rank among 17
major states in 2001 having human development index value at 0.5442 against all India average
of 0.6281. However, in the year 2005, UP's rank slightly slipped to 16th position (just above
Bihar only) but the absolute value of human development index increased to 0.5709 against
all India average of 0.6639.
There is a considerable range of variation in HDI value at the district level. In 2005, the
top ranked district is Gautam Buddha Nagar with a HDI value of 0.7017 while at the bottom
lies the district Shrawasti with a HDI value of 0.4132. In the top ten districts, seven districts
belong to the Western Region, rest three being Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow and Jhansi. For Kanpur
Nagar and Lucknow, relatively high urbanisation seems to be a contributing factor for their
higher ranks in HDI. To some extent, this is true for other top ranked districts also.
Among the bottom ten districts, 8 belong to the Eastern Region of state and two (Rampur
and Badaun) belong to the Western region. The reason for Rampur and Badaun, the districts
belonging to the relatively developed Western region is that these districts have low literacy
rate and also high infant mortality rate. This again confirms that income alone cannot ensure
human development. Even in the Western region, there are districts other than Rampur and
Badaun that have low ranks in terms of HDI. For example, districts like Moradabad, Bareilly,
Shahjahanpur and Hardoi have much lower ranks in HDI. On the other hand, in the Eastern
region, districts like Varanasi, Chandauli, Allahabad, Gorakhpur and Mau have relatively
higher ranks in HDI. In the Bundelkhand region, Jhansi is in the top ten districts, while Mahoba,
Hamirpur and Banda occupy middle ranks. In the Central region, Rae Bareli, Sitapur, Barabanki
and Pratapgarh have low HDI rank, though Kanpur Nagar and Lucknow are in the top bracket.
Thus, there is considerable intra-regional variation in HDI. These facts are indicative of the
fact that though, the rank of U.P. in respect of Human Development Index still finds its place
in lowest quadrant, the absolute value of human development index has improved over the
years. This calls for further concerted efforts to improve the HDI in the State.
I hope this endeavour of Planning Department, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh will be of immense
use in designing and implementing policies and programmes that are conducive to human
development in Uttar Pradesh. I would like to place my appreciation on record for Director,
Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow for his valuable contribution in coordinating
with various experts and academicians who have drafted the various chapters of the report.
I also thank the Principal Secretaries/Secretaries of the concerned departments of Govt. of
U.P. for providing their valuable suggestions and latest informations in respect of human
development in the State. I also appreciate the dedication and hard work of the Director and
officers of Area Planning Division, Planning Department, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh for their hard
work and efforts in giving a final shape to the Report.
( V. Venkatachalam )
Principal Secretary
Planning Department
Govt. of Uttar Pradesh
Lucknow
xii
Acknowledgement
The Government of Uttar Pradesh decided to bring out the Human Development
Report of Uttar Pradesh in 1999. The first report for the state was published last year
which depicted the status of human development in the state and its districts at the
turn of the millennium. The report had an encouraging response from various sections.
It was, therefore decided to bring out the report at regular interval with up to date
information. The present report is the second in the series. The latest available data
up to the year 2006-07 have been used in different Chapters to depict the latest
situation of the State in respect of various parameters relating to human development
index.
Although the UPHDR has been written on behalf of the Department of Planning,
Government of Uttar Pradesh, in close consultation with several departments and
their heads, by deliberate intent, this report contains an independent assessment of
the State of human development in UP.
The second Human Development Report of Uttar Pradesh is the collective
endeavour of a large number of persons, both inside and outside the government of Uttar
Pradesh. The report was prepared under the overall guidance of Shri V. Venkatachalam,
Principal Secretary Planning, Shri Sunil Kumar and Shri Umesh Sinha, Secretaries in
the Planning Department and the then Special Secretary Planning, Shri Arvind Narayan
Mishra.
The Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow was entrusted the task of
coordinating and preparing the report on behalf of the Planning Department. The
overall coordination and editing was done by Prof. A.K. Singh, Director, Giri Institute
of Development Studies, Lucknow.
The background papers for the Report were written by a team of experts outside
government and covered the following themes: (i) Overview of the State economy
(Prof. A. K. Sengupta), (ii) Status of Human Development (Prof. Yashvir Tyagi), (iii)
education (Prof. Mohd. Muzammil, (iv) Health (Dr. Arvind Mohan), (v) Economic Well
Being (Prof. A.K. Singh), (vi) Status of Women (Dr. Rakesh Chandra and Dr. Pooja
Juyal), (vii) social Groups (Dr. K.N. Bhatt), (viii) Governance and Human Development
(T.N. Dhar Retd. IAS) and (ix) Future Challenges & Strategies (Prof. Harsh Mohan).
Valuable contributions were made by Shri Arvind Kumar Tewari and R.B. Ram on Human
Development Indices, Manoj Dikshit on Governance Issues.
The district income figures were prepared by the Economic and Statistics Division,
State Planning Institute. Maps in the Report were digitised and prepared by Area
Planning Division, State Planning Institute.
The final report has been drafted by Prof. A. K. Singh. Valuable help in preparation
of report was provided by Nomita P. Kumar, Achala Srivastava and Tauheed Alam of
Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
During the preparation of the Report, constant support and feedback have been
received from a large number of the officers of Planning Department Government of
xiii
UP. Sri V.K. Verma, Senior Research Officer, Sri Abdul Wali Khan, Sri R.S. Lodhi, Sri T.
Prasad, Dr. A.K. Srivastava, Dr. A.K. Yadav, Research Officers and Sri Harish Sharma,
P.A. Area Planning Division, State Planning Institute, coordinated enthusiastically in
the preparation of report on behalf of the Planning Department. The Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, particularly its Director, Dr. Rajendra Tiwari and Additonal
Director Shri Arvind Kumar Tewari and his staff provided the statistical information
required for the report.
The draft background papers were enriched by the comments and feedback
from the participants of a review workshop which included Sri Santosh Mehrotra,
Advisor Planning Commission, Govt. of India and Sri Suraj Kumar, National Programme
Officer, U.N.D.P., New Delhi.
It is hoped this report will help in generating concern for the issues related to
human development in the most populous state of the country and provide important
inputs for adoption of appropriate policies and actions to improve the human
capabilities of the vast masses of the state.
( R.B. Ram )
Director
Area Planning Division
State Planning Institute,U.P.
Planning Department
Lucknow.
xiv
List of Tables
Table No. Table Title Page No.
1.1 Human Development Index for States, 1991 and 2001 1
1.2 Important Demographic Indicators for the Major States 2
1.3 Important Demographic Indicators for Uttar Pradesh and India 3
1.4 Trends in Total and Per Capita Income of India and Uttar Pradesh
at constant 1999-2000 Prices: 1999-2000 to 2005-06 5
1.5 Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of Total and Per Capita Income
in U.P. and India under the Plans 5
1.6 Per Capita Plan Expenditure of Uttar Pradesh and India 6
1.7 Annual Percentage Change in Output of Food Production and Value of

Agriculture Produce at 1999–2000 Prices during Nineth and Tenth Plan 7
1.8 Investment under Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum (IEM) in U.P.

and Rate of Implementation in Recent Years 8
1.9 Per Capita Aggregate Real Expenditures by State Governments between 1990-91 to 2000-01 11
1.10 Distribution of States according to the Ratio of Social Sector Expenditure to GSDP 12
1.11 Distribution of States According to the Ratio of Social Sector Expenditure to

Total Expenditure 12
1.12 Trends in Revenue and Fiscal Deficit in Uttar Pradesh 1991–2006 13
1.13 Trends in Capital Expenditure in U.P. 14
2.1 Variables Used in Constructing Human Development Indices 17
2.2 Human Development Index for Major States for 2001 and 2005
Based on UPHDR II Methodology 18
2.3 Progress of Human Development in U.P. 18
2.4 Districts Arranged According to Value of HDI, 2005 19
2.5 Districts Arranged According to the Value of GDI, 2005 24
2.6 Districts Arranged According to Improvement in GDI Between 2001 and 2005 25
2.7 Districts Arranged According to Deprivation Index, 2001 27
3.1 Educational Profile of Rural and Urban Population in U.P., 2004-05 31
3.2 Age Wise Attendance Rates in Educational Institutions, 2004-05 (%) 32
3.3 Literacy in UP by Sex and Area 1991 and 2001 (Percent) 33
xvii
3.4 Districts with Highest and Lowest Literacy Rates, 2001 35
3.5 School Education in U.P. at a Glance, 2004-05 & 2005-06 36
3.6 Region wise Number of Students per Educational Institution, 2004-05 39
3.7 Teacher Student Ratio in Different Regions in U.P., 2004-05 40
3.8 Course wise Seats in Technical Education Institutions in U.P. 49
3.9 Educational Expenditure as a Proportion of NSDP and Social Expenditure(%) 51
3.10 Expenditure on Education and Total Budgetary Expenditure (Revenue Account) 52
3.11 Composition of Education Expenditure (Percent) 52
3.12 TFC Grants In Aid For Education Sector to U.P. 53
4.1 Age wise, Sex wise Reported AIDS Cases in U.P., October 2005 63
4.2 Health Infrastructure in U.P. 74
4.3 Number of Medical and Paramedical Staff 76
4.4 Estimated Number of Medical Professional Required 76
4.5 Medical Practitioners and Beds Availability 77
4.6 Private Health Providers in U.P., 2000-01 77
4.7 Availability of Training Facilities for ANMs 78
4.8 Average Medical Expenditure Per Hospitalization Case In

Rural And Urban UP And India 79
4.9 Medical Expenditure(Rs) as Percentage to Total Expenditure Per Person Per 30 Days 79
5.1 Districts arranged in Descending Order of Per Capita NDDP, 2004-05 85
5.2 Annual Compound Growth Rate of Total Per Capita Net Regional Product since 1980-81(percent) 87
5.3 Districts with Highest and Lowest Compound Annual Growth Rate in
NDDP during 1993-94 and 2004-05 (percent) 89
5.4 Sectoral Composition of Net Regional Domestic Product (percent) 90
5.5 Districts with the Highest and Lowest Share of Different Sectors in District Income, 2004-05 90
5.6 Trends in Work Participation Rate (UPSS) 93
5.7 Percent Distribution of Total and Rural Workers (Main + Marginal) by

Industrial Category 1981, 1991 and 2001 94
5.8 Per 1000 Distribution of Usual Status Workers (Principal + Subsidiary)

by Sectors, 2004-05 95
5.9 Shifts in Sectoral Distribution of Workers: 1993-94 to 2004-05 95
5.10 Districts Arranged According To The Proportion of Workers in Non-Agricultural Sector, 2001 97
xviii
5.11 Annual Growth Rate Of Main And Marginal Workers 1981-2001 (%) 97
5.12 Compound Annual Growth Rate of Workers by Sectors: 1993-94 to 2004-05 (in %) 99
5.13 Districts With High and Low Growth Rate of Workers in Agriculture and
Non-agricultural Sectors 1991-2001 100
5.14 Trends in Organized Sector Employment (Nos.) 101
5.15 Sector-wise Per Worker NSDP at Constant 1993-94 Prices (Rs.) 102
5.16 Trends in Poverty Ratios in U.P. and India (%) 103
5.17 No. of Poor in U.P. by Area 104
5.18 Districts Classified According To Proportion of Rural Population

Below Poverty Line (%) 105
5.19 Poverty Incidence by Occupation of Household Head 107
5.20 Progress of Swarn Jayanti Swarozgar Yojana 108
5.21 Unemployment Rates (%) for Educated Labour Force (15 Years and Above), 2004-05 109
5.22 Unemployment Rates (%) among Youth by Age Group, 2004-05 110
5.23 Trends in Unemployment Rates (%) for Educated Labour Force (15 Years and Above) 111
5.24 Distribution of Usually Employed Persons Aged 15 Years and above

Who Sought Or Were Available for additional / Alternate Work (%) 111
5.25 Per Cent of Usually Employed (Principal and Subsidiary Status) reporting out
of Work by their Current Weekly and Daily Status, 1993-94 and 2004-05 112
5.26 Number of Job Seekers on Live Register of Employment Exchanges 112
5.27 Progress of Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana during 2003-06 113
6.1 Indicators of Gender Gap in Education 118
6.2 Status about Property Right of Women (Per Cent) 122
6.3 Percent of Women Holding Bank Account in their Name 123
6.4 Women Contestants and Winners in Lok Sabha and Assembly Elections(Nos.) 126
6.5 Who Governs the Decision to Vote (%) 127
6.6 Percentage of Women Representative Elected in the Panchayat Elections of 2005 127
6.7 Incidence of Crimes Committed against Women in U.P. During 2005 130
7.1 Religious Group-wise Population and Its Decadal Growth 1991-2001 138
7.2 Social-Group-wise Rural / Urban, Male / Female Population: U. P., 2001 (Nos.) 139
7.3 Distribution of Households by Social Groups U. P. & India, 2004-05 139
7.4 Social Group-wise Households with No Literate Adult (15 Years and above)
Member/ Adult Female Member, 2004-05 140
xix
7.5 Social Group-wise Distribution of Rural Persons (15 Years & Above)
by Level of General Education U. P., 2004-05 140
7.6 Social Group-wise Distribution of Urban Persons (15 Years and above)
by level of General Education U. P., 2004-05 141
7.7 Social Group wise current Attendance rates in Education Institutions for
Different Age Groups U. P., 2004-05 143
7.8 Social Group-wise Nutritional Status of Women U.P. & India, 1998-99 144
7.9 Social Group-wise Nutritional Status of Children under 3 years of Age

U.P. & India, 1998-99 145
7.10 Social Group-wise Total Fertility Rate: U.P. & India, 1998-99 145
7.11 Social Group-wise Use of Any Method of Family Planning for

Ever-Married Women 15-49 Years U.P. & India, 1998-99 146
7.12 Social Group-wise Births whose Mothers were assisted at the

Time of Delivery: U.P. & India, 1998-99 147
7.13 Social Group-wise Place of Child Delivery in U.P. and India, 1998-99 147
7.14 Social Group-wise Infant Mortality Rates U.P. & India, 1998-99 147
7.15 Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural / Urban Households

by Household Type U.P., 2004-05 149
7.16 Social Group Wise Distribution of Household Monthly

Per Capita Consumer Expenditure Class, Rural U.P., 2004-05 150
7.17 Social Group Wise Distribution of Household Monthly

Per Capita Consumer Expenditure Class, Urban U.P., 2004-05 151
7.18 Social Group-wise Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio(WPR)
and Proportion Unemployed(PU) According to Usual Status U.P. 2004-05 152
7.19 WPR (Rural + Urban) in U.P. for Persons of Age 15 Years and Above According to
Usual Status (PS+SS) for Different Level of General Education in U.P., 2004-2005 153
7.20 Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural Households by

Size Class of Land Possessed U. P., 2004-05 154
7.21 Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural Households by Size

Class of Land Cultivated U. P., 2004-05 155
7.22 Incidence of Crimes and Atrocities against SC, ST Social Groups U.P., 2003-2006 157
7.23 Indicators of Educational Progress of SC/ST and OBC Groups between

55th and 61st NSS Rounds 159
8.1 Indicators of U.P.’s Fiscal Health in Recent Years 166
8.2 Incidence of Main Crimes in Uttar Pradesh (2004-2006) 167
xx
List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title Page No.
1.1 Infant Mortality Rate in Major States of India (2005) 2
1.2 Decadal Rate of Population Growth in Major States of India1991-2001 4
1.3 Birth Rate, Dealth Rate & Natural Growth Rate in Major States of India (2005-06) 4
1.4 Average Annual Growth rate of UP and India Since 1951 5
1.5 CAGR (%) of Output, Area and Yield of Food grains 7
1.6 Trends in revenue and Fiscal Deficit in Uttar Pradesh 13
2.1 Ten Best Performing Districts In terms of HDI in 2005 19
2.2 Ten Worst Performing Districts In terms of HDI in 2005 19
2.3 Ten Best Performing Districts in terms of HDI in 1991 21
2.4 Ten Worst Performing Districts in term of HDI in 1991 21
2.5 Ten Best Performing Districts in Terms of HDI in 2001 21
2.6 Ten Worst Performing districts in terms of HDI in 2001 22
2.7 Top Ten Districts with Highest Improvement in HDI 1991-2001) 22
2.8 Bottom Ten Districts With Least Improvement in HDI – 1991-2001 22
2.9 Top Ten Districts with Highest Improvement in HDI (2001-2005) 23
2.10 Bottom Ten Districts with Least Improvement in HDI (2001-2005) 23
2.11 District showing Highest improvement in GDI during 2001-05 25
2.12 District showing Least improvement in GDI during 2001-05 26
2.13 Difference between HDI and GDI Highest and lowest in 2005 26
2.14 Deprivation Index in UP 2001 28
3.1 Educational Profile (Rural) 32
3.2 Educational Profile (Urban) 32
3.3 Age wise Attendance (Rural) 33
3.4 Age wise Attendance (Urban) 33
3.5 Literacy in UP by Sex and Area 34
3.6 No. of Junior Basic Schools 37
xxi
3.7 Number of Senior Basic Schools 37
3.8 Number of Secondary Schools 37
3.9 No. of Teachers in Lower Primary Schools 38
3.10 No. of Teachers in Upper Primary Schools 38
3.11 No. of Teachers in Secondary Schools 39
3.12 Enrollment in Junior Basic School 39
3.13 Enrolment in Senior Basic School 40
3.14 Enrolment in Secondary Schools 40
3.15 Educational Development Index 45
3.16 Education Expenditure as % of NSDP 51
3.17 Per Capita Real Expenditure on Education (ir Rs.) 51
4.1 NMR as a major constituent of IMR 55
4.2(A) Death per 1000 Live Births and Mother’s Age at the time of Birth 56
4.2(B) Death per 1000 live Births and Birth Order 57
4.2(C) Death per 1000 live Births And Previous Birth Intervals 57
4.3 IMR by Location 58
4.4 Infant Mortality Trends In UP 58
4.5 Total Malaria Cases in UP 2000-05 61
4.6 Japanese Encephalitis Incidence in India 61
4.7 Trends of the number of cases and deaths from Japanese Encephalitis 2000-05 in U.P. 61
4.8 Case Detection 2001 and Treatment Success Rate (2000) in RNTCP areas 64
4.9 National Annual Case Detection Rate And Treatment Success Rate,from 2000 to 2005 64
4.10 Trends in Any Antenatal Care (%) (Births in the last 3 years) 65
4.11 Full ANC 65
4.12 Safe Delivery 66
4.13 Trends in Institutional Deliveries(%) 67
4.14 % of Mothers Who Delivered Child in Any Health Facility in UP 2005 67
4.15 % of Mothers Whose Delivery was assisted by any Health Professional in UP 67
4.16 Trends in Vaccination Coverage 68
4.17 Fully Vaccinated Children(%) 68
xxii
4.18 Trends in Children Nutritional Status 71
4.19 Utilization of Out-Patient Services in Public and Private Sector 75
4.20 Utilization of Inpatient Services in Public and Private Sectors 75
4.21 Reasons for Absence of Doctors by State 77
4.22 Proportion of Private and Public Spending on Health 79
5.1 Region wise Net Per Capita Domestic Product 2004-05 (at Current Prices) 84
5.2 Trends in Disparities in Per Capita NDDP (at Current Prices) 86
5.3 Compound Annual Growth Rate in Sectoral Net Regional Domestic

Product, 1993-94 to 2004-05(%) 88
5.4 Worker Distribution (Main+Marginal) by Industrial Category (%) 94
5.5 Distribution of Usual Status Workers (PS+SS) by Sectors 2004-05 96
5.6 Regionwise Share of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Workers (%) 96
5.7 CAGR of Workers by Sectors: 1993-94 to 2004-05 99
5.8 Percent Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment in U.P. 100
5.9 Regional Trends in Poverty (%) 104
5.10 Poverty incidence by Social Group (%) 106
5.11 Rural Poverty Incidence by Land Ownership 106
5.12 Poverty Incidence by Level of Education of the Household Head 107
5.13 Unemployment Rates in U.P. and India as Percent of Labour Force 2004-05 109
5.14 Recent Trends in Unemployment Rates in U.P. as percent of Labour Force 110
5.15 Educational Level of Job Seekers on Live Registers of Employment Exchanges, 2004 113
6.1 Trends in Institutional Deliveries (%) 120
6.2 Trends in Any Antenatal Care (%) 120
6.3 Trends in Contraceptive Use (%) 121
6.4 Women in the U.P. Legislative Assembly 126
6.5 Incidence of Crime Committed Against Women in Large Cities of U.P., 2005 131
7.1 Religious Group Wise Population in U.P. & India,2001 138
7.2 Distribution of Rural/Urban Population by Social Groups in UP, 2004-05 139
7.3 Distribution of Rural Persons (15 years and above) by Level of General
Education in UP 2004-05 142
7.4 Distribution Of Urban Persons (15 years and above)

By Level Of General Education, 2004-05 142
xxiii
7.5 Social Group wise Nutritional Status of Women in UP, 1998-99 144
7.6 Social Group wise Nutritional Status Of Children Under 3 Year Age 1998-99 144
7.7 Social Group wise Total Fertility Rate in UP and India, 1998-99 145
7.8 Social Group wise Use Of Any Method of Family Planning For
Ever Married Women 15-49 in UP and India, (%), 1998-99 146
7.9 Birth Whose Mothers Were Assisted At The Time Of Delivery: U.P. 1998-99 146
7.10 Place of Child Delivery UP, 1998-99 146
7.11 Infant and Child Mortality Rate in UP and India, 1998-99 147
7.12 Distribution of Rural Household by Household Type in UP 2004-05 148
7.13 Distribution of Urban Household by Household Type in UP 2004-05 148
7.14 Distribution of Rural Household MPCE class in UP 2004-05 149
7.15 Distribution of Urban Household MPCE class in UP 2004-05 150
7.16 LFPR, WPR, PU According to usual Status (Rural Male/Female) in UP 2004-05 151
7.17 LFPR, WPR, PU According to usual Status (Urban Male/Female) in UP 2004-05 151
7.18 WPR (Rural+Urban) for 15 years and above males according to PS+SS
For Different Levels Of General Education, UP, 2004-05 152
7.19 WPR (Rural+Urban) for 15 Years And Above Females According To

PS+SS for Different Levels Of General Education, UP, 2004-05 153
7.20 Distribution of Rural Households by Social Group and

Size Class of Land in UP, 2004-05 154
xxiv
List of Boxes
Box No. Box Title Page No.
1.1 Factors Responsible for High Poverty Ratio in U.P. 6
1.2 Major Constraints Inhibiting Agricultural Growth 7
2.1 Human Development Indices 16
3.1 Drop Out Rates and Teacher Pupil Ratio 38
3.2 Quality of Primary Education : Findings of the Pratham Survey 41
3.3 Progress of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 42
3.4 SSA in District Unnao : A Field Report 42
3.5 Mid Day Meal Programme in District Unnao: A Field Report 43
3.6 Minorities Education : A Case Study in Pilibhit District 44
3.7 Politicization of Secondary Education 47
3.8 Privatization of Higher Education in U.P. 48
3.9 Manyavar Kanshi Ram Smriti State Institute Of Management In Higher Education 49
3.10 New Initiatives During XI th Plan 50
3.11 Public Private Partnership in Education 53
3.12 Public Expenditure on Education in U.P.: Some Basic Concerns 53
4.1 Maternal Mortality Rate in U.P. Some Shocking Facts 59
4.2 State Response for Early Diagnosis & Proper Management of J.E. Cases 62
4.3 Key Health Objectives to be Achieved by 2012 69
4.4 Proposed Maternal & Child Health Services at the Sub Centre Level 69
4.5 Reforms in Water & Sanitation Sector in Uttar Pradesh 73
4.6 Nirmal Gram Puraskar-An Award for Bringing In Dignity and Quality in Life 73
5.1 Highlights of Income Growth 91
5.2 Salient Features of Employment Situation 102
5.3 Living Conditions in U.P. 108
5.4 India’s Rural Job Scheme Plagued by Discrimination: Study 114
5.5 State Initiatives on Employment Front 114
xxv
6.1 Measuring Gender Disparities; the GDI and the GEM 117
6.2 Lowering of Stamp Duty in Case of Women 123
6.3 Agricultural Land Rights for Women 124
6.4 Self Help Groups Setup Under UP Sodic Lands Reclamation

Project II: Some Success Stories 125
6.5 Voluntary Effort in Building Women's Entrepreneurship through Self Help Groups 125
6.6 Struggles Have Culminated In Success: The Story of Gram Pradhan Sonia 128
6.7 From the files of Family Counseling Cell – Suraksha 129
6.8 Social Security Schemes for Women 131
6.9 UP Mahila Dairy Pariyojna 132
7.1 Swajaldhara Programme 155
8.1 Gulabi Brigade in Chitrakoot Dham Division 169
8.2 E-Governance in Stamps & Registration Department: A Success Story 176
xxvi
List of Maps
Map No. Map Title Page No.
2.1 District wise Human Development Index, 2005 20
2.2 District Wise Gender Development Index, 2005 24
2.3 District wise Deprivation Index, 2001 28
3.1 District wise Male Literacy, 2001 34
3.2 District wise Female Literacy, 2001 35
4.1 District wise Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis 62
4.2 Districts with High Prevalence of HIV / AIDS 63
4.3 Percent Boys with Malnutrition 70
4.4 Percent Girls with Malnutrition 70
5.1 Per Capita Net District Domestic Product, 2004-05 (at Current Prices) 86
5.2 Annual Compound Growth Rate of Net District Domestic Product 87
5.3 Percent Share of Secondary Sector in NDDP,, 2004-05 88
5.4 Worker Population Ratios in Percent 2001, All Persons 92
5.5 Worker Population Ratio (In Percent), Females, 2001 93
5.6 Percent of Non Agricultural Workers to Total Workers, 2001 98
5.7 Annual Compound Growth Rates of Total Workers (%)1991-2001 98
5.8 Percent Of Population Below Poverty Level, 2002 105
xxvii
List of Abbreviations
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ICT Information And Communication Technology
AIE Alternative And Innovative Education IEM Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum
ANC Ante Natal Care IFA Iron and Folic Acid
ANM Auxiliary Nurse And Midwife IMF International Monitory Fund
BE Budget Estimate IMR Infant Mortality Rate
BMI Body Mass Index IPC Indian Penal Code
BPL Below Poverty Line IPHS Indian Public Health Standards
BRGF Backward Regions Grant Fund IRDP Integrated Rural Development Program
BTC Basic Training Certificate ISID Institute For Studies In Industrial Development
CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate ITI Industrial Training Institute
CDS Current Daily Status ITP Immune Thrombocytopenic
CHC Community Health Centre JE Japanese Encephalitis
CRC Citizen Report Card KGMC King George Medical College
CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Program KWH Kilowatt Hour
CSW Commercial Sex Workers LFPR Labor force Participation Rate
CWPR Combined Work Participation Rate LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
CWS Current Weekly Status MBA Master in Business Administration
DALY Disability Adjusted Life Years MCA Master in Computer Application
DCL Deposit Credit Limit MDG Millennium Development Goals
DUDA District Urban Development Authority MDM Mid Day Meal
DWCRA Development Of Women And MDT Multi Drug Therapy
Children In Rural Areas MMR Maternal Mortality Rate
EDI Education Development Index MP Madhya Pradesh
EFA Education For All MPCE Monthly Per Capita Expenditure
EGS Education Guarantee Scheme MRP Mixed Recall Period
FD Fiscal Deficit MTFRP Medium Term Fiscal Reform Policy
FOIA Freedom Of Information Act MTP Medical termination of Pregnancy
FRU First Referral Unit NCRB National Crime Records Bureau
FYP Five Year Plan NDDP Net District Domestic Product
GDI Gender Related Development Index NEED Network of Entrepreneurship and
GEI Gender Equality Index Economic Development
GEM Gender Empowerment Measures NFHS National Family Health Survey
GoUP Government Of Uttar Pradesh NGO Non Government Organization
GSDP Gross State Domestic Product NGP Nirmal Gram Puraskar
HDI Human Development Index NHDR National Human Development Report
HDR Human Development Report NLCP National Leprosy Control Program
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus NMR Neonatal Mortality Rate
HPI Human Poverty Index NOC No Objection Certificate
IAS Indian Administrative Services NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
ICDS Integrated Child Development Services NSDP Net State Domestic Product
xxix
NSS National Sample Survey SLL Special Local laws
NSSO National Sample Survey Organization SND Schedule of New Demands
O&M Operation and Maintenance SRS Sample Registration Survey
OBC Other Backward Castes SS Secondary Sector
OLS Open Learning System SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
ORS Oral Rehydration Solution SSI Small Scale Industry
PADC Policy Act Drafting Committee ST Scheduled Tribes
PCE Per Capita Expenditure STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PCS Provincial Civil Service STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
PHC Primary Health Centre SUDA State Urban Development Authority
PHN Postherpetic Neuralgia TB Tuberculosis
PLA Personal Ledger Account TBR Traditional Birth Attendants
PMSA Panchayti Mahila Shakti Abhiyan TFC Twelfth Finance Commission
PPP Purchasing Power Parity TFR Total Fertility Rate
PRI Panchayati Raj Institution TGR Total Goitre Rate
PS Primary Sector TRYSEM Training for Rural Youth for Self Employment
PSMS Poverty and Social Monitoring Survey TSC Total Sanitation Campaign
PSU Public Sector Undertaking UEE Universalization of Elementary Education
PTA Parent Teacher Association ULB Urban Local Bodies
PYSA Panchayt Yuva Shakti Abhiyan UNDP United Nation Development Programme
RBI Reserve Bank of India UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
RCHS Rural Child Health Survey UP Uttar Pradesh
RE Revised Estimate UPHDR Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report
RGNDWM Rajiv Gandhi National drinking Water Mission UPHSDP Uttar Pradesh Health System development project
RNTCP Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme UPS Usual Primary Status
RTI Right to Information UPSEB Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board
SC Scheduled Caste UPSS Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status
SDP State Domestic Product URP Uniform Recall Period
SGPGI Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute VCTC Voluntary Council and Testing Centres
SGRY Sampoorn Gramin Rozgar yojna VEC Village Education Committee
SGSY Swarnjyanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna VRS Voluntary Retirement Scheme
SHG Self Help Group WHO World Health Organization
SHRC State Human Right Commission WPR Work Participation Rate
xxx
Glossary
Hindi W ords English W ords
Abhinav Vidyalaya Innovative Schools
Acharaya Teacher
Adhyaksha President
Adivasi Tribal
Aganwadis Centre for children below 6 years and expectant mothers
Arbi Madarsa Muslim Religious School
Avas Bandhu Help Centre for Housing

Benami Held in another persons name
Dai Untrained Nurse

Dalit Oppressed Castes
Farsi Madarsa Muslim religious School
Gram Panchyat Village Government

Gulabi Pink
Hamara Paisa Hamara Hisab Our Money Our Account

Jal Nigam Water Development Board
Jal Sansthan Water Development Organisation
Jan Sunwai Public Hearing

Kanya Vidya Dhan Girls Education Fund
Kharanja Brick Paved Road

Kutchha Made of Temporary Material
Lok Mitra Peoples Friend
Lokvani Peoples Voice

Mahila Niti Women Policy
Mahila Samakhya Women Organisation

Mukhya Nagar Adhikari Chief Municipal Officer
Nagar Nigam Municipal Corporation
Nagar Palika Municipal Body

Nagar Palika Parishad Municipal Board
Nagar Panchayat Municipal Body for Small Towns

Panchayati Raj Democratic Bodies at Local level
Patta Land Lease Document
xxxi
Pradahan pati Husband of Female Village Head
Pucca Made of Durable Material

Sangh Organisation
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Education for All Programme

Shiksha Mitra Contractual Teachers
Shiksha Nidhi Education Fund
Sinchai Bandhu Friend of Irrigation

Swakendra Self Chosen Centre
Udyog Bandhu Friend of Industry

Vanaspati Vegetable Oil
xxxii
CHAPTER - 1
Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society: A Profile
I. Physical Profile is much lower as compared to that of the higher castes.

1. Uttar Pradesh is often described as the “Hindi– The high proportion of the population belonging to the
speaking heartland” of India. The State has a population socially and economically depressed sections has
of 16.61 crore as per 2001 census and a geo graphical profound implications for the policy and the status of
area of 2.41 lakh sq. km. Its share in total area of the human development in the State. Chapter 7 of the report
Country is 7.3 per cent, while its share in country’s highlights these dimensions.
population is 16.2 per cent. Nearly 80 per cent population
of U.P. resides in rural area spread over 97942 inhabited
III. Human Development Status
villages. The State is now organized into 71 districts, 6. The status of human development in U.P.
311 tehsils and 820 development blocks. It is divided continues to be far from satisfactory even after more
into four economic regions viz. Western region, Central than five decades of development planning aimed at
region, Eastern region and Bundelkhand. The first three social and economic upliftment of the people. It ranked
regions fall in the Gangetic plains, while Bundelkhand at 13th position in terms of Human Development Index
forms part of the southern plateau. (HDI) prepared by the Planning Commission (Table 1.1)
2. Land is the single most important resource of in 2001. This shows a marginal improvement from the
the State, which is deficient in mineral wealth. However, 14th position that U.P. occupied in 1991. Kerala, Punjab
per capita availability of land has been declining. The and Tamilnadu are the three top ranking States in terms
average size of land holdings in the State is less than of HDI both in 1991 and 2001. Though Uttar Pradesh
one hectare. The predominance of small land holdings improved its rank from 14th position in 1991 to 13 th
constitutes a major obstacle in the development of position in 2001, it continues to languish at a low level
capital formation and growth in agriculture and is one of human development and is in the lowest cluster of
of the prime reasons for widespread poverty in the State. States, along with Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and
Orissa.
3. After the creation of Uttaranchal (now renamed
as Uttrakhand), Uttar Pradesh’s forest area declined from
52 lakh hectares to 16.9 lakh hectares, creating a serious
environmental imbalance. Today, even the 5 per cent of Table 1.1: Human Development Index for States,
the total area which is under forest has suffered extensive 1991 and 2001
environmental degradation. The State is, however, rich
in surface and ground water resources. Over three–fourth States 1991 Rank 2001 Rank
of the sown area is irrigated mostly through tube–wells. Andhra Pradesh 0.377 9 0.416 10
Uttar Pradesh also has a fairly large canal network. Assam 0.348 10 0.386 14
Bihar 0.308 15 0.367 15
II. Social Profile Gujarat 0.431 6 0.479 6
4. Uttar Pradesh has been the cradle of Indian Haryana 0.443 5 0.509 5
civilization. Since time immemorial people belonging to Karnataka 0.412 7 0.478 7
diverse ethnic, religious and social groups have been Kerala 0.591 1 0.638 1
coming to this region and settling here. According to the Madhya Pradesh 0.328 13 0.394 12
2001 Census, 80.6 per cent of the State population was Maharashtra 0.452 4 0.523 4
Hindu. Muslims formed 18.5 percent of the population. Orissa 0.345 12 0.404 11
The remaining 0.9 per cent of population consisted of Punjab 0.475 2 0.537 2
other religious minorities like Sikhs, Boudhs, Jains and Rajasthan 0.347 11 0.424 9
Christians. Scheduled castes formed 21.15 per cent of Tamil Nadu 0.466 3 0.531 3
the State’s population. The proportion of Scheduled Uttar Pradesh 0.314 14 0.388 13
tribes residing in the State is negligible at 0.06 per cent. West Bengal 0.404 8 0.472 8
5. Sharp differences in the level of human All India 0.381 0.472
development prevail among the different social and
religious groups in the State. The socio-economic status Source: National Human Development Report,
of Muslims, other backward classes and scheduled castes Planning Commission, 2001
1 Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society : A Profile

7. Uttar Pradesh is lagging behind most of the years for males and 59.3 years for females, while the
States of the country in terms of the major indicators of corresponding figures were 71.3 and 76.3 years respectively
social development. Literacy rate in U.P. (56.3 percent) in Kerala, the best performing State in this respect.
is very low when compared with States like Kerala (90.9 9. The sex ratio, an important demographic and
percent), Goa ( 82.0 percent), Himachal Pradesh (76.5 social indicator, was 898 in 2001, significantly below the
percent) and Tamil Nadu (73.5 percent). The ranking of national level of 933. In terms of sex ratio, U.P.’s rank
Uttar Pradesh in terms of literacy is 31 in 2001 among a among all States and UTs was 27th in 2001.
total of 35 States and UTs.
10. The various dimensions of human development
8. Uttar Pradesh is similarly lagging behind in health in Uttar Pradesh have been discussed in detail in the
indicators like life expectancy, infant mortality rate, etc. following chapters with focus on lagging regions, social
(see Table1. 2). Nearly 71 per thousand of children in U.P. groups and women. In this chapter an overview of the
die before reaching the age of one. Only Madhya Pradesh economy and society of the State is provided, in the
and Orissa have higher infant mortality rate (Figure 1.1). light of which the status and problems of human
Life expectancy in U.P. during the period 2001-05 was 60.1 development may be analyzed.
Table 1.2: Important Demographic Indicators for the Major States
States Decadal rate Population Birth Death Natural Infant Life

of population density rate Rate Growth mortality expectancy
growth (%) Per sq. km. 2006 2006 Rate rate at birth
2001 2006 2006 (2001–05)
1981–91 1991–01 M a l e Female
AP 24.20 14.59 277 18.9 7.3 11.6 56 62.7 65.2
Assam 24.24 18.92 340 24.6 8.7 15.9 67 58.3 59.0
Bihar 23.38 28.62 881 29.9 7.7 22.3 60 62.0 60.1
Gujarat 21.19 22.66 258 23.5 7.3 16.2 53 62.8 65.0
Haryana 27.41 28.43 478 23.9 6.5 17.4 57 65.6 66.0
Karnataka 21.12 17.50 276 20.1 7.1 13.0 48 63.4 66.9
Kerala 14.32 9.43 819 14.9 6.7 8.2 15 71.3 76.3
MP 27.24 24.26 196 29.1 8.9 20.2 74 57.8 57.5
Maharashtra 25.73 22.73 315 18.5 6.7 11.8 35 65.8 68.1
Orissa 20.06 16.25 236 21.9 9.3 12.6 73 59.2 59.2
Punjab 20.81 20.10 484 17.8 6.8 11.0 44 68.1 70.1
Rajasthan 28.44 28.41 165 28.3 6.9 21.3 67 61.2 62.2
Tamil Nadu 15.39 11.72 480 16.2 7.5 8.8 37 64.8 67.1
UP 25.61 25.85 690 20.1 8.6 21.4 71 60.1 59.3
WB 24.73 17.77 903 18.4 6.2 12.2 38 63.9 65.5
India 23.86 21.53 325 23.5 7.5 16.0 57 62.3 63.9
Source: Census of India, 2001 and Sample Registration System, Registrar General, India, Oct. 2007.
Figure 1.1:Infant Mortality Rate in Major States of India (2005)

80
60
IMR 40
20
0
Human Development Report, Uttar Pradesh 2

IV. Population Trends and Demographic Indicators that of Uttar Pradesh. The population pressure in Uttar
11. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous State in Pradesh is considered as one of the important aspects
India. One sixth of the world’s population lives in India which has hindered the proper exploitation and
and one–sixth of India’s population lives in Uttar Pradesh. utilization of its resources. It is not possible to achieve
Only four other countries of the world namely China, sustainable development in the State without achieving
USA, Indonesia and Brazil have a population higher than desirable demographic goals and population stabilization.
Table 1.3: Important Demographic Indicators for Uttar Pradesh and India
Indicators U.P India
1. Total Population (in million) 2001* 166.2 1029.4

2. Decadal rate of population growth ( Percentage) *
1981–1991 25.61 23.86
1991–2001 25.85 21.53
3. Average Annual Exponential growth rate (Percentage) *
1981-1991 2.27 2.14
1991-2001 2.33 1.94
4. Population density (per sq. km.) *
1991 548 267
2001 690 325
5. Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 males) *
1991 876 927
2001 898 933
6. Percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
population in total population (2001)*
Scheduled Castes 21.15 16.2
Scheduled Tribes 0.06 8.2
7. Crude Birth Rate, 2006 ** 30.1 23.5
8. Crude Death Rate 2006** 8.6 7.5
9. Natural Growth Rate,2006** 21.4 16.0
10. Infant mortality rate 2006** 71 57
11. Life expectancy at birth 2001-2005**
Total 59.8 63.2
Male 60.1 62.3
Female 59.3 63.9
12. Total Fertility Rate 2005-06*** 3.82 2.68
13. Median age at first birth for women age 25-49*** 19.4 19.8
14. Total Unmet Need For Family Planning*** 21.9 13.2
15. Mean age at marriage for boys$ 21.5 24.5
16. Mean age at marriage for girls $ 18.1 19.5
17. Percentage of Girls Married Below 18 Years # 41.4 28.0
18. Current use of family planning methods *** 46.6 56.3
Any method
Sources:
* Registrar General, India, Census of India.
** Registrar General, India, Sample Registration System.Oct.07
*** National Family Health Survey –III 2005-06, (India and Uttar Pradesh).
# DLHS -RCH 2002-04 .
$ SRS, Analytical studies Report –III 07

12. The State has witnessed high population growth indicators regarding the fertility behaviour reveal that
in recent decades without any perceptible sign of Uttar Pradesh may hopefully achieve the desired level
decline. The decadal increase in population during the of Net Reproductive Rate of 1 during 2041–2051.
past two decades was almost identical at 26 per cent.
As against this, the national population shows a declining V. Economic Profile
trend from 25 per cent in 1971–81 to 23.8 per cent in 15. Economically Uttar Pradesh is among the most
1981–91 and further to 21.5 per cent in 1991–2001. The backward States of India, characterized by the pre–
annual growth rate of population in Uttar Pradesh stood dominance of the agricultural sector with heavy
at 2.33 during 1991–2001 well above the national average dependence on Monsoon, high percentage of marginal
of 1.94 per cent (Table 1.3). Uttar Pradesh’s dismal and small land holdings, high population pressure, small
performance on population front stands in sharp contrast manufacturing sector, structural deficiencies in
with the performance of States like Kerala and Tamil infrastructure, glaring regional imbalances and sluggish
Nadu where population growth rate has come down to economic growth. These aspects are briefly highlighted
around one percent. (Figure 1.2). below.
13. Among major States, birth rate is highest in
the State of Uttar Pradesh (Figure 1.3). The decline in Income Levels and Growth
birth rate has also been slow in the State. Birth rate 16. Income levels are an important determinant
stood at 38.6 in 1951, at 35.7 in 1991 and at 30.1 in of the economic well being and social development. In
2005-06.Total fertility rate in the year 2005-06 was 3.82 terms of per capita income, U.P. is among the ‘low
in Uttar Pradesh as against 2.68 in India. ( NFHS-III) income category’ States along with Bihar, Madhya Pradesh
14. The demographic indicators presented above and Orissa. Moreover, due to sluggish economic growth
reflect an explosive situation in years to come for the in U.P., the gap in per capita income of the State and
State of Uttar Pradesh. According to the projections of that of the country has been increasing. Per capita
the Expert Group appointed by the Government of India, income in U.P., which was almost equal to the national
U.P’s population will grow from 16.62 crore in 2001 to average in the beginning of the planning period, is now
21.7 crore in 2011 and to 27.5 crore in 2021. The present half of the national average (Table 1.4).
Figure 1.2: Decadal Rate of Population Growth in Major States of India : 1991- 2001
35
Population Growth
30
25
20
15
(%)
10
5
0
Ka ana
la
ra
Pu a
Ra n j a b
du
a
As .
Ha r a t
ar P.
P.
m
l
Gu r
T. n
a
ga
P
di
a
ak
s
ra
sa
h
A.
.
ht
U.
r is
ja
th
Na
M
en
In
Bi
at
ry
Ke
as
jas
O
rn
.B
W
ah
M
States
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0

Table 1.4: Trends in Total and Per Capita Income of India and Uttar Pradesh
at constant 1999-2000 Prices: 1999-2000 to 2005-06
Year Net Income In Uttar Pradesh Per Capita Income Uttar Pradesh
Rs. Crore As Percent In Rs. As Percent
of India of India
India Uttar Pradesh India Uttar Pradesh
1999–00 1585501 151283 9.5 15839 9405 59.38
2000–01 1643998 155564 9.5 16133 9451 58.58
2001–02 1739876 159613 9.2 16762 9475 56.53
2002–03 1801430 165647 9.2 17075 9657 56.56
2003–04* 1959599 174833 8.9 18263 9993 54.72
2004–05*$ 2103350 182409 8.7 19297 10224 52.98
2005-06$ 2295243 193457 8.4 20734 10637 51.30
* Provisional estimates $Quick estimates
Source: Annual Plan of Uttar Pradesh, 2007–08, Vol.-1
17. The State economy is also characterized by modest growth observed at the national level. However,
sharp differences in per capita income levels across during the period 1975 to 1990 the growth performance
different regions and districts of the State. This aspect of U.P. compared well with the national level growth.
is discussed in detail in Chapter 5. However, after 1990 growth rate in U.P. has decelerated
18. During the first twenty five years of planning, sharply, whereas the national economy has moved to a
growth rates in U.P. were low and lagged behind the higher growth path (Table 1.5).
Table 1.5: Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of Total and Per Capita Income
in U.P. and India under the Plans
Period CAGR of Total Income (%) CAGR of Per Capita Income (%)
Uttar Pradesh India Uttar Pradesh India
1951-56 2.0 3.6 0.5 1.7
1956-61 1.9 4.0 0.3 1.9
1961-66 1.6 2.2 -0.2 0.0
1966-69 0.3 4.0 -1.5 1.8
1969-74 2.3 3.3 0.4 1.1
1974-79 5.7 5.3 3.3 2.9
1981-85 8.7 5.3 6.3 3.1
1985-90 5.7 5.8 3.3 3.6
1990-92 3.1 2.5 1.1 0.4
1992-97 3.2 6.8 1.4 4.9
1997-02 2.0 5.6 -0.4 3.6
2002-07 5.3 7.7 3.3 6.0
Source: Annual Plan 2007-08 Annexure -7, U.P. Government
Fig 1.4 Average Annual Growth Rate of UP.and India Since 1951
10
8
Growth Rate
6
4
2
0
1951- 1956- 1961- 1966- 1969- 1974- 1981- 1985- 1990- 1992- 1997- 2002-
56 61 66 69 74 79 85 90 92 97 02 07
Period
CAGR of Total Income (%) Uttar Pradesh CAGR of Total Income (%) India

19. During the period 1999-2000 and 2005-06 the 23. The trends and correlates of poverty have been
annual growth of net income of Uttar Pradesh at discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5.
constant prices was only 4.1 against the national
average of 6.3 per cent. The growth rate of per capita
income during this period was 2.1 and 4.6 per cent for
Box 1.1: Factors Responsible for High Poverty
U.P. and India respectively. It may be observed that
Uttar Pradesh’s contribution in net national income has Ratio in U.P.
declined from 9.5 per cent to 8.4 per cent during this l Higher population growth
period. The high growth rate of population of Uttar l Sluggish and poor quality of economic growth
Pradesh along with the deceleration in the SDP growth
rate since the Eighth Plan period has led to a fairly low l Excessive dependence on agriculture
growth rate of State’s per capita income. l High degree of inequality in the distribution
Consequentially, the general standard of living as of income and asset and widespread
exhibited in per capita income levels continues to be landlessness
low. l Low level of investment in the economic and
20. One of the reasons for the relatively slow social infrastructure
economic growth in U.P. is the low level of plan l Low literacy level
expenditure in the State as compared to the national
l Social deprivation.
average and that of the more developed States (Table
1.6). Low plan investments in U.P. have been due to the
fact that being a poor State it is not able to generate
public savings on the required scale. Plan assistance
Employment Structure
received by U.P. from the centre has also been relatively
low especially in the earlier Plans. 24. As per census 2001, the workforce
participation rate for Uttar Pradesh stood at 32.5 per
VI. Poverty Levels cent. The respective figures were 33.9 per cent in rural
areas and 26.9 per cent in urban area. The work force
21. Poverty levels are relatively high in Uttar
participation rates for females in U.P. are particularly
Pradesh. However, poverty levels have gone down in the
low-16.5 per cent as compared to the figure of 46.8
State over time declining from 57.4 per cent in 1973-74
per cent for males.
to 32.8 per cent in 2004–05. During the corresponding
period poverty at the national level declined from 54.9 25. The total number of workers in the State in
percent to 27.5 per cent. Despite the substantial decline 2001 was 539.84 lakh, out of which 393.38 lakh were
in the poverty ratio, the absolute number of poor has main workers (i.e. who get employment for more than
remained high in the State. Almost 6 million people in 183 days in a year) and 146.46 lakh were marginal
U.P. were living below the poverty line in 2004-05 workers (i.e. those who get employment for less than
constituting over one-fifth of the total poor in the country 183 days in a year). The growth rate of marginal workers
on the basis of uniform recall period has been much faster. Thus, the main workers registered
an annual growth rate of only 0.12 per cent during 1991-
22. The incidence of poverty is comparatively
2001, whereas the marginal workers increased at a rate
higher in Scheduled castes and OBC categories. The
of 16.78 percent per year. Marginal workers now
agricultural labourers and artisans are affected by
constitute 27.1 per cent of total workers in the State.
poverty, Muslims in the urban areas are also vastly hit
by poverty. Wide variations in poverty levels are also 26. Two thirds of the total workers in U.P. are still
observed across regions and districts of the State. engaged in the agricultural sector as per 2001 Census.
Table 1.6: Per Capita Plan Expenditure of Uttar Pradesh and India
(in Rs.)
I FYP II FYP III FYP IV FYP V FYP VI FYP VII FYP VIII FYP IX FYP X FYP
Uttar Pradesh 25 32 72 132 329 588 1077 1559 1704 1484

All India 38 51 92 142 361 718 1270 2205 3421 2998
Source: Plan Documents, U.P. Government

This proportion is higher in case of female workers at 31. Around three fourth of cropped area in the
76.2 per cent. Rural areas of U.P. are also less diversified State is irrigated. Private tube wells are the major source
with 77 per cent of work force in agriculture. Nearly of irrigation followed by canals. However, the cropping
one-fourth of total workers are landless agricultural intensity in the State is only 154 per cent, much lower
labourers. According to 61st Round of NSS (2004-05), 61.7 as compared to States like Punjab and Haryana, which
percent of total workers in U.P. were employed in the have a cropping intensity of 192 and 173 respectively.
primary sector, 18.2 percent in secondary sector and 32. Agriculture in the State showed dynamism
remaining 20.1 percent in tertiary sector. The lack of during the seventies and the eighties in the wake of the
diversification of the economy and heavy dependence green revolution. However, since early nineties the
of people on land is one of the major causes of low performance of the agricultural sector in the State has
incomes and poverty in rural U.P. The pace of been rather poor as reflected by the declining growth
diversification has also been slow in U.P. as compared to rates of the production and productivity for all crops.
the all India level. Sharp year to year fluctuation in food grain output and
27. The variations in work force participation rates total agricultural produce have also been observed in
and growth rate of workers in different regions and the State indicating the dependence of agriculture on
districts has been discussed in Chapter 5, which also monsoons despite the fact that a high proportion of
looks at the structural changes in the work force in recent cultivated area in U.P. is irrigated (Table 1.7).
years.
28. We may here look at the salient features of Table 1.7: Annual Percentage Change in Output
the different sectors of the economy of the State. of Food Production and Value of Agriculture
Produce at 1999-2000 Prices during
VII Agriculture Ninth and Tenth Plan
29. U.P. economy is dominated by agriculture, Year Food grain Value of Agriculture
which employs about two thirds of the work force and Production Produce
contributes about one third of the State income. The
average size of holdings is only 0.86 hectare, while 75.4 1999–00 14.0 -
per cent of holdings are below one hectare. Uttar Pradesh 2000–01 (–) 3.4 (-) 1.6
is a major food grain producing State in rice, wheat, 2001–02 3.3 0.2
chickpea and pigeon pea. Sugarcane is the principal
2002–03 (-) 13.3 (-)1.3
commercial crop of the State, largely concentrated in
the western and central belts of State. U.P. is also a 2003–04 16.2 3.3
major producer of vegetables, fruits and potato. 2004–05 (-) 10.0 (-)2.7
30. The average yield of major crops in the State 2005-06 2.7 (-)1.2
are considerably lower than those in the agriculturally 2006-07 1.3 5.6
developed States like Punjab and Haryana. A number of
factors are responsible for low productivity and slow Source: Economics & Statistics Division, State
growth of agriculture in the State the most important Planning Institute, State Income Estimates:
factor being the very small size of holdings in the State
(see box 1.2).
Figure 1.5
CAGR (%) of Output, Area and Yield of Food grains
Box 1.2: Major Constraints Inhibiting 6
Agricultural Growth
5
l Small and fragmented size of land holdings
4
l Lack of proper management and maintenance
of surface irrigation system for reaping the CAGR (%) 3
benefit of maximum potential. 2
l Decline in public investment in agriculture
1
l Inadequate research and development
0
l Underdeveloped credit flow and institutional 1982 - 1991 -01 1982- 1991 -01 1982 - 1991 -01
-1 1991 1991 1991
finance
Output Area Yield
l Inadequate participation of private sector in UP India
the commercialization of agricultural sector. Years

VIII. Industry Table 1.8: Investment under Industrial Entrepreneurs
33. The work force in the manufacturing sector in Memorandum (IEM) in U.P. and Rate of Implementation in
1971 was 19.92 lakh, which rose to 32.05 lakh in 1991. Recent Years
The number of workers in house-hold industries in the Year Total Under Rate Of
total work force of the sector stood at 9.97 lakh (31%), Outstanding Implementation Implementation
while the number of workers in non-household industries Investment (Rs. Crore) (Per Cent)
was 22.08 lakh (69%). Only 7.7% of the work force in (Rs. Crore)
the State is engaged in the manufacturing sector in 1991 1997–98 50680 19808 39.08
as against 15.8% in Gujarat, 14.0% in Tamil Nadu, 13.2% 1998–99 48473 15257 31.48
in Maharashtra, 12.3% in Punjab, 10.6% in Haryana, 10.7% 1999–00 54614 23525 43.08
in Karnataka and 8.8% in Andhra Pradesh. The industrial 2000–01 53314 23691 44.44
2001–02 59589 27900 46.82
sector contributes 20 per cent of State income. Sugar,
2002–03 69115 24125 34.91
vanaspati and cement are the three most important 2003–04 72541 26584 36.65
industries of the State. 2004–05 82524 28579 34.63
34. In recent years, UP has witnessed significant 2005–06 92211 26529 28.77
growth and structural changes in the factory sector of Source: Udyog Bandhu, U.P.
industries. The modern sector of industries, such as
chemicals and engineering, have experienced relatively 39. The Western and the Eastern regions are the
faster growth than the traditional industries such as sugar most populous, with a share of 37 and 40 percent
and textiles. The industrial and service sector investment respectively in the State population. About one-fifth of
policy of Uttar Pradesh announced in 2004 emphasized the population lives in the Central region, while only 5
the expansion of agro–based, chemical–based and per cent lives in Bundelkhand. The latter is sparsely
information technology based industries. populated with a density of population of only 280
persons per sq. km., less than half of the population
35. U.P. has a large base of small scale industries.
density of the State. Population pressure is much higher
According to Third Census of SSI, there existed a total
in the three plain regions.
number of 17.08 lakh small scale enterprises in the State,
out of which 9.5 per cent were reported to be registered. 40. The Western region is relatively the most
Around two third of these units are located in the rural developed region of the State in terms of economic
areas. The gross fixed investment in SSI was Rs.17,289 prosperity. The agricultural productivity is higher in
crore and their gross output is estimated at Rs.27,423 this region. The region has a more diversified economy
crore. with almost half of the industries in the State are
located in this region. NOIDA and Ghaziabad districts
36. Despite the significant increase in industrial
located in this region are emerging as the industrial
production during the Plan period, the State still lacks
hub of the State. Central U.P. falls in the middle
the requisite level of industrialization. Industrial growth
category in terms of economic development. It was
rate which was recorded at 8.6 per cent during the late
industrially more developed with Kanpur as a major
eighties declined to 3 per cent during the early nineties.
textile centre of northern India. However, the region
Growth rate of industries was 6.5 per cent per annum
has witnessed industrial decline in recent years. The
during the Tenth Plan.
other two regions, namely, East U.P. and Bundelkhand
37. Uttar Pradesh is attracting investment in are officially designated as backward regions. Eastern
the industrial sector by domestic and foreign region is most densely populated with a heavy
entrepreneurs on a large scale indicating the dependence on land. It is marked by low level of
potential of industrial growth in the State. Total diversification, low productivity and low per capita
investment under IEMs in the State till 2005-06 income. Most of the poor in the State are concentrated
exceeded Rs.92,000 crore (Table 1.8). However, the in this region. Bundelkhand region has distinct natural
rate of implementation has been rather sluggish and characteristics and has much lower irrigation intensity
needs to be pushed up. as compared to the other regions. It has a large
landless population and had high incidence of poverty
IX. Regional Disparities in the eighties and the nineties. Lately, the region has
38. The economy of the State is characterized by shown greater economic dynamism and poverty levels
very sharp variations at the regional and district levels. have declined sharply. Within all the regions sharp
Generally the State is divided into four economic regions, intra-regional disparities are found at the district
namely, Western U.P., Central U.P., Eastern U.P., and level.
Bundelkhand. The first three regions fall in the fertile 41. Similarly wide disparities are found to exist in
Gangetic plains, while Bundelkhand lies in the dry various indicators of social development especially at
vindhyan plateau. the district level. It may however, be added that even

the economically more prosperous western districts are potential is actually utilized due to various deficiencies
lagging behind in indicators of social development. Some prevalent in the irrigation management system. The
of these aspects are explored in detail in later chapters. problem of over-exploitation of ground water has also
emerged in many districts particularly in western U.P.
X. Infrastructure Development
42. The development of service sector is sine–qua– Power Sector
non for high and sustained growth. It may be classified 46. Power occupies a critical place in economic
in terms of physical and social infrastructure. While the infrastructure. Per capita consumption of power in U.P.
physical infrastructure mainly consists of road and in 2004–05 was only 202 KWH as against the all India
transport, irrigation, power, telecommunication etc, average of 411 KWH. The State occupies 15th position
social infrastructure comprises education, health and among the 18 major States in the country in terms of
housing and financial infrastructure consists of banking per capita power consumption. Moreover, 69.43 per cent
and insurance. Physical infrastructure contributes to of villages in the State are electrified as compared to
economic growth through generation of income and the national average of 75.93 per cent. Only 20 per cent
employment, lowering transaction cost; social of rural households in the State are electrified as against
infrastructure contributes to the process of growth 44 per cent at the national level. The coverage of
through generation of human capabilities and capacity electrification in the urban households of the State is 80
building by enriching the quality of human life made per cent as against 88 per cent for the country as a whole.
possible through better education, better health, 47. The power sector in the State, as in the country
improved housing and recreation facility. as a whole, has been facing a serious crisis due to poor
financial health of the State power corporation. After
Transport the bifurcation of the State, the major hydel plants have
43. An efficient transport system has an important gone to Uttrakhand. The power sector of Uttar Pradesh
role to play in promoting and strengthening national has been incurring burgeoning power deficit on account
integration, accelerating productivity, enhancing the of supply bottlenecks and rigidities. The creation of
competitive efficiency of the economy in the world market installed capacity has lagged behind the rapidly growing
and integrating the backward parts of the State with the demand for power. Presently the State is importing more
mainstream of the economy. The policy package of the State than half of its power requirement. The transmission
Government under the Eleventh Five Year Plan is reflected losses are also extremely high.
in the delineation of priorities like development of rural
roads, up gradation of existing road networks and bridges, Social Infrastructure
construction of additional flyovers and sub–ways, 48. Provision of social infrastructure strives to achieve
modernization of urban roads, greater private sector the twin objectives of economic equality and social
participation, structural change in road safety measures etc. development, to create supportive environment for a higher
44. Although marked improvement in rate of growth for development contributing not only to
infrastructure has taken place during the planning era, human development but also to holistic and harmonious
U.P. is lagging behind other States in infrastructure socio–economic development. The concern with availability
development. In 2001-02, roads length per one lakh of social infrastructure has evolved over the years from a
population in the State is 99.00 km as against the national general emphasis on basic needs of the people to special
level of 136.9 km. In terms of road length the State needs of specific regions and special groups of people. A
occupies 15th position among the major 19 States. norm based approach for social infrastructure being
However, in terms of road length per 100 sq. km., Uttar difficult, efforts have been made to fulfill a certain level
Pradesh’s coverage (69.1 km) is better than the national of minimum needs so that the poor and the weak do not
level (43.2 km) and but much poorer than best performing suffer exclusion from the overall process of development
State Punjab (105.5 km). due to market imperfections and conscious attempts are
being made to provide these minimum needs through
Irrigation infrastructure facilities and services in respect to the
45. Irrigation is being considered as a powerful people’s health and nutritional status, educational status
catalyst for providing food security in addition to its role and housing. Social development, as it should flow from
as a stabilizer against the uncertainty of monsoon. Thus, it the adequate social infrastructure, would therefore mean
contributes significantly to productivity, cropping intensity literacy, education, good health and all that goes to make
and diversification of agriculture. The gross cropped area good health possible like food and nutrition security, safe
in U.P. in 2004-05 was around 255.2 lakh hectares. Ground drinking water, easy availability of health and medical
water resources accounted for about 78 per cent of irrigated facilities, both preventive and curative, and a hygienic
area and surface water resources for about 22 per cent. It environment and shelter.
may be noted that less than three fourth of the irrigation

Health Infrastructure continuous to be the norm in large parts of the State
49. The public health system in the State provides especially in the rural areas. Faecal matter constitutes
three tier medical services in the State. First level health a major source for bacteriological contamination of
services are provided in urban areas through District male water. Studies have shown that about 70 per cent
and female or combined hospitals and are located at reduction in deaths due to diarrohea can be achieved by
district level. At the second level, health services are focusing on improved hygiene and through safe disposal
provided through Community Health Centres established of human excreta.
at the Tehsil and Block level. For every one lakh 53. Problem of sanitation is not confined to rural
population, a CHC is set up. CHC acts as a ‘referral unit’ areas alone. Even in urban areas of the State, there is
in rural areas. At the third level, health services are frequent out break of diarrohea and reports of diarroheal
provided in remote rural areas through Primary Health deaths keep pouring in. This can be checked if source of
Centres (PHCs). contamination of drinking water supply is checked and
50. Though the public medical health care system provision for safe disposal of excreta is made apart from
in U.P. is massive and well spread, the delivery system improved hygiene practices such as washing of hands
leaves much to be desired. The main reasons, which are with soap after defecation.
attributable to poor management at various levels of
service delivery, are: imbalanced mix of inputs; low
Education Infrastructure
quality of service provisioning in terms of inconvenient 54. Free and compulsory education to all children
timing and poor sensitivity to patient needs; non– up to the age of fourteen years is our constitutional
alignment among functions, capacity and resources; commitment. The Government of India has initiated a
abdication of responsibility to establish appropriate number of programmes to achieve the goal of
administrative systems regarding procedures and rules Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) among
related to service matters of recruitment, placement, which ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ (SSA) is the most recent
deployment, transfer, leave sanction, promotion, poor one. The SSA is the Government of India’s flagship
payment systems and inability to check increasing trend programme to universalize elementary education in the
of dual practice at the cost of patient care in Government country, and is being implemented in partnership with
facilities; inconsistent procedures and rules such as in State Governments. The programme seeks to open new
the case of MTP Act hindering compliance; and poor schools in those habitations which do not have schooling
facilities at the work place. facilities and strengthen existing school infrastructure
through the provision of additional classrooms, toilets,
Safe Drinking Water drinking water, maintenance grants and school
51. As per latest survey carried out in the year improvement grants. Existing schools with inadequate
2004, out of the 2,60,110 habitations in the State, 7993 teacher strength are provided additional teachers, while
were found to be ‘not covered’ habitations, 18,776 the capacity of existing teachers is being strengthened
‘partially covered’ and remaining ‘fully covered’ by extensive training, grants for developing teaching–
habitations as per Government of India norms. There learning materials and strengthening of academic
are 6390 quality problem habitations in the State. The support structure at the cluster, block and district
generic quality problems are in the form of excess levels. The SSA has a special focus on girl’s education
arsenic, fluoride, iron, salinity or biological and children with special needs and seeks to bridge
contamination. It may be noted that success in removal social, regional and gender gaps in educational
of guinea worm in the country was largely achieved by achievements.
improving access to safe drinking water. While Uttar 55. With the implementation of Uttar Pradesh Basic
Pradesh is well placed as far as installation of India Mark Education Project – I, Uttar Pradesh Basic Education
II & III hand pumps is concerned, in several areas, people Project – II and District Primary Education Programme –
continue to use water from shallow hand pumps installed III, primary schooling facilities have been provided in
in their premises for drinking purposes and these often almost all eligible habitations as per State norm. In 2005-
lead to outbreak of gastroenteritis. Often, lack of 06, there were 134455 primary / junior basic schools
awareness regarding safe storage and handling of drinking and 40021 middle / senior basic schools in the State.
water also causes contamination leading to deaths on According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
account of water borne diseases. Implementation, the number of schools per village in
U.P. was 0.97 in 2004 against 314 children per village.
Sanitation These ratios are very low when compared with States
like Kerala (2.96 schools / village, 416 children / village),
52. As per census 2001, there are about 2.58 crore
Tripura (2.88 schools / village, 229 children / village)
households in the State and only 28 per cent households
and Andhra Pradesh (1.93 schools/ village, 186 children
have individual house hold toilets. Open defecation
/ village).
Human Development Report, Uttar Pradesh 1 0

56. In order to enhance the access of students to 58. Out of a total number of houses in the State,
schools, the norms of opening new primary and upper 45 per cent were classified as “good”, 49 per cent
primary schools have been revised in the year 2006-07. households as “livable” and the remaining 6 per cent as
According to revised norm, the villages having population “dilapidated”. Significantly, 1.3 million households in
300 and within a radius of 1 Km. will be eligible for the the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh were living in dilapidated
opening of new primary school. Similarly, villages having houses.
population 800 will be eligible for opening of new upper
primary school, within a radious of 2 Km. XI. Social Sector Expenditure
59. Public policy plays an important role in human
Housing development through increased provision of education,
57. Housing is a basic human requirement in any health and other social services. The level and pattern
civilized society. For a normal citizen, owning a house of expenditure on social sector is indicative of the priority
means significant economic security and dignity. There assigned by the government to human development. We
is an increasing recognition of close relationship between may, therefore, briefly look at the social sector
housing and health and well–being of the people. As per investment in the State. The average per capita real
2001 Census, there were 3,43,01,455 houses in U.P., of expenditure on social services in U.P. during 1990-91 and
which 79.2 per cent were in the rural areas. Only 76.9 2000-01 was Rs.3664 against the all State average of
per cent of total houses were under residential use. Rs.6071. Significantly social sector expenditure in U.P.
is low even as compared to other poor States (Table 1.9).
Table 1.9 : Per Capita Aggregate Real Expenditures by State Governments between
1990-91 to 2000-01 (in Rs.)
States Revenue Expenditure Total expenditure
Education Health Other Social All Social Education Health Other Social All Social
Services services Services Services
Assam 3690 704 1208 5602 3711 747 1267 5725
Bihar 2678 594 895 4167 2698 601 1019 4318
Goa 9682 3338 4456 17476 10187 3886 6189 20262
Gujarat 4137 988 2299 7423 4163 1009 2796 7968
Haryana 3503 769 2494 6765 3567 822 2862 7251
H.P. 6471 2102 3504 12077 6674 2318 4888 13880
J&K 4610 1874 3048 9532 4943 2115 4652 11710
Karnataka 3370 887 2038 6295 3398 943 2191 6532
Kerala 4137 1003 1581 6721 4204 1047 1630 6881
MP 2810 772 2397 5979 2883 799 2544 6226
Maharashtra 4224 897 2047 7167 4247 922 2127 7297
Manipur 7334 1546 2358 11239 7845 1599 3715 13159
Meghalaya 5512 1653 2864 10029 5644 1974 4233 11851
Mizoram 11449 3621 8954 24024 11573 3875 11735 27184
Nagaland 6037 2274 5819 14130 6488 2933 8460 17881
Orissa 2595 599 1724 4918 2619 630 1843 5092
Punjab 4256 1246 1415 6917 4323 1284 1569 7176
Rajasthan 3348 887 1753 5988 3382 938 2390 6711
Tamil Nadu 3926 1049 2577 7552 3966 1091 2787 7844
Tripura 5796 1162 3388 10347 5868 1257 4763 11888
UP 2174 555 799 3527 2201 593 870 3664
West Bengal 2836 789 1247 4872 2853 825 1289 4967
All States 3228 824 1735 5786 3268 863 1940 6071
Source: Ravindra H. Dholakia, “Trends in Regional Disparity in Human and Social Development in India,” paper
presented at the IEA Seminar on Accelerated Economic Growth and Regional Balance, held at ISID, New Delhi
during September 16-18, 2005.
1 1 Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society : A Profile

60. An analysis of expenditure on social sector as human development suitable policies need to be adopted
per cent of GSDP in different States reveals that U.P. for reducing income inequalities and increasing social
falls in the ‘middle category’ States in this respect along sector expenditure for generating better and qualitative
with Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, which human capital.
spend 6 to 7 per cent of GSDP on social sector (Table
1.10). It may be noted that even some of the poorer XII. Fiscal Situation
States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Rajasthan and 63. The ability of the State to invest more on social
Chattisgarh are spending over 8 per cent of their GSDP infrastructure and human development is affected by
on social sector. the financial position of the State government. Severe
Table 1.10: Distribution of States according to fiscal strains emerged in the State’s finances since the
the Ratio of Social Sector Expenditure to GSDP early nineties as the government was not able to restraint
the growth of revenue expenditure, while it failed to
Range
mobilize more resources from tax and non-tax resources.
(per cent) 2002–05 (Average)
There was a sharp jump in the public borrowings adding
Below 5 Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal to the burden of debt and interest payment. Revenue
deficit and fiscal deficit as a ratio to SDP hovered around
5–6 Maharashtra, Gujarat 3 per cent and 5 per cent respectively during the nineties
6–7 Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, (Table 1.12).
Andhra Pradesh 64. A disconcerting part of the fiscal scenario was
7–8 Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh that a large part of the borrowing was used to meet the
Above 8 Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Rajasthan, current revenue expenditure rather than for building
Chattisgarh productive assets. The uncontrolled growth of revenue
expenditure resulted in low capital expenditure of the
Source: RBI, State Finances, 2006–07 State government, which was as low as 6-7 per cent of
61. Another important indicator of the fiscal total expenditure in the late nineties (Table 1.13).
priority accorded to social sectors by the States is the Declining public investment, in its turn, adversely
ratio of social sector expenditure to total expenditure. affected the growth rate of the State’s economy.
In this respect U.P. belongs to the ‘low expenditure 65. By the mid-nineties it became clear to policy
category’ States, which spend less than 30 per cent of makers that the present trends are no longer sustainable.
their budget on social sectors (Table 1.11). This ratio The State government initiated a number of steps to
exceeds 35 per cent in Rajasthan, Jharkhand and control the alarming situation. The government came
Chattisgarh. out with a White Paper on the Fiscal Situation in the
State along with the budget of 1998-99. The White Paper
Table 1.11: Distribution of States According to the identified the following as the main features of the fiscal
Ratio of Social Sector Expenditure to Total xpenditure crisis: (a) higher growth of revenue expenditure in
Range 2002–05 relation to the growth in revenue receipts; (b) declining
(Per Cent) (Average) expenditure on capital formation and low returns on the
past investments; and, (c) continuous increase in the
Below 30 Goa, Haryana, Punjab, UttarPradesh, indebtedness of the State.
West Bengal, Gujarat, Karnataka,Orissa 66. This was followed up with a blue print of wide
30–35 Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, NCT ranging economic reforms covering fiscal sector, fiscal
Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Bihar, administration, re-structuring of public enterprises,
power sector reforms as well as governance and the civil
Maharashtra
service reforms. U.P. became the first recipient at the
35–40 Rajasthan, Chattisgarh sub-national level of fiscal restructuring loan from the
Above 40 Jharkhand World Bank in June 1999. The State Government signed
a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ministry of
62. These figures are reflective of the low priority Finance, Government of India, under which the State
to social sector given by the policy makers in the State. government was to receive programme assistance based
Most of the expenditure on social services is on revenue on a fiscal restructuring plan. Following this, the State
account mainly on salary payment, while capital government announced a Medium Term Fiscal Reform
expenditure is very nominal. The increase in public Policy (MTFRP) along with its budget for 2000-2001.
expenditure on social sector would lead to opening the 67. U.P. Government adopted a Fiscal
vistas, opportunities access to various basic minimum Responsibility and Budget Management Act in 2004,
needs by the under privilege section of the population. becoming the fifth State in the country to do so. The
Thus, if economic growth is to have a positive impact on main objectives of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget

Table 1.12: Trends in Revenue and Fiscal Deficit in Uttar Pradesh: 1991–2006
Year Revenue Deficit Fiscal Deficit
Rs. Crore As % of SDP As % of FD Rs. Crore As % of SDP
1991–92 724.59 1.1 26 2836.50 4.4
1992–93 1014.56 1.4 27 3710.93 5.2
1993–94 1148.72 1.4 36 3165.77 4.0
1994–95 2000.74 2.2 42 4766.50 5.07
1995–96 2340.65 2.3 53 4380.61 4.12
1996–97 3179.13 2.2 53 5956.20 4.66
1997–98 4623.91 3.6 61 7575.96 5.51
1998–99 8696.16 5.1 75 11632.53 7.56
1999–00 7252.61 3.9 65 11098.73 6.71
2000–01 6289.31 3.3 62 10179.52 5.88
2001–02 6181.80 3.4 62 9898.13 5.46
2002–03 5117.32 2.6 54 9496.91 4.81
2003–04 6305.75 2.8 38 10776.25 7.74
2004–05 6992.91 – 54 12997.61 5.5
2005–06 (RE) 3132.00 – 24 13167.53 –
2006–07 (BE) –1123.17 – 9 12711.51 –
Source: Uttar Pradesh Government, White Paper on Budget 1998–99, Part–II and Budget Papers, 2005–06.
Note: Revenue deficit figures for 2003–04 exclude the underwriting of loans of Rs. 12277.40 crore to UPSEB
and Fiscal deficit figures for 2003–04 exclude the power bonds amounting to Rs.5871.86 cr.
Figure 1.6: Trends in Revenue and Fiscal Deficit in Uttar Pradesh

D ef ic it in R s. C r o r e
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
20 0 5 -0 6 ( R E )
20 0 6 - 0 7 ( B E )
1 99 2 - 9 3
1 99 3 - 9 4
1 99 6 - 9 7
2 00 0 - 0 1
2 00 2 - 0 3
2 00 3 - 0 4
2 00 4 - 0 5
1 99 1 - 92
1 99 4 - 95
1 99 5 - 96
1 99 7 - 98
1 99 8 - 99
1 99 9 - 00
2 00 1 - 02
-2000
Years
Revenue Deficit Rs. Crore Fiscal Deficit Rs. Crore
1 3 Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society : A Profile

Table 1.13: Trends in Capital Expenditure in U.P.
Year Capital Expenditure Capital Expenditure Capital Expenditure
(Rs. in crore) as % of Total Expenditure as % of GSDP
1995-96 1129.35 6 1.06
1996-97 1435.41 7 1.12
1997-98 1667.64 7 1.21
1998-99 2096.96 7 1.36
1999-00 2533.34 8 1.53
2000-01 3267.55 10 1.88
2001-02 3555.56 10 1.88
2002-03 3794.39 10 1.87
2003-04 4985.22 11 2.29
2004-05 6320.15 10 2.74
2005-06 (RE) 9717.96 13 3.82
2006-07 (BE) 13437.21 16 4.99
Source: Computed from Budget Documents, UP Government
Management Act of U.P. were to ensure fiscal stability expenditure out of the State budget has shown a
and sustainability; to enhance the scope for improving sizeable increase from Rs.3794 crore in 2002-03 to
social and physical infrastructure and human development Rs.9,718 crore in 2005-06. It is projected at Rs.13,437
by achieving sufficient revenue surplus, reducing fiscal crore in the budget for 2006-07.
deficit and removing impediments to the effective conduct 70. The improved fiscal situation and an increase
of fiscal policy; prudent debt management through limits in public investment is also reflected in an improvement
on State Government borrowings, government guarantees, in the rate of economic growth in the State. Thus, the
debt and deficits; and greater transparency in fiscal growth rate of GSDP, which had stagnated at around 3%
operations of the State Government and use of a medium during 1990-2002, has increased at an average rate of
term fiscal framework. The Fiscal Responsibility Act of around 5% during the period 2002-05. These trends
U.P., among other things, envisaged elimination of revenue suggest that the UP economy is once again showing signs
deficit and containing the fiscal deficit to 3 percent of of higher growth rate. The State government has received
GSDP by 31st March, 2009. sizeable grant in aid for the social sector from the Twelfth
68. These efforts resulted in a significant Finance Commission. This augurs well for the economic
improvement in the fiscal situation. The revenue deficit, and social development of the State.
which was Rs.6993 crore in 2004-05 came down to 71. To conclude, the low level of economic
Rs.1268 crore in 2005-06. According to the revised development and the financial crunch faced by the State
estimates for 2006-07, the State is likely to have a government restricted its capacity to invest in human
revenue surplus of Rs.3359 crore. The gross fiscal deficit and physical infrastructure in the past. Consequently,
which stood at the alarming level of Rs.16,648 crore in the performance of the State in terms of various
2003-04 came down to Rs.10,078 crore in 2005-06. The indicators of human development remained low. The low
improvement has come about due to a remarkable surge status of human development also constrained the growth
in the tax revenues of the State as well as larger flow performance in U.P. Thus, Uttar Pradesh seems to be
from the centre. The own tax revenue which was caught in a kind of vicious circle between low levels of
Rs.13,601 crore in 2003-04 went up to Rs.15,693 crore human development and low levels of economic
in 2004-05 and further to Rs.18,858 crore in 2005-06 and development. It is, therefore, imperative to break this
is projected at Rs.24,381 crore in 2006-07. That amounts vicious circle and to turn it into a virtuous circle by giving
to a creditable increase of about 80% in State revenues due priority to improvement in human development along
during the last three years. with a big push to the State economy. It needs to be
69. The improved fiscal situation is reflected in mentioned that the attainment of the Millennium
the higher plan and capital expenditure. Annual plan Development Goals in the country depends critically on
expenditure in UP has remained around Rs.7000 crore a fast improvement in the social indicators in Uttar
during the period 2001-02 to 2003-04. It went up to Pradesh. The following chapters of the report critically
Rs.9662 crore in 2004-05 and further to Rs.13,639 crore examine the status and trends in various dimensions of
in 2005-06. The size of the annual plan for 2006-07 human development in the State, identify the critical
was Rs.19,000 crore, which is nearly three times the areas and suggest suitable policies for human
plan size, five years back. Similarly, capital development for the State.

CHAPTER - 2
The Status Of Human Development
I. Concept of Human Development distribution of benefits from growth. It deals not only
1. With the publication of the first Human with the choice of the current generation but also with
Development Report in 1990 by the UNDP, a paradigm the sustainability of these choices for the future
shift in the contemporary development discourse has generations. Human development also seeks to empower
taken place. The very meaning and purpose of people as both the means and the ends of development.
development has been redefined to shift focus from In sum, human development is a holistic and an
merely material well being to broader aspects of human integrated concept.
well-being. Development is analyzed and understood in 4. Since 1990, the successive Human Development
terms of betterment of people’s lives not just the Reports (HDRs), being brought out by the UNDP, have
expansion of production processes. The basic purpose identified three most critical and socially valuable
of development is to enlarge people’s choices. In choices, namely, the choice to lead a long and healthy
principle, these choices can be infinite and can change life, the choice to acquire knowledge and be educated,
overtime. People often value achievements that do not and to have access to resource needed for a decent
show up at all, or immediately, in income growth figures; standard of living. The social outcomes in respect of these
greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health choices are captured through indicators on longevity,
services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime educational attainment and income. Over the years,
and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political the HDRs have also modified their methodology for
and cultural freedoms and a sense of participation in construction of human development indices in certain
community activities. The objective of development is respects. But the broad approach and the philosophy
to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy have remained the same.
long, healthy and creative lives. The defining difference
5. After the publication of UNDP’s HDRs, many
between economic growth and human development
countries have also brought out their National Human
paradigms is that the first focuses exclusively on the
Development Reports. In India, the first National Human
expansion of only one choice (i.e. income), while the
Development Report was brought out in 2001 by the
second emphasizes the enlargement of all human
Planning Commission, Government of India. Many State
choices– economic, social, cultural or political.
Governments have also brought out State Human
2. The enlargement of people’s choices can be Development Reports. In these efforts, Madhya Pradesh
achieved by expanding human functioning and was a pioneer with its first HDR broughtout in 1995. After
capabilities. The functioning of a person refer to the M.P., 16 more states have brought out their State HDRs.
valuable things that the person can do or be such as
6. The Human Development Reports aim to
being well fed, well clad, etc. The capability of a person
stands for the different combinations of functioning the stimulate policy debates and discussions on critical issues
person can achieve. Capabilities thus reflect the freedom of human development by providing data and analysis
to achieve functioning. Human development has two on various dimensions of human development. An
sides. One is the formation of human capabilities – such important part of HDRs is the computation of various
as improved health, knowledge and skills. The other is human development indices that assess progress in
the use people make of their acquired capabilities - for human development across countries/states/districts as
employment, productive activities, political affairs or the case may be. Human Development Indices can also
leisure. A society needs to build up human capabilities be used for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
as well as ensure equitable access to human 7. UNDP’s HDRs have over the years developed four
opportunities. There has to be a fine balance between important indices to capture human development status
these two sides. of a country, namely, human development index, gender
3. The concept of human development has four development index, gender empowerment index and
important components, namely, productivity, equity, human poverty index. These are, by now, well known in
sustainability and employment. It is concerned with the development literature. A brief description of these
rate of economic growth as well with equitable indices is given in Box 2.1.
1 5 The Status Of Human Development

Box 2.1 Human Development Indices HPI-2
Human Development Index (HDI) The HPI-2 focuses on deprivation in the same
three dimensions as the HPI-1 and an additional one,
The HDI measures the average achievements
social exclusion. The variables are the percentage of
in a country in three basic dimensions of human
people born today expected to die before age 60,
development – a long and healthy life, knowledge
the percentage of people whose ability to read and
and a decent standard of living. A composite index of
write is not adequate to be functional, the proportion
the HDI thus contains three variables – life expectancy
of people who are income poor (with disposable
at birth, educational attainment (adult literacy and
incomes of less than 50% of the median disposable
the combined gross primary, secondary and tertiary
household income) and the proportion of the long-
enrollment ratio) and GDP per capita (PPP in US $).
term unemployed (12 months or more).
Income enters the HDI as a proxy for a decent standard
of living and as a surrogate for all human choices not
reflected in the other two dimensions. 8. This Report also uses a methodology similar to
Gender-related Development Index (GDI) the UNDP in constructing the indices. But there are some
differences both in the method used and in the indicators
The GDI measures the achievements in the same employed. This has been primarily dictated by the
dimensions and using the same variables as the HDI availability, rather lack of it, of appropriate data at the
does, but takes into account inequality in district level. We have tried to use data, which are
achievement between women and men. The greater available over time and are considered authentic. The
is the gender disparity in basic human development, gaps in the data were filled up by appropriate statistical
the lower is a country’s GDI compared with its HDI. techniques. The main purpose of this exercise is to
The GDI is simply the HDI discounted, or adjusted present intra-state comparisons across districts and over
downwards, for gender inequality. time.
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
The GEM indicates whether women are able to II. Methodology and Indicators
actively participate in economic and political life. It 9. Table 2.1 below summarizes the indicators used
measures gender inequality in key areas of economic by the UNDP, National Human Development report and
and political participation and decision-making. The the present UPHDR. The detailed methodology of
GEM, focusing on women’s opportunities in economic computation has been given in the Technical Appendix.
and political arenas, thus differs from the GDI, an It may be mentioned here, that the computation of GEM
indicator of gender inequality in basic capabilities. was not taken up for want of data on suitable indicators
Human Poverty Index (HPI) at the district level. Further, in place of HPI-1 of UNDP,
we have computed the Deprivation Index, which is akin
The HPI measures deprivations in human
but not identical with the HPI. The Deprivation Index
development. Thus, while the HDI measures the
captures the deprivation in basic amenities in terms of
overall progress in a country in achieving human
the quality of habitat. The HDI for the State as well as
development, the HPI reflects the distribution of
its 70 districts has been computed for the years 1991,
progress and measures the backlog of deprivations
2001 and 2005. The GDI has been computed for the years
that still exists. The HPI is constructed for developing
2001 and 2005, as some crucial comparable data was
countries (HPI-1) and for industrialised countries (HPI-
not available for the year 1991. The Deprivation Index
2). A separate index has been devised for
as stated above has been computed for the year 1991
industrialized countries because human deprivations
and 2001. As the number of districts in 1991 is identical
varies with the social and economic conditions of a
with 2001 due to the creation of many new districts by
community, and so takes advantage of the greater
redrawing the existing district boundaries, appropriate
availability of data for these countries.
adjustment in the data for new districts have been made.
HPI-1 The data used in these computations for example
The HPI-1 measures deprivation in the same literacy, per capita income, infant mortality rate and
basic dimensions of human development as the HDI. other relevant indicators have been taken from official
The variables used are the percentage of people born sources.
today expected to die before age 40, the percentage
of adults who are illiterate and deprivation in overall III. Inter-State Comparisons
economic provisioning – public and private – reflected 10. To put the computations, worked out in this
by the percentage of people without access to health Report, in perspective, it would be instructive to
services and safe water and the percentage of compare the human development status of U.P. vis-à-
underweight children. vis other states of India. According to the National

Table 2.1: Variables Used in Constructing Human Development Indices
Dimensions UP HDR II NHDR UNDP HDR (2006)

1. Human Development Index (HDI)
a) Income Adjusted Per Capita Income Inflation and inequality Per Capita Income at
at constant prices in PPP in $ adjusted per capita constrant prices in
consumption expenditure PPP in $
b) Education Literacy (7+) 1. Literacy (7+) 1. Literacy age 15 and above
2. Intensity of formal 2. Gross Enrolment Ratio –
education school education
c) Health Infant Mortality Rate 2. Life expectancy at age 1 Life expectancy at age 0
3. IMR
2. Human Poverty Index (HPI-1)/Deprivation Index (UPHDR II)
1. Health Percent persons not Percentage persons not
expected to survive expected to survive
beyond age 40 to age 40.
2. Education 1. Illiterates (age 7+ years) Percentage of illiterates
2. Percentage of 6-18 year (age 15 years and above)
old children not in school
3. Economic 1. Deprivation in Quality 1. Percent below i) Percentage of people
Deprivation of Housing poverty line without access to
and Basic 2. Deprivation in Access 2. Percent not receiving safe water
Provisioning to Water medical attention at ii) Percentage of people
3. Deprivation in Good birth/children not without access to
Sanitation fully vaccinated health services
4. Deprivation in 3. Percent of population iii) Percentage of moderately
Electricity Lighting living in kutcha houses and severely underweight
4. Percent without access children under 5.
to basic amenities
3. Gender related Development Index/Gender Equality Index (GDI/GEI)
1. Economic Male and female wages and Workforce Participation Male and female wages and
Opportunity workforce participation rates Rate workforce participation rates
in conjunction with per capita in conjunction with per
income (female and male capita income (female and
earned income share) male earned income share)
2. Education As in HDI As in HDI As in HDI
3. Health As in HDI As in HDI As in HDI
Sources: Annexure 1; Planning Commission, Government of India (2002) National Human Development Report 2001,
New Delhi; UNDP, Human Development Report, 2006.
Human Development Report (Planning Commission 11. For this report, HDI for seventeen major states
2001), U.P. ranked at 13th position in terms of HDI (see have been computed for the year 2001 and 2005 using
Ch. 1, Table 1.1). Kerala, Punjab and Tamil Nadu are the three indicators of per capita income, infant mortality
the three top ranking States in terms of HDI both in rate and literacy 7+. The results have been shown in Table
1991 and 2001. Though Uttar Pradesh improved its rank 2.2. The low status of human development in U.P. is
to 13th position in 2001, it continues to languish at a reflected by the fact that in 2001 U.P. was at 15th position
low level of human development and is in the lowest among the 17 states for which HDI was computed, just
cluster of States, along with Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, ahead of Orissa and Bihar. By 2005 U.P. slipped to 16th
Rajasthan and Orissa. The redeeming feature is that position as the relative improvement in Orissa was faster.
the value of HDI has increased from 0.314 in 1991 to U.P.’s value of HDI in 2005 stood at 0.5709 as compared
0.388 in 2001. The corresponding figures for India were to the value of 0.8243 in Kerala, the best state in terms
0.381 and 0.472 respectively. of HDI, and national average of 0.6639.

Table 2.2: Human Development Index for Major States for 2001 and 2005
Based on UPHDR II Methodology
States 2001 2005

Value Rank Value Rank
Andhra Pradesh 0.6220 9 0.6388 10
Assam 0.5831 12 0.6523 9
Bihar 0.5200 17 0.5538 17
Chhatisgarh 0.5976 11 0.6269 11
Gujarat 0.6663 6 0.7073 6
Haryana 0.6587 8 0.6875 7
Jharkhand 0.6005 10 0.6257 12
Karnataka 0.6646 7 0.6814 8
Kerala 0.8118 1 0.8243 1
Madhya Pradesh 0.5582 14 0.5902 14
Maharashtra 0.7241 2 0.7513 2
Orissa 0.5405 16 0.5863 15
Punjab 0.6943 4 0.7245 4
Rajasthan 0.5796 13 0.5957 13
Tamilnadu 0.6995 3 0.7348 3
Uttar Pradesh 0.5442 15 0.5709 16
West Bengal 0.6696 5 0.7109 5
India 0.6281 0.6639
Source: Computed for the Report

12. The absolute value of HDI in U.P. has been IV. Human Development Scenario at
improving over time (see Table 2.3). But, its relative District Level
performance leaves much to be desired. All the indices of
13. There is a considerable range of variation in
human development (i.e. HDI, GDI and Deprivation Index)
HDI value at the district level (See Table 2.4). In 2005
have shown an improvement over the years. The
the top ranked district is Gautam Buddha Nagar with a
improvement during the period 1991-2001 has been at a
higher rate. A sharper increase in literacy and a decline in HDI value of 0.7017 while at the bottom lies district
IMR have contributed to these trends. In terms of UNDPs Shrawasti with a HDI value of 0.4132. In the top ten
HDR criterion, U.P. can be said to have moved into the districts, presented in the Fig. 2.1 seven districts
category of medium human development (HDI between 0.50 belong to the Western Region, the exceptions being
and0.80) in 2001, from the category of low human Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow and Jhansi. For Kanpur Nagar
development (HDI below 0.50). But the state has still a long and Lucknow, relatively high urbanisation seems to
way to go to achieve full human development. The GDI during be a contributing factor for their higher ranks in HDI.
2001-2005 has also improved by 7.47 % and the Deprivation To some extent, this is true for other top ranked
Index has declined by 16.26 per cent in the year 1991-2001. districts also.
Table 2.3: Progress of Human Development in U.P.
Index Year Improvement in %

1991 2001 2005 1991-2001 2001-2005
HDI 0.4249 0.5442 0.5709 28.08 4.90
GDI -- 0.4910 0.5277 -- 7.47
Deprivation Index 65.12 54.53 -- -16.26 --
Source: Computed for the Report

Fig. 2.1: Ten Best Performing Districts in Terms of HDI in 2005
0.7200
0.5000
0.7000
0.4800
0.6800
0.4600
HDI Value
0.6600
HDI Value
0.6400 0.4400
0.6200 0.4200
0.6000
0.5800
0.5600
r
ur
t
ut
si
d
ra
ra
w
r
ga
pa
ga
ba
no
Ag
an
er
np
hu
Na
Na
gh
ia
Me
Jh
ck
at
ra
az
Ba
M
Lu
ha
ur
ha
Gh
np
Sa
dd
Ka
Bu
am
Districts
ut
Ga
14. Among the bottom ten districts, 8 belong to districts like Varanasi, Chandauli, Allahabad, Gorakhpur,
the Eastern Region of state and two (Rampur and Budaun) Mau have relatively higher ranks in HDI. From the
belong to the Western region (Fig.2.2). The reason for Bundelkhand region, Jhansi is in the top ten districts,
Rampur and Budaun, the districts belonging to the while Mahoba, Hamirpur and Banda occupy middle ranks.
relatively developed Western region is that these districts From the Central region, Rae Bareli, Sitapur, Barabanki,
have low literacy rate and also high infant mortality rate. Pratapgarh have low HDI rank, though Kanpur Nagar and
This again confirms that income alone cannot ensure Lucknow are in the top bracket. The upshot of this
human development. It is also brought out from the Table analysis is that there is considerable intra-regional
2.4 that even in the Western region there are districts variation in HDI. Although the dispersion for all the 70
other than Rampur and Budaun that have low ranks in districts appear low, the Coefficient of Variation in HDI
terms of HDI. For example, districts like Moradabad, being 9.87 per cent for 2005.
Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, and Hardoi have much lower ranks 15. Table 2.4 arranges districts in four groups
in HDI. On the other hand, from the Eastern region according to the value of HDI. Seventeen districts fall in
Table 2.4: Districts Arranged According to Value of HDI, 2005

High (Above 0.60) Medium (0.55 to 0.59) Low (0.50 to 0.54) Very Low (Below 0.50)
Rank District HDI Rank District HDI Rank District HDI Rank District HDI
1 Gautam Buddha Nagar 0.7017 18 Muzaffarnagar 0.5937 41 Banda 0.5456 61 Basti 0.4921
2 Ghaziabad 0.6566 19 Mau 0.5910 42 Kheri 0.5426 62 Rampur 0.4915
3 Kanpur Nagar 0.6506 20 Chitrakoot 0.5907 43 Deoria 0.5418 63 Mahrajganj 0.4906
4 Lucknow 0.6477 21 Mainpuri 0.5891 44 Azamgarh 0.5414 64 Sant Kabir Nagar 0.4800
5 Baghpat 0.6392 22 Chandauli 0.5876 45 Unnao 0.5397 65 Gonda 0.4780
6 Meerut 0.6300 23 Firozabad 0.5876 46 Sultanpur 0.5388 66 Siddharth Nagar 0.4690
7 Agra 0.6215 24 Bijnor 0.5866 47 Pilibhit 0.5372 67 Budaun 0.4605
8 Jhansi 0.6214 25 Kannauj 0.5861 48 Etah 0.5361 68 Balrampur 0.4476
9 Saharanpur 0.6173 26 Ballia 0.5814 49 Lalitpur 0.5345 69 Bahraich 0.4404
10 Mathura 0.6163 27 Farrukhabad 0.5773 50 Fatehpur 0.5334 70 Shrawasti 0.4132
11 Hathras 0.6159 28 Gorakhpur 0.5759 51 Bareilly 0.5332
12 Etawah 0.6090 29 Allahabad 0.5739 52 Barabanki 0.5297
13 Kanpur Dehat 0.6077 30 Aligarh 0.5738 53 Pratapgarh 0.5284
14 Auraiya 0.6074 31 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 0.5722 54 Moradabad 0.5266
15 Varanasi 0.6068 32 Sant Ravidas Nagar 0.5706 55 Rae Bareli 0.5230
16 Jalaun 0.6059 33 Ghazipur 0.5702 56 Kaushambi 0.5212
17 Bulandshahar 0.6017 34 Mahoba 0.5690 57 Sitapur 0.5143
35 Hamirpur 0.5678 58 Shahjahanpur 0.5133
36 Sonbhadra 0.5619 59 Hardoi 0.5103
37 Ambedkar Nagar 0.5580 60 Kushinagar 0.5049
38 Jaunpur 0.5546
39 Faizabad 0.5544
40 Mirzapur 0.5534

the high value category (HDI above 0.60). Ten out of first inference that can be drawn is that all the districts
these districts fall in the Western Region, while only one have marked an increase in their HDI values over the
belongs to Eastern Region. The all 70 districts of U.P. period 1991-2005. However, the improvement in HDI
with the sole exception of Gautam budhha Nagar have values has not been uniform across the districts.
lower HDI levels as compared to the national average 17. In 1991, the highest ranked district happened
(0.6639). One can observe a distinct spatial clustering to be Meerut with HDI value of 0.5735. At the bottom
of districts according to level of HDI (Map 2.1). The was Bahraich with an HDI of 0.2671. Budaun with an HDI
districts on the western fringe mostly belonging to of 0.2752 was second from the bottom In the top ten
Western region have highest value of HDI. Districts districts 6 were from the Western region, Kanpur Nagar
belonging to eastern plans fall in the medium category. and Lucknow from the Central region and Mau and Ballia
Most of the districts of central region have low HDI value, from the Eastern region (Fig. 2.3). Among the bottom
while the tarai districts have the lowest HDI. ten districts 8 districts were from the Eastern region
(Fig. 2.4). Shahjahanpur and Buduan district of West U.P.
V. Progress of Human Development was also in this category.
Across Districts
18. The situation did not change much in the year
16. We have also calculated the HDI for 70 districts, 2001. Gautam Buddha Nagar district with a HDI value of
as they exist now for the years 1991 and 2001. For new 0.6740 occupied the top rank, while Shrawasti with a
districts, some data for the year 1991 have been HDI value of 0.4042 was at the bottom. Interestingly,
statistically interpolated. This would help us to know Mau and Ballia districts that were among top ten slipped
the progress the districts have made over the years in to lower position and were replaced by Auraiya and Jhansi
HDI as also the change in their relative rankings in terms (Fig. 2.5). Among the bottom ten districts, except
of HDI. The HDI values for all the 70 districts for 1991, Rampur and Mahoba, all other districts continued to be
2001 and 2005 are presented in Appendix Table 2.1. The from the Eastern region (Fig. 2.6).
Map 2.1
Sahranpur
0.62
UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar Bijnore District wise Human Development Index - 2005
0.59 0.59
Baghpat Meerut
U.P. - 0.57
0.64 0.63 JP Nagar Rampur
Ghaziabad 0.57 0.49
0.66 Moradabad
GB. Nagar 0.53 Bareilly Pilibhit
Bulandshahar 0.53 0.54
0.70 Lakhimpur
0.60
Budaun Kheri
0.46 0.54
Aligarh Bahraich
Shahjahanpur
0.57 Etah
Mathura 0.51 0.44 Shravasti
0.54
0.62 Hathras Sitapur 0.41 Balarampur
0.62 Farrukhabad 0.51
Hardoi 0.45 Siddharth
Mainpuri 0.58 Nagar Maharajganj
Agra Firozabad 0.59 0.51
Gonda
0.62 0.59 Kannauj Barabanki 0.47
0.59 Lucknow 0.48 SK Nagar 0.49 Kushi Nagar
Etawah 0.53 Basti
Unnao 0.65 0.48 Gorakhpur0.50
0.61 Auraiya Faizabad 0.49
0.61 0.54 0.58
Kanpur Deoria
Dehat Kanpur 0.55 Ambedkar
Sultanpur Nagar
0.61 Nagar Raebareli 0.54
0.56
Jalaun 0.54
0.65
0.61 0.52 Azamagarh mau Ballia
Fatehpur Pratapgarh 0.54 0.59
0.53 0.58
Hamirpur 0.53 Jaunpur
Jhansi Ghazipur
0.57 Banda 0.55
0.62 Kaushambi 0.57
Mahoba 0.55 0.52 SR NagarVaranasi CATEGORIES
0.57 Chitrakoot Allahabad 0.57 0.61 Chandauli
0.59 0.57 Mirzapur 0.40 - 0.49
0.59
0.55
Lalitpur 0.49 - 0.55
0.53 Sonbharda 0.55 - 0.60
0.56
0.60 - 0.70

Fig. 2.3 Ten Best performing Districts in terms of HDI in 1991
0.5800
0.5700
0.5600
0.5500
HDI value
0.5400
0.5300
0.5200
0.5100
0.5000
0.4900
0.4800
T
R
AR
W
T
R
AU
A
U
A
A
PU
PA
O
A
I
AG
ER
AG
LL
M
AB
KN
AG
GH
BA
E
N
N
ZI
RA
C
M
BA
A
R
HA
LU
HA
DH
U
NP
SA
D
BU
KA
M
TA
AU
Districts
G
Fig.2.4 Ten Worst performing districts in term of HDI in 1991

0.4000
0.3500
0.3000
0.2500
HDI Value
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
UR
AR
AR
R
UN
CH
I
TI
A
I
DO
ST
ND
PU
AS
AG
NP
I
DA
BA
RA
R
NA
AM
W
O
HA
HN
HA
BU
G
H
RA
LR
IR
BA
RT
JA
SH
AB
BA
AH
HA
TK
SH
DD
N
SI
SA
Districts
Fig. 2.5 Ten Best Performing Districts in Terms of HDI in 2001

0.7000
0.6800
0.6600
HDI Value
0.6400
0.6200
0.6000
0.5800
0.5600
0.5400
ar
ar
d
si
r
a
ow
ru
pa
ra
pu
ba
iy
ag
ag
an
ee
Ag
gh
an
ra
zi a
kn
N
Jh
M
Au
c
ar
Ba
a
ha
ur
Lu
dh
h
np
G
Sa
ud
Ka
B
m
ta
au
Districts
G

Fig.2.6 Ten Worst Performing districts in terms of HDI in 2001
0.48
0.46
H D I V alue
0.44
0.42
0.4
0.38
0.36
Basti
Shraw asti
Budaun
Baharaich
Rampur
Sant Kabir N agar
Siddhar thnagar
Ghazi pur
Balrampur
M
19. There were changes also in the relative increment was recorded by district Meerut. The top ten
rankings of the districts between 1991-2001 and to a districts recording highest improvement in HDI were
lesser degree during 2001-2005 due to the differential
relatively backward districts and at the same time, least
improvement recorded in HDI by the districts. Chitrakoot
district recorded the highest absolute increment in its improvement in HDI took place among the relatively
HDI in the period 1991-2001. The least absolute developed districts (see Fig. 2.7 and Fig. 2.8).
Fig. 2.7 Top Ten Districts with Highest Improvement in HDI 1991-2001
0.1700
0.1650
0.1600
Improvement in HDI Value
0.1550
0.1500
0.1450
0.1400
0.1350
0.1300
0.1250
0.1200
D
R
I
TI
T
IT
N
AH
H
O
O
BA
A
U
IC
S
D
KO
G
ET
A
BA
RA
AR
ZA
A
LI
D
AN
N
A
BU
PI
H
AH
RO
R
R
IT
JA
BI
FI
H
AH
A
C
Districts
H
T
S
N
SA
Fig. 2. 8: Bottom Ten Districts with Least Improvement in HDI: 1991-2001

Im p ro v e m en t in HD I V alu e
0.0800
0.0600
0.0400
0.0200
0.0000
Varanas i
Chandauli
Meerut
Baghpat
K anpur Nagar
Gorakhpur
Mahoba
Mau
Ballia
Agra
Districts

Fig. 2.9: Top Ten Districts with Highest Improvement in HDI ( 2001-2005)
Improvement in HDI 0.0600

0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
AO
T
UN
R
A
DA
BI
AH
O
PU
LL
OB
AM
AW
LA
KO
N
TP
EI
BA
AH
UN
IR
H
R
JA
LI
A
ET
AM
US
BA
M
LA
R
IT
KA
H
CH
Districts
Fig. 2.10: Bottom Ten Districts with Least Improvement in HDI (2001-05)
Improvement in HDI
0.0250
0.0200
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
Barabanki
Kannauj
Shrawasti
Budaun
Ghaziabad
Sonbhadra
Ballia
Meerut
Kushinagar
Ghazipur
20. In the period 2001-2005 also Chitrakoot in Gautambudh Nagar disricts. Table 2.5 classifies
recorded the highest increment (0.0496) in HDI while districts according to the range of GDI values. Seventeen
Shrawasti recorded the least increment (0.00910) in HDI. districts fall in high GDI category (GDI above 0.55), 31
Further, the districts recording the higher increase in districts in middle category (GDI between 0.50 and 0.55)
HDI belonged to the category of backward districts; while and 22 districts in the low category (GDI below 0.50).
some of the districts recording lower increment in HDI The high value districts are scattered across the state.
are developed ones (see Fig.2.9 and Fig.2.10). Thus, Seven of these are in Western Region, 3 in Central Region,
there is a tendency of convergence in terms of HDI among 3 in Bundelkhand and 4 in Eastern Region. In the bottom
the districts of U.P. This is reflected in the fact that the category also 7 districts are from Western Region, 9 from
Coefficient of Variation in HDI, declined from 17.07% in Eastern Region, 5 from Central Region and 1 belong to
1991 to 10.33% in 2001 and further to 9.87% in 2005. Bundelkhand. The districts on the northern tarai belt of
the state from Rampur in the west to Kushinagar in the
VI. Trends in Gender Development Index east have the lowest level of GDI (see Map 2.2).
21. As stated above GDI was calculated for the 23. Table 2.6 shows the change in GDI between
years 2001 and 2005 only. For 1991, this could not be 2001 and 2005. All districts show an improvement in GDI
done, as male, female wage rates for all the districts over the period indicating a decline in gender disparity
were not available. The GDI values for the districts for across the state. It is observed that the district Budaun
the year 2001 and 2005 are given in the Appendix Table has the lowest value of GDI and this district has also
shown the lowest improvement in its GDI value during
2.5. For the state, GDI value in 2001 was 0.4910, which
the period 2001-2005. Vigorous efforts are needed to
improved to 0.5277 in 2005, indicating a decline in gender
improve the literacy and health condition of women in
disparities in the state.
this district. The rate of improvement has differed over
22. There are marked differences in the GDI across the districts. The best performing district was Bareilly
districts ranging from a low of 0.3620 in Budaun to 0.6018 showing an improvement of 0.0702 in the index. The

Map 2.2
Sahranpur
UTTAR PRADESH
0.51
Muzaffar Nagar Bijnore District wise Gender Development Index - 2005

0.51 0.51
BaghpatMeerut
U.P. - 0.53
Ghaziabad 0.52 0.38
0.57 Moradabad
Bulandshahar 0.44
0.60 0.60 0.48 Lakhimpur
Budaun Kheri
Aligarh 0.36 0.48

Shahjahanpur Bahraich
0.52 Etah
Mathura 0.42
Hathras 0.45 Sitapur 0.40 Shravasti
0.60 0.53 0.39 Balarampur
Farrukhabad 0.45
Mainpuri0.51 Nagar
Agra Firozabad 0.44 Gonda Maharajganj
0.52 Kannauj Barabanki 0.46
0.54 0.52
0.57 Lucknow 0.43 SK Nagar0.54 Kushi Nagar
Etawah 0.51 Basti 0.45 Gorakhpur
Auraiya Unnao
0.54 0.58 Faizabad 0.47 0.47
0.60 Kanpur 0.50 0.53 Ambedkar 0.54 Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 0.51
Jalaun 0.51
0.60 0.49 Azamagarh mau
0.55 Fatehpur Pratapgarh 0.57 Ballia
0.52
0.50 0.51 Jaunpur 0.55
Jhansi Hamirpur
0.54 Banda Ghazipur
0.59 Kaushambi 0.54
0.56 CATEGORIES
Mahoba 0.52 0.49 SR NagarVaranasi
0.45 Chitrakoot 0.52 0.57
Allahabad Chandauli
0.58 0.55 Mirzapur 0.35 - 0.44
0.55
Lalitpur 0.52 0.44 - 0.50
0.51 Sonbharda 0.50 - 0.55
0.54
0.55 - 0.60
Table 2.5: Districts Arranged According to the Value of GDI, 2005

High (0.55 & above) Medium (0.50 to 0.55) Low (Below 0.50)
Rank District GDI Rank District GDI Rank District GDI
1 Gautam Buddha Nagar 0.6018 18 Allahabad 0.5493 49 Fatehpur 0.4992
2 Kanpur Nagar 0.6006 19 Ballia 0.5479 50 Kaushambi 0.4939
3 Auraiya 0.5998 20 Meerut 0.5476 51 Rae Bareli 0.4899
4 Bulandshahar 0.5992 21 Etawah 0.5450 52 Bareilly 0.4836
5 Mathura 0.5959 22 Gorakhpur 0.5441 53 Kheri 0.4829
6 Jhansi 0.5858 23 Mahrajganj 0.5399 54 Moradabad 0.4756
7 Baghpat 0.5823 24 Ambedkar Nagar 0.5389 55 Kushinagar 0.4742
8 Kanpur Dehat 0.5787 25 Jaunpur 0.5383 56 Basti 0.4663
9 Lucknow 0.5770 26 Hamirpur 0.5363 57 Siddharthnagar 0.4638
10 Chitrakoot 0.5763 27 Sonbhadra 0.5351 58 Etah 0.4531
11 Mau 0.5701 28 Agra 0.5350 59 Sant Kabir Nagar 0.4521
12 Kannauj 0.5681 29 Faizabad 0.5328 60 Sitapur 0.4495
13 Varanasi 0.5674 30 Hathras 0.5323 61 Mahoba 0.4454
14 Ghaziabad 0.5652 31 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 0.5241 62 Hardoi 0.4450
15 Ghazipur 0.5607 32 Azamgarh 0.5211 63 Pilibhit 0.4368
16 Chandauli 0.5549 33 Sant Ravidas Nagar 0.5211 64 Balrampur 0.4307
17 Jalaun 0.5507 34 Aligarh 0.5208 65 Gonda 0.4274
35 Mirzapur 0.5202 66 Shahjahanpur 0.4210
36 Mainpuri 0.5200 67 Bahraich 0.3997
37 Firozabad 0.5191 68 Shrawasti 0.3925
38 Banda 0.5176 69 Rampur 0.3849
39 Saharanpur 0.5131 70 Budaun 0.3620
40 Lalitpur 0.5103
41 Sultanpur 0.5096
42 Deoria 0.5085
43 Farrukhabad 0.5077
44 Bijnor 0.5068
45 Muzaffarnagar 0.5067
46 Barabanki 0.5057
47 Pratapgarh 0.5051
48 Unnao 0.5035

ten best performing district in this respect are Bareily, Ten of these districts belong to Eastern Region, 4 to
Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Firozabad, Western Region, and 1 to Central Region. The ten districts
Mathura, Chitrakoot, Mainpuri and Bulandshahar. (Fig. showing poorest performance in improvement in GDI are:
2.11). It may be noted that the western districts show a Faizabad, Mirzapur, Siddharthnagar, Hathras, Fatehpur,
better performance in this respect in general. On the Shrawasti, Ballia, Meerut, Sonbhadra and Budaun. (Fig.
other hand, as many as 15 districts show a slow 2.12). Special efforts are needed in these districts for
improvement of less than 0.03 in GDI over the period. improvement in the condition of women.
Table 2.6: Districts Arranged According to Improvement in GDI Between 2001 and 2005
High (Above 0.045) Medium (0.035 to 0.045) Low (Below 0.035)
District Change District Change District Change
Bareilly 0.0702 Aligarh 0.0449 Hamirpur 0.0345
Etawah 0.0670 Sitapur 0.0447 Ghazipur 0.0344
Auraiya 0.0625 Sultanpur 0.0446 Jaunpur 0.0342
Kanpur Dehat 0.0592 Gautam Buddha Nagar 0.0440 Bahraich 0.0339
Kanpur Nagar 0.0578 Jhansi 0.0430 Deoria 0.0337
Firozabad 0.0542 Barabanki 0.0420 Bijnor 0.0336
Mathura 0.0538 Ambedkar Nagar 0.0420 Pratapgarh 0.0333
Chitrakoot 0.0529 Kaushambi 0.0415 Mahoba 0.0323
Mainpuri 0.0527 Farrukhabad 0.0413 Baghpat 0.0316
Bulandshahar 0.0514 Hardoi 0.0413 Azamgarh 0.0315
Kheri 0.0498 Chandauli 0.0412 Kushinagar 0.0304
Moradabad 0.0493 Rae Bareli 0.0409 Muzaffarnagar 0.0301
Shahjahanpur 0.0493 Sant Kabir Nagar 0.0402 Balrampur 0.0299
Unnao 0.0489 Saharanpur 0.0395 Varanasi 0.0287
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 0.0488 Jalaun 0.0387 Mau 0.0284
Mahrajganj 0.0465 Allahabad 0.0385 Sant Ravidas Nagar 0.0277
Basti 0.0462 Banda 0.0381 Pilibhit 0.0276
Lalitpur 0.0460 Lucknow 0.0372 Faizabad 0.0273
Kannauj 0.0456 Ghaziabad 0.0368 Mirzapur 0.0257
Agra 0.0453 Etah 0.0366 Siddharthnagar 0.0254
Rampur 0.0366 Hathras 0.0253
Gonda 0.0353 Fatehpur 0.0246
Gorakhpur 0.0350 Shrawasti 0.0245
Ballia 0.0204
Meerut 0.0182
Sonbhadra 0.0177
Budaun 0.0150
Fig. 2.11 Districts showing Highest Improvement in GDI during 2001-2005

0.0800
0.0700
0.0600
0.0500
GD I
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
t
ar
r
a
ot
ha
ri
a
ra
ah
y
ba
eh
ill
ag
iy
pu
ko
u
a
re
ra
za
th
rD
sh
tr a
in
ta
a
a
ur
ro
nd
u
B
hi
M
Fi
np
np
a
ul
a
a
K
Districts

Fig. 2.12 Districts showing Least Improvement in GDI 2001-2005
0.030
0.025
0.020
G DI
0.015
0.010
0.005
0
n a t a ti r s ar r d
u dr ru ll i as hp
u ra g pu a
da h a ee B a
aw t h na za ab
Bu b M r te a
rth ir iz
on Sh Fa H
h a M Fa
S
dd
Si
Districts
Fig. 2.13 Difference between HDI & GDI Highest and Lowest in 2005
0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
HDI-GDI
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
ha hi t
j
Ka r
ro ur
t
j ah d
un
Au r
Ch pur
lr a r
am r
Bu r
Ra r
i ya
dk nau
rh
d
r th ar
oo
pu
ha r
ga
Az ga
pu
ga
u
a h ba
ba
a
lib
r
p
p
h
ga
np
Ag
da
m
ag
m
ak
ra
un
an
Na
dd s ha
na
Na
zi a
zi
za
Pi
n
ra
ha
rn
i tr
Ja
ha
ar
nd
Ba
fa
G
Fi
ha
dd
af
Sa
la
uz
be
Bu
Sh
Bu
M
Si
Am
tam
au
Districts
G
24. At the state level the GDI value (0.5277) is 25. Thus, a higher HDI value is not necessarily
lower than HDI values (0.5709), showing the marked accompanied by a higher GDI value, as a number of socio-
gender gap in terms of human development. This is true cultural factors affect the latter. It can be said that the
for the districts also. A comparison of HDI ranks and GDI development of a region (especially in terms of per capita
ranks across districts shows that in general the districts income) does not necessarily mean empowerment and
in the Western region have better ranks in HDI as human development of women. Development, therefore,
compared to GDI in the year 2005. However, the district needs to be consciously engendered.
Bulandshahar from the Western region is an exception
in this respect; it has the lowest difference in its HDI VII. Deprivation in Basic Amenities
and GDI values (.0025). On the other hand, districts from 26. As stated earlier in place of HPI, we have
Eastern region and Bundelkhand region are relatively calculated the Deprivation Index for the years 1991 and
better on the GDI front. The difference between the 2001 based on the Census data. This has been done
HDI value and the GDI value depicts the extent of gender because the data on the health deprivation indicator,
disparities. (Fig. 2.13). This contrast in HDI and GDI namely, percentage of people not expected to survive
ranks can be attributed largely to the higher work to age 40 was not available for the year 2001 at the
participation rate of women in backward regions. district level. Kerala’s State Human Development Report

also uses a similar Deprivation Index for the districts. As VIII. Conclusion
indicated in Table 2.1 the Deprivation Index measures 29. The above analysis reveals that in terms of
deprivation in quality of housing (% of households living human development U. P. continues to be far behind not
in kuccha houses), deprivation in access to water (% of only the high performing state of Kerala, but also behind
households without drinking water sources in or near the other backward states like Rajasthan and Madhya
the house), deprivation in good sanitation (% of Pradesh. The analysis also reveals very high inter-regional
households living in houses without toilet facility and and inter district disparities in human development and
deprivation in electricity lighting (% of households living its various dimensions in the state. However, in the recent
in houses without electricity facility). years there is a trend towards convergence between
27. The Deprivation Index for all the districts in backward and developed districts. Many districts that
1991 and 2001 is presented in the Appendix Tables 2.8 had low HDI values initially made large improvement in
and 2.9. The Deprivation Index for U.P. was 65.12 in their HDI values subsequently due to the special efforts
1991, which declined to 54.53 in 2001. Though there made under government programmes like Sarva Shiksha
has been noticeable improvement in the situation, the Abhiyan. This shows that despite their many
Deprivation Index is still very high in the state as more inadequacies, the state directed developmental policies
than half of the population is deprived of the basic had some impact in raising the level of human
amenities. development in backward districts.
28. Table 2.7 arranges districts according to the 30. The gender gap in human development is quite
Deprivation Index in 2001. There were only 16 districts evident in the state. In all districts, the GDI values are
where deprivation level is less than 50 per cent, in 17 less than the corresponding HDI values. However, the
districts Deprivation Index is between 0.50 and 0.60. In degree of gender disparities varies considerably across
another 18 districts the Deprivation Index is between the districts. Many developed districts, having a higher
0.60 and 0.65 and in the remaining 19 districts it is above rank in HDI, happen to have lower ranks in the GDI. On
0.65. The Deprivation Index seems linked to the degree the other hand, many of the relatively backward districts
of urbanization of the district. Overall deprivation is more which ranked lower on HDI have much better rank in
in Eastern, Bundelkhand and Central regions of the State. regard to GDI. There are many socio-economic reasons
Districts in the Western region have lesser degree of impacting upon the status of women in different regions,
deprivation (see Map 2.3 and Fig. 2.14). which have to be addressed squarely.
Table 2.7: Districts Arranged According to Deprivation Index, 2001

Low (Below 0.50) Medium (0.50 to 0.60) High (0.60 to 0.65) Very High (0.65 & above)
Rank District Index Rank District Index Rank District Index Rank District Index
1 Ghaziabad 22.63 17 Allahabad 50.58 34 Sonbhadra 60.56 52 Kannauj 65.07
2 Meerut 29.82 18 Aligarh 51.09 35 Chandauli 60.75 53 Banda 65.49
3 Kanpur Nagar 30.81 19 Bulandshahar 51.95 36 Jaunpur 61.28 54 Kheri 65.75
4 Lucknow 31.39 20 Firozabad 53.15 37 Ballia 61.29 55 Balrampur 65.99
5 Gautam Buddha Nagar 34.04 21 Pilibhit 53.66 38 Deoria 61.72 56 Gonda 66.24
6 Varanasi 36.46 22 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 54.29 39 Azamgarh 62.43 57 Fatehpur 66.71
7 Saharanpur 37.77 23 Gorakhpur 54.71 40 Etah 62.48 58 Kanpur Dehat 66.73
8 Muzaffarnagar 39.61 24 Sant Ravidas Nagar 55.06 41 Ambedkar Nagar 62.62 59 Barabanki 66.74
9 Agra 41.83 25 Jalaun 55.20 42 Hamirpur 63.13 60 Kaushambi 66.77
10 Bijnor 42.12 26 Mau 55.27 43 Sultanpur 63.46 61 Mahrajganj 67.25
11 Rampur 42.27 27 Farrukhabad 55.94 44 Sant Kabir Nagar 63.80 62 Siddharth Nagar 67.29
12 Bareilly 43.53 28 Hathras 56.52 45 Basti 64.02 63 Kushinagar 67.49
13 Moradabad 43.77 29 Etawah 57.45 46 Pratapgarh 64.04 64 Unnao 67.52
14 Baghpat 45.31 30 Shahjahanpur 58.52 47 Ghazipur 64.17 65 Bahraich 67.67
15 Mathura 47.43 31 Budaun 59.36 48 Mainpuri 64.46 66 Chitrakoot 67.84
16 Jhansi 48.72 32 Mirzapur 59.43 49 Auraiya 64.67 67 Rae Bareli 68.06
33 Faizabad 59.71 50 Lalitpur 64.90 68 Hardoi 69.20
51 Mahoba 64.91 69 Sitapur 70.55
70 Shrawasti 70.92

Fig. 2.14 Deprivation Index in UP 2001
Shrawasti
Sitapur
Hardoi
Rae Bareli
Chitrakoot
Bahraich
Unnao
Kushinagar
Siddharthnagar
Mahrajganj
Districts
Uttar Pradesh
Bijnor
Agra
Muzaffarnagar
Saharanpur
Varanasi
Gautam Buddha Nagar
Lucknow
Kanpur Nagar
Meerut
Ghaziabad
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00

Deprivation Index
Map 2.3
Sahranpur
UTTAR PRADESH
37.8
Muzaffar Nagar
Bijnore District wise Deprivation Index - 2001
39.6 42.1
Baghpat Meerut
U.P. - 54.5
Ghaziabad 42.3
54.3
22.6 Moradabad
Bulandshahar 53.7
34.0 43.5 Lakhimpur
51.9 Kheri
Budaun
59.4 65.7
Aligarh Bahraich
Shahjahanpur
51.1 Etah
Mathura 58.5
Hathras 62.5 Sitapur 67.7 Shravasti
47.4
56.5 Farrukhabad 70.9 Balarampur
Hardoi 70.6
Mainpuri55.9 66.0 Siddharth
Nagar
Agra Firozabad 64.5 69.2 Gonda Maharajganj
41.8 66.2 Kushi Nagar 67.3
65.1 Lucknow SK Nagar
Etawah
Auraiya Unnao 31.4 66.7 Basti 63.8 Gorakhpur
67.5
57.4 Faizabad 64.0
64.7 Kanpur 67.5 54.7 Deoria
Dehat Kanpur 59.7 Ambedkar
Sultanpur Nagar
Nagar Raebareli 62.6 61.7
Jalaun 66.7 63.5
30.8 68.1
55.2 Azamagarh mau Ballia
Fatehpur Pratapgarh 55.3
66.7 62.4 61.3
Jhansi Ghazipur
63.1 Banda Kaushambi 61.3
48.7 64.2
64.9 Chitrakoot 55.1 36.5
Allahabad Chandauli 20.0 - 44.0
67.8 50.6 Mirzapur
60.8 45.0 - 54.0
Lalitpur 59.4
64.9 Sonbharda 55.0 - 64.0
60.6 65.0 - 74.0

31. There are aspects of deprivations afflicting the development should not be lost sight of. At the state
state, which are not fully reflected in the HDI. The and district level, quality and availability of data also
deprivation Index calculated for this report paints a grim impose a serious constraint in the computation of human
picture. The large majority of households in the state development indices. There is an urgent need to
still lack adequate basic amenities like safe drinking standardize the relevant indicators and ensure their
availability at regular intervals.
water, sanitation, housing and electricity for lighting.
Although some improvement in the provision of amenities 33. Finally, it may be observed that there has been
is evident much work remains to be done in this regard. a distinct progress in the recent past in all dimensions
of human development in the state as well as in its various
This task should be taken up on a priority basis in the
districts. However, the situation remains far from
development plans of the state.
satisfactory both in absolute and relative sense. This
32. One needs to be careful in interpreting the reflects the poor economic conditions of the state and
HDI and other indices. Their limitations should also be its people. Very bold and determined efforts are needed
kept in mind. These indices are helpful in providing a to boost the economic growth in the state and bring
broad view of development in a region. In a diverse and about an improvement in the human development status
a big state like U. P. the micro-level aspects of of the people.

CHAPTER - 3
The Status of Education
I. Introduction the urban males (Table 3.1).Still about 36 per cent of

1. Education is a key component of human rural males and 70 per cent of rural females are illiterate.
development. Education has been accepted as a right of Only 15 per cent of rural persons and 37 per cent of
every child. It is needed both as an end in itself to enable urban persons had received education up to secondary
people to lead a cultured and more satisfying life as level or above. About 14 per cent of the urban people
well as for developing human capabilities for earning and only 2.8 per cent of the rural people had received
higher income. Educational levels are also closely related education up to graduate level or above. These figures
with other indicators of human development like fertility, are indicative of the poor level of educational
mortality rates, etc. This chapter discusses the progress development in the state and the challenges that lie
of education at different levels in the state and the ahead in this direction.
various state initiatives taken in this direction and 3. The NSS 61st Round also reveals that even now
identifies critical areas for future development. Among 20.6 per cent of urban children and 22.9 per cent of
other things, it examines the educational status at the rural children in the age of 5-14 are not attending school
state and district level, progress in educational (Table 3.2). The proportion of children and youth
infrastructure, recent government initiatives in the field attending educational institutions drops sharply as one
of primary and secondary education, expansion of higher goes to higher levels of education. Thus, only 50.9 per
and technical education and public expenditure on cent of urban youth and 42.6 per cent of rural youth in
education in the state. The chapter also identifies the the age group 15-19 is attending any educational
future challenges and outlook in the field of education. institution. This proportion drops sharply to 16.8 per cent
and 8.3 per cent in urban and rural areas respectively in
II. Status of Education case of age group 20-24. The attendance rate is found
to be higher in urban areas and lower in rural areas for
Educational Profile all age groups. It is also higher for males for all age
2. Looking at the educational profile of the groups and much lower for females in rural areas. In
population in the state as revealed by the latest NSS urban areas, however, the attendance of females is
round, we find that about two fifth of the urban females better than that of males for all age groups except age
were illiterate in 2004-05 as compared to one fifth of group 20-24.
Table 3.1: Educational Profile of Rural and Urban Population in U.P., 2004-05
Category Rural Urban

Males Females Persons Males Females Persons
Not literate 36.2 69.8 52.9 20.5 39.4 29.3

Literate up to primary 21.7 13.3 17.4 21.3 16.9 19.2
Middle 19.8 8.8 14.3 16.4 12.7 14.7
Secondary 10.4 4.1 7.2 12.7 10.1 11.5
Higher secondary 6.9 3.1 5.0 11.3 8.9 10.2
Diploma / certificate 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.6 0.3 1.0
Graduate and above 4.5 1.1 2.8 16.1 11.7 14.0
All 100 100 100 100 100 100
Source: NSS 61st Round, Report No. 516
3 1 The Status of Education

Figure 3.1: Educational Profile (Rural)
80
70
60
50
Percentages
40
30
20
10
Literate up to primary
Not literate
Middle
Diploma/certificate
Graduate and above

Secondary
Higher secondary
Males Females
Table 3.2: Age Wise Attendance Rates in Educational Institutions, 2004-05 (%)
Age groups Urban Rural

Male Female Person Male Female Person
5-14 years 80.6 73.0 77.1 78.9 80.3 79.6
15-19 years 50.5 33.6 42.6 50.3 51.7 50.9
20-24 years 13.2 3.8 8.3 19.9 13.2 16.8
0-29 years 46.3 36.4 41.5 44.4 46.2 45.3
Source: NSS 61st Round, Report Number 516
Figure 3.2: Educational Profile (Urban)

45
40
35
Percentage
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Not literate
Middle
Diploma/certificate
Graduate and above

Literate up to primary
Secondary
Higher secondary
Males Females

Figure 3.3: Age wise Attendance (Rural)
90
80
70
Percentage 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5-14 years 15-19 years 20-24 years 0-29 years
Males Female
Figure 3.4: Age wise Attendance (Urban)

90
80
70
Percentage
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5-14 years 15-19 years 20-24 years 0-29 years
Males Female
Trends in Literacy Rates and females. Thus, literacy rate in rural areas in 2001
4. Literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh went up sharply was only 53.6 per cent as compared to the literacy rate
from 40.7 percent in 1991 to 56.3 per cent in 2001. of 70.8 per cent in urban areas. The male literacy in UP
However, the state still lags behind the national average is 68.8 percent and female literacy 42.2 percent. The
in this respect (64.8 per cent). Literacy rates differ corresponding figures at the national level are 75.3 per
widely between rural and urban areas and between males cent and 53.7 per cent respectively.
Table 3.3: Literacy in UP by Sex and Area: 1991 and 2001 (Percent)
Type 1991 2001

Person Male Female Person Male Female
Total 40.7 54.8 24.4 56.3 68.8 42.2
Rural 36.7 52.1 19.0 53.6 68.0 37.7
Urban 61.0 70.0 50.4 70.8 78.3 62.2
Source: Census of India

Figure 3.5: Literacy in UP by Sex and Area
90
80
Percentage 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Male Female Male Female
1991 2001
Total Rural Urban
Inter-District Variations in Literacy Rates population is literate. On the other hand, in as many as
5. The inter-district disparity in literacy is quite 20 districts more than half of the population is illiterate.
glaring varying from a low of 38.8 per cent in Rampur to In as many as 56 out of the 70 districts more than half of
a high of 74.4 per cent in Kanpur Nagar (see Appendix the females are illiterate. Among males, literacy rates
3.1). In only eight districts more than two third vary from 46.7 per cent in Shrawasti to 81.3 per cent in
Map 3.1
Sahranpur
70.91
UTTAR PRADESH
Bijnore District wise Male Literacy - 2001
Muzaffar Nagar
71.91 68.78
Baghpat Meerut
U.P. - 68.82
Ghaziabad 48.20
79.84 62.57
Moradabad
81.26 74.31 Lakhimpur
Budaun Kheri
48.96 59.50
Aligarh Bahraich
Shahjahanpur
71.71 Etah
Mathura 59.73 45.58Shravasti
67.52
76.47 Hathras Sitapur
46.67 Balarampur
Mainpuri71.14 Nagar
Gonda 56.66 Maharajganj
74.60
72.76 Lucknow 58.85 56.39 SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
Etawah Basti 66.57 Gorakhpur63.64
Auraiya Unnao 75.98
79.92 Faizabad 67.10
66.28 73.57
80.14Kanpur 69.42 Ambedkar Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 75.01
Jalaun 70.49
80.25 67.61 mau
77.39 Azamagarh
Fatehpur Ballia
Pratapgarh 71.04 75.60 71.91
69.01 73.99
Hamirpur Jaunpur
Jhansi 71.87 Ghazipur
Banda 76.18
78.76 Kaushambi 74.87
67.74 Chitrakoot Allahabad 75.76 77.87 Chandauli
77.69
75.81 Mirzapur 50.00 (BELOW)
74.04
69.59
Lalitpur 50.00 - 60.00
63.81 Sonbharda
60.00 - 70.00
62.95
70.00 - 75.00
75.00 (AND ABOVE)

Map 3.2
Sahranpur
50.00
UTTAR PRADESH
Bijnore
District wise Female Literacy - 2001
Muzaffar Nagar
47.81 46.10
BaghpatMeerut
U.P. - 42.22
49.17 53.12
JP Nagar Rampur
Ghaziabad 27.89
34.56
58.01 Moradabad
Pilibhit
GB. Nagar Bareilly 35.11
Budaun Kheri
Aligarh 25.14 35.38

Shahjahanpur Bahraich
43.03 Etah
Mathura 36.25
22.78Shravasti
39.26
46.31 Farrukhabad 18.58 Balarampur
34.59
Mainpuri 48.65 Nagar
Agra Firozabad 51.41 Maharajganj
50.95 36.77 Gonda 27.08
48.35 Kannauj Barabanki 27.17 27.93
49.16 Lucknow SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
Etawah 34.29 Basti 34.92 29.64
Auraiya Unnao 60.47 Gorakhpur
59.13 41.59 42.88
Kanpur 42.26 Ambedkar Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 42.51
Jalaun 40.86
67.46 39.30 mau
49.21 Azamagarh
Fatehpur Pratapgarh 48.66 Ballia
43.40 43.16
41.93 41.54 Jaunpur
Hamirpur
Jhansi 40.14 Banda Ghazipur
Kaushambi 44.07
50.16 44.03
Chitrakoot 38.44 53.05
36.41 Allahabad Chandauli
50.30
46.38 Mirzapur 44.13
35.00 (BELOW)
39.26
Lalitpur 35.00 - 40.00
32.97 Sonbharda 40.00- 50.00
33.70
50.00 - 55.00
55.00 (AND ABOVE)
Table 3.4: Districts with Highest and Lowest Literacy Rates, 2001
Male Female
Highest Literacy Lowest Literacy Highest Literacy Lowest Literacy
District Literacy District Literacy District Literacy District Literacy
% % % %
Gautam Buddha 81.26 Kaushambi 61.96 Kanpur Nagar 67.46 Barabanki 34.29
Nagar
Kanpur Nagar 80.25 Sitapur 59.97 Lucknow 60.47 Sonbhadra 33.70
Auraiya 80.14 Shahjahanpur 59.73 Auraiya 59.13 Moradabad 33.01
Etawah 79.92 Kheri 59.50 Ghaziabad 58.01 Lalitpur 32.97
Ghaziabad 79.84 Barabanki 58.85 Etawah 57.38 Kaushambi 29.79
Jhansi 78.76 Bareilly 58.73 Kanpur Dehat 54.64 Kushinagar 29.64
Varanasi 77.87 Siddharthnagar 56.66 Gautam Buddha 53.70 Mahrajganj 27.93
Nagar
Chitrakoot 77.69 Gonda 56.39 Meerut 53.12 Rampur 27.89
Jalaun 77.39 Moradabad 54.91 Varanasi 53.05 Gonda 27.17
Baghpat 76.99 Budaun 48.96 Mainpuri 51.41 Siddharthnagar 27.08
Mainpuri 76.70 Rampur 48.20 Firozabad 50.95 Budaun 25.14
Mathura 76.47 Shrawasti 46.67 Chitrakoot 50.30 Bahraich 22.78
Kanpur Dehat 76.39 Balrampur 45.84 Jhansi 50.16 Balrampur 21.79
Hathras 76.28 Bahraich 45.58 Saharanpur 50.00 Shrawasti 18.58
Source: Census of India 2001

Gautam Budh Nagar district, while in case of females, schools and higher secondary schools. The same is the
literacy varies from 25.1 per cent in Budaun to 67.5 per case with the enrollment, which also present a
cent in Kanpur Nagar. These figures are a telling pyramidal picture with a large base, which narrows
commentary on the low status of educational development down as one moves higher on the ladder of education
in the state . Many districts in Eastern UP and some (Table 3.5).
minority dominated districts in western UP have very low 8. Despite various efforts for promotion of the
literacy rates. Table 3.4 shows the districts with highest education of the girl child, the ratio of female students
and lowest literacy rates for males and females. in total enrollment tends to decline as one moves up
from primary to higher levels of education. However,
III. The School System the ratio of girls’ enrollment at various levels has sharply
6. School education in UP comprises three stages, increased over the past years. While the ratio of female
lower primary (Classes I to V), upper primary (Classes VI teachers is almost identical in primary and upper primary
to VIII) and secondary education (Classes IX to XII). In education, it declines very sharply in secondary
terms of organizational structure the school system education. This is one of the reasons of the declining
consists of government schools, private aided schools, female ratio in secondary education.
private unaided schools, minority institutions and 9. The ratio of girls’ schools at the upper primary
missionary schools. The largest number consists of the stage of education appears to be very low. But it must
private unaided schools. The role of private schooling is be mentioned that earlier some of the new upper primary
rapidly increasing in the state while that of public schools were earmarked as girls’ upper primary schools.
schooling is declining in relative terms. But under the various projects like Basic Education
7. Data on the number of schools, students and Project and SSA, general upper primary schools are
teachers and related ratios are given in Table 3. 5. opened which cater to the education of both boys and
The spread of facilities for lower primary education is girls i.e. they are co-ed schools. These schools are not
the largest followed by senior secondary and high designated as boys’ schools or girls’ schools.
Table 3.5: School Education in U.P. at a Glance, 2004-05 & 2005-06
Item 2004-05 2005-06
Lower Primary Education
Number of schools 129976 134455

Ratio of Girls’ schools all co-ed all co-ed
Number of Teachers 283287 297952
Ratio of female teachers 40.0% 40.0%
Number of students 26139380 26270063
Ratio of girls 46.7% 46.7%
Upper Primary Education

Ratio of girls’ schools 15% 15%
Number of teachers 84125 98461
Ratio of girls 43.9% 44.0%
Secondary Education
Ratio of girls schools 20.7% 20.7%
Number of Teachers 137902 192053
Ratio of female students 29.6% 41.3%
Source: Shilksha Ki Pragati in U.P., Directorate of Education, U.P. (Annual)

Growth of Schools and secondary school levels showing an increase of 4.5
10. There has been a very marked growth in the times and 3.7 times respectively. Largest increase in the
educational infrastructure in the state. There has been number of schools has taken place after 2000-01
a remarkable increase in the number of schools in the reflecting the government’s efforts to cover all the
state since 1970-71 (Figures 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8). The unserviced areas by opening schools under the ‘Sarva
number of junior basic schools increased by more than Shiksha Abhiyan’. The earlier norm was to establish a
two times during the period 1970-71 to 2005-06. The primary school within 1.5 km. of any settlement. This
increase was even more remarkable at the senior basic has now been reduced to one km.
Figure 3.6: No. of Junior Basic Schools

160000
140000
120000
100000
co-ed
80000
co-ed co-ed co-ed
60000
40000
20000
0
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2005-06
Boys Girls Total
Figure 3.7: Number of Senior Basic Schools

45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1970-71 1980 -81 1990-91 2000-01 2005-06
Boys Girls Total
Figure 3.8: Number of Secondary Schools

16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2004-05 2005-06
Boys Girls Total

Increase in Number of Teachers
24 percent in 2005-06. Many promotional schemes
11. The growth in the number of teachers has been have contributed to achieve this decline including
much slower as compared to the growth in the number the mid day meal scheme. Teacher pupil ratio is one
of schools (Figures 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11). Thus, the number the indicators of the availability of teaching facility
of teachers has increased by 46.5 per cent, 88.7 per in schools. The state government has initiated
cent and 73.1 per cent between 1970-71 and 2005-06 at schemes of appointing para teachers to supplement
the lower primary, upper primary and secondary school the lack of regular teachers. The teacher pupil ratio
level. Most of the increase in the number of teachers was 1:67 at the start of the academic session 2004-
had taken place prior to 1990-91. However, the growth 05. During the year 2004-05 about one lakh teachers
slowed down due to the fiscal crunch faced by the and ‘Shiksha Mitras’ were recruited by the state
government. Consequently a large number of teaching government in a time bound manner which has
posts remained unfilled. The government has tried to brought down the teacher pupil ratio from 1:67 to
fill up this gap by appointing para teachers called shiksha 1:52 During 2005-06, about 75,000 Shiksha Mitras and
mitra in large numbers (see Box 3.1). 36,000 BTC teachers are to be appointed which will
bring down the teacher pupil ratio to 1: 42. This is
Box 3.1: Drop Out Rates and Teacher Pupil Ratio surely a remarkable progress to ensure quality
The drop out rate at the primary (class I to V) teaching. Shiksha Mitras are appointed by the Village
and upper primary (class VI to VIII) level was about Education Committee (VEC) which is also responsible
65 percent in 1992-93. This rate has come down to for payment of honorarium to them.
Figure 3.9: No. of Teachers in Lower Primary Schools

350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
1970 - 71 1980 -81 1990 -91 2000 - 01 2005 -06
Males Female Total
Figure 3.10: No. of Teachers in Upper Primary Schools

120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2005 -06
Males Female Total

Figure 3.11: No. of Teachers in Secondary Schools
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2004-05 2005-06
Males Females Total
Growth in School Enrollment achievements have improved along with enrollments.

12. The increase in school enrollment has been Parents are increasingly becoming aware of the social value
rather impressive particularly in the last decade due to of education especially for the girl child and consequently
the special programmes launched by the government for the demand for education is rising. Just as there is a phase
universalization of education (figures 3.12, 3.13 and of universalization of primary education, with stages of
3.14)). Thus, the number of students increased by 2.47 development, there comes a situation in which secondary
times at the junior basic level, 6.8 times at the senior education also appears to be universalized. However, at
basic level and 2.9 times at the secondary level during the moment UP has to go a long way to achieve that
the period 1970-71 and 2005-06. Even more impressive cherished level of educational development.
was the growth of girls enrollment, which went up by
3.2 times, 14.5 times and 4.3 times at the three levels Students per School
respectively during the same period. Most of the increase 14. The number of students per class and
in school enrollment has taken place after 2000-01. These institution is an important factor in quality
figures are indicative of the fact that Uttar Pradesh, determination. The number of students per educational
which has been lagging behind in the field of education, institution differs widely from school to school. Notable
is rapidly picking up. variations also exist region wise in UP. Table 3.6 depicts
13. The recent initiatives of the state have made the scenario across the regions in the state. It is only
an impact on enrollment and retention rate. The the Eastern region, which may be described as “over
improvement in enrollment has been higher for girls and crowded” because in the rest of the three regions, the
other socially deprived groups. There is also some number of students per school is less than the state
evidence that in specific project areas, learning average.
Figure 3.12: Enrollment in Junior Basic School

Table 3.6: Region wise Number of Students per
30000000
Educational Institution, 2004-05
25000000
Region Junior Senior Higher
Basic Basic Secondary 20000000
Schools Schools Schools
15000000
Eastern region 233 288 547
Western region 180 249 521 10000000
Central region 203 256 521 5000000

Bundelkhand 147 111 493
0
UTTAR PRADESH 201 253 530 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2005-06
Boys Girls Total
Source: Uttar Pradesh ki Arthik Sameekha, Economics
& Statistics Divisions, State Planning Institute, U.P.

Figure 3.13: Enrollment in Senior Basic School
10000000
9000000
8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2005-06
Boys Girls Total
Figure 3.14: Enrollment in Secondary Schools

8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2005-06
Boys Girls Total
Teacher-Student Ratio respect in Eastern region. Teacher student ratio in

higher secondary education does not vary much across
15. The teacher student ratio is an important
the regions in UP.
factor affecting quality of education. The picture is far
from satisfactory in this respect. There were 92, 111
and 49 students per teacher in the state in 2004-05 at
Quality of Education
the junior basic, senior basic and higher secondary 16. There are three dimensions of school
levels (Table 3.7). The situation is more adverse in this education in the state which are equally important:
quantity, quality and equality. As we have seen
Table 3.7: Teacher Student Ratio in Different above, the quantitative expansion of education
Regions in U.P., 2004-05 services has been rather rapid and new facilities
Region Junior Senior Higher have been created at all levels of schooling in the
Basic Basic Secondary state. The quality issue, however, remains weak.
Schools Schools Schools The quality of education in the primary education
is particularly causing concern. Independent
Eastern region 94 123 51
evaluation studies have revealed that the ability of
Western region 92 114 47
students is very poor in reading, writing and
Central region 95 109 51 mathematical calculations (see Box 3.2). The quality
Bundelkhand 78 48 45 is wanting in many other respects too. Now is the
UTTAR PRADESH 92 111 49 time, when physical facilities have been created
Source: Uttar Pradesh ki Arthik Sameekha, Economics almost adequately, that attention should be paid to
& Statistics Divisions, State Planning Institute, U.P. improve quality in education.

education to those who could not seek formal
Box 3.2 Quality of Primary Education: education through full time secondary educational
Findings of the Pratham Survey institutions.
19. The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) recognized
The study by Pratham has revealed that for
education as the key intervention whereby the state can
rural Uttar Pradesh, the quality is very poor in many
transform its large population into an asset instead of
respects. In reading tests it has been found that in
treating it as a problem or burden. The Plan has noted
class I, 55.7 percent children can read nothing, 33.0 with concern the under allocation of plan resources for
percent can read letter, but only 8.0 percent can read the development of education and the decline therein.
word. In class II, 24.3 percent children can read In the field of elementary education, the Tenth Plan
nothing, 38.0 percent can read letter and 24.3 aimed at (a) universal enrollment, (b) universal
percent can read word. In class III, 11.7 percent can retention, and (c) quality of education. The Plan called
read nothing, 26.4 percent can read letter, and 30.8 for developing additional physical facilities of primary
percent can read word. Even in class V, 3.8 percent and upper primary education by opening new schools in
children can read nothing, 9.8 percent can read letter, un-served habitations.
and 15.8 percent can read word. 20. In order to enhance the access of students
to schools, the norm of opening new primary and
In arithmetic test, in class I, 70 percent
upper primary schools have been revised in the year
children can do nothing, 26.7 percent can recognize 2006-07. According to revised norm, the villages
number, 2.3 percent can subtract and 0.7 percent having population 300 and distance of 1 Km. will be
can divide. In class II, 39.9 percent can do nothing, eligible for the opening of new primary school.
48.2 percent can recognize number, 9.3 percent can Similarly, villages having population 800 and
subtract and 2.9 percent can divide. In class III, 23.5 distance 2 Km. will be eligible for opening a new
percent can do nothing, 47.9 percent can recognize upper primary school.
number, 20.9 percent can subtract and 7.7 percent 21. Presently, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Mid
can divide. Even in class V 9.2 percent can do nothing, day Meal (MDM) Programme are the most notable
29.9 percent can recognize number, 36.4 percent can programmes for promoton of universalization of
subtract and 28.5 percent can divide. education at the primary level. Their progress in the
state is briefly discussed below.
Source: Pratham, ASER 2005, Uttar Pradesh
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
IV. Recent Initiatives for Universalization of 22. It is a centrally sponsored scheme for
Education universalization of elementary education (UEE). It
was started in 16 districts in UP during 2001-02 with
17. The decade of 1990s has been particularly
Government of India share of 85 percent and state
important from the viewpoint of the development of share of 15 percent. From 2002-03, the SSA is under
school education in the country as well as the state.
implementation in all districts. At present, the
This decade is known for several effective school Government of India share is 65 percent and the state
interventions by government. The Eighth Five Year Plan share is 35 percent. The role of SSA has been
of U.P. (1992-97) recognized secondary education as one significant in many respects. Schemes and activities
of the most important and effective instruments of like construction of school buildings, teachers
human resource development and a pre-requisite for training, developing required infra structure, learning
economic growth and human progress. It emphasized material etc. have been covered under this
checking drop out rates, improvement in formal and non programme (see Box 3.3).
formal system of education and expansion in the facilities
for girls’ education. 23. Field studies undertaken for the independent
evaluation of the SSA scheme have revealed some
18. During the Ninth Plan emphasis was put on weaknesses in the implementation of the programme (Box
quality improvement. The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997- 3.4). Though arrangements have been made for covering
2002) policy accordingly emphasized the need for larger number of children, the full use of facilities has
modification and diversification of curricula so as to not been ensured. In many cases, schools have been
provide skill and training through well structured opened to achieve the set goals but the required physical
vocational courses, planned with community facilities are still lacking. Along with constraints in physical
involvement and support. It also aimed at encouraging facilities, the teacher attendance is also very low and
the Open Learning System (OLS) for providing hence the commitment of students is also lacking.

Box 3.3: Progress of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Box 3.4 : SSA in District Unnao : A Field Report
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a centrally l The target of opening new primary and upper
sponsored scheme for Universalization of Elementary primary schools for the year 2006-07 has been
Education. SSA was started in 16 districts of Uttar fully achieved.
Pradesh during 2001-02 with Govt. of India share of l In case of appointing new teachers, 80 per cent
85% and State Share 15%. During 2002-03 and 2003- of the sanctioned teachers have been
04, SSA has been launched in all 70 districts of the appointed at the primary school level and 62
State. All programmes and activities like school per cent at the upper primary level.
buildings, teachers training, developing infrastructure
l About 63 per cent schools have playground and
requirements, learning material etc. have been taken
49 per cent schools do have sports items but
up in this programme. During 2001-02 to 2003-04,
only 72 percent of such schools use them.
3998 new primary schools and 7570 new upper primary
schools have been provided in new habitations. Over l Physical structure is weak in most schools.
6100 Shiksha Mitras have been placed in primary l About 82 percent schools have drinking water
schools by Village Education Committees. To improve facility. More than 25 per cent funding of
Teacher Pupil Ratio, selection process of 67,829 drinking water facility is done through SSA.
Shiksha Mitras is going on. Besides, 6020 Education l Toilet facilities are available only for 70 per
Guarantee Centres and 3634 Alternative and cent boys and 45 per cent girls at primary level.
innovative Education Centres have been opened for l The teacher-students ratio is found to be 1:42
those children who are not enrolled under formal in primary and 1:47 in primary and upper
education. A plan grant of Rs.2,457 crore was primary schools.
approved for the financial year 2005-06 after l Teachers’ attendance is not up to the mark.
reviewing the Education for All campaign. Four times
l 62 percent students were found absent.
more school buildings were constructed during 2004-
05 compared to the work executed in the preceding l Students’ tests are taken regularly but the
period of three years. A provision of free text books performance of 66 percent students in an
to all students of Basic Education Board has been exclusive test has been poor.
made from the academic session 2005-06. Earlier the l Drop out rate (4 to 5 percent) is less but is
facility was available only for girls and SC/ST students. relatively higher among girls.
The Xth five year plan has been completed Source : Based on an Evaluation Study conducted by
and undoubtedly it has proved to be a great success. the Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow
The number of new primary and upper primary school
is 12130 and 16167 respectively. 176296 additional Mid Day Meal Scheme
classrooms have been constructed successfully. 24. Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme was
Besides all this, 167273 SHIKSHA MITRA’S and 40000 initiated by the Government of India in 1995. Under this
teachers have been appointed which has decreased scheme all students in government aided schools,
the pupil teacher ratio from 1:77 to 1:55. The gender Madarsas, EGS centres and AIE centres are supplied free
gap in primary enrollment has reduced from 10% to mid day meal. Initially 3 kilogram per month raw food-
4% and similarly the gender gap in the upper primary grain was given to every child for 10 months. The
school enrollment has reduced from 20% to 10%. Government of UP started supplying cooked mid day meal
The percentage of SC student enrolled is 27% Kasturba since November 2004, and gradually the whole state has
Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Yojna has proved to be very been brought under its coverage. To ensure successful
useful for girls who are out of school of the age group implementation of this scheme, Committees have been
11-14 age. 257 KGBV’s have been sanctioned out set up from the state level to the village level for
which 172 KGBV’s are functional. The proposed target monitoring the progress and to provide necessary
for 2007-08 is 66 KGBV’s. Similarly, inclusive education guidance. The responsibility of supplying mid day meal
for CWSN has been provided. During 2006-07, 2.95 has been given to Gram Pradhans in villages and Ward
lakh children were identified in the household survey, Committees in city areas. In some city areas the
out of which 2.51 lakh have been integrated, 61450 responsibility has been entrusted to NGOs. Cooking
children were assessed medically and 31261 children responsibility has been entrusted to Gram Vikas Vibhag
were provided aids and appliances. In XI plan, SSA in villages and to DUDA and SUDA in city areas.
funding pattern between the Central and States shall Instructions have been issued to employ cooks belonging
be in the ratio of 65:35 for the first two years and to SC/ST, widowed ladies on a priority basis and the food
60:40 for the third year i.e. 2009-10, 55:45 for the is to be cooked under hygienic conditions. Under this
fourth year i.e. 2010-11; and 50:50 thereafter i.e. scheme nearly 1.86 crore children studying in over 93,000
from 2011-12 onwards. schools are covered.

sections of the society, particularly, Scheduled Castes
Box 3.5 : Mid Day Meal Programme in District
and Scheduled Tribes, steps have been taken to promote
Unnao: A Field Report
the cause of this segment of population in such a manner
About 65 percent schools have menu written on wall so as to enable them to reach from elementary to
but only 48 percent schools supply food accordingly. secondary level of education, which may lead them from
More than 70 percent students are happy with the preliminary level of welfare to ultimate aim of
quality of food. educational empowerment.
More than 71 per cent schools are still without 28. Special institutional arrangements have been
kitchen. But even in schools where kitchen is made for the SC/ST students. Ashram Type Schools have
available, food is generally cooked outside. been opened for them to provide residential facilities
to them. Similarly, Hostels and Coaching Centres have
About 80 percent schools do have the required utensils
been established for Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe
in the kitchen.
students preparing them to compete in the civil services
More than 88% schools have availability of safe examinations like PCS and IAS.
drinking water.
29. Financial assistance in the form of scholarships
In 68 percent schools LPG cylinders are used for to Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribe students is
cooking and fuel wood is used in the remaining provided to help them continue their education. Social
schools. Welfare Department distributes scholarships to
Despite awareness of cleanliness, it is not followed Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students in all
in practice by the students while eating meals. classes / courses. Lists of students studying in recognized
Only 9 per cent schools are provided with micro- educational institutions are obtained by the Social
nutrition supplement. Welfare Department of the UP government in co-
ordination with the Education Department. High priority
Participation of parents and Village Education has been assigned for the distribution of scholarships.
Committees in MDM is not satisfactory in most of the The scholarships are provided at the rate of Rs.25 per
schools. student per month from class I to V, Rs.40 from class VI
Source: Based on an Evaluation Study conducted by to VIII and Rs.60 for classes IX and X.
the Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow
Minorities’ Education Programmes
25. The scheme has shown good results and is in 30. Minorities in the state are among the
general a very welcome measure. Certain shortcomings educationally more backward communities (see Box 3.6).
in the implementation of the scheme have been In accordance with the provisions of Indian constitution
observed. Often complaints are received about poor and the U.P. Minority Commission Act 1994, the State
quality of food etc. In some schools the food is provided Government has notified Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists,
through private contractors or NGOs. It has created Christians and Parsees as Minority Communities. There
problem of low quality food. Evaluation studies have are 21 districts of U.P. wherein more than 20 percent of
brought out certain problems with MDM scheme (see Box population belong to the minority category. These
3.5). These problems should be looked into carefully and districts have been declared densely minority populated
remedied immediately so that full benefits of the scheme districts and 75 development Blocks have been declared
start accruing to children. as Educationally Backward Minorities Blocks. The State
Government provides various types of educational
V. Special Educational Programmes facilities to minorities particularly in the identified areas.
26. A number of special educational programmes 31. Through the implementation of schemes like
have been introduced by the state government to address Madarsa Modernization, Minorities Scholarship
the problem of education of the children of the deprived Programme, Hostel and Building Construction Scheme,
sections of society and special category of students Margin Money and Term loan scheme etc. efforts are
including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, being made to integrate the educational and economic
girls, BPL families and the handicapped children. A requirements of minorities and solve them
number of concessions, freeships and other incentives simultaneously. The ultimate aim is to bring about a
are given to the special category of students and girls. qualitative improvement in their social, educational and
Some of the special programmes are discussed briefly economic status.
below.
32. The scholarship scheme for minorities is also
Educational Schemes for SC/ST being implemented in U.P. to give financial assistance
to minority children while they are in schools. Provision
27. In view of the constitutional provisions for has been made for scholarship from class one to class
protection and promotion of the interests of weaker ten. Students from class I to v are given Rs.25; from

class VI to VIII the rate is Rs.40 and in classes IX and X, it is 34. With a view to create Madarsa - market
Rs.60 per student per month. The UP Minority Finance and interface, courses for imparting technical skills have been
Development Corporation is providing assistance by way of integrated with religious instruction. A total of 140 mini
term loan, margin money loan, interest free loan and skill ITIs had been working as Madarsa based institutions and
improvement for eligible persons of minority community. 160 more ITIs have been opened in Madarsas taking the
It has also made provision for coaching of minority students total of Madarsa based ITIs to 300. Various types of
for better placement in government services. courses and vocational training programmes are run in
these technical institutes. This has created a new opening
Box 3.6 Minorities Education: A Case Study in for the tradition bound young boys and girls of the Muslim
Pilibhit District minority community.
A field study of educational status of minorities in
Promotion of Urdu
Pilibhit district throws light on their educational
backwardness. Muslims comprise around 21% 35. For the promotion of the teaching of Urdu
population of the district, while Sikhs constitute language, the programme of school education in Urdu
around 4%. About 70.5% of Muslim population and 4% language was started in the state in 1989, when the
of Sikh population live in rural areas of the district. government of UP declared Urdu as the second official
The educational backwardness of Muslims is evident language of the state. Three objectives are sought to be
from the fact that 52.47% of Muslims are illiterate achieved for promotion of the education of Urdu
while among Sikhs only 32.81% are found illiterate. language:
Educational backwardness persists more among 1. Making education available through the vernacular
Muslims than among Sikhs through out the educational to the children of minorities whose language is
ladder-primary to graduation level. Only one-third mostly Urdu.
of the Muslims have received education, mostly upto 2. Making available the system of educational
the primary level. Less than half percent of Muslims instruction in Urdu medium in schools.
received education upto graduate level or above as
compared to 3.8% of Sikhs (See Table below). 3. Encouraging national integration through linguistic
adjustments and recognition for minorities.
Educational Status of Muslims and Sikhs in Pilibhit 36. This scheme makes provision for the
District appointment of one Urdu teacher in a school if there
(Percent of Population) are a minimum of ten students studying Urdu in a class
or if there are a minimum of 40 Urdu medium students
Educational Category Muslims Sikhs in the school. Arrangements have been made for training
Illiterate 52.47 32.81 of Urdu teachers in Lucknow, Meerut, Agra and Varanasi.
With Primary education 23.16 29.71 Promotion of Education of Girls
Middle Education 7.63 13.47
37. The significant gender gap in educational
High School education 2.14 10.19 attainment has been noted above. Girls’ enrolment as
Intermediate 0.66 2.76 well as their retention at all stages of school education
is poor in comparison to the boys. State government has
Graduates & Above 0.38 3.28
made special efforts to promote girls’ education during
Professional courses 0.11 0.53 the Ninth and the Tenth Plan including the following:
Source: Field Survey by Mohd. Muzammil, Department l Education has been made free of tuition fee for
of Economics, Lucknow University, Lucknow. girls up to XIIth standard, and very recently since
2004-05 up to higher education level.
Madarsa Modernisation
l Fifty per cent of the seats in pre-service training
33. Under the Madarsa modernisation scheme, 735
institutions for primary school teachers have been
Madarsas have been modernized and 359 Madarsas have
reserved for girls so as to recruit more women
already been taken on the grant-in-aid-list so as to facilitate
teachers at the primary level.
them to provide pay etc. to their teachers. During 2004-
05, state government sanctioned a grant of Rs. 15 lakh for l The state government has opened 100 high schools
computer education / construction of computer rooms in in un served blocks from its own resources. It has
26 Madarsas. During 2006-07, 100 new Madarsas have been also proposed to open 100 girls High Schools/Inter
brought under the state’s grants-in aid facility. Thus, the colleges with the help of voluntary agencies. The
total number of aided Madarsas comes to 459. In other state government has motivated these agencies /
words, of the total 1378 recognised Madarsas, about one societies by granting them Rs.10 lakh for building,
third have been put on the grant- in- aid list. furniture etc.

l All the non-formal education centres have been Committees (VECs) as statutory bodies under UP Basic
designated as girls education centres so as to bring Shiksha Adhiniyam 1972 and delegated management of Basic
more and more girls to the centres and cater to education to them. The VECs were further strengthened
their educational needs; and more powers were delegated to them in 1999. The
l The state government has adopted schemes of Village Education Committee is functioning as a sub
incentive grants viz., sanitary facility, classrooms committee of the Gram Panchayat with a separate ‘Shiksha
and furniture to those boys’ institutions in which Nidhi’ (education fund) and is empowered to address all
girls are also studying. local issues regarding elementary education. Members of
l A discount of 50 percent is given in Stamp Duty for VECs have been trained to orient them to their roles and
land registration while opening schools for girls at responsibilities. VECs have been empowered for school
block level. construction work, school maintenance and development,
l One school in each block and Nyaya Panchayat is engaging Shiksha Mitras and Achryaji for EGS centres and
to be developed as Abhinav Vidyalaya. payment of honorarium to them. Community based
organizations like Mother Teacher Associations, Parent
Policy for Partially Handicapped Teacher Associations; Women Monitor Groups have also been
constituted and sensitized. This has been a significant step
38. Integrated secondary education scheme has been
to empower local community to enable them to improve
launched for the handicapped children of various categories,
local school management and teacher accountability.
i.e. children with various degrees of deafness, weak eyesight,
physically and mentally handicapped. This scheme was
VI. Education Index
started in 1986-87 to encourage the partially handicapped
children for pursuing education by giving them financial 41. Recently the National University of Educational
assistance. This is a centrally sponsored scheme and the Planning and Administration, New Delhi has prepared an
central government bears the burden of its financing. Education Development Index for primary and upper
primary education for different states using 22 indicators
39. Under this scheme financial assistance is given related to access, infrastructure, teachers and outcome.
to the handicapped students at the rate of Rs.200 as This index helps in assessing the relative progress of
uniform allowance, Rs.400 for books and stationery and primary education in the state. The data on selected
Rs.50 for conveyance. A grant of Rs.2000 is also given on indicators for U.P. alongwith that of the best and the
medical recommendation for purchase of equipment for worst state are given in Appendix 3.6 and 3.7. It is
the handicapped child. This scheme is under depressing to note that U.P. ranks 27 in case of EDI at
implementation in upper primary schools and secondary primary level, at rank 30 in case of upper primary level
schools in the districts of Meerut, Agra, Bareilly, Lucknow, and at rank 29 in terms of combined index out of 35
Gorakhpur, Faizabad, Jhansi, Moradabad, and Ballia. states. If we compare U.P.s position among the 17 major
states only even then U.P. figures at rank 12 (see Figure
Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions 3.15). Only the states of West Bengal, Orissa,
40. Gram Panchayats in the state have been assigned Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar lag behind U.P. in this
an important role for active participation in basic education. respect. It may be noted that all of these states have
The State Government has constituted Village Education large Scheduled Tribe population.
Figure 3.15: Educational Development Index

0.800
0.700
0.600
In d ex Values
0.500
Primary EDI
0.400
Upper Primary EDI
0.300 Composite EDI
0.200
0.100
0.000
Gujrat
Kerala
Tamilnadu
Karnataka
Andhara Pradesh
Maharashtra
Punjab
Haryana
Chhattishgarh
Rajasthan
Orissa
Uttar Pradesh
Mad hya Pradesh
Jharkhand
Uttaranchal
West Bengal
Bihar
States
Source: National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi.

Secondary Education educational infrastructural facility. Budgetary
42. Once the enrollment targets are achieved at allocations are also made for construction of science
lower levels of education, the attention is naturally laboratory, additional school buildings and repair of
drawn to secondary and higher levels. Primary education existing buildings with a view to expand facilities. A
certainly provides the base for education but any new scheme of one time assistance for opening new
worthwhile improvement in human resource schools by private management to create extra
development status can be made only with effective capacity in rural areas has been initiated during 2006-
secondary education. The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002- 07 for which an outlay of Rs.200 crore has been
07) recognized secondary education as the springboard allocated.
to higher education. It also admits that it is a terminal 45. Due to the concerted efforts of the State Govt.,
stage in the general education system. At this stage of the level of enrollment, no. of schools and number of
education, the youth decides on whether to pursue teachers have increased appreciably during Xth Five Year
higher education or opt for technical training or join Plan. At present, 558 Govt. colleges, 5276 aided colleges
straight away the work force. Secondary education and 9736 unaided colleges are running in the State in
comprises teaching from class IX to class XII. The first which 89.92 lakh boys and girls are studying with the
two years constitute high school education and the last help of 1,10,864 teachers.
two years as the intermediate or higher secondary 46. Targets set for 11th Five Year Plan are as under:
education. It provides the link between primary and
l Raising Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for the
higher education. Traditionally, secondary education has
secondary school going age group (14-18 years)
been the weakest link in the entire range of formal
which was 37.5% in 2002-03 to at least 65% by 2011-
education. The drop out rate after the high school
12, in the general stream (besides those in the
examination is very high, which calls for rethinking of
Vocational stream).
the extension and diversification of secondary
education. According to an estimate about 10 lakh high l Reducing gender and Social disparities in GER to
school students do not join the higher secondary within 5 percentage points, and minimizing rural-
education. Naturally a re-routing is required at this level urban disparity in GER.
of education so that the students completing high school l Bringing down pupil-Teacher ratio at the secondary
examination are usefully engaged in an alternative stage to about 25, ensuring suitable subject wise
stream of education, which may be more fruitful for availability of teachers and increasing percentage
them and also beneficial to the society. of trained teachers to 100%.
43. The capacity creation at secondary education l Improving quality of secondary education and pupils
level has been phenomenal and the infra structural achievement levels so that pass percentage in X
facilities have been developed to the extent of and XII Board examinations improve to around 75%
absorbing about half of those passing out of the senior
An outlay of Rs. 3430 Cr. has been proposed for
basic education. If the enrollment ratio improves and
the 11th Plan to achieve the above targets.
the demand for secondary education rises, the
facilities may fall short of requirement. The quality 47. In order to improve access to secondary school
of education at this level also leaves much to be education, the state has been following the policy of
desired. The swakendra (self centre) system of high up-gradation of upper primary level institutions and
school and intermediate examination has sharply establishing new secondary level schools by assessing
increased the pass percentage but led to considerable the demands of a particular area or pocket of habitations.
deterioration of quality. In this regard the U.P. Board of Secondary Education has
prescribed certain norms. The up-gradation of aided
44. Private participation is being obtained in a upper primary schools follows a procedure laid down by
big way for the development of secondary education the Board.
in the state and more so in un-served areas and for
marginalized groups like girls. Non-recurring grant is 48. A similar practice is being followed for the up-
being provided to private management for opening of gradation of the institution from high school level to
girls’ high school in those blocks where such facilities intermediate standard, which requires that the result
are not available. In all, 426 development blocks in of high school on an average should not be less than 40
the state were identified where high school education percent. In addition to this the concerned institution
facilities were lacking for girls. Under this scheme has to specify a sum of Rs.50,000 as an endowment fund
initially an amount of Rs.10 lakh and now revised to and Rs.2000 as reserve fund deposited in the name of
Rs.20 lakh is given in two equal installments to private the institution and pledged to the inspector of school.
management for opening girls’ high school in un-served The conditions for up-gradation in respect of students’
blocks. Yearly provisions are made in the state budget enrolment, library, teaching aids, science equipments,
to run this scheme with a view to create basic computer etc are laid down very clearly.

in the state. The vocational education scheme is in
Box 3.7: Politicization of Secondary Education operation in the state since 1989-90. The vocational
Teachers, particularly at the secondary level of education programme is available to students in classes
education enjoy substantial political influence in the 11 and 12. The scheme of vocational education has
State. Their representation in UP Assembly is ensured covered a total of 892 secondary educational institutions
by the Constitution of India which provides that one- including 163 government schools and 729 aided
tenth of all members in Legislative Council are to be secondary schools. 100 more schools have been identified
teachers elected from teachers’ constituency. Unlike for the purpose. In the 892 vocational schools, a total of
other government paid employees, teachers are 36 vocational trades are being run in which about 3700
allowed to contest election to the Legislative subject instructors are hired to impart training to
Assembly as well. The political influence of teachers students at an honorarium of Rs.1600 per month. During
in UP comes not only from their representation in 2004-05 about 52,500 students have been benefited by
the state legislature but also from the strength of this scheme of vocational training. There is also a
their unions. The problem of absenteeism of teachers provision for inviting guest lecturers for specific trades
was raised by the Probe Report. The pressure of by teacher experts and they are paid at the rate of Rs.50
teachers lobby often leads the government to accept per lecture. In view of the non receipt of the central
the demands of teachers to avoid public resentment share of the grant for running this scheme, the state
caused by prolonged disruption of the schooling government has sanctioned funds for 2004-05 and 2005-
system. Teacher unions have used their powers to 06, a grant of Rs.10.00 crore.
promote self interest on many occasions. 50. Every school has a maximum of four trades and
The evolution of education policy in the state has a minimum of two trades. There exists an arrangement
been heavily influenced by teachers’ demands. For of providing non-recurring grant of Rs.1.00 lakh for the
instance, the major education Acts in the last three construction of work shed and another Rs.1.00 lakh for
decades have come about shortly after periods of trade equipments. An annual grant of Rs.3000 per trade
intense lobbying by teachers’ unions. Generally the is given for purchase of raw materials and Rs.100 per
campaigns of teachers unions have focused student (with a maximum of 15 students) is given for field
overwhelmingly on the issue of salaries and work visits. The following ten trades have been included in the
conditions. In this respect they have been quite vocational education in selected schools: (i) fruits and
successful as is evident from the rapid growth of food processing, (ii) garments and tailoring, (iii) Short
teachers’ salaries. hand and typing, (iv) multipurpose health / medical lab
Unfortunately teachers have seldom used their technique, (v) colour photography, (vi) Repair of Radio
political power to campaign for broad improvements and colour TV, (vii) weaving and hand embroidery
in the schooling system or for the promotion of technique, (viii) computer technique and maintenance,
education in general. To some extent it is explained (ix) agricultural equipments’ maintenance / repair of
by the fact that the role of teacher’s unions is to diesel engine, and (x) maintenance and repair of household
promote the immediate interests of their own electrical appliances. Only selected trades are available
members rather than those of the pupils or parents. at a time in a school. The establishment of vocational
The latter, unlike teachers, tend to be dispersed and Education Board in the State is under process.
unorganized and this asymmetry has led to major
biases in education policy. Parents’ organizations are VIII. Higher Education
desperately needed to promote and safeguard the 51. In view of the fast changing economic and
educational interests of their wards and to counteract technological scenario, the higher education system
the negative and unhealthy political preoccupation needs to be revamped so that it could equip students
of politicized teachers and their unions. This will go with adequate skills to enable their full participation in
a long way in ensuring teachers’ accountability in the emerging social economic and cultural environment.
schools. (Kingdon and Muzammil: 2003) The existing Government of India has emphasized raising the
Parent Teacher Associations, (PTAs) are not effective enrollment level in higher education of the 18-23 years
and thus not able to counter the lobbying of teachers age group from the present 6 percent to 10 percent by
through the teacher’s unions. the end of the Tenth Five Year Plan. Therefore, the focus
would be on increasing access, quality and liberalization
VII. Vocational Education of higher education. The efforts made at State level over
the past 50 years, have resulted in significant numerical
49. Long back in mid sixties, the Kothari growth of new universities and institutions of higher
Commission had opined that 50 percent of students learning in specialized areas. There are a total of 12
passing high school should be diverted towards vocational state universities, 4 central universities, 3 agricultural
streams. But, the vocationalization of education at the universities and one Open University in the State.
higher secondary stage has achieved only partial success Besides, there are 9 deemed universities and 7 private

universities out of which 3 are functional at present. In level. To ensure and ‘encourage access and equity’ in
order to expand higher education in remote areas, the higher education, the government has launched a self-
government has initiated private participation in opening financing scheme. Priority is being given to set up
degree colleges. As a result, apart from 124 government women’s degree colleges in such areas. Government also
degree colleges and 345 non-government aided colleges, grants scholarship to the students of all social categories
1423 self financed colleges have been established in the whose parents income does not exceed Rs. 1 Lakh per
private sector. annum. To further minimize financial burden of higher
52. The current strategy for higher education education on parents, the State Government has frozen
includes: (a) increasing intake in institutions of higher fee in higher education to the level of June 3, 1995.
learning; (b) improving quality of education including 55. Emphasis is being laid on ensuring maximum
research and technology; (c) modernization of curriculum; private participation in the opening of new degree
(d) expansion of distance learning facilities; (e) colleges, particularly in rural areas. In order to reduce
development of autonomous degree colleges and the prevailing gender gap in higher education, the state
departments, and (f) vocationalization of higher education government is giving various types of incentives to
The State government is encouraging private participation motivate female students to pursue higher education.
to promote higher education in rural and educationally Their education has been made tuition fee free and
un-served areas. Efforts are on to make higher education scholarship schemes are in place to motivate them and
employment-oriented by creating professionalism, through support their education in universities and colleges.
specialization in various disciplines. 56. Out of the Universities imparting general
53. The Rajarshi Tandon Open University has been higher education, some University departments have the
established at Allahabad for providing opportunities to potential to provide a very quality education by virtue
under-privileged classes of distant areas. The university of better academic/work culture, campus discipline,
is providing education in various traditional and dedicated faculty, supervision of the university in
vocational subjects. The system of distance learning is academic performance etc. For such University
growing popular among students deprived of regular department with potential for excellence Rs. 15 crore
learning facilities. Networking through computerization have been earmarked for 2007-08 to enable them to go
is being encouraged to improve information gathering for innovation in teaching, adopt modern methods of
system and make administration effective in degree level learning & evaluation and also introduce flexible
institutions. To this end, a website containing civil charter approach to selection of courses at post graduate/ degree
of Higher Education has been launched. level. Such University department would act as a ‘ Role
54. The weaker sections of the society living in Model’ for other University/Departments in their region
remote areas are generally deprived of higher education of operation. With a view to guide students for choice
facilities due to various socio economic constraints. of career and facilitate their placement in Govt./Private
Similarly there is a wide gender gap at higher education sectors or motivate them for self-ventures Rs. 1 crore
has been earmarked for the current financial year to
Box 3.8: Privatization of Higher Education in U.P. strengthen the existing Employment Bureau to enable
them to guide students for career option and placement
Private sector has now been involved in the expansion
after the completion of the course. This Cell will function
of higher education in a big way. As many as 7 private under the supervision of the Dean, student Welfare/
universities ; Gautam Budh University, Gautam Senior Professor of the University, Para/ministerial staff
Budhnagar, U.P. Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, will be deputed by the University from amongst the
Maharshi Information Technology University, Lucknow, employees of the University concerned.
Maulana Mohammed Ali Jauhar University, Rampur, 57. Major portion of grants earmarked for Higher
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya University for disabled, Education goes towards salary payments of the staff and
Chitrakoot, Integral University, Lucknow and Amity infrastructure development consequently, student
University, UP have been established by Law in the welfare largely remains neglected. There are certain
State since 2001 out of which last 3 universities are activities which are essential for overall development
currently functional. Besides, Private sector has also of students but students generally can not afford to
been involved in setting up de gree colleges in the undertake the same without financial assistance of the
State on a massive scale. Since 1999-2000, 97 new state. In almost all the curriculum of the disciplines,
excursion tours are required but for want of funds, tours
degree colleges have been set up in remote areas by
are not carried out, as a result, the teaching remains
private sector. In order to further expand higher
confined to class room with no exposure of students to
education in un-served areas 468 NOCs in 2004-05
quality conscious and competitive trends in the job
and 476 NOCs in 2005-06 have been issued. More than market. Students hardly become aware and confident
300 colleges were granted affiliation in 2005-06. of facing real life challenges and do not set a high goal

and will to achieve it. ‘Student Welfare Scheme’ is number of seats available. It is more so for courses in
meant to expose students to the rich cultural diversity physical and natural sciences than in humanities and
of the county. Financial support is provided for social sciences.
attending national seminars, publication of research, 60. Goals set for 11th Five Year Plan ( 2007-12)
foreign travel and for critical illness of the students.
l Ensuring access and equity in Higher Education
Box 3.9: Manyvar Kanshi Ram Smriti State l Infrastructure development including ICT
Institute of Management in Higher Education infrastructure and basic amenities in universities
and colleges.
l National Policy on Education (1986 as modified
in the year 1992) emphatically underlines the l Induction of quality and relevance in Higher
continuous training of Planners, Administrators and Education
Academicians for better educational management. l Inculcation of professional competence in all
The phenomenal expansion of knowledge, the categories of personnel in Higher Education
bewildering pace of social and economic change and
l Effective monitoring and control of the
array of scientific & technological innovation has
institutions of higher education.
made it incumbent upon the professionals to be
exposed to the new ideas, skills, techniques at regular An outlay of Rs. 869 cr. has been proposed for
intervals or else they run the risk of getting out of Eleventh Five Year Plan to achieve the above goals set
touch with the reality and unable to respond to and for higher education in the State.
cope with the new tasks and challenges ahead.
National Training Policy-1996 lays emphasis on pre- IX. Technical Education
service, in-service training of all categories of 61. The promotion of technical education aims at
Officers/employees in a given system conducive to developing manpower for agricultural and industrial
the enhancement of professional competence and development and promoting self employment. At present
positive attitude towards work and life. With this end there are 81 polytechnics and 7 degree level institutions
in view and to develop professional approach to in the State. The intake capacity at diploma level and
issues, capacity building in education administrators degree level stood at 8325 and 1724 respectively in the
to meet emerging challenges in higher education, year 2004-05. Besides public sector polytechnics, 25
right attitudinal orientation and efficient resource polytechnics have also been established in private sector.
management, mobilization and utilization of scarce Course wise seats in technical institutions have been
resources at hand State Govt. has decided to establish shown in Table 3.8. A number of private engineering
Manyvar Kanshi Ram Smriti. state institute for colleges have been opened in the state in recent years,
Management in Higher Education taking their numbers from 140 in 2003-04 to 195 in 2005-
For quality improvement in higher education, 06. However, given the large size of student population
establishment of Manyvar Kanshi Ram Smriti Shodh in the state and growing demand for these courses, their
Peeth is under process in six universities of the State intake capacity is still short of requirement.
namely, Agra, Meerut, Lucknow, Varanasi, Poorvanchal
University, Jaunpur and Gorakhpur. Table 3.8 : Course wise Seats in Technical
Education Institutions in U.P.
Item 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
58. Last decade has witnessed phenomenal growth
of institutions of higher education for reasons which No. of
obliged the State to open new Regional Offices of higher Engineering
education for effective monitoring and management of Colleges:
higher education. For the Financial year 2007-08, Rs. (a)Government 07 07 07
960 lakh has been earmarked for opening of 7 new or aided
regional offices at divisional level and also for building
(b)Private 140 169 195
offices of the existing 8 regional offices.
59. Despite substantial increase in higher education Number of Seats:
facilities and diversification of courses to suit the B. Tech 21809 25374 28009
requirement of learners, still there is a very large unmet B. Pharma 1025 1645 2910
demand of higher education in the State. It is evident BHMCT 160 310 310
from the large number of applicants for various courses B. Arch 160 290 330
in Universities and Colleges who are denied admission MCA 6485 5626 5654
for want of seats. On an average in universities like that MBA 4530 5803 7270
of Lucknow and Allahabad for many subjects, the number
of admission seekers is 8 to 10 times larger than the Source: Department of Technical Education, U.P.

62. Under a new scheme of the Government of
Uttar Pradesh, the existing polytechnics are being
(iii) Establishment of new girls polytechnics To
upgraded. Integrating persons with disabilities in the
reduce gender gap and empowerment of women
mainstream of technical and vocational education
in the field of technical education the
scheme has been introduced in Government Polytechnic,
establishment of 4 new girls polytechnics have
Jhansi and Government Girls’ Polytechnic, Moradabad
been proposed one each in four Divisions
with the financial assistance of the Government of India.
namely, Chitrakoot Dham, Deviipatan,
These polytechnics now provide training to physically
Vinddhyachal and Basti.
handicapped students in formal and non formal courses.
Government of India has provided grants to polytechnics (iv) Human resources and natural resources should
for meeting all non-recurring expenditure and also part be fully utilized to the maximum extent.
of the recurring expenditure. Keeping this in view, the department of
63. Dr Ambedkar Institute of Technology for education has made a strategy to start new
Handicapped, Kanpur was established in 1996-97 to help courses in those polytechnics where only one
the candidates who are physically challenged. It was or two courses are running. These courses will
established with the aim of making the physically be based on emerging technology such as nano-
challenged persons independent and self reliant. This technology, bio- technology, material
national level institution offers courses in (i) computer technology, image processing etc. For the
science and engineering, (ii) architectural assistantship, preparation of the syllabus and curriculum
and (iii) modern office management and secretarial necessary instructions have been given to
practice. For promotion of women’s technical education, Director I.R.D.T. at the Govt. level.
a new Government Girls Polytechnic has been established
at Daurala in district Meerut.
64. Under a centrally assisted programme,

Box 3.10 New Initiatives During XIth Plan some engineering colleges / institutions have been
(i) Establishment of Mahamaya U.P. Institute selected for intensive development. This programme
of Science, Greater Noida : An engineering aims at the following: (a) to create an environment
institute of science & technology is to be in which engineering institutions selected under the
established on the pattern of Indian Institute said programme can achieve their own set targets
of Science of Banglore. This institute is for excellence and sustain the same with autonomy
proposed to be established at Greater and accountability; (b) to support the development
Noida. It is named as Mahamaya U.P. State plans including synergistic networking and services
Institute of Science. For the establishment to the competitively selected institutions for
of above institute budget provision of Rs. achieving higher standards; and (c) to improve
2500.00 lacs has been made during the 2007- efficiency and effectiveness of the technical
08. Land is being provided by the Greater education management system in the state and the
Noida Development Authority. An outlay of institutions selected.
Rs. 25000.00 lacs is being proposed for the 65. Technical education needs to be upgraded and
year 2008-09. expanded in a big way to meet the emerging challenges
in the globalised world and to provide employment
(ii) Establishment of Manyavar Kanshiram
opportunities to the youth. The Sub Group on Technical
Institute of Technology, Lucknow: There is
Education for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12)
a need of another I.I.T level institute in the
appointed by the state government has given valuable
state, so that the quality of technical
recommendations for the development of technical
education might be improved and trained
education in the state (Box 3.10). These need to be
technical manpower might be prepared
implemented on a priority basis.
according to the industrial as well as global
need. Keeping this in view state govt. has
X. Financing of Education
decided to establish Manyavar Kanshiram
Institute of Technology, Lucknow. For this 66. Public expenditure on education and its
purpose a token provision of Rs. 1000.00 lacs composition is indicative of the relative priority given
has been made for the year 2007-08. Land is to the education sector and its various constituents.
being provided by Lucknow Development Expenditure of education constitutes about half of the
Authority. An outlay of Rs. 25000.00 lacs is social sector expenditure in Uttar Pradesh. As a
being proposed for the year 2008-09. proportion of NSDP, expenditure on education has been
in the range of 3.5 to 4.0 per cent (Table 3.9).

Table 3.9: Educational Expenditure as a Proportion of NSDP and Social Expenditure (%)
Year Education Exp. Social Sector Exp. Education Exp. Per Capita Real Expenditure
(As % of NSDP) (As % of NSDP) as % of Social Expenditure on Education (in Rs.)
1990-91 4.18 7.99 52.32 206.93
1991-92 3.46 7.00 49.43 168.67
1992-93 3.98 7.59 52.44 192.35
1993-94 3.32 7.01 47.36 161.85
1994-95 3.47 6.75 51.41 174.69
1995-96 3.65 7.01 52.07 186.31
1996-97 3.43 6.67 51.42 191.64
1997-98 3.52 7.48 47.06 190.42
1998-99 4.24 7.48 56.68 230.80
1999-00 3.82 6.66 57.36 217.33
2000-01 3.84 6.67 57.57 221.49
2001-02 4.05 7.58 53.43 238.17
2002-03 3.14 6.34 49.53 186.51
Source: Calculated from Reserve Bank of India Bulletins
67. Per capita expenditure on education showed increased flow of funds under central schemes. It
a decline in real terms in the early nineties due to the needs to be noted that per capita expenditure in U.P.
fiscal problems faced by the government. However, on education has been the lowest among major Indian
since mid-nineties real per capita expenditure on states. It is only two thirds of national average and
education has been showing an upward trend due to half of what States like Gujarat and Kerala are
higher priority given to primary education and spending on education (see Table 3.10).
Figure 3.16: Education Expenditure

% As % of NSDP
4.5
4
3.5
3
Pe rce nt
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1990-91
2000-01
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2001-02
2002-03
Years
Education Expenditure As % of NSDP
Figure 3.17: Per Capita Real Expenditure on Education (in Rs.)

300
Expenditure (RS.)
250
Per capita Real
200
150
100
50
0
1990-91
2000-01
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2001-02
2002-03
Years
Per Capita Real Expenditure on Education (in Rs.)

68. Though total expenditure on education has education expenditure is devoted to higher education,
increased more than four times since 1990-91, it has rest being spent on school education. Within expenditure
declined as a proportion of total expenditure coming on school education, about two third is spent on primary
down from around 22 per cent in 1990-91 to around 20 education and one third on secondary education. In the
per cent in 2000-01 and further to around 18 per cent in last five years, greater priority is being given to
2005-06 (Table 3.10). This is mainly due to the fiscal universalization of education in the state. Nearly 98
crunch faced by the state during this period. per cent of expenditure on primary education is in the
69. The composition of education expenditure has form of grants-in-aid to private schools. In the case of
been shown in Table 3.11. Slightly above 10 per cent of secondary education, grants constitute about 75 to 80
per cent of total expenditure.
Table 3.10 :Expenditure on Education and Total Budgetary Expenditure (Revenue Account)(Rs. in crore )
Year Expenditure Total Educational Exp.
On Education Expenditure As % of Total
1990-91 2093.8 9538.4 21.95
1995-96 3360.9 17556 19.14
1997-98 4156.9 22195 18.73
1998-99 5840.2 27466 21.26
2000-01 6090.9 31033 19.63
2001-02 6018.2 31780 18.94
2003-04 6254.6 37944 16.48
2004-05RE 7538.8 45622 16.52
2004-05BE 6544.3 42786 15.30
2005-06BE 8588.6 48071 17.87
Source: Budgetary Documents, U.P. Government
70. A grant structure needs to be evolved which resource-generation), percentage of parents who are
relates grant levels to various school performance satisfied with the school (to encourage accountability),
indicators such as percentage of total expenses spent and average number of students per class (to encourage
on non-salary costs (to encourage quality improvements), cost-consciousness), etc. A more rational grant structure
percentage of total funds raised from non-fee sources could be a policy correction that has potentially the
such as parental donations (to encourage equitable biggest pay-off in increasing educational efficiency.
Table 3.11 : Composition of Education Expenditure (Percent)
Year Elementary Secondary School Higher &Others Total

Education Education Education Education Education
Expenditure
1990-91 57.87 30.06 87.93 12.07 100.00

1995-96 55.43 33.03 88.46 11.54 100.00
1997-98 54.61 33.10 87.71 12.29 100.00
1998-99 56.83 31.77 88.60 11.40 100.00
1999-00 54.59 31.11 85.70 14.30 100.00
2001-02 62.94 27.83 90.77 9.23 100.00
2003-04 58.06 31.31 90.37 9.63 100.00
2004-05 RE 58.38 31.51 89.89 10.11 100.00
2005-06 RE 59.84 28.20 88.04 11.96 100.00
Source: Computed from State Budgets

71. The demand for education at various levels education sector in the state will contribute
has been growing at a rapid pace and will continue to significantly in overcoming the educational
do so in the coming year. The state government with its backwardness of the state in the coming years.
limited resources will not be able to meet the total
requirement of funds for financing expansion of Table 3.12: TFC Grants In Aid For Education
education in the state. Gradually the role of private Sector to U.P.
sector in the field of education is increasing. The Year Amount of grants Grants to U.P.
government has introduced the scheme of recognition to U.P. as percent of
without grant to new educational institutions to promote (in Rs. crores) total education
opening up of new schools particularly at the secondary
level. Public private partnership in promoting educational 2005-06 736.87 43.6
infrastructure is being encouraged specially at technical 2006-07 806.87 43.7
and higher education level (see Box 3.11). 2007-08 883.52 41.4
2008-09 967.45 43.8
Box 3.11: Public Private Partnership in
2009-10 1059.36 43.9
Education
Total 2005-10 4454.07 43.8
The public private partnership in the administration
and financing of school education is being encouraged Source: Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission
in the state though NGO participation. This is the 2005-10, Government of India, November 2004.
new dimension of joint responsibility for the
development of education in the state. The Tenth
Box 3.12: Public Expenditure on Education in U.P.:
Five Year Plan of U.P. aimed at promoting the
Some Basic Concerns
participation of private entrepreneurs in establishing,
expanding and upgrading educational institutions, as l Public spending on education in UP at all levels,
the demand for this level of education is increasing particularly at higher levels is insufficient and still
very fast. low as compared to other states, even though it
has increased substantially over the last 15 years.
As noted earlier, of late, the private sector has also
been involved in setting up degree colleges in the l The relative decline in educational spending,
State. This has curtailed the financial burden of the particularly, since the year 2000 is worrisome
State Government in opening of new colleges. The indeed and needs to be. checked
policy in education financing is that more government l Spending on education appears to have been
money be spent on primary education and the higher crowded out under the pressure of fiscal reforms
education should thrive more on private participation. and initially due to financial crunch at the state level.
The UP government is further hopeful that the policy l Specialized education, vocational and technical
of encouraging private partnership in education will education have in particular been starved of funds
help improve the position of the supply of education l The pattern of educational spending has been both
in the state. It is also likely to bring about qualitative inequitable and inefficient.
improvement through induced competition.
l The efficiency of resource utilization in education
As mentioned earlier, the government has in the state is very low. Schools must choose most
allowed opening up of private universities in the state cost effective inputs without sacrificing the quality
by enacting a private Universities Act. Seven private of teaching.
universities have already been set up under the Act
in the state. l Better utilization is needed of the external
resources for education that are received by
government of UP.
72. In view of the educational backwardness of

XI. Future Challenges and Outlook
the state, the Twelfth Finance Commission (TFC) has
made provision for special education grants to Uttar 73. Substantial progress has been made in the state
Pradesh so that the required level of public expenditure during the last decade in the field of education
on education does not decline below the normative level particularly at the primary level. However, a number of
as suggested by the Finance Commission. Year wise serious challenges remain to be addressed in the coming
grants recommended for education by TFC to Uttar years. Some of the basic future challenges and emerging
Pradesh for the award period covering five years from outlook are highlighted below:
2005-6 to 2009-10 have been shown in Table 3.11. It is 74. As the primary education is nearing
expected that the larger resource availability for universalization level, generating extra capacity by

opening new secondary schools and institutions of 80. Since free and compulsory education for
higher learning will be required. children in age group of 6-14 years has been made
75. Along with expansion in physical infrastructure Fundamental Right in the Constitution of India, it will
and other facilities, quality of education will have to be not be possible to make elementary education in the
strengthened. Quality will be hallmark of education in government sector fee charging. At secondary and
the days to come and the state that remains backward higher levels, user charges will have to be raised and
in quality education will be too weak to catch up with element of subsidy reduced. For making the
the forward states in almost every respect. The thrust governmentally subsidized system of education to fee
therefore will have to be placed on quality improvement charging one, a political consensus will be necessary,
along with quantitative expansion. without which it would not be possible to raise or
impose additional fee. However, along with making
76. Reducing the gender gap in education and the system more fee charging, adequate provision will
mitigating the educational disadvantages of the have to be made for free-ships to poor students lest
minorities and other backward classes will need to be they are deprived of education along with liberal
taken care of more effectively with a view to promote provision of educational loans.
their educational development in particular and the
integrated social development in general. 81. Under the liberalization regime in Uttar
Pradesh, as in the country, foreign schools and
77. Attention will have to be focused on promotion
universities may open up their chain in India and
of primary education in the lagging districts and blocks.
they will find U.P. a better destination in view of
78. Gradually the system of education in UP is the huge demand for secondary and higher
moving from state controlled and state financed system education. This calls for a move to restructure the
to privately managed and privately funded system. financing pattern and the grants in aid criteria for
However, the State still has a major role to play. quality improvement in school education and the
79. An increase in fee is bound to occur in the days university education of all types, particularly in the
to come and soon the system of “subsidized education” is government aided educational institutions so that
likely to be replaced by “user charging education system”. they are able to successfully compete in the changed
The surveillance of the government on the user charges scenario of inter-state and international education
will be important to ensure ‘equality’ and ‘accountability.’ competition.

CHAPTER - 4
The Condition of Health
I. Introduction 4. Health care in U.P. can be summarized as a

1. It needs to be acknowledged that in Uttar composite challenge of access, quality and demand. The
Pradesh, in last several years, there has been progress large public sector does not have adequate access besides
on several health development parameters such as the being found wanting in the quality of care at the cutting
overall decline in childhood mortality, maternal mortality edge line (PHCs and Sub-centers). The private sector
and incidence of preventable diseases. However, in has phenomenal access but a vast majority of this sector
comparison to other states and developing countries, presents a picture of serious lack of quality to the extent
progress in UP leaves considerable scope for that it often becomes a serious threat to the health of
improvement. For instance, over the last decade (1990- the people. It appears that a re-orientation of the health
2001), while Bangladesh and Nepal recorded a progress strategy in U.P., where the focus is increasingly on
of 46% and 37% respectively in reduction in child functionalizing existing structures; synergy through
mortality, India’s progress was 24% and UP showed lower public private partnership particularly for reaching out
performance than the national average. Given the to the poor and the marginalized; and on finding solutions
current trend, prospects of attaining the Millennium through innovative interventions can enable us to meet
Development Goals (MDG) seem difficult. UP’s health challenge.
2.The state shows significant variation in health 5. The future direction of human development
related burden and disability across regions and income circumstances in the state as in the country as a whole
groups. Both the rich and the poor face a very high burden depends critically on the interventions in the health
of health related disability. However, the poor and sector. This chapter looks at the health status in Uttar
women seem to be at a greater disadvantage, the Pradesh with particular focus on women and the girl child
incidence of IMR alone is found to be two and a half and highlights future challenges in this area.
times higher amongst the poor. At the same time much
lesser proportion of public resources are spent on the
II. The Mortality Challenge
bottom 20 % of the population, in comparison to what is
spent on the top 20 %.
Infant Mortality Rate
3. Public sector’s role in health service delivery is 6. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is often regarded as
very marked in UP. Much of the mortality reduction during the summary of the health circumstances in a region. It
the past few decades is traceable to government-driven is common knowledge that IMR in India, in general, is
efforts, particularly, through immunization campaigns very high. In industrialized countries, IMR is measured
and focus on specific challenges like TB, etc. Given the at around five (State of World Children 2005), whereas,
limited capacities, in relation to the mandate at hand, with the exception of Kerala, there is no state in India
such efforts have consumed much of the state’s resources where IMR was observed to be lower than 40 in 2000.
(human and financial ). Understandably, curative care Even Middle East and North Africa with an IMR of 44
at the cutting edge level could not be given the kind of compare favorably with India, which has an IMR level of
priority that it deserves. However, a very large number 58. It needs to be noted that one of the biggest reasons
of private sector health providers exist in the state. for high IMR in India happens to be poor performance or
Fig. 4.1: NMR as a major constituent of IMR
IMR
NMR
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
per 1,000 live births
5 5 The Condition of Health

high IMR levels in Uttar Pradesh. It is observed that nearly number of children and its relationship with mortality;
25% of IMR incidence in the country is accounted for by and the relationship between death per 1000 live births
Uttar Pradesh alone. and previous births intervals. The mortality estimates
7. The crude death rate for UP was estimated at exhibit U-shaped pattern with respect to mother’s age
20.1 per thousand in 1971 and it declined to 10.3 in at the time of birth. Infant mortality is highest for
1997. It further declined to 8.7 in 2005-06. In rural areas, children of mothers under age 20. It is lower in age-
the rate declined from 21.1 to 10.7 and further to 9.1 group 20-29 but again it increased in age-group 30-
during the same period and in urban areas it declined 39.Differential by birth order again show U-shaped
from 13.1 to 8.2 and further to 6.8. Much of this decline pattern for order of birth with the exception of child
was due to sharp fall in the infant mortality rate, mortality, which increases steadily with the birth order.
particularly after 1990. The infant mortality rate for the It is also found that child spacing patterns have a
state was 182 per 1000 live births in 1971 and declined powerful effect on survival chances of children. Infant
to 99 in 1990 and further to 73 in 2005-06 as per SRS, as mortality is well over three times as high for children
compared to the all India average of 58. Past trends have with a preceding interval of less than 24 months as for
demonstrated that while both the neo-natal and post- children with the preceding interval of 48 months or more
neonatal components of infant mortality have declined, (National Family Health Survey Series). Traditionally, the
the decline in neo-natal mortality has not kept pace with entire Health and Family Welfare Program was oriented
the decline in post neonatal mortality. Deaths during towards sterilization. The above evidence points towards
the neo-natal period (within 28 days of life) contribute the fallacy of such a strategy. Spacing methods should
to almost 64% of the infant mortality in the State. Figure have been the mainstay of the program. This could have
4.1 clearly shows that almost two-thirds of the IMR is ensured lower infant mortality rate in Uttar Pradesh. If
accounted for by NMR alone. evidence from Indonesia, Tamil Nadu and Kerala is to be
believed, then low IMR would have ensured low
8. A recent study published in WHO Bulletin 2006 population growth as well.
attempts at determining the cause of neonatal death in
UP. The study finds that 27% of the deaths are caused by 10. From the point of view of policy-makers,
pre term birth, 24% by sepsis and pneumonia, birth magnitudes of the risk ratios should be considered in
asphyxia and birth injury causes another 14% of the conjunction with the percentage of women in each
neonatal deaths. On the day of birth, asphyxia and ‘elevated risk’ category. Most of the studies find that
preterm birth emerge as the most important killers. On the highest risk ratio is for births of order four and above
day one and during the first week of the life, preterm to women who were over 34 years of age, occurring
birth and sepsis or pneumonia emerges as the big killers. within 24 months of the previous birth. However, only
From second week to fourth week, sepsis or pneumonia 1.2% of all births fell in this category (NHFS). Even a
emerge as the more important cause of child death. complete avoidance of such births will have little effect
When multiple causes of death were considered, 47% of on the overall level of infant mortality. On the other
neonatal death showed signs of sepsis or pneumonia, hand, the risk ratio for births to mothers under age 18 is
while 32% also met with the criteria for preterm birth. lower in comparison to 34-plus age group (2.11 compared
9. Figure 4.2 (A) (B) & (C) capture the relationship to 3.42), but there are five times as many births in this
between mortality and mother’s age at the time of birth; category.
Fig 4.2(A)Death per 1000 Live Births and Mother's Age at the time of Birth
140
Mother's age at birth
120
100
per
1,000 80
live
births 60
40
20
0
<20 20 -29 30 -39

11. A large proportion of all births fall in one of reduction strategies will have to be appropriately aligned
the categories that include these short birth intervals to focus increasingly on Sepsis or Pneumonia, which are
and all these categories have high-risk ratios. It is very the main cause of death. Second will be the focus on
clear that a change in childbearing behavior of women preterm birth. The three elevated risk categories
in Uttar Pradesh can undoubtedly reduce mortality risks mentioned above will have to be addressed. The task
to children. Discouraging child bearing amongst women here is well cut out. There are five times as many births
under age 18 is, therefore, likely to have a greater in the age group of twenty and less as compared to the
impact on overall mortality levels. It appears that 35 plus group. It is obvious that we should target the
reducing or eliminating births that occur less than 24 under 20 mothers. Interestingly, the mean age at
months apart could attain the greatest reduction in marriage in most districts of UP continues to be around
mortality. 16. Discouraging child bearing amongst women under
12. If mortality rates are to be reduced then a age 20 is, therefore, likely to have a greater impact on
dual strategy will have to be followed. Firstly, mortality overall mortality levels.
Fig. 4.2 (B)Death Per 1000 Live Births And Birth Order
120
Birth order
100
per
1,000 80
live
births 60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4+
Fig. 4.2 (C) Death Per 1000 Live Births And Previous Births Intervals
160
Previous births intervals
140
per
120
1,000
live 100
births
80
60
40
20
0
24 months 24-47 months 48+ months

13. Equally significant is the fact that the IMR in The blue continuous line clearly demonstrates the trend
the rural areas was higher to urban areas (Fig 4.3). path of the IMR during 1990-2004. The dotted blue line
Children in rural areas experience 80% higher risk of dying captures the projected values of the IMR if the trend
before their fifth birthday than the urban children. It is during 1990-2004 continues. It shows that if IMR continues
interesting to note that infant and other mortality to reduce at the same rate at which it has declined
indicators are significantly influenced by social between 1990 and 2004, the MDG of 33 (IMR) will be
characteristics like residence, education, religion and achieved only in 2034. The red line shows the necessary
caste. Demographic characteristics like sex of child, path that needs to be followed if the IMR MDG of 33 is to
mother’s age at birth, order of birth and birth interval be achieved by 2015. Naturally, the distance between
also have a significant bearing on infant and child the dotted blue line and the pink line highlights the need
mortality. Infant Mortality Rate is found to decline sharply for extra effort that will have to be put in if the state is
with increase in education of mothers. serious about bringing down the IMR. It will not be out
14. The MDGs take 1990 as the benchmark year. In of place to mention that around two and a half million
1990 IMR in Uttar Pradesh was measured at 99 and it children die every year in India. Out of them anything
was agreed that by 2015 it would be brought down to close to over 4,00,000 children must be dying every year
33. Fig 4.4 traces the trend path for the IMR in the state. in UP alone. This is an alarming situation.
Fig 4.3: IMR by Location
80
70
60
77
50
Source: SRS 2005-06
Fig. 4.4: Infant Mortality Trends In UP
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990 1993 1997 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032
Source: Based on SRS Data

15. The IMR shows significant intra-state variations. complicated cases, timely referral and treatment to
During the 1990s, the Bundelkhand region showed the reduce Maternal Mortality Rate. Under NRHM First
highest IMR. The female-male variance in IMR across Referral Units are being strengthened to deal with the
regions also makes an interesting study. In all the regions complicated cases and efforts are being made to make
of the state the female IMR is higher. In the eastern, 50% Block PHCs functional as 24x7 units. Under a pilot
western, and the central regions the ratio is not only project 20 Block PHCs of 10 selected districts have been
tilted in favor of the males but also the differential is made functional as 24x7 units by contracting ISM lady
very substantial. doctors and ANMs to deliver round the clock services.
16. IMR also shows sharp variation across districts Other training programmes of SBAS, EMOC and short
of the state. RCH – DLHS data reveals that there are 31 term Anesthetist have also been started in the State to
districts which have an IMR level which is higher than fill up the gaps.
the current state average of 73. If IMR in UP is to be
brought down, then these 31 districts will have to be Box 4.1: Maternal Mortality Rate in U.P. :
targeted exclusively. Some Shocking Facts
17. To address the neonatal mortalities, Govt. l Every 15 minutes a woman dies in UP
of UP has decided to launch Comprehensive Child l 38,000 maternal deaths occur every year
Survival Package in phased manner. In the first phase
l For every Maternal Death 20 mothers start
17 districts have been selected. One district from
leading a life compromised by morbid conditions
each division has been selected where all the Medical
because of pregnancy related complications.
Officers, Staff Nurses, ANMs & ASHAs are being trained
for essential new born care, immediate care after l Almost half of the deaths occur at home and
birth home based new born care as well as facility another 10-15% on the way to the hospital.
based new born care according to the level of the
functionary. Behaviour change communication, 20. In most countries, male death rate is higher
training for the community mobilization and than female death rate at nearly all ages. South Asia
strengthening of transportation are other important generally has been an exception in this respect, with
constituents of the programme. It is expected to higher death rates for females over much of the age
reduce Infant Mortality Rate by 50% within the span. In Uttar Pradesh also the sex-specific mortality
project period. Initiation of early breast feeding up differentials tend to move in an unnatural direction. The
to the age of 6 months timely and correct weaning female death rate for the age group 0-4 exceeds the
and continuing breast feeding up to the age of 2 years male death rate by 22% (NFHS 1992). It came to 1.22;
is the most cost effective activity to reduce Infant 0.88; 1.08 and 0.88 for the 0-4, 5-14, 15-49 and 50+ age
Mortality Rate. Promotion of IYCF has been included groups, respectively. The very high value for the 0-4 age
under NRHM and is being promoted all over the State. group is particularly notable.
Age of marriage, age of first conception, birth 21. Sex differential by age provides evidence of
interval, nutritional status of mother and other differential treatment of male and female children
important social factors are responsible for high leading to higher mortality risks for females. Neo-natal
Infant Mortality Rate. All these are being addressed mortality, which reflects a substantial component of
under NRHM through various strategies. congenital conditions, particularly preterm birth
accounts for 27% of neonatal death, is slightly higher
Maternal Mortality Rate for males than for females (WHO 2006). The ratio of
18. It is a sad commentary on the state of affairs female to male for post neo-natal mortality is 1.24;
that 38,000 women die every year in the state while similar is the ratio for all deaths under age five. By far
delivering a child. Almost half the deaths occur at home the largest differential, however, is in the child death
and another 10% to 15% mothers die on way to the rate, reflecting mortality risks between ages one and
hospital. In 1997, there were an estimated 707 maternal five. The female to male ratio here is 1.70. Thus,
deaths per 100,000 live births (SRS 1998) in U.P. This despite the fact that female infants have a natural
was almost eight times higher than the MMR of Kerala biological advantage at the time of birth, yet they seem
and 70 per cent higher than the national average (436). to enjoy a significant social disadvantage. Females
Recent estimates however, suggest that maternal under one year of age may be less disadvantaged
mortality in UP has now come down to 517. It also needs relative to males because children of both sexes tend
to be added that for every maternal death, twenty to be breast-fed throughout infancy. Once breast
mothers start living a life compromised by morbidity feeding ceases, the potential for differential treatment
caused by pregnancy related complications. of males and females increases. The sharp disadvantage
of female children in the age group one to five is
19. Efforts are being made to increase complete consistent with such differential treatment.
antenatal care, institutional delivery, identification of

Neonatal Mortality child and maternal care, micronutrients and poverty.
22. It has already been mentioned that pre term Another large chunk of these valuable lives are being
birth, pneumonia, sepsis and birth asphyxia, and birth lost due to lifestyle diseases. Such loss of life is often
injury emerge as the biggest neonatal killers. On the crippling for the families concerned as well as for the
day of birth asphyxia and preterm birth emerge as the larger economy. The revelation that communicable
common most killers. On day one and during the first diseases, lifestyle diseases and prenatal conditions are
week of the life preterm birth and sepsis or pneumonia the major killers in Uttar Pradesh naturally calls for
emerges as big killer. From second week to fourth week renewed organized institutional efforts towards reducing
sepsis or pneumonia emerge as the main cause of child mortality induced by such preventable factors.
death. In the post-neonatal period diarrhea also emerges 26. The major illnesses and strategy for dealing
as a major determinant of child mortality. with them are briefly discussed below:
23. If mortality rates are to be reduced then these
big killers will have to be appropriately tackled. RCH
Leprosy
data suggests that awareness about pneumonia 27. Leprosy is one of the major health problems in
management was very poor. Again the awareness level Uttar Pradesh, which falls in the range of high endemic
was a bigger challenge particularly in Central UP, Eastern states. The National Leprosy control program (NLCP) was
UP and Bundelkhand Regions. Diarrhea is another major launched in the state in the year 1955 in two districts of
killer in the state. RCH survey shows that in most parts the state. Later on, other districts were also covered.
of UP awareness about Diarrhea management was very The Multi-Drug therapy was introduced in 1985, in
low. It is commonly known that timely administration of Varanasi district. Since 1st April, 1995 all the districts of
ORS to diarrhea patients can save many lives. In large UP have been covered under MDT. With the introduction
number of the districts the awareness about ORS was of MDT (Multi-Drug Therapy), the prevalence rate of
less than 10% ( DLHS RCH 2002 – 2004). Central UP, Eastern leprosy has steadily declined.
UP and Bundelkhand regions, particularly, have very high 28. In 1983 over 1,87,000 cases of leprosy were on
concentration of such districts. The RCH – DLHS data record. Around the turn of the century, 50,000-60,000
also reveals that many of the low awareness districts new cases were being detected in Uttar Pradesh every
show relatively high incidence of diarrhea. Such year. However, by 2005 this number had come down to
convergence is an added cause of concern. Lack of such 27,582. The male female ratio of the affected persons
awareness about diarrhea management particularly works out to approximately 2:1. The prevalence rate of
about ORS therapy certainly is a threat to the life leprosy was 52.7 per 10,000 in March 1983. It came down
circumstances of the people. to 1.5 per 10,000 by November 2005. Uttar Pradesh is
very close to the milestones of 1 per 10,000, which it
III. The Morbidity Challenge has set for itself. Annual case detection rate was 2.4
24. As already noted, combined losses due to against the milestone of 2.8.
premature death and disability from non-fatal illnesses
are very high in the state. The estimates of Disability Malaria
Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) lost in six states in India, 29. Malaria is a high incidence morbidity condition
suggest that UP has the highest loss rate among all the in Uttar Pradesh. The incidence of malaria shows a
Indian states examined to date. A further analysis, by fluctuating trend (Fig. 4.5). On the whole, during 2000-
cause of illness shows that the overwhelming cause of 2005 malaria cases in Uttar Pradesh have fluctuated at
premature death and disability are communicable around 85,000. The evidence suggests that over the years
diseases, malnutrition, and prenatal conditions, a disease malaria cases don’t seem to show any discernable
pattern common among very poor population. Other decline, However, there has been a significant decline
notable diseases which affect quality of life and human in death due to malaria. The RCH data also shows
development in UP are reproductive morbidity (including significant incidence of malaria in almost all the districts
RTI) and diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, AIDS, of the states. Maximum incidence is observed in the tarai
blindness, diarrhea and measles, etc. Healthy life belt of the state.
conditions are also threatened by diabetes, blood
pressure and coronary diseases. Invariably, children Japanese Encephalitis
constitute a large proportion of these victims.
30. Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a much bigger
25. High death rates in UP have been a challenge and unique challenge in Uttar Pradesh. Figure 4.7 shows
in themselves. However, the knowledge that a large the trends in deaths from JE in U.P. It is found that 60%
number of people are losing their lives from non-fatal of total JE cases in the country are accounted for by
diseases is a matter of grave concern. Death from Uttar Pradesh followed by the states like Assam,
malnutrition raises a whole range of issues relating to Karnataka and Bihar (see Fig. 4.6).

Fig. 4.5: Total Malaria Cases in UP 2000-05
2005
2004
Year
2003
2002
2001
2000
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

Total cases
Fig. 4.6: Japanese Encephalitis Incidence in India
Tamil Nadu Other states

4% 6%
Bihar
Karnataka 5%
11%
Uttar Pradesh
60%
Assam
14%
Source: State Epidemic Cell, Department of communicable diseases, Health Department, GO UP, Lucknow
31. In Uttar Pradesh the number of deaths due to particularly in the eastern region of the state. Around
Japanese encephalitis has shown a consistent rise from 32 districts emerge as worst effected by the disease (see
35 deaths in 1994 to 476 deaths in 2006 (Fig. 4.7). map 4.1). Unfortunately the major chunk of the burden
Japanese encephalitis is endemic in several parts of the is borne by innocent children.
state. The disease has emerged as a major killer
Figure 4.7: Trends of the number of cases and deaths from Japanese Encephalitis 2000-06 in UP
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Cases Deaths
Source: State Epidemic Cell, Department of communicable diseases, Health Department, GO UP, Lucknow

Map 4.1
Districtwise Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis District Cases Deaths CFR

Kushinagar 1110 269 24%
Gorakhpur 1008 241 24%
Maharajganj 611 167 27%
Deoria 486 102 21%
Siddharthnagar 370 96 26%
Sh a ha ra np u r Basti 276 67 24%
Bahraich 241 20 8%
Sant Kabir Nagar 239 52 22%
Mu zaf fa rn a ga r Saharanpur 209 151 72%
Kheri 167 38 23%
Gonda 126 12 10%
Raebareli 116 15 13%
Ba re il ly Balrampur 97 16 16%
Kh e ri
Lucknow 75 20 27%
Sh a hj ah a np u r
Shrawasti 65 1 2%
Ba hra ic h Barabanki 63 16 25%
Sra w asti
S itap ur Ba lr am pu r Ambedkar Nagar 48 6 13%
H ar do i Si dd h arth n ag a r Sitapur 47 15 32%
Go nd a M ah a raj ga n j Sultanpur 23 6 26%
L uc kno Ba
w ra ba n ki Sa nt K a b ir N ag ar
B ast i Hardoi 20 2 10%
Ku sh in a gar
Un n ao Fa iza b ad Go rak hp ur Mau 18 6 33%
Am be d ka r N ag a r De ori a Bareilly 17 3 18%
Ka npu r(N ag ar )
Ra e ba re li S ul ta n p ur Ma u
Az am ga rh
Azamgarh 16 5 31%
Fa te h pu r Pra tap g ar h B al li a Unnao 11 4 36%
Ja u np u r Gh azi p ur Faizabad 10 3 30%
Balia 9 2 22%
Al la ha b ad Muzaffarnagar 9 9 100%
Allahabad 7 2 29%
Kanpur Nagar 7 0 0%
Shahjahanpur 6 2 33%
Pratapgarh 5 0 0%
Jaunpur 2 2 100%
Fatehpur 1 0 0%
Ghazipur 1 0 0%
UP 5516 1350 24%
Source: State Epidemic Cell, Department of Communicable Diseases, Health Department, Government of U.P.
Box 4.2 State Response for early Diagnosis & l The Epidemic Ward has been established in
Proper Management of J.E. cases B.R.D. Medical College , Gorakhpur. The vector
l The Central Government arranged import of Borne Diseases Surveillance Unit has been
single dose JE vaccine from China in the year established in Department of Social &
2006 and onwards. The JE vaccination campaigns Preventive Medicine of B.R.D. Medical College,
were undertaken to immunize children from age Gorakhpur.
1 to 15 in endemic districts. In the year 2006, l The Viral Research Centre and Rehabilitation
68.36 lakh children of 7 most affected districts Centre is being established in Gorakhpur by N.I.V.
Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, Maharajganj, Deoria, Pune and Department of Viklang Kalyan U.P.
Siddharthanagar, Sant Kabirnagar and respectively.
Lakhimpur-Khiri were vaccinated. l The J.E. Sentine Labs have been identified at
l In 2007, 94.99 lakh children of 11 districts: C.S.M.M.U. Lucknow, and in District Hospital of
Ambedkarnagar, Bahraich, Barabanki, Basti, Allahabad, Azamgarh, Basti, Bahraich, Bareilly,
Balrampur, Gonda, Mau, Raebareli, Sitapur, Deoria, Faizabad, Gorakhpurr, Gonda, Kushi
Saharanpur were vaccinated. nagar, Kheri, Raebareli, Siddharthnagar and
l In 2008, 9 districts : Lucknow, Hardoi, Sulttanpur, Saharanpur.
Azamgarh, Ballia, Unnao, Muzaffarnagar, l The treatment facilities are available in all the
Bareilly and Faizabad will be covered. Medical Colleges, District Hospitals and
l A.E.S. Nodal Centre having full-time Director co- Community Health Centres of the State.
ordinate all activities in Directorate General of
Medical & Health Services, U.P.

AIDS Table 4.1: Age wise, Sex wise Reported
32. Unlike the common perception, AIDS is very AIDS Cases in U.P. , October 2005
much a reality in Uttar Pradesh. There are at least 12
Age Group Male Female Total
districts in the state which are regarded as high
prevalence districts of HIV (see Map 4.2). Vulnerability 0-10 30 10 40
profile of Uttar Pradesh for HIV / AIDS is very revealing. 11-20 33 10 43
About half of the population is in the reproductive age 21-30 658 158 816
group and literacy levels are extremely low. All this is 31-40 869 156 1025
accompanied by high incidence of poverty and high 41-50 228 36 264
gender disparity. This substantially raises the
Above 50 55 5 60
vulnerability quotient of Uttar Pradesh as far as HIV /
Total 1873 375 2248
AIDS is concerned. The ORG Marg mapping study reveals
that Uttar Pradesh has a large presence of high risks Source: UPSACS
groups. The state has 10 million migrants, 52,741 truckers 34. It is shocking to note that in the entire state,
(8 National Highways), 8,234 commercial workers (CSW) the awareness about RTI and STI level ranges between
and approximately 9,000 intravenous drug users. A long 0.3 and 41 in different districts (DLHS RCH 2002 – 2004).
porous Indo Nepal Border only adds to the vulnerability At a time when AIDS is raising its ugly head in the state,
of the state. In October 2005 Uttar Pradesh had 2,248 such low awareness about STI / RTI only rings alarm bells.
AIDS cases, of which 1,873 were men and 375 females. There are at least 20 districts in the state where less
The table also reveals that 21 to 40 age groups is the than 20% of the people were aware of STI / RTI. In all
most vulnerable and shows highest incidence of AIDS there were at least 55 districts where awareness about
cases in the state. STI / RTI was lower than 40%.
33. Efforts have been made by the state to meet
the looming threat of HIV / AIDS. In order to ensure blood Tuberculosis
safety, 145 blood banks were established and 35. Tuberculosis is prevalent across all the districts
strengthened in the state. Several voluntary counseling of the state. But prevalence of the disease is much higher
and testing centers (VCTC) have been established across in Western and Central U.P. While the detection rate is
the state. At least 83 centers have been opened in the fairly poor, success in treating the cases is over 80 percent
District Hospitals, Medical Colleges and Government (see fig. 4.8 and 4.9). Sudden decline in detection rate
Organizations. These centers provide testing facility for during 2004 – 2005 is very noticeable. Understandably,
symptomatic cases; provide counseling facility (Pre / Post there is a strong case for improving our detection system.
test). They also motivate for change in high risk behavior. Given the infectious nature of the disease, people remain
68 STD clinics are also functional across the state. in danger of being exposed to the disease.
Map 4.2
DISTRICTS WITH HIGH PREVALENCE OF HIV / AIDS
• AGRA
10 • KANPUR
• LUCKNOW
• GONDA
• MAHARAJ
GANJ
1 4 5 • GORAKH PUR
3 • AZAMGARH
2 6 • JAUNPUR
7 • ALLAHABAD
8
12
• MEERUT
9
11 • MIRZAPUR
• VARANASI
Source: UPSACS

Figure 4.8 Case-detection (2001) and treatment success rates (2000) in RNTCP areas
100%
West Bengal Himachal Pr.
Target Zone
Rajasthan
Andhra Pr.
90% Bihar Maharashtra
Orissa
Kerala Manipur
Jharkhand Delhi
Karnataka
80% Tamil Nadu Assam
Gujarat Haryana Madhya Pr.
70% All states total Uttar Pr.
60%
50%
40%
30%
Treatment success of new smear-positive patients

20%
registered in 2000. Estimated % detection of new
smear-positive patients 2001
10%
0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Detection rate
Fig. 4.9 National Annual Case Detection Rate and Treatment Success Rate from 2000 to 2005

IV. Maternal Morbidity because it includes pregnancy related health care and
36. Over the years different national surveys like advice on the correct diet and the provision of iron and
National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and Reproductive folic acid tablets to pregnant women. Improved
and Child Health Survey (RCHS) have suggested that there nutritional status, coupled with improved antenatal care,
is very high incidence of “abortion complications”, can help reduce the incidence of low birth weight babies
“pregnancy complications”, “delivery complications” and and thus reduce prenatal, neonatal and infant mortality.
“post delivery complications”. Equally sad part of the In UP, only about half of the total pregnant women get
truth is that a large number of households in the state ANC services. Only around 11% of the eligible population
do not seek treatment for reproductive morbidity. The get full antenatal care. while the corresponding figure
pregnancy complications show a very even distribution for Tamil Nadu was 75% and for Kerala it was 85%. In
across the state. Relatively, however, western and 1998 only 35% of the mothers received any ante natal
eastern regions record a higher incidence of pregnancy care (NFHS II). This jumped to 67% in 2005 (NFHS III). In
complications. Also, pregnancy complications are much the urban areas, ante natal care rose from 63% to 79%,
higher than both the post delivery complication and while in the rural areas, it jumped from 29% to 64%.
delivery complication. Even post delivery complications 14.6% of mothers had at least three ante natal care visits
seem to outnumber the delivery complication all across in 1997-98 (NFHS II) in 2005 this jumped to 26.3% (NFHS
the state. III).
37. The western region also shows fairly high Fig. 4.10
incidence of pregnancy and post pregnancy
complications. However, only small proportion of ladies
actually seek any kind of treatment for these
complications. Much of the trend which is being observed
in different regions of the state remains relatively
unchanged over a long period of time suggesting strong
behavioural pattern and attitudinal issues behind such
scenario.
Antenatal Care
38. Antenatal care can contribute significantly to
the reduction in maternal morbidity and infant mortality
Fig. 4.11 Full ANC

Fig 4.11 captures the ante natal care across doctors is 17% for illiterate women and 60.5% for women
districts of the state. RCH – DLHS data clearly reveals with at least High School education. Only in Lucknow,
that in 27 districts less than 3% of women received full Kanpur Nagar, Gorakhpur and Ballia more than 48%
antenatal care. In another 32 districts only 3% to 7% of women had three check-up during pregnancy period.
the women received full antenatal care. Ghaziabad and State Government’s ‘Campaign Approach’ seems to have
Lucknow were the only two districts where more than yielded results. In nine districts less than ten percent
10% women received full ante natal support (LHS – RCH women received such checkups and in another 32 districts
2002-04). less than 25% women got three check-ups. In other words,
39. It is revealed that in different districts around a large majority of women do not receive appropriate
30% to over 82% women get some antenatal care. Vast antenatal check-up in the state. This naturally has
differential between full antenatal care and some significant implication for mortality and morbidity
antenatal care implies that we do have access to these condition in the state.
pregnant mothers are not able to provide them with
adequate care. It also implies that with some effort the Safe Delivery
circumstances can be easily altered to improve the health 41. Safe delivery is another area of urgent
circumstances. The percentage of those who received attention. There were only six districts of the state where
tetanus toxoid (TT) injections increased from 37 percent more than 45% of the women had safe delivery (NFHS
in 1992-93 to 51 percent in 1998-99 (NFHS-2). State III). Figure 4.12 captures the safe delivery scenario in
Government’s ‘Campaign Approach’ seems to have different districts of the state. Ghaziabad, Balia and
yielded results. The percentage of women who received Lucknow are the only three districts which record over
iron and folic acid tablets for 90 days increased from 50% safe deliveries in the state. Equally relevant is the
8.5 percent in 1997-98 to 20.7 percent in 2005 (NFHS fact that in different districts of UP only 03 to 42% of
III). The utilization of antenatal services is higher among the women were actually visited by ANMs and other
young women (age 15-34) than among older ones (age health workers.
35-49). 42. From the standpoint of child survival and health
40. An analysis by place of residence shows that of the mothers, it is advantageous for the birth of the
urban women utilize antenatal services much more. baby to take place under proper hygienic conditions with
Similarly, more educated women are much more likely the assistance of a trained medical practitioner.
to utilize antenatal care services, than less educated Percentage of institutional deliveries increased from 11
women. Education is also positively associated with the percent in 1992-93 to 15 percent in 1998 and further to
likelihood of getting care from the doctors. The 22% by 2005 (Fig. 4.13). In the urban areas it improved
proportion of those who received the antenatal care from from 37% to 40% while in the rural areas it rose from 11%
Figure 4.12

to 18%. The percentage of births that took place in
medical institutions is about five times higher in urban Figure 4.15 Percentage of Mothers whose Delivery
areas than in rural areas. was assisted by any Health Professional in UP
70
Figure 4.13
58.9
60
50
40 35.3
30
22.9
20 16.5
12.5
10
0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Source: Futures Group-ITAP, Reproductive Health Indicator

Survey, Uttar Pradesh, 2005
43. Inequity in utilization of the institutional 24.9% of pregnant mothers received antenatal care from
delivery services available is another very important Doctors. 13.9 % from ANM/LHV; 6.0 % from TBAs, 8.5 %
issue. It becomes even more important given the fact from others and 49.2 % mothers received no antenatal
that state is putting significant emphasis on institutional care (NFHS III (2005). It is, therefore, that Uttar Pradesh’s
delivery. Only 8% of the mothers who had institutional health scenario is marked by a very high degree of
delivery came from the lowest quintile of the population, reproductive morbidity and mortality. This lack of support
11% from the second lowest quintile while 46.6% of the from trained medical professionals and unhygienic
mothers came from the highest income quintile (Fig. reproductive and health care environment presents a
4.14). great human development challenge before us.
Substantial efforts are required to improve the quality
of maternal and child health care in the state. The
relationship between safe delivery and attendance by
Figure 4.14 Percentage of Mothers Who Delivered trained medical professional (including Dai) works out
Child in Any Health Facility in UP 2005 to be very strong. In comparison, the relationship with
institutional deliveries is found to be insignificant.
50.0 46.6
45.0
40.0
35.0 V. Immunization
30.0
25.2
25.0
20.0 16.2
46. Efforts are being made to strengthen routine
15.0
10.0
8.0
11.0 immunization by usage & disposal of auto destructible
5.0 syringes, community mobilization by volunteers, special
0.0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
IEC activities, alternate vaccine delivery system,
strengthening of cold chain etc. Special routine
Source: Futures Group-ITAP, Reproductive Health Indicator immunization campaigns (RI weeks) are being organized
Survey, Uttar Pradesh, 2005 to cover children in unreached, difficult to reach,
underserved areas as well as to cover drop out children
44. Similar inequity is observed in terms of from the month of Nov. 07. Four such rounds are planned
assistance received from health professional during up to March, 2007.
delivery (Figure 4.15). Only 12.5% of the deliveries in 47. Percentage of children who were fully
the lowest income quintile were supported by any health immunized increased substantially from 20 percent in
professional. 16.5% of the mothers who received any 1992-93 (NFHS-1) to 42 percent in 1998 (RCHS). At the
health professional’s support came from second lowest same time, children not getting any vaccination declined
quintile while 58.9% of the mothers who received from 43 percent to 30 percent. Diarrhea deaths
assistance from any health professional in the state came accounted for a significant proportion of all dehydration-
from the highest income quintile. related deaths. These could have been prevented by
45. Trained personnel provide assistance to around prompt administration of rehydration solutions (ORS).
one-fourth of the total deliveries in the state i.e. 29% of However, only 36 percent (RCHS, 1998) of mothers have
the deliveries (NFHS III (2005). Three-fourths of deliveries ever used ORS packets or were recommended home
are attended in unhygienic conditions at home. Only solutions to overcome problems of dehydration. Nearly

71 percent of all children under-3 years of age have iron- mortality across the world. In UP however a large number
deficiency anemia. Interestingly, western region records of children receive no vaccination at all. The change in
lowest proportion of children who received complete vaccination coverage is a meager 3% between 1997 and
immunization. Even the proportion of children recording 2005 (Figure 4.16). The vaccination level in the rural
partial immunization is found to be low in western UP. areas is even more challenging than the state average.
Eastern and central region present a much better Intra state variations across different districts of the state
scenario. It needs to be mentioned that while western are also very significant. The percentage of children aged
region has a very high concentration of private providers, 12 to 35 months who did not receive any vaccination
it lags behind in terms of public sector providers. As ranges between 30% to 54% in different districts of the
much of the immunization is the result of public sector state. In at least 10 districts of the state more than 45%
driven campaigns, eastern and other regions seem to of the children did not receive any vaccination (RCH 2002-
have performed much better. 04). In at least 19 districts less than 20% of the children
48. Vaccination against diseases has substantially received complete vaccination (Figure 4.17).
impacted life expectancy as well as child and infant Interestingly Deoria, a poor district in Eastern UP,
emerges as the only district where over 50% of the
Figure 4.16 children received full vaccination. Even the districts
where over 40% children received full vaccination are
few and far between.
49. On the whole the state shows significant
variation in health related burden and disability across
regions and income groups. Both the rich and poor face
a very high burden of health related disability. However,
the poor and women seem to be at a greater
disadvantage, the incidence of IMR alone is found to be
two and a half times higher amongst the poor. At the
same time much lesser proportion of public resources
are spent on the bottom 20% of the population, in
comparison to what is spent on the top 20 %.
Source: DLHS – RCH survey 2002 - 04
Fig. 4.17: Fully Vaccinated Children (in%)

Box 4.3 Key Health Objectives to be Ø Full Immunization of all infants and children
Achieved by 2012
Ø Vitamin A prophylaxis to the children as per
Ø Reduction of MMR to 350 per 1 lac live births. guidelines.
Ø Reduction of IMR to 40 per thousand live births. Ø Prevention and control of childhood diseases
Ø Under the RNTCP the target is to achieve a high (v) Adolescent health care
cure rate of at least 85%.
(vii) Water Quality Monitoring:
Ø Another objective of the RNTCP is 70% detection
(ix) Recording of Vital events
of new sputum smear positive cases.
(x) Untied grants of Rs. 10,000 per year to every
Ø To achieve Prevalence Rate of 1 or less than 1
SHC for local health
leprosy patient per 10,000 population.
Ø Under national blindness control programme
reduce the prevalence rate from 1% to 0.5 in UP VI. The Malnutrition Challenge
by year 2012.
50. India’s 72 million children are malnourished
Ø Integrated control for vector borne diseases and UP accounts for 10-12 million of these malnourished
namely Malaria, Kala-azar, Dengue, Japanese children. It is alarming to note that UP has 52%
Encephalitis and Lymphatic Filariasis. prevalence of under-nutrition, with every second child
Ø To bring down Total Goitre Rate (TGR) to less below three years of age suffering from chronic under-
than 10%. To ensure that more than 90% nutrition. Surveys conducted in the state reveal that
households consume iodised salt. almost half the population in the 0-3 year age group
Ø To ensure the availability of AYUSH system of suffers from various grades of malnutrition. Besides
medicine at an affordable cost, by ensuring that children, malnutrition in the form of Chronic Energy
at each block PHCs, 2 medical officers, one of Deficiency is very high in women in the reproductive
them being an AYUSH practitioner, are available age group, aggravated by early marriage combined with
all the time. early conception. On an average 80 percent of pregnant
women are anemic. Moreover, maternal malnutrition
Ø Safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to is often a major contributing cause of low birth weight
more than 60% of villages.
babies.
Ø Reduction of malnourished children by 50% of
51. Though the percentage of stunted and under
present level. weight children has gone down in NFHS-III as compared
to NFHS-II but it is not satisfactory. The efforts are being
Box 4.4 Proposed Maternal & Child Health made to improve the nutritional status of children and
Services at the Sub Centre Level treatment of severely malnourished children by
(i) Antenatal care establishing malnourished rehabilitation center at
selected places. ICDS department is helping for the
Ø Minimum lab investigations like haemoglobin,
same.
urine albumen and sugar
52. Malnutrition adversely affects the growth and
Ø Identification of high-risk pregnancies and
development of children, including their learning
prompt referral Counseling
ability, and the capacity to cope with the problems of
(ii) Intranatal care: daily living. It has been estimated to be associated
Ø Promotion of institutional deliveries with more than half of all child deaths. It is a well-
Ø Skilled attendants for home deliveries established fact that the first year of life is critical.
Expert opinion suggests that malnutrition incidence
Ø Appropriate and prompt referral
in infancy are 11 % at 0-6 months, reaching its peak at
(iii) Postnatal care: 23 months and then stagnates thereafter (World Bank
(iv) Child Health: Report 2006). Malnutrition is a major contributory
factor in all the causes of childhood mortality.
Ø Essential Newborn Care
Moderately and severely malnourished children are five
Ø Promotion of exclusive breast-feeding for 6 to eight times more likely to die than adequately
months. nourished children.

Map 4.3
Source: Plan Document 2007-2008, Planning Department, U.P.
Map 4.4

53. NFHS data suggests that stunting declined from disease and 2 to 3 times less likely to die from other
56 to 46 during 1997–2005; wasting rose from 11% to infections than a non-breastfed infant; early initiation
14.5%; and percentage of underweight children declined of breast feeding may promote maturation of the
from 52% to 47% during the same period (Fig. 4.18). digestive tract and protect against infection; and the
body warmth associated with breast-feeding may avert
Figure 4.18 infant death from hypothermia. Also, breast milk is much
more economical than artificial milk or powdered milk
food. The average cost of feeding a six-month-old infant
for one month on infant formula may even be equal to
the average monthly per capita income for many families.
57. Exclusive breast-feeding exerts strong
contraceptive effect in the first 4-6 months post partum.
Moreover, maternal benefits include early termination
of post partum bleeding and protective effect against
breast and ovarian cancer. Breast-feeding is particularly
relevant for developing countries like India where
neonatal and infant mortality rates are high, most women
do not exclusively or predominantly breast-feed their
infants for the first six months, and delay of initiation of
breast-feeding beyond the first day of life is common.
54. Gender-wise segregation of data shows that Breast-feeding is a universal phenomenon, but in the
although there is not much difference in the overall Indian scenario, very few children are put to this practice
malnutrition status of boys and girls, there are immediately after birth. DLHS NFHS shows that despite
perceptible regional variations across the state. In case several programs aimed at educating and sensitizing the
of boys, a majority of districts across the central, community on the benefits of early initiation and
eastern, western and bundelkhand regions reported a exclusive breastfeeding, 20 districts (Baghpat, Badaun,
high prevalence of malnutrition (it ranged from 60% to Ferozabad, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Kanpur
96.3%). Ironically, only Ghaziabad and Pilibhit have less Dehat, Unnao, Shrawasti, Gonda, Fatehpur, Banda,
then 65% prevalence of malnutrition among boys. there Siddharth Nagar, Sant Kabirnagar, Ambedkar Nagar,
were at least seven districts in the state where more Allahabad, Kaushambi, Bhadohi, Varanasi and Chandauli)
than 90% of the boys were malnourished (RCH Survey reported less than 5% of women who immediately breast-
2002-04). As far as malnutrition amongst girls was fed their baby within 2 hours of birth. Only 6 districts in
concerned, a majority of districts across the central, the western region namely, Ghaziabad, Gautam
eastern, western and bundelkhand regions reported a Buddhanagar, Rampur, Bulandshahr, Aligarh and
high prevalence of malnutrition (ranging from 54.5% to Shahjahanpur reported more than 15% of women who
95%). There were at least three districts namely initiated breast-feeding early i.e. within two hours of
Ghaziabad, Farrukhabad and Mainpuri where less than birth.
65% of the girls were malnourished. On the other hand
in 12 districts of the state more than 90% of the girls 58. Colostrum is the initial breast secretion and
were malnourished (RCH Survey 2002-04). considered to be the nutritionally rich that provides
natural immunological protection to the newborn. It is
55. Besides the normal malnutrition challenge, UP a complex food, rich in nutrients and non-nutritional
also suffers from micronutrient deficiency. Micronutrient bioactive components, which promote infant health,
deficiencies are widespread in India. More than 75 growth and development. Practice of colostrum feeding
percent of preschool children and mothers suffer from is significantly associated with early initiation of breast-
iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 57 percent of pre-school feeding. Unfortunately prevailing cultural practices like
children have sub-clinical Vitamin A deficiency (VAD). giving pre-lacteals and discarding colostrum delay the
Iodine deficiency is endemic in 85 percent of districts. initiation of breast-feeding to the newborn. In different
districts of the state 36% to over 80% of the mothers
Breast Feeding first squeeze off the colostrum before feeding their
56. Researches suggest that early initiation of children. An alarmingly high percentage (more than 80%)
breast-feeding within two hours of birth may protect of children in 23 districts of central, western and
against neonatal mortality. Breast-feeding protects the Bundelkhand region of the state were denied colostrum
neonate against several infections including diarrhea and as their mothers squeezed off the first milk before
respiratory infections, and saves lives. An exclusively breastfeeding. In another 24 districts 65% to 80% of the
breast-fed infant is about 14 times less likely to die from children are denied colostrum. In only four districts
diarrhea, 3 to 4 times less likely to die from respiratory namely, Shrawasti, Balrampur, Siddharth Nagar and Sant

Kabirnagar, mothers of less than 50% children discarded (32.3%), Ambedkar Nagar (29.7%) and Mathura (25.9%).
colostrum before breast-feeding their newborns. The coverage is satisfactory in the western, central and
59. Malnutrition among children is one of the the Bundelkhand regions of the state. But the same is
biggest public health problems in Uttar Pradesh. It not the case with the eastern part of the state.
adversely affects the growth and development of 64. Out of the total sources, 1.5% have water
children, including their learning ability, and the capacity quality problem. 26.68 lakh people living in habitations
to cope with the problems of daily living. Every sixth with `quality problem’ are yet to have access to safe
undernourished child in India lives in UP and every second drinking water. There are five districts which have more
child in UP is undernourished. It is a sad reminder that than 5% affected drinking water sources. Unnao ranks
UP ranks fourth with respect to prevalence of first in this list as 17.6% sources have quality problems,
underweight children in India. The scenario on other followed by Mathura where this percentage is 14.7.
indicators is no better. Similarly, Kushinagar, Mau and Gautam Buddhanagar have
60. Efforts in last few years have yielded some 5% to 8% affected water sources. Besides, 22 districts of
results. Child development parameters such as IMR, the state have average water quality problems. In the
malnutrition, low birth weight, immunization, Vitamin- remaining 43 districts, there is no major quality
A supplementation, exclusive breast-feeding, and problem.
complementary feeding etc, have shown improvement. 65. Government of Uttar Pradesh is signing a
Nonetheless, challenge at hand is phenomenal and calls Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with GoI for
for strategic interventions and focused approach. District underscoring its commitment to reforms in water and
level data shows that the challenge is much bigger in sanitation sector (Box 4.5). National Rural Drinking Water
certain pockets and particular districts. This underlines Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme has
the need for targeted interventions. already been launched in the State. Industrial Toxicology
Research Centre is the state referral institute for
VII. Safe Drinking Water & Sanitation providing technical support. Health inputs are being
61. World Health Organization estimates suggest provided by Social Preventive Medicine Department,
that about 80% of all sickness and diseases are linked to KGMU. Jal Nigam is responsible for providing field test
the poor drinking water and sanitation conditions. 1.5 kits, H2S Strips and managing district level laboratories
million children in the age group of 5 years and less die in all districts. Under NRHM Village Health, Water &
every year due to lack of safe water and proper sanitation Sanitation committee have been constituted under the
in India. Infant Mortality Rate can be brought down chairmanship of Gram Pradhan, Members of the
substantially if safe water and proper sanitation is committee are AWW, ANM, ASHA, Local Dai and habitants
provided to the population. of local areas. The committee is also being provided an
62. Adequate availability of safe, potable drinking annual cash assistance of Rs. 10,000/- for local health
water is a top policy priority for the state government. activities and preparation of Village Health Plan.
The policy requires supply of domestic water as per 66. Sanitation, however, is a problem area in UP.
norms, which differ for types of habitations and locations. Out of the 70 districts of the state, only 30 have more
The norms at present are 70 lpcd for small towns (up to than 33% sanitation coverage. The problem in 40 districts
20,000 population), 135 lpcd for towns with a population is severe. Agra, Azamgarh, Bareilly, Chitrakoot, Devi
between 20,000 and 5 lakh and 150 lpcd for cities of Patan, Faizabad, Kanpur, Gorakhpur and Lucknow
over 5 lakh population. The norm for the rural area is 40 divisions have majority of low coverage districts. In 1999
lpcd with one source for 150 persons. Under Total the policy moved from the Rural Sanitation Program
Sanitation Programme, this supply can be extended up (CRSP) to the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) that
to 70 lpcd. adopted a demand driven approach, the emphasis was
63. The coverage of safe drinking water source in on information, education and communication (IEC),
U.P. is quite satisfactory. According to a 2004 survey capacity development, community leadership,
report of UP Jal Nigam, among the 2,60,110 habitation, acceleration of rural sanitation coverage, covering all
2,33,341 (89.4%) rural habitations have been covered rural school with sanitation facilities. The TSC program
with potable water supply (40 lpcd) by providing one got going in1999-2000 in four districts of the state. By
safe source (hand pumps or piped water) for 150 persons 2003-04, all the 70 districts had been taken up but the
which is serving 78% of the state population (13.0295 progress has been slow. Till March 2006, only 33%
crore). Despite this good progress, four districts still coverage could be achieved and full coverage is
have more than 25% habitations which are not fully expected not before 2012. This deadline needs to be
covered, namely, Bulandshahr (35%), Lakhimpur Kheri advanced.

Box 4.5: Reforms in Water & Sanitation and hygiene are recognized and reflected
Sector in Uttar Pradesh in policies and plans
Government of Uttar Pradesh is signing a (g) The monitoring of water quality (to ensure
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with GOI that it is safe) is the responsibility of the
underscoring its commitment to reforms in water and supplier i.e. the Panchayats. The Village
sanitation sector. The salient features are: Water and Sanitation Committee will be
1. State Government and the Panchayati Raj responsible for water quality monitoring
Institutions realize their Constitutional obligation and surveillance;
to (i) provide access to safe drinking water to (h) Each water supply scheme will incorporate
rural population; and (ii) ensure that all segments conservation measures
of society, are imparted basic knowledge and are (j) Enabling men and women to participate
supported in the use of this knowledge, for equally in all decision making and control
improving health and reducing poverty. of assets
2. The State Government is committed to follow (k) Enabling the participation of the poor and
the parameters of Centrally Sponsored schemes marginalized in all decision making,
pertaining to rural Drinking Water and Sanitation
sector, including the following priorities for (l) Establish effective coordination
coverage of rural habitation:- mechanisms with the Health and Education
Departments, at all levels;
(i) Meeting the Bharat Nirman targets :
3. The State government is committed to attain full
(a) All water Quality affected habitations are sanitation coverage in the rural areas by the end
proposed to be covered in 11th Plan. of 11th Plan.
(b) All the slipped back/newly emerged
habitations are to be covered with safe
water supply in 2006-07. 67. Still there are many challenges in the field of
water and sanitation, including contamination of water
(ii) Habitations inhabited exclusively by SC/ST or sources; habits; supply; and availability of resources.
having more than State average SC/ST population However, the efforts in recent past do inspire hope.
are being covered under priority. Habitations with Particularly the kind of partnership and synergy which
over 50% SC/ST population, cash contribution will government and organizations like UNICEF have forged
not be mandatory. Community contribution may seems to be the right path forward. Equally important
be either in the form of cash / labour / material/ are the emerging stories of community partnership and
land. State may provide 50% subsidy. ownership of water and sanitation efforts (see Box 4.6).
(iii) The State Government commits itself to the
following reform principles in the Water Sector Box 4.6: Nirmal Gram Puraskar - An Award
and to promote Swajaldhara (demand responsive for bringing in dignity and quality in life
and community based) throughout the State:-
Promotion of sanitation was very close to the
(a) Adoption of a demand-responsive approach heart of Mahatma Gandhi who always believed that
along with community participation based 'Cleanliness is next to Godliness'. The initial impetus
on empowerment of villagers. given by him has been translated in many sanitation
(b) Legal ownership, and responsibilities for programmes. In 1999, reform principles were adopted
public drinking water and environmental and allocation made to a demand driven and
sanitation assets to be with the Village community-based programme named Total Sanitation
Water and Sanitation Committee; Campaign (TSC).
(c) VWSCs to have the powers to plan, TSC is implemented in a decentralized mode
implement, operate, maintain and manage and, therefore, involvement of PRIs is central to the
all water supply schemes, programme. Recognizing the role of PRIs and with a
(d) The community contribution of 10% to 25% view to motivate them an incentive scheme called
envisaged. Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) was initiated by
Government of India.
(e) 100% responsibility of Operation and
Maintenance (O&M) by the users. Cost of His Excellency, President of India, Dr. A.P.J.
O&M to be borne by users. Abdul Kalam gave the NGP awards for the year 2005-
06 to 40 gram panchayats from the state on 23rd March
(f) Linkages between water supply, sanitation 2006 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Wide spread

instance, the population covered by a Sub-centre in the
dissemination of message of cash award and honour
State is 7080 and the average distance is 3.4 km., while
given to GPs have had a tremendous impact on rural
the country average is 5109 and 1.3 km. It is estimated
community and in 2006-07, 1296 GPs from across the
that 11% of people in Uttar Pradesh are not able to access
State have submitted their proposal for award and
488 have finally been selected. medical care due to locational reasons. Further, even
when accessed, there is no guarantee of sustained care.
NGP has already given a positive boost to the
Several other deterrents such as bad roads, unreliability
sanitation drive across the State and will prove crucial
of presence of the health provider, costs of transport
to make Uttar Pradesh an ‘open defecation free’ state
and wages foregone, etc. make it cheaper for a villager
by 2012. Now the Gram Pradhans of NGP award
to get treatment from the local quacks.
winning GPs are serving as role model for other GPs
and providing further boost to implementation of TSC. 70. Fig 4.19 and Fig 4.20 show the utilization of
inpatient and out patient care in the state. It is shocking
to find that only around 10% of the people seek outpatient
VIII. Public Health Delivery System care from public facilities in rural Uttar Pradesh. Against
this at the national level the percentage of people
68. Uttar Pradesh has a large public sector health
seeking outpatient care from public facilities is 22% in
infrastructure comprising one Super Specialty Institution
the rural areas. In the urban areas, only 13% of the people
(SGPGI), 7 government medical colleges & hospitals, 53
seek outpatient care from public facilities against the
District Hospitals, 13 Combined Hospitals, 388
Community Health Centres, 823 block PHCs, 2817 national average of 19%.
Additional PHCs apart from 20521 Sub Centres (Table 71. The role of public facilities in patient care is
4.2). Government has allowed private medical colleges somewhat better. In rural UP, 27% of the people seek
to be set up in the state. Under this policy 3 medical inpatient care from public sector against a national
colleges and hospitals have been opened. In addition, average of 42%. In urban areas the state picture is very
4913 private hospitals / nursing homes have been close to the national picture. 31% of the people seek
established. There are a large number of registered inpatient care from public sector facilities against the
and non-registered medical practitioners in the State, national average of 38%. It need be noted, however, that
who are practicing in the state and they play an the rural facilities like CHC and PHC have 30 beds and 6
important role in providing medical service to the rural beds respectively hardly ten per cent of this facility is
population. utilized. Thus, there is much scope for improved
69. However, the physical health infrastructure in inpatient care in public facilities if bed utilization can
the State is still much below the country average. For be improved.
Table 4.2: Health Infrastructure in U.P.
Urban Areas Rural Areas

Type of Facility Number Type of Facility Number
Super Specialty Institute 5* CHCs 315

Medical Colleges 7 - Govt.
2 - Central Govt.
3- Private BPHCs 823
District Male/Female Hospitals 53 Additional PHCs
+ BPHCs 3640
Combined Hospitals 13 Rural PPCs 147
Urban FW Bureau 5 Sub Centres 20521
Urban FW Centres 61
Health Posts 136
District Level PPCs 63
*1 super specialty institute, SGPGI, is functional at Lucknow, 4 institutes are in the process of being set up.

Fig 4.19: Utilization of Out-Patient Services in Public and Private Sector
Out-patient services in rural areas Out-patient services in urban areas

100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60% 78
90 Private 60%
87 81 Private
50% 50%
Public
40% 40% Public
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 22 10%
13 19
10
0% 0%
UP India UP India
Source: Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, NSS 60th round (Jan-Jun, 2004)
Fig 4.20 Utilization of Inpatient Services in Public and Private Sectors
Inpatient services in rural areas Inpatient service in urban area

100% 100%
90% 90%
80% 80%
70% 58 70% 62
69
73 60%
60% Private
Private
50% 50%
Public Public
40% 40%
30% 30%
20% 42 20% 38
27
31
10% 10%
0% 0%
UP India UP India
th
Source: Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, NSS 60 round (Jan-Jun, 2004)
IX. Human Resources Requirements serve. This has a direct bearing on the quality of services
rendered and uptake of services. The ratio of doctors
72. Severe shortage of manpower at all levels in
per thousand population for U.P. is much below the
the public health delivery system stands out as a major
national figure of 1 and although the ratio of beds is
problem in public health delivery system (Table 4.3). almost the same as the all India figure of 0.7, their
Every health functionary is under a lot of pressure on geographical distribution is highly skewed in favour of
account of the large numbers that he is expected to the urban areas.

Table 4.3: Number of Medical and Paramedical Staff
Human Resource Sanctioned Filled
Medical Officers
Male (General) 6468 4940
Male (Specialist) 4128 3694
Female (General + Specialist) 1740 1319
Paramedical Staff
Pharmacist 6542 5435
Staff Nurse 4948 4018
ANM 23656 21944
Optometrist 931 830
Lab. Technician 2119 1431
X-Ray Technician 544 452
Dark Room Assistant 193 108
Physiotherapist 19 19
Source: Department of Medical & Health, GoUP
73. The situation is grave in terms of requirement there are 2,592 private hospitals with total bed capacity
of medical personnel vis a vis their availabilty, specially of 47,269. There are 2,321 general hospitals that account
in case of doctors and specialists. Table 4.4 shows the for 92.4 percent of beds in the private sector, 201 nursing
estimated number of health facilities and healthcare homes with 2,506 beds that offer maternal and child
personnel required for providing primary health care health services exclusively, and 70 hospitals with 1,010
services in rural areas based on the population norms beds that offer specialty services (UPHSDP Project
for health facilities. Implementation Plan, Vol. 1, 2000).
74. Although the State has a large presence of 75. Total number of doctors and hospital beds,
private health providers, it is mostly concentrated in both public and private sector combined, are shown in
the urban areas and is largely focusing on curative Table 4.5.
aspects. A survey of hospitals in the private sector, 76. The magnitude of various private health
commissioned by the Government of UP, revealed that providers in the State is given in Table 4.6.
Table 4.4: Estimated Number of Medical Professional Required
Description Sub-Centre PHC CHC

(1 per 5000 (1 per 30,000 (1 per 1 lakh
population) population ) population) Total
Number of Facilities 28940 4823 1447 -
Doctors - 9646 7235 16881
Staff Nurse - 14469 11576 26045
BHW - Male 28940 4823 1447 35210
BHW - Female 28940 4823 1447 35210
Pharmacist - 4823 1447 6270
Lab. Technician - 4823 1447 6270
Note: Assuming a rural population of 144.7 million in 2006, considering a 2 per cent per annum growth over the
Census 2001 figure of 131.5 million

Table 4.5: Medical Practitioners and Beds Availability
Practitioners/Beds Government Sector Private Sector Total Ratio (Per 1000Population)
Allopathic Doctors 9950 29000 38950 0.2
Total Beds 54193 46269 100462 0.6

(Urban-31646,
Rural-22547)
Table 4.6: Private Health Providers in U.P., 2000-01
Hospitals Physicians & Nurses, Ayurveda Unani Homeo. Diag./Patho.

Specialists Physiotherapists Labs.
(Allopathic) & Paramedical
4424 29000 53280 27042 5192 19861 5957
Source: National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health

77. The problem of shortages is further almost half of total absenteeism) of the doctors were
compounded by the absenteeism of public sector health absent from the post because they were on official duty.
personnel in the State. A World Bank study captures the It raises questions regarding the work schedule which
overall percentage of absenteeism and reasons for forces absence of doctors in a doctor scarce State. It
absence in different states of the country (Figure 4.21). also, apparently, raises questions regarding
45% of the doctors were found absent from duty in Uttar compromised system of accountability of the health
Pradesh. Interestingly, 14% out of this 45% were on leave; functionaries where absence can be camouflaged as
9% of them were absent without reason; and 22% (i.e. field visit. Etc.
Figure 4.21: Reasons for Absence of Doctors by State
80
70
60
34
50
23
Official Duty
27
24
40 Leave
13
18
21
No reason
22
12
16
31
21
30
21
27
15
15
14
16
15
20
21
16
19
23
16
22
12
14
5
11
10
9
18
18
17
9
14
13
13
11
10
10
9
3 3
9
2 5
6
0
ha sh
n h
M Ra sam
sh
Pr n
An est arh
m ka
ar u
G a
P a
P hal
Pr al
d
U ra a
b
ar ar
H at
K es
an
a ha
ah ad
ja
r
ta s
ra ng
Jh ih
ht
de
Ch ade
Ta ata
ya
ar
Ut i s
tt nc
W tisg
un
ad
M lN
hy st
B
kh
as
dh Be
r
uj
s
ra
O
ar
A
ad ja
i
ar
ar
Source: World Bank

78. The lack of proper human resource of 134 CHC’s is under progress. Each CHC has sanctioned
development policies (lack of incentives, lack of in- posts of 3 staff nurses. In order to provide effective
service training, performance rating system, poor medical care and mother and child care services round
monitoring, etc.) contributes to low employee morale, the clock for 140 FRUs. The actual requirement is of 9
indiscipline and poor performance. Similarly, Nurses per CHC as per IPHS Standards. Hence, 840
inappropriate skills mix complicates the challenge additional nurses are required for existing 140 FRUs only.
further, for example, a gynaecologist is posted at a CHC To facilitate round the clock delivery services at 270
where there is no anaesthetist, results in underutilization Block Primary / Community Health Centres, there is an
of skills. Likewise, transfers are often arbitrary and additional need of 810 nurses. Fortunately, many districts
without adherence to any norms. have adequate bed strength for nurses training for
79. It needs be noted that there are 20,521 sub- establishing Nurses Training schools.
centers in rural areas of the state. All sub-centers are
manned by one ANM. As per the plans afoot, soon every X. Health Cost and Financing
sub-centre will have two ANMs. In addition, the state 83. The financial burden of illness in Uttar Pradesh
envisages establishment of additional 7,000 sub-centers is very high. While the policy is to provide free health
in the next five years in order to meet the IPHS norms. care at the cutting edge the de facto situation is that
These additional 7,000 sub-centers will require additional care at PHCs is not free. Primary Health Centers are
14,000 ANMs (norm of two ANMs per sub-centre) in the chronically short of medicines. Patients have to purchase
coming years. Accordingly we will have a gap of around medicines from outside. Cost of transportation, absence
34,000 ANMs in the coming five years. of doctors, wage earning losses, etc. also add up to the
80. This shortage needs to be appreciated in the cost of health care. While the government charges
backdrop of the fact that availability of trained ANMs in nothing and is, therefore, short of resources, the people
the state is almost negligible as the training centers have end up either paying from their life time savings or
not been conducting training since 1992. During 1992- borrowing to receive inappropriate care from
2004, pre-service training of ANMs did not take place. It inappropriate provider. The expenses on medical care
was only in 2004 that efforts were made and training and hospitalization continue to be a major reason for
was restarted. At present there are 40 ANM training poverty in Uttar Pradesh.
centres in the state (each with a capacity 90 per batch). 84. Average medical expenditure per
30 centers have been made partially functional. Problem hospitalization case in rural UP in the public sector is
of availability of PHN Tutors continues to be a major estimated at Rs.7648 (Table 4.8). This is more than twice
challenge and affects the quality of training. Also there as much as the national average of Rs.3238. This does
are 30 District Training Centers which are non-functional not include loss of household income. Even the cost in
at present and need to be reactivated. The training the private sector is found to be much higher in U.P.
capacity in these centres is detailed in Table 4.7. than the national average. In the urban areas too the
cost of health care in the public sector is much higher in
81. Nursing care is an important component for
U.P. than the national average. However, in the private
quality medical care. The State has nine Nurses Training sector it comes out to be lower than the national average.
schools in government sector with capacity to train 453 The stronger presence of public sector facilities and
staff nurses each year and 2 training schools run by larger trust in the urban public facilities in the estimation
Central Government with a training capacity of 44 staff of the people along with significant competition in the
nurses. Apart from these, there are 33 schools with a private sector seem to have ensured relatively cheaper
training capacity of 1060 nurses in private sector. private health care. Also significantly lower cost of public
82. Out of 813 blocks in the state, only in 399 blocks health care in urban areas vis` a vis` care in rural areas
Community Health Centers are functioning. Construction may also have contributed to the process.
Table 4.7: Availability of Training Facilities for ANMs
# Training Centre No. of Training Capacity per Total Capacity

Centers Centre per 18 months
1- ANM Training Centres 40 90 3600
2- District Training Centres 10 30 300
3- Approved Nursing Training Centers in Private Sector 20 60 1200
Total 70 5100

Table 4.8: Average Medical Expenditure Per Hospitalization Case In Rural And Urban UP And India
State Rural Urban

Public Private Loss of Income Public Private Loss of Income
U.P. 7648 9169 920 5144 10351 536
India 3238 7408 636 3877 11553 745
Source: NSS 60th Round (Jan-Jun, 2004)
85. Health care in UP is primarily financed by 86. National Health Accounts estimates indicate
private spending with out of pocket accounting for over that the household sector spends Rs.17158 crore on
71% of the total expenditure. Total non public sector health in UP whereas government spends only Rs.2650
spending accounting for 83% of the spending and the crore. In Kerala the house hold sector spends only Rs.8373
government health care funding accounting for only 17% crore, while in Tamil Nadu household sector spends
of the total spend (Figure 4.22). Rs.3624 crore only. The above makes it amply clear that
it is not so much the shortage of resources as it is the
inappropriate organization and flow of resources. Much
Figure 4.22: Proportion of Private and
Public Spending on Health of the out of pocket expenses comes from the pockets
of ordinary citizens. He spends through his nose, often
falling into poverty and ends up getting inappropriate
100%
12% care.
90%
80% 87. Table 4.9 gives the picture of monthly
70% expenditure on health according to various rounds of
Other
60%
83% - Private NSS for UP, Karnataka and India. In rural UP in 2003 non-
spending
Out-of-pocket
50% 71% institutional medical expenditure accounts for 6.6% of
expenses
40%
the total expenditure while institutional medical
Government
health 30%
expenditure accounts for 1.9% of total expenditure. Non
spending
20%
institutional expenditure in rural U.P. compares
10%
unfavourably with such expenditure than the national
17%
average. In states like Karnataka such expenditure is
0%
much lower as compared with UP.
Table 4.9: Medical Expenditure (Rs.) as Percentage to Total Expenditure per Person per 30 Days
State Sector Item 59th Round 55th Round 50th Round

Jan03- July 99- July 93-
Dec03 June 2000 June 94
1 2 3 4 5 6
Rural Medical (institutional) PCE (Rs.) 9.60 5.73 1.96
Percent 1.89 1.23 0.72
Medical (non-institutional) PCE (Rs.) 33.55 32.96 17.07
Percent 6.59 7.06 6.23
Uttar Pradesh Urban Medical (institutional) PCE (Rs.) 10.62 7.20 2.35
Percent 1.35 1.04 0.60
5.06 5.11 4.28
Percent 1.89 1.34 1.18
Percent 3.84 3.53 3.70

State Sector Item 59th Round 55th Round 50th Round
Jan03- July 99- July 93-
Dec03 June 2000 June 94
1 2 3 4 5 6
Karnataka Urban Medical (institutional) PCE (Rs.) 10.77 16.36 4.57
Percent 1.12 1.80 1.08
Percent 3.10 2.97 2.51
Percent 1.92 1.37 0.89
Percent 5.09 4.72 4.53
All-India Urban Medical (institutional) PCE (Rs.) 16.49 12.33 5.54
Percent 1.61 1.44 1.21
Percent 4.28 3.62 3.39
Source: NSS Various Rounds
88. In urban UP too the non institutional curtailing these incidences is huge by any standard. The
expenditure is found to be significantly higher. In absolute state is trailing behind substantially in achieving the
sense the expenditure in UP is lower, however, in Millennium Development Goals. If the scenario is to be
percentage terms it is found to be higher. This only positively affected then morbidity circumstances will
suggests the higher actual burden on the poor families have to be targeted with focus on the lagging districts
and also highlights the need for public intervention by and social groups.
the welfare state. The resources which are now available 92. The state is striving hard to overcome these
to the state under National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) challenges. The decline in infant and child mortality rate
may well be used to ameliorate this challenge. for the past few decades are traceable to government
sponsored preventive health initiative, including
XI. Concluding Remarks immunization camps, installation of clean water points
89. The above analysis of the health situation in in rural areas, etc. Nonetheless, it seems to be a long
Uttar Pradesh shows that people of the state continue journey before the objectives can actually be achieved.
to suffer from serious health deficiencies which stem Although in many of the cases the solutions may actually
largely from maternal health, low birth weight, be simple, often it is lack of awareness which makes it a
malnutrition, inadequate psycho-social stimulation and bigger challenge than what it normally should be.
disability. These factors are compounded by other 93. The task of meeting the health challenges is
environmental and social factors such as gender and too big to be handled by the government alone. The
caste, inadequate family and community support and private sector has to play a key role in the delivery of
poor quality of service delivery in health care. health services in U.P. However, there is lack of standards
90. Moreover, there are wide variations across the and quality assurance systems in both public as well as
state as are evident from the inter-district comparisons. private sectors. Virtually, there is no effective regulation
There are districts in the state where the current status in the private sector. The private sector provides no
is much below the 1990 level, which was taken as the information about its performance and has no system
starting point for MDGs. The circumstances are worse in for patient protection or fair pricing. There is absolute
the districts falling in the tarai region of the state. It is dearth of information regarding how well private care
also found that in most of the cases the districts and is delivered in U.P.
regions that perform poorly on one indicator repeat the 94. At the same time, it must be emphasized that
poor performance on most related indicators, reflecting the role of public sector will retain its critical
a cumulative and concentrative pattern of disadvantage, importance. It must be appreciated that the cost of
which is indicative of a definite interdependence of treatment is among the highest in those states where
outcomes. the public health infrastructure is less developed. This
91. Morbidity as well as mortality challenge in the fact applies to government and private hospitalization
state has several dimensions. The task ahead in terms of as well as to outpatient treatment. Where public health

system is well developed the treatment cost of both available leaves much to be desired. The MMR data for
public and private sector facility is low. Competition the state was available only for 1997 (NFHS 1998). Now
from public facilities is an important determinant of the same is available for 2005 (NFHS3). For the
charges in the private facilities as demonstrated by Kerala intervening period even the state level data was not
Experiment. Access to health care is directly related to available. As far as desegregation is concerned the
the cost of health care. It is amply clear that in UP the district level data is just not available, seriously
cost of private care is exorbitantly high in comparison compromising the bench-marking or monitoring of the
to both the cost of public sector facilities as well as the efforts towards maternal mortality reduction. The IMR
bearing capacity of the population, particularly the poor. data is now available for the district level (RCH data).
95. The challenge before Uttar Pradesh is huge by However, both the frequency of the data and its reliability
any standard. It can only be surmounted if the private in terms of throwing up credible district level IMR
sector, NGOs and the Government join hands. New forms information leaves many unanswered questions.
Similarly, disaggregated data for neonatal mortality,
of public private partnership have to be evolved and put
which is one of the biggest contributors to IMR are also
into shape. The public agencies and NGOs should focus
not available. The problem of the availability of such
greater resources on development and widespread
disaggregated data on a regular basis which can throw
dissemination of public health information messages
up policy directions and enable areas specific
aimed at improving community members’ capacity to
interventions has to be addressed urgently.
safeguard their own and their children’s health.
97. For the first time the health sector is being
96. A major problem in formulation of effective given due priority with injection of appropriate resources
policy and devising intervention methodologies at the in the form of large NRHM resources and the Plan
local level is the serious lack of credible, timely and resources. These are likely to be appropriately
regular data on various heath indicators. The survey supplemented by resources from institutions like the
based data is either too infrequent or in most of the World Bank. This certainly seems to be UP’s opportunity,
cases the desegregation level at which the data is which should be grabbed with both the hands.

CHAPTER - 5
Economic Well Being
I. Introduction human development. For a good number of countries

1. In the early development literature economic the human development index does not match the
development was defined in terms of growth of total or income rankings. Many countries with relatively higher
per capita income. Limitations of this approach soon level of income show lower levels of human development.
became evident and the concept of development was On the other hand, some countries rank high in human
gradually broadened to include other aspects of well development index despite low per capita income, e.g.
being. Today, the concept of human development has Sri Lanka. Similar situations are observed at the state
dethroned per capita income as a measure of level in India. Punjab and Kerala provide the classic case.
development from the high pedestal it enjoyed earlier. Kerala has a much higher level of human development
Human development does not ignore the importance of as compared to Punjab, although its per capita income
economic growth, but looks at it not as the end but only is much lower than Punjab.
as a means for human development. As the Human 5. In a more conducive social environment, where
Development Report 1996 observes policy makers should parents and society place higher valuation on education,
not be ‘mesmerized by the quantity of economic growth.’ one can have a better human development status.
They need to be more concerned with the structure and Uttaranchal, the former hill region of UP is an example.
quality of growth. The region scored much better in human development
2. However, it has to be recognized that economic indicators than the other regions of UP. On the other
growth is an essential pre-requisite for human hand, in societies and regions where strong gender bias
development as higher income levels are required to exists due to economic and socio-cultural values as in
Punjab, Haryana, West UP, human development
meet the basic physical and social needs of the people,
indicators for women are likely to be depressed
increase their access to educational and health facilities
irrespective of the higher income levels.
and generate higher revenues to the government for
investment in economic and social infrastructure. Thus, 6. UP presents a dismal scenario with regard to
economic growth enlarges the freedom of choice both economic growth as well as human development. In fact,
for the individual and the society. But how these choices a vicious circle is operating in the state where low income
are exercised and their outcome on human development levels and slow economic growth keep the attainment
would depend on the decisions of individual households in human development levels low, while poor human
and the government. development status acts as a constraint on rapid
economic progress and restricts participation of the large
3. The outcomes of economic growth in terms of
masses in the development process.
human development depend on a number of factors like
the pace, pattern and structure of growth. A process of 7. It is in this context, the present chapter gives
spatially widespread, employment intensive and socially an overview of the structure and growth of income and
equitable economic growth is more conducive for human employment levels in Uttar Pradesh and focuses on the
development. Unless governments take timely corrective levels of poverty and unemployment. In view of the large
measures, economic growth can become lop-sided and size of the state and prevalent disparities in economic
flawed. Deliberate intervention is required to see that conditions at regional and district level the analysis is
the benefits of growth are equitably shared and growth carried out at the disaggregated levels depending on
does not lead to increased misery and joblessness for data availability. The chapter is divided into six sections
different sections of the people. Economic growth is, including the introduction. Section II deals with income
levels and economic growth at the state, regional and
thus, a necessary but not a sufficient pre-condition for
district levels. Section III discusses the growth and
human development. The focus of the policy makers,
structure of employment and shifts in work force
therefore, must be on strengthening the links between
structure. Section IV analyses the poverty trends in the
economic growth and human development.
state and the associated factors, while Section V deals
4. Thus, both priory reasoning and empirical with unemployment situation. Government programmes
analysis establish that economic growth and human for poverty reduction and employment generation are
development are interlinked processes (see Singh et. al. also reviewed briefly in these sections. The concluding
2006). But there happen to be situations where there is section makes suggestions for meeting the challenge of
lack of convergence between economic growth and rapid growth with employment generation in the state.
8 3 Economic Well Being

II. Income Levels and Growth sector, and around 4.4% in case of the secondary sector
8. The trends in the total and per capita Gross and 4.7% in case of the tertiary sector. Slow growth of
State Domestic Product (GSDP), are the most the economy was coupled with large fluctuations in
comprehensive measure of the level of economic growth rate in all the sectors of the economy, largely
activities in the state. It measures the value of the emanating from the fluctuations in the agricultural
total final output of goods and services produced in output (see Figure 5.1).
the various sectors of the economy like agriculture, 11. Among the major factors responsible for
industry, trade, transport, services, etc. Net State deceleration of growth rates in U.P. are the declining
Domestic Product (NSDP) refers to the total value of public investments due to the creeping fiscal crisis and
final output minus the depreciation of capital in the the inability to attract investment from outside due to
process of production. the poor state of infrastructure particularly power shortage.
9. Economic activities are usually classified into 12. However, some upward trend in the growth rate
three broad sectors, namely, primary sector, secondary of GSDP in U.P. is discernible during Tenth plan period as
sector and tertiary sector. Primary Sector includes both public and private investment has picked up. Thus,
activities like agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, the growth rate of U.P. economy works out to 5.3 per
fishing and mining. Secondary Sector includes cent during Tenth Plan as compared to a growth rate of
manufacturing, construction and electricity, gas and 7.3 per cent as all India level during the same period.
water supply. Tertiary Sector includes services like 13. The growth rate of the U.P. economy has
transport, warehousing and communications, trade, remained markedly below that of the country as a whole
hotels, banking, insurance, ownership of property, public throughout the planning period, resulting into ever
administration and other social and domestic services. widening divergence between the national and the state
10. Growth rate in SDP in U.P., which had per capita income. Thus, per capita income of U.P., which
remained extremely sluggish during the first four Five was almost equal to the national average at the beginning
Year Plan periods, started picking up since the Fifth of the planning period, is now almost half of that.
Plan period and caught up with the national growth However, the rate of growth in per capita income of
rate in the Sixth and the Seventh plan period, when the state works out to 3.3 per cent during Tenth plan
U.P recorded growth rate of over 5 per cent per annum. period as compared to corresponding growth rate of 6.0
However, since the beginning of the nineties growth per cent at all India level.
rate in U.P. dropped significantly. It affected all the 14. The relatively slow growth of the state economy
sectors of the state economy. GSDP in U.P. increased at is a matter of serious concern for the state and national
the rate of around 4 per cent per annum during the level planners. Growth rates have to be substantially
period from 1993-94 to 2004-05. Trend growth during improved in the lagging states like U.P. to deal with the
the period was only 2.0% per annum in case of primary problem of poverty and poor living conditions. This would
Figure 5.1 : Region wise Net Per Capita Domestic

Product, 2004-05 (at Current prices)
16000
14000
12000
10000
PCNDP
8000

require a big push to investment levels in the state, which (NNDP) in 2004-05 ranged from a low of Rs.5,687 in
will not be possible without larger transfers from the Shrawasti district to Rs.34,709 in Gautam Budh Nagar
centre and higher investment from the private sector. district, i.e. a difference of nearly 7 times (Appendix
Table 5.1). Only one district of the state, namely, Gautam
15. The sectoral composition of state income has
Budh Nagar had per capita income higher than the
undergone significant changes during the planning
national average.
period. Thus, the primary sector’s share in GSDP has come
18. Table 5.1 arranges districts in order of per
down from nearly 60 per cent in 1950-51 to around 42
capita NDDP. Out of the 14 districts in the top quartile
per cent in 1993-94. It presently stands at around 35.8
8 districts belong to Western region, 2 to Central region,
per cent against the national figure of 22.0 per cent.
2 to Eastern region and 2 to Bundelkhand. On the other
The slower growth of the primary sector as compared to hand, all the 14 districts in the bottom quartile in terms
the non-primary sector has led to increasing disparity in of per capita income fall in Eastern region.
the per capita income in the two sectors.
19. The disparities in case of manufacturing sector
are much higher as compared to the primary and the
Regional Differentials in Per Capita Income tertiary sector as revealed by the coefficient of variation
16. The low per capita income in the state conceals in per capita NDDP (Figure 5.2). Over time disparities
sharp differentials at the regional and the state level. have slightly narrowed in case of the manufacturing
Western region of the state is relatively more prosperous sector and have slightly widened in case of the primary
as compared with the other regions, while Eastern region sector, but have remained more or less constant in case
is the poorest, Central region and Bundelkhand falling of tertiary sector as well as total NDDP per capita.
in the middle category (Figure 5.1). Per capita NDDP of
Western region is about 70 per cent higher than that of Growth Rates of NDDP
Eastern region. The difference is only around 10 per cent 20. Growth rates of income at regional and district
in case of the other regions. levels have been calculated for two periods, i.e. 1980-
17. The income differentials are even sharper at 81 to 1996-97 and 1993-94 to 2004-05. In the first period
the district level. Per capita Net District Domestic Product the pattern of regional development was more balanced
Table 5.1: Districts arranged in Descending order of Per Capita NDDP, 2004-05
First Quartile Second Quartile Third Quartile Fourth Quartile Fifth Quartile
R R R R R
A A A A A
N N N N N
K Districts K Districts K Districts K Districts K Districts
1 Gautambuddha nagar 15 Muzaffarnagar 29 Unnao 43 Rae Bareli 57 Faizabad
2 Lucknow 16 Mathura 30 Kanpur Dehat 44 Sitapur 58 Maharaj Ganj
3 Bagpat 17 Agra 31 Barabanki 45 Gorakhpur 59 Basti
4 Buland Shahar 18 Kannauj 32 Kheri 46 Hardoi 60 Ambedkar Nagar
5 Jyotiba phule nagar 19 Bijnor 33 Etah 47 Mau 61 Azamgarh
6 Sonbhadra 20 Farrukhabad 34 Moradabad 48 Banda 62 Kushi Nagar
7 Jhansi 21 Aligarh 35 Kaushambi 49 Mirzapur 63 Sant kabir nagar
8 Saharanpur 22 Etawah 36 Allahabad 50 Fatehpur 64 Ghazipur
9 Kanpur Nagar 23 Firozabad 37 Shahjahanpur 51 Sultanpur 65 Jaunpur
10 Meerut 24 Bareilly 38 Mainpuri 52 St.Ravi Das Nagar 66 Ballia
11 Jalaun 25 Lalitpur 39 Auraiyya 53 Gonda 67 Deoria
12 Mahoba 26 Rampur 40 Chandauli 54 Bahraich 68 Pratap Garh
13 Hathras 27 Hamirpur 41 Varanasi 55 Chitrakoot 69 Siddharth Nagar
14 Ghaziabad 28 Pilibhit 42 Badaun 56 Balrampur 70 Shrawasti

Map 5.1
Sahranpur
16575
UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar Bijnore Per Capita Net District Domestic Product at Current Prices, 2004-05 (in Rs.)
15228 14088
Baghpat Meerut
U.P. - 11477
19130 16161 JP Nagar Rampur
Ghaziabad 18166 12333
15351 Moradabad Pilibhit
GB. Nagar Bareilly
Bulandshahar 11392 12608 12281
34709 18749 Lakhimpur
Budaun Kheri
10189 11577
Aligarh Bahraich
12824 Etah Shahjahanpur
Mathura 10995
11554 8220 Shravasti
14972 Hathras Sitapur
5682 Balarampur
15497 Farrukhabad 9494
Hardoi 7724
Mainpuri 13345 Siddharth
Nagar Maharajganj
Agra Firozabad 9272
12608 10814 Gonda 6202
14870 Kannauj Barabanki 7425
Lucknow 11640 8221 SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
14153
Etawah Basti 6753 6799
Auraiya Unnao 20811 Gorakhpur
12610 Faizabad 7341
10607Kanpur 12186 7662 Ambedkar 9456
Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 6413
11854 Nagar Raebareli 6916
Jalaun 8919
16177 9689 Azamagarh mau
15814 Fatehpur Ballia
Pratapgarh 6887 9213
9030 6328 6508
Hamirpur Jaunpur
Jhansi Ghazipur
12312 Banda Kaushambi 6618
16598 6695
Mahoba 9116 11191 SR Nagar Varanasi CATEGORIES
15586 Chitrakoot 8730 10425
Allahabad Chandauli
7929 11081 Mirzapur 10579 Rs.7500 (BELOW)
9110
Lalitpur Rs.7500 - Rs.10000
12600 Sonbharda
Rs.10000 - Rs.15000
16798
Rs.15000 - Rs.20000
Rs.20000 (AND ABOVE)
Source: Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, U.P.
Figure 5.2 : Trends in Disparities in Per Capita NDDP

(at Current prices)
All
Sectors
Tertiary
Sector

with all the four regions growing at a growth rate of 21. At the district level, however, differences in
around 4 per cent per annum (Table 5.2). Economic growth rate of income are quite marked ranging from a
growth during this period was led by agricultural sector negative growth of 0.6 per cent per annum in Varanasi
growth and spread of green revolution technology to to a growth rate of 7.6 per cent in Mirzapur (Appendix
different regions of the state. In the second period 5.2). Mirzapur, Lucknow, Jalaun, Firozabad, Farrukhabad
and Kanpur Nagar are the fastest growing districts of the
growth has become regionally more concentrated.
state registering an annual growth of over 6 per cent per
Eastern and Western regions show a slower growth in
annum. On the other hand, very low growth rate of less
this period, while Central U.P. and Bundelkhand improved than 2 per cent per annum were registered in the districts
their performance. The differences in per capita income of Fatehpur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Kanpur Dehat and
growth are also much sharper in the latter period. Gonda, while Varanasi registered a negative growth.
Bundelkhand and Central U.P. showing better Within all regions and sectors considerable differences
performance than the other two regions. in growth rates are noticeable at the district level.
Table 5.2: Annual Compound Growth Rate of Total Per Capita Net Regional Domestic
Product since 1980-81 (Per cent)
Total Per Capita

Net Regiona Domestic Product Net Regional Domestic Product
Region 1980-81 to 1996-97 1993-94 to 2004-05 1980-81 to 1996-97 1993-94 to 2004-05
Western Region 4.2 3.8 1.8 1.5

Central Region 4.3 4.6 2.1 2.3
Eastern Region 4.2 3.9 2.0 1.6
Bundel Khand Region 4.0 5.2 1.8 3.2
Uttar Pradesh 4.2 4.0 1.8 1.8
Map 5.2
Sahranpur
3.68 UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar Bijnore
Annual Compound Growth Rate of Net District Domestc Product
2.84
2.37
Baghpat Meerut U.P.- 4.05
2.76 J.P Nagar
Ghaziabad Rampur
Moradabad
4.75
G. B. Nagar 3.57 3.39Bareilly Pilibhit
Bulandshahar 3.64 3.43 Lakhimpur
4.31 Budaun Kheri
3.15 4.15
Aligarh Shahjahanpur Bahraich
5.23 2.39
Mathura Hathras Etah
Sitapur 4.28 Shravasti
3.25 4.34
Farrukhabad 3.59 Balarampur
5.14 Hardoi Siddharth
Agra Firozabad Mainpuri Nagar Maharajganj
4.70 4.56 4.21 1.43
4.26 3.62 Kannauj Barabanki Gonda
Lucknow 3.12 5.53 S.K. Nagar Kushi Nagar
Basti
Etawah
4.80 Auraiya Unnao 6.42 3.96 Gorakhpur
Faizabad
Kanpur 5.11 4.09 4.68 Deoria
Dehat Ambedkar
Raebareli Nagar
1.10 Kanpur Sultanpur 3.08
Jalaun Nagar 4.66
6.67 4.48
Azamagarh mau
7.19 Fatehpur 2.70 Ballia
Pratapgarh 2.81
Hamirpur 2.45 2.99 2.60
Jaunpur
Jhansi 5.36 3.23 Ghazipur
Banda Kaushambi 2.76
5.72 Allahabad
2.41 Varanasi
Mahoba
4.84 S. R. Nagar 2.67
CATEGORIES
Chitrakoot Chandauli
Mirzapur - Data not available
7.99
Lalitpur 2.00 (BELOW) Percent
6.16
Sonbharda 2.00 - 3.00 Percent
3.26
3.00 - 4.00 Percent
4.00 - 5.00 Percent
5.00 (AND ABOVE) Percent

Map 5.3
Sahranpur
16.78 UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar Bijnore
17.20 24.87 Per Cent Share of Secondary Sector in Net District Domestic Product, 2004-05
Baghpat Meerut
14.39 22.45
U.P. - 18.86
JP Nagar Rampur
Ghaziabad 25.11 19.63
37.36 Moradabad
Budaun Kheri
12.14 9.83
Aligarh Shahjahanpur Bahraich
20.85 Etah
Mathura 14.93 7.69 Shravasti
20.40 Hathras 15.44 Sitapur
15.15 6.93 Balarampur
Farrukhabad 11.67
Hardoi 10.64
Mainpuri 17.42 Siddharth
Nagar
Agra Firozabad 8.33 10.66 Gonda 6.37 Maharajganj
22.77 Kannauj Barabanki
23.43 7.56 7.90
21.55 Lucknow 13.97 SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
Etawah Basti 11.65
Auraiya Unnao 21.58 Gorakhpur 11.37
13.72 13.20 Faizabad 11.14
14.16 Kanpur 15.60
13.61 Ambedkar Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 14.07
Jalaun 18.47
23.05 14.84
10.18 Azamagarh mau
Fatehpur Ballia
13.77
Pratapgarh 11.41 21.67 12.78
Jhansi Ghazipur
19.97 11.84
8.38 Chitrakoot 30.63 31.15
Allahabad Chandauli
12.70 10.00 (BELOW)
24.50 Mirzapur
21.75
Percent
18.03
Lalitpur 10.00 - 20.00 Percent
13.97 Sonbharda 20.00 - 30.00 Percent
17.37 30.00 (AND ABOVE) Percent
Sectoral Growth Rates of horticulture crops in the region. On the other hand,
Eastern region registered very low growth rates of the
22. To understand the dynamics of growth we have
primary sector. Agriculture in this region is constrained
to look at the sectoral growth rates. Bundelkhand shows
by the predominance of very small and marginal holdings,
a balanced pattern of economic growth with all the
recurring floods in some parts and inadequate support
sectors registering relatively higher growth rates during
in terms of credit facilities and poor rural infrastructure.
the period from 1993-94 to 2004-05. Bundelkhand comes Inter-regional differences in growth rates are quite sharp
out as the best performing region in terms of primary in case of the primary and secondary sector, but the
sector growth, which have been contributed by growth tertiary sector shows a regionally more even pattern of
of irrigation and diversification of agriculture in favour growth (Figure 5.3).
Figure 5.3: Compound Annual Growth rate in Sectoral Net Regional

Domestic Product : 1993-94 to 2004-05 (%)
6
5
4
CAGR (%)
3
2
1
0
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
NDDP
Regions
Western Region Central Region Eastern Region Bundelkhand Uttar Pradesh

23. Table 5.3 shows the top ten and the bottom Sectoral Shifts
ten districts in terms of compound growth rate between 25. The sectoral composition of Net Regional
1993-94 and 2003-04 in total and sectoral NDDP. Both Domestic Product shows some variation across the
categories include districts from all the four regions. regions. The share of the primary sector is highest in
However, majority of the poor performing districts in Bundelkhand and lowest in Central region (Table 5.4).
case of all the three sub-sectors belong to Eastern and The share of the secondary sector is highest in Western
Central region. The inter-sectoral growth raters show region and lowest in Bundelkhand. The share of tertiary
an unbalanced pattern for most of the districts, with sector is relatively higher in the Central and the Eastern
different sectors showing divergent rates of growth. regions as compared to the other three regions.
24. Due to differential growth rate in total and Between 1993-94 and 2004-05, the sectoral composition
per capita NDDP, the relative ranks of some districts have has undergone marked changes. The share of primary
undergone a change over the period (Appendix Table 5.3). sector has declined clearly in all the regions. The shift
Highest jump in ranks in terms of per capita income is mainly in favour of the tertiary sector. The secondary
between 1993-94 and 2004-05 has taken place in the sector has also recorded positive shift in Western region
case of Farrukhabad, Jalaun, Etawah, Firozabad, Kanpur and Bundelkhand but a negative shift in the other two
Dehat and Unnao (all gaining ten or more positions in regions.
rank). On the other hand, sharpest decline in rank has 26. At the district level, however, extremely sharp
occurred in the case of Varanasi, Gonda, Sultanpur, variations in the structure of district income are
Shahjahanpur and Fatehpur (all of which have lost 10 or observable (Appendix Table 5.4). The share of primary
more ranks). sector ranges from as low as 11 per cent in Gautam Budh
Table 5.3: Districts with Highest and Lowest Compound Annual Growth Rate in NDDP During 1993-94 and
20004-05 (Percent)
Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector All Sectors

District CAGR District CAGR District CAGR District CAGR
TOP TEN DISTRICTS
Kanpur Nagar 11.47 Firozabad 15.37 Mirzapur 9.77 Mirzapur 7.64

Lucknow 7.54 Farrukhabbad 14.05 Lucknow 6.93 Lucknow 7.02
Jalaun 7.13 Badaun 10.22 Jalaun 6.41 Jalaun 6.85
Unnao 5.48 Etawah 10.13 Farrukhabad 6.29 Firozabad 6.78
Hamirpur 5.47 Mirzapur 9.56 Etawah 6.25 Farrukhabad 6.40
Jhansi 5.25 Moradabad 9.40 Gorakhpur 6.17 Kanpur Nagar 6.16
Aligarh 5.18 Pilibhit 8.73 Kanpur Nagar 5.96 Agra 5.35
Ghaziabad 5.06 Maharajganj 8.72 Allahabad 5.94 Hamirpur 5.33
Mainpuri 4.93 Lalitpur 8.66 Siddharth Nagar 5.80 Etawah 5.23
Firozabad 4.27 Basti 8.43 Agra 5.73 Allahabad 5.21
BOTTOM TEN DISTRICTS

Pilibhit 1.05 Rae Bareli 2.11 Rampur 3.52 Azamgarh 2.79
Jaunpur 1.02 Banda 1.66 Sonbhadra 3.52 ShahjahanPur 2.77
Deoria 0.98 Fatehpur 1.57 Barabanki 3.50 Pilibhit 2.71
Bijnor 0.91 SiddharthNagar 1.50 Pilibhit 3.45 Maharajganj 2.21
Fatehpur 0.85 Meerut 1.41 Maharajganj 3.38 Fatehpur 1.89
Maharajganj 0.72 Sitapur 0.87 Sultanpur 3.30 Sonbhadra 1.65
Ghazipur 0.01 Sonbhadra -1.79 Fatehpur 3.06 Sultanpur 1.59
Varanasi -0.41 Sultanpur -2.26 Gonda 2.29 Kanpur Dehat 0.93
Ballia -1.06 Varanasi -4.07 Kanpur Dehat 2.12 Gonda 0.33
Kanpur Dehat -1.75 Gonda -9.23 Varanasi 1.95 Varanasi -0.57

Table 5.4: Sectoral Composition of Net Regional Domestic Product (percent)
Region Primary Secondary Tertiary NDDP
Sector Sector Sector
1993-94 2004-05 1993-94 2004-05 1993-94 2004-05 1993-94 2004-05

Western Region 41.10 36.85 19.94 22.56 38.96 40.59 100.00 100.00
Central Region 36.16 33.25 17.28 16.32 46.56 50.43 100.00 100.00
Eastern Region 40.04 35.75 19.32 15.69 40.64 48.56 100.00 100.00
Bundelkhand 46.76 44.45 12.50 13.99 40.74 41.55 100.00 100.00
Uttar Pradesh 40.18 36.25 18.86 18.86 40.96 44.89 100.00 100.00
Source: Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, U.P
Nagar to around 57 per cent in Mahoba district. In ten region with the sole exception of Mainpuri which falls in
districts the share of primary sector is around 50 per Western region.
cent or more. Most of them belong to Bundelkhand and 28. Tertiary sector is now emerging as the most
Central regions. In six districts this share is below 20 per important sector in majority of districts the share ranging
cent. These are more urbanized districts. from a low of 31 per cent in Gautam Budh Nagar to 65
27. Around 57 per cent of total income in Gautam per cent in Kanpur Nagar. In 15 districts services are
Budh Nagar district emanates from secondary sector. But contributing more than half of district income.
in as many as ten districts, this share is below ten per 29. Table 5.5 lists the districts with relatively high
cent. These districts belong to Bundelkhand and Eastern and low share of different sectors in district income.
Table 5.5: Districts with the Highest and Lowest Share of Different Sectors in District Income 2004-05
PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR TERTIARY SECTOR

Rank Districts Share Rank Districts Share Rank Districts Share
(%) (%) (%)
Top Ten Districts
1 Mahoba 55.69 1 Gautambuddha nagar 59.04 1 Kanpur Nagar 67.02
2 Kheri 54.16 2 Ghaziabad 37.36 2 Lucknow 60.83
3 Sonbhadra 51.18 3 Varanasi 31.15 3 Gorakhpur 58.94
4 Jalaun 51.08 4 Sant Ravi Das Nagar 30.63 4 Allahabad 56.04
5 MaharajGanj 50.94 5 Jyotibaphule nagar 25.11 5 Kaushambi 54.82
6 Siddharth Nagar 50.27 6 Bijnor 24.87 6 PratapGarh 54.30
7 Mainpuri 49.72 7 Bareilly 24.50 7 Ballia 53.64
8 Bahraich 49.35 8 Allahabad 24.50 8 Varanasi 53.20
9 Hardoi 49.11 9 Agra 23.43 9 Mirzapur 52.42
10 Banda 49.07 10 Kanpur Nagar 23.05 10 Faizabad 52.32
Bottom Ten Districts
61 Chandauli 28.20 61 Banda 9.35 61 Lalitpur 38.55
62 Agra 27.69 62 Mahoba 8.38 62 Kannauj 38.14
63 Gorakhpur 25.46 63 Mainpuri 8.33 63 Muzaffarnagar 37.89
64 Ghaziabad 23.17 64 Maharaj Ganj 7.90 64 Bijnor 37.82
65 Allahabad 19.46 65 Bahraich 7.69 65 Buland Shahar 37.51
66 Sant Ravi Das Nagar 18.67 66 Gonda 7.56 66 JyotibaPhule Nagar 36.07
67 Lucknow 17.59 67 Pratap Garh 7.47 67 Kheri 36.01
68 Varanasi 15.65 68 Ambedkar Nagar 7.34 68 Mahoba 35.93
69 Gautambudh Nagar 12.01 69 Shrawasti 6.93 69 Sonbhadra 31.45
70 Kanpur Nagar 9.93 70 Siddharth Nagar 6.37 70 Gautambuddha Nagar 28.95

31. Census classifies workers into two categories:
Box 5.1: Highlights of Income Growth
(i) Main workers, i.e. those who had worked in some
Major Achievements economic activity for the major part of the year,
that is, for a period of six months (183 days) or
l Between 1993-94 and 2004-05 U.P. registered a
more; and,
moderate growth of 4.0 per cent per annum in
total SDP and 1.4 per cent per annum in per (ii) Marginal Workers, i.e., those who had worked for
capita SDP. some time during the last year, but not for the
major part, that is, less than 183 days.
l There has been acceleration in growth rates
during the Tenth Plan. 32. The National Sample Survey Organization
conducts quinquennial surveys on employment and
l Growth process has been geographically
unemployment. NSSO has defined work or gainful activity
widespread particularly in case of the
as the activity pursued for pay, profit or family gain or
agricultural sector.
in other words the activity, which adds value to the
l Inter district disparities have remained stable national product. Like Census it includes work in any
over the period. market activity and any non-market activity relating to
l The composition of state income has undergone the agricultural sector.
significant changes with a clear shift in favour 33. The NSSO has adopted three different
of the secondary and tertiary sectors and a sharp approaches to measure employment and unemployment:
decline in the share of the primary sector. This
(i) Usual Status, which has a reference period of 365
is true for all the regions.
days preceding the date of survey;
Areas of Concern (ii) Current Weekly Status, which has a reference
period of seven days preceding the date of survey;
l Growth rates in U.P. have been much slower than
in other parts of the country leading to a growing (iii) Current Daily Status, with each day of the seven
gap between the state and the national per capita days preceding the date of survey, which measures
income. work in person days.
l Wide variations in growth rate of NDDP are 34. NSS concept of employment based on usual
observed at the district level. Eastern districts status approach is broadly comparable with the Census.
have shown a relatively slower growth. The NSS workers are further classified as principal status
workers and subsidiary status workers on the basis
l Sharp differentials in per capita incomes exist
whether their involvement in economic activity was for
at the regional and district levels, with Western
a longer part of the year or not. While male work
districts enjoying a much higher level of per
participation rate as estimated by NSSO are roughly
capita income than districts in other regions. East
comparable with that of Census, the former reports much
U.P. is the poorest region in terms of per capita
higher work participation rates for females.
income.
There is a high degree of concentration of Work Participation Rates
industrial activities in a few selected districts
35. Work participation rates (WPR), i.e. the ratio
mostly in Western region.
of workers to total population, shows the proportion of
population engaged in gainful economic activity. Taking
III. Trends and the Pattern of Employment main and marginal workers together, 32.5 percent of
30. The concept of ‘work’ and ‘employment’ poses population was economically active in U.P. as per 2001
problems in terms of measurement particularly in case of Census. WPR was very low for females at 16.5 percent
females. The population census uses the concept of main as compared to 46.8 percent for males. WPR was lower
and marginal workers, while the National Sample Survey in urban area, where only 26.3 percent of persons were
Organization uses the concept of primary and subsidiary economically active as compared to the figure of 33.9
workers in terms of usual, weekly and daily status. percent in rural areas. Only 19.0 percent of rural women
Population Census, conducted every ten years, collects and 6.8 percent of urban women in U.P. were found to
information on economic activity of the people. Work is be economically active. Thus, employment opportunities
defined as participation in any economically productive seem to be much lower for women in U.P., which
activity. Such participation may be physical or mental in constraints the role of the women in development.
nature. Work involves not only actual work but also 36. District-wise work participation rates have
effective supervision and direction of work. It also includes been shown in Appendix Table 5.5. Male CWPR does not
unpaid work on farm or in family enterprise. The reference show large variation across districts. But very sharp
period is one year preceding the date of enumeration. variations in female CWPRs are observed at the district

levels ranging from a low of 6.3 per cent in Saharanpur NSS round shows an improvement in WPR between 1999-
to 36 per cent in Chitrakoot district. In general female 00 and 2004-05 for both males and females in rural as
work participation rates are higher in the poorer regions well as urban areas (Table 5.6).
of Bundelkhand and Eastern U.P. as compared to the
other two regions. Sectoral Pattern and Shifts
37. It is well known that population census does 38. The sectoral pattern of employment is an
not truly reflect the economically active population important indicator of the nature of economic activities
particularly in case of females. NSS surveys are more in an economy as well as the level of its economic
representative of the reality in this respect and show development. Detailed tables on industrial classification
higher WPR particularly for females. According to NSS of workers for the Census of 2001 are not yet available.
61st Round 36.3 percent of the persons in U.P. were However, it is possible to see structure of the work force
employed according to UPSS (Usual + Subsidiary) status. and changes therein in terms of the agricultural and non-
WPR for males and females were 50.2 percent and 21.6 agricultural segments of the economy.
percent respectively. The corresponding rates of WPR
39. According to the 2001 Census about two thirds
at the national level were 54.7 per cent for males, 28.7
of the total workers (main + marginal) in U.P. are engaged
for females and 42.0 percent for all persons. Thus, the
in agriculture. About one-fourth of the workers are
WPRs in the state are clearly lower than that in the
agricultural labourers (Table 5.7). In case of the rural
country particularly for females. WPR was somewhat
higher in rural areas of U.P. at 37.1 percent as compared workers a little over 77 percent were engaged in
to the urban areas, where only 33.1 per cent of persons agriculture, out of which 49 percent were cultivators
were economically active. Work participation rates for and 28 percent agricultural labourers. Three-fourths of
women are particularly low in U.P.- 24.0 percent in rural female workers were engaged in agriculture as compared
areas and only 11.7 percent in urban areas. The latest to around three-fifth of male workers.
Map 5.4
Sahranpur
28.22
UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar
Bijnore Worker Population Ratio in Per Cent, 2001: All Persons
33.11 28.24
Baghpat Meerut
U.P. - 32.77
28.51 Moradabad Pilibhit
GB. Nagar Bareilly
Bulandshahar31.02 30.26
28.04
Budaun Kheri
30.04 31.45
Aligarh Bahraich
30.62 Etah Shahjahanpur
Mathura 28.63 35.46Shravasti
28.76
Balarampur
29.34 Farrukhabad 31.09 41.35
Hardoi 42.44
Mainpuri 29.47 Siddharth
Nagar
Gonda 38.06 Maharajganj
27.19
Lucknow 33.96 SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
32.95 36.80
Etawah Basti 34.44 34.22
Auraiya Unnao 29.78 Gorakhpur
32.90 34.30 30.14
Kanpur 39.43 Ambedkar Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 28.53
Nagar Raebareli 33.45
Jalaun 32.83 32.12
29.94 35.63 mau
35.95 Azamagarh
Fatehpur Pratapgarh 32.33 Ballia
37.67 30.45 28.77
33.53
Hamirpur Jaunpur
Jhansi Ghazipur
37.02 31.39 CATEGORIES
42.31 Chitrakoot 28.71 31.29
Allahabad Chandauli
42.28
33.86 Mirzapur
25.00 - 30.00 Percent
32.11
Lalitpur
33.78 30.00 - 35.00 Percent
36.76 40.00 (AND ABOVE) Percent

Map 5.5
Sahranpur
6.34
UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar Bijnore Worker Population Ratio in Per Cent, 2001: Females
14.86 7.92
Baghpat Meerut U.P. - 13.92

15.14 10.73
JP Nagar Rampur
8.62 Moradabad
Pilibhit
GB. Nagar 11.67 Bareilly
10.90 Lakhimpur
28.25 Kheri
Budaun
7.59 8.88
Aligarh Bahraich
Shahjahanpur
13.31 Etah
Mathura 4.66
7.90 Shravasti
24.46 Hathras Sitapur 16.13
25.95 Balarampur
Mainpuri 7.65 Nagar Maharajganj
Agra Firozabad 10.01
6.30 Gonda 27.95
7.24 6.88 Kannauj Barabanki 29.92
Lucknow 15.77 SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
14.62
Etawah 19.96 Basti 23.65Gorakhpur
Auraiya Unnao 10.44
6.32 Faizabad 23.00 22.52
16.79 17.06
14.77 Kanpur 27.85 Ambedkar Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
Sultanpur 16.59
Jalaun 19.33
9.71 22.71
20.32 Azamagarh mau
Fatehpur Ballia
Pratapgarh 20.22 22.52
25.48 24.21 15.44
Hamirpur Jaunpur
Jhansi Ghazipur
27.38 Banda 21.88
Kaushambi
23.12
30.26
20.80 CATEGORIES
Mahoba 30.07 SR NagarVaranasi
Chitrakoot 15.03 19.47
32.70 Allahabad Chandauli
36.06
23.05 Mirzapur 10.00 (BELOW) Percent
18.93
Lalitpur
20.62 10.00 - 15.00 Percent
34.99 Sonbharda 15.00 - 20.00
Percent
25.03 20.00 - 25.00 Percent
25.00 - 30.00 Percent
Table 5.6: Trends in Work Participation Rate (UPSS)
Year Rural Urban Total

M F T M F T M F T
1983 * 53.05 25.67 40.03 50.10 9.66 31.11 52.52 22.81 38.42
1987-88 * 51.85 21.93 37.73 46.33 9.12 27.30 51.31 19.70 36.44
1993-94 * 52.23 21.86 37.82 48.23 10.22 30.48 51.43 19.61 36.38
1999-00 * 48.10 20.05 34.48 49.01 9.41 30.38 48.29 17.94 33.65
2004-2005 49.60 24.00 37.10 52.40 11.70 33.10 50.22 21.40 36.25
Note: * Figures are for undivided U.P. including Uttarakhand

Source: Calculated from NSS Rounds.
40. Over time the structure of work force has as agricultural is no longer in a position to absorb more
undergone noticeable change. The shift is away from workers. It needs to be noted that among the agricultural
agricultural sector to non-agricultural sector mainly in workers the proportion of cultivators has sharply declined
the tertiary activities. This is true for total as well as while that of agricultural labourers has increased. Thus,
rural workers both for males and females. The rate of it looks that marginal farmers are unable to sustain
decline in the proportion of agricultural workers was themselves on agricultural income and are either becoming
much sharper in the nineties as compared to the eighties, agricultural labourers or moving to other activities.

Table 5.7: Percent Distribution of Total and Rural Workers (Main + Marginal)
by Industrial Category : 1981, 1991 and 2001
State Cultivators Agricultural Agricultural Household Others Total

Labour Workers Industry Workers
Total Workers
1981* 58.57 16.73 75.29 3.74 20.97 100.00

1991* 53.30 20.36 73.66 4.20 22.14 100.00
2001* 41.41 24.19 65.60 5.16 29.25 100.00
Male Workers
1981* 59.58 14.22 73.80 3.56 22.65 100.00

1991* 53.86 16.94 70.79 4.18 25.03 100.00
2001* 42.56 19.64 62.20 4.29 33.51 100.00
Female Workers
1981* 51.37 34.56 85.93 5.04 9.02 100.00

1991* 50.96 34.89 85.85 4.29 9.86 100.00
2001 37.81 38.37 76.18 7.86 15.96 100.00
* including Uttarakhand Source: Calculated from Census Reports.
Figure 5.4: Workers Distribution (Main +Marginal) by Industrial Category(%)

80
70
60
50
Percent
40
30
20
10
0
Agricultural Workers Household Industry Others
Workers/Years
1981 1991 2001
41. The NSS data shows greater diversification of total women workers and 86.7 percent of rural women
the economy as compared to the Census data (see Table workers were found engaged in agriculture.
5.8). Thus, according to 61st Round of NSS, 61.7 percent 42. A fairly sharp reduction of around 8 percentage
of total workers were employed in primary sector, 18.2 points in the proportion of workers employed in
percent in secondary sector and remaining 20.1 percent agriculture has taken place during the period 1993-2005
in tertiary sector. Only 12.4 percent workers were (Table 5.9). On the other hand, the proportion of
employed in manufacturing activities. The rural economy workers in manufacturing and construction has gone
continues to be predominantly agrarian in nature with up by around 3.0 and 2.4 percentage points respectively.
72.8 percent workers employed in agriculture and allied Among the services trade, hotels and transport sectors
activities. Female workers are overwhelmingly have gained, while other services show a decline in
concentrated in agricultural activities. 80.5 percent of their share.

Table 5.8: Per 1000 Distribution of Usual Status Workers (Principal + Subsidiary)
by Sectors, 2004-05
S.No. Industrial Rural Urban Total
Division Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons
1. Agriculture,Etc. 663 865 728 72 265 105 538 803 615
2. Mining ,etc. 2 2 2 1 0 1 2 2 2
Primary 665 867 730 73 265 106 540 805 617
Sector
3. Manufacturing. 96 74 89 262 389 284 131 107 124
4. Electricity Etc. 1 0 1 5 2 5 2 0 1
5. Construction 74 6 53 85 21 74 76 8 57
Secondary 171 80 143 352 412 363 209 115 182
Sector
6. Trade, Hotel 82 18 62 299 103 266 128 27 99
& Restaurant
7. Transport, Etc. 30 1 21 108 0 90 47 1 33
8. Finance & 6 0 4 38 18 34 13 2 10
Business Act.
9. Other .Services 45 32 41 130 202 143 63 50 59
Tertiary Sector 163 51 128 575 323 533 250 80 201
Source: NSS 61st Round, 2004-05
Table 5.9: Shifts in Sectoral Distribution of Workers: 1993-94 to 2004-05
S.No. Industry Division Percent of Workers Employed Change in % Points

1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 1990-00 2004-05
over over
1993-94 1999-00
0. Agriculture 69.07 63.70 61.48 -5.36 -2.22
1. Mining and Quarrying 0.19 0.18 0.18 -0.01 0.00

2-3. Manufacturing 9.34 11.07 12.43 1.73 1.36
4. Electricity 0.19 0.18 0.14 -0.01 -0.04

5. Construction 2.33 3.81 5.65 1.48 1.84
6. Whole sale and 7.20 9.80 9.89 2.60 0.09
retail trades & hotels

7. Transport storage 2.53 3.09 3.34 0.56 0.25
& communication
8-9. Other Services 9.14 8.17 6.89 -0.98 -1.28
Total 100.00 100.00 99.99 0.00 -0.01
Source: NSS Reports

Figure 5.5: Distribution of Usual Status Workers (PS+SS) by Sectors-2004-05
900
800
Per Thousand 700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector
Total Male Total Female Total Persons
Regional and District Pattern of Employment Growth of Employment

43. Sectoral pattern of employment shows large 45. The Census shows that between 1991 and 2001
variations across regions and districts. The economy of total work force (main and marginal) in U.P. increased
the Western region is more diversified as compared to at an annual compound growth rate of 2.6 per cent (Table
other regions of the state with over 43 percent workers 5.11). The growth rate was much faster for female
employed in non-agricultural sector (Figure 5.6). A workers (6.4 per cent per annum) as compared to male
relatively higher proportion of women workers also are workers (1.6 per cent per annum). The important fact
engaged in non-agricultural activities in this region as to note is that the growth in employment has been almost
compared to other regions, where over 75 percent of wholly contributed by the growth of marginal workers,
female workers are found in the agricultural sector. who work for less than 183 days in a year. In fact, in
44. At the district level the differences in industrial case of male workers the number of main workers has
structure are much more marked (Appendix Table 5.6). marginally declined during 1991-2001. Thus, employment
Thus, the share of agricultural workers to total workers opportunities are not being generated on a regular basis.
ranges from 25 per cent in Ghaziabad to 89 percent in The growth rate of workers during 1991-2001 shows a
Shrawasti district. Non-agricultural activity shows a high decline as compared to their growth during 1981-91
degree of concentration in a few districts, mostly especially in the case of main workers.
belonging to the Western region. Thus, in as many as 28 46. Marginal workers, i.e. persons who have
out of 70 districts of the state less than 25 per cent of reported work for less than 183 days, in a year
workers are employed in the non-agricultural sector. constituted 4.8 per cent of total workers in 1981.
Table 5.10 arranges the districts in terms of the This percentage increased to 7.7 per cent in 1991
proportion of workers in non-agricultural sector. and further to 25.3 per cent in 2001. Over 60 percent
Figure 5.6: Regionwise Share of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Workers (%)
80
70
60
50
Per cent
40
30
20
10
0
Western Region Central Region Bundelkhand Eastern Region Uttar Pradesh
Regions
Agricultural workers Persons Non Agricultural Workers Persons

of female workers and 15 per cent of male workers 47. Growth rates of work force at the district
belong to the category of marginal workers in 2001. level during 1991 and 2001 have been shown in
The incidence of marginal workers is much higher Appendix Table 5.7. The districts which have shown
in the two backward regions of Bundelkhand and very high growth of workers (above 3.0 per cent per
Eastern region. annum) include: Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr, Moradabad
Table 5.10: Districts arranged according to the proportion of Workers in Non-Agricultural Sector, 2001
Above 40 Percent Between 25 and 40 Percent Below 25 Percent

District % Non-Ag District % Non-Ag District % Non-Ag
Ghaziabad 75.45 Mau 39.64 Unnao 24.90

Kanpur Nagar 69.71 Jhansi 39.34 Faizabad 24.87
Lucknow 68.44 Mirzapur 36.78 Ambedkar Nagar 24.76
Varanasi 68.41 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 36.57 Kanpur Dehat 23.76
Gautam Buddha Nagar 65.00 Chandauli 35.54 Fatehpur 23.23
Meerut 63.44 Gorakhpur 34.44 Hamirpur 23.21
Agra 59.30 Rampur 34.04 Mainpuri 22.83
Sant Ravidas Nagar 59.14 Etawah 33.66 Pratapgarh 22.72
Firozabad 54.46 Farrukhabad 32.88 Mahoba 22.65
Aligarh 47.66 Kannauj 30.06 Rae Bareli 22.52
Bulandshahar 47.54 Ballia 29.77 Budaun 22.49
Saharanpur 47.38 Pilibhit 29.10 Sitapur 22.21
Moradabad 44.58 Ghazipur 28.30 Barabanki 21.76
Allahabad 42.76 Shahjahanpur 27.80 Hardoi 21.68
Mathura 42.75 Jaunpur 27.67 Kaushambi 21.50
Bijnor 42.67 Etah 27.55 Banda 21.25
Hathras 42.21 Deoria 27.48 Kheri 21.05
Baghpat* 41.75 Azamgarh 27.19 Lalitpur 19.70
Muzaffarnagar 41.46 Sonbhadra 26.87 Basti 19.21
Bareilly 41.26 Auraiya 26.23 Chitrakoot 18.69
Sultanpur 25.64 Sant Kabir Nagar 17.83
Jalaun 25.47 Kushinagar 17.48
Bahraich 16.76
Gonda 16.45
Mahrajganj 15.68
Balrampur 13.14
Siddharthnagar 12.96
Shrawasti 11.25
Source: Calculated from Census 2001
Table 5.11: Annual Growth Rate Of Main And Marginal Workers 1981-2001 (percent)
Item Between 1981-91 Between 1991-2001

(Including Uttrakhand) (Excluding Uttrakhand)
Total Male Female Total Male Female

Main Workers 2.47 2.12 5.62 0.12 (-) 0.13 2.02
Marginal Workers 7.58 0.19 8.58 16.79 40.80 10.74
Total Workers 2.78 2.11 6.69 2.55 1.59 6.42
Source: Based on Census data

Map 5.6
Sahranpur
47.38 UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar
Bijnore Per Cent of Non-Agricultural Workers to Total Workers, 2001
41.46 42.67
Baghpat Meerut
33.66 30.06 U.P. - 34.11
JP Nagar Rampur
26.23 Moradabad
36.57
63.44 Lakhimpur
Budaun Kheri
59.30 21.05
Aligarh Bahraich
41.75 Shahjahanpur
Etah
Mathura 22.83 16.76
42.21 Shravasti
65.00 Hathras Sitapur 11.25 Balarampur
Hardoi 13.14
Mainpuri29.10 Siddharth
Nagar
Agra Firozabad 21.68
42.75 Gonda 12.96 Maharajganj
47.54 47.66 Kannauj Barabanki 16.45 15.68
22.49 Lucknow SK Nagar Kushi Nagar
Etawah 69.71 Basti 17.83Gorakhpur 17.48
Auraiya Unnao 68.44
27.80 24.90 Faizabad 19.21
41.26 Kanpur 34.44
24.87 Ambedkar Deoria
Dehat Kanpur Nagar
23.23 Nagar Sultanpur 27.48
Raebareli 24.76
Jalaun 21.76 25.64
22.52
25.47 Azamagarhmau Ballia
Fatehpur
23.76
Pratapgarh 27.19 39.64
29.77
Jhansi Ghazipur
39.34
28.30 CATEGORIES
22.65 Chitrakoot 59.14 68.44
Allahabad Chandauli
18.69 42.76 Mirzapur
10.00 - 20.00 Percent
35.54
Lalitpur
36.78 20.00 - 30.00 Percent
26.87 40.00 - 50.00 Percent
Map 5.7
Sahranpur
1.80
UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar
Annual Compound Growth Rate of Total Workers in Per Cent: 1991-2001
Bijnore
2.16
2.43
Baghpat Meerut U.P. - 2.55
1.95
J.P Nagar
Ghaziabad Rampur
Moradabad
4.77
3.58 Budaun Kheri
1.77 1.81
Aligarh Shahjahanpur
Bahraich
2.85 1.63
Mathura Hathras Etah 2.18 Shravasti
3.20 1.50 Sitapur
Farrukhabad 1.32 Balarampur
2.41 Hardoi Siddharth
Nagar Maharajganj
Agra Firozabad Mainpuri 2.22
2.91 1.87 Kannauj Gonda 2.15 2.86
2.44 Barabanki
Lucknow 1.61 2.33 S.K. Nagar Kushi Nagar
Etawah Basti
Unnao 3.14 3.10
2.65 Auraiya Faizabad Gorakhpur
Kanpur 2.58 2.59 Deoria
Dehat 4.76 Ambedkar
Raebareli Sultanpur Nagar
-2.80 Kanpur 2.45
Jalaun Nagar 3.41 2.43
6.48 mau
2.47 Azamagarh
Fatehpur Pratapgarh 2.44 2.25 Ballia
Hamirpur 3.22 2.67 Jaunpur 2.21
Jhansi 1.91 Banda Ghazipur
Kaushambi 3.07
2.60
Mahoba 1.60
Allahabad
Varanasi
3.05 CATEGORIES
2.73 S. R. Nagar
-0.18 Chandauli
Chitrakoot
-Data not available
Mirzapur
6.57 .Negetive
Lalitpur
1.00 - 2.00 Percent
2.99 Sonbharda
1.79
2.00 - 2.50 Percent
2.50 - 3.50 Percent

and Mathura in West U.P., Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow, in all districts, though the rate of growth shows wide
Fatehpur and Rae Bareli in Central U.P., Faizabad, variations across districts. In Bundelkhand growth of
Basti, Jaunpur, Ghazipur and Mizapur in East U.P. On marginal workers was relatively much lower as
the other hand, the group of districts showing slow compared to other regions.
growth of employment (below 1.5 per cent per annum)
included Shahjahanpur, Rampur, Etah, Barabanki, Sectoral Growth Rates in Employment
Sitapur, Varanasi and Kanpur Dehat. In fact the last 49. Detailed industrial classification of Census 2001
two districts show an absolute decline in the number workers is not yet available. However, NSS data enables
of workers during the period. us to study the sectoral pattern of growth of work force
48. The growth rate of main workers shows a in the recent period. Employment growth of all workers
mixed picture with as many as 24 districts, mostly shows a jump in growth rate from 1.17 percent during
falling in the Eastern region, recording a decline in 1993-00 to 1.53 percent during 1999-2005 (Table 5.12).
number of workers. Only some districts of western For the entire period from 1993-2005, fastest growth
region show a relatively higher growth of main was observed in case of construction sector (around 10
workers. Marginal workers show a very rapid increase % per annum), followed by trade (4.3%), manufacturing
Table 5.12: Compound Annual Growth Rate of Workers by Sectors:

1993-94 to 2004-05 (in percent)
Industry Division Workers ( in lakh) CAGR in %

1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 1993-00 2000-05 1993-05
0. Agriculture 355.0 351.0 365.4 -0.19 0.81 0.26
1. Mining and Quarrying 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.00 1.17 0.53
2-3. Manufacturing 48.0 61.0 73.9 4.08 3.91 4.00
4. Electricity 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.00 -3.89 -1.79
5. Construction 12.0 21.0 33.6 9.78 9.86 9.81
6. Whole sale and 37.0 54.0 58.8 6.50 1.70 4.29
retail trades & hotels
7. Transport storage & 13.0 17.0 19.8 4.57 3.13 3.91
communication
8-9. Other Services 47.0 45.0 41.0 -0.72 -1.86 -1.24
Total Workers 514.0 551.0 594.4 1.17 1.53 1.33
*Excludes Uttarakhand
Source: Calculated from various NSS rounds
Figure 5.7: CAGR of Workers by Sectors- 1993-94 to 2004-05

12
10
8
6
CAGR (% )
4
2
0
1.Mining and
communication
4. Electricity
trades & hotels

0.Agriculture
Manufacturing
5. Construction
6. Whole sale
Quarrying
7.Transport
storage &
and retail
-2
8-9. Other
2-3.
Services
-4
-6
CAGR in % 1993-00 CAGR in % 2000-05 CAGR in % 1993-05

(4.0%) and transport (3.9%). Electricity and ‘other region shows a positive though nominal growth of agriculture
services’ have, however, registered a decline in work during this period. In fact, except eight districts all the other
force. Agricultural workers had shown a marginal decline districts show a decline in the number of main agricultural
during 1993-00, but show an increase at the rate of 0.8 workers (Appendix Table 5.8). Non-agricultural main workers
percent during 1999-05. Trade and transport sectors show show a fairly high growth of 3.5 per cent per annum during
a relatively slower growth of workers in the latter period, 1991 and 2001. Growth rates of non-agricultural workers were
while the pace of increase was more or less the same in relatively slower in the Western region. Considerable
the two periods in case of manufacturing and construction differences in growth rate of employment in both the sectors
50. The Census also shows that the number of main are observed at the regional and district level.
agricultural workers in U.P. has declined at the rate of 1.46 51. Table 5.13 identifies the districts with relatively
percent per annum between 1991 and 2001. The rate of decline high and relatively low growth of work force in agriculture
was relatively high in Central and Eastern regions. Only Western and non-agricultural sectors.
Table 5.13: Districts With High and Low Growth Rate of Workers in Agriculture and Non-agricultural
Sectors: 1991-2001
High Growth of Employment Low Growth of Employment
Agriculture Non Agriculture Agriculture Non Agriculture
District Growth District Growth District Growth District Growth
Rate in % Rate in % Rate in % Rate in %
Kanpur Nagar 9.84 Mirzapur 8.29 Bulandshahar -2.21 Etah 2.87
Bareilly 1.15 Ghaziabad 6.35 Azamgarh -2.39 Allahabad 2.85
Budaun 0.99 Kheri 6.21 Pratapgarh -2.41 Mathura 2.83
Lalitpur 0.96 Sultanpur 5.35 Meerut -2.46 Sonbhadra 2.77
Mirzapur 0.52 Mahrajganj 5.06 Sultanpur -2.77 Shahjahanpur 2.76
Bahraich 0.16 Faizabad 4.80 Sonbhadra -2.85 Pilibhit 2.76
Moradabad 0.08 Moradabad 4.54 Mau -2.85 Rae Bareli 2.63
Kheri 0.07 Banda 4.47 Allahabad -2.93 Barabanki 2.60
Ghazipur 4.45 Mahrajganj -2.95 Jhansi 2.51
Bulandshahar 4.39 Deoria -2.99 Rampur 2.45
Azamgarh 4.33 Ballia -3.85 Agra 2.15
Siddharthnagar 4.23 Gorakhpur -4.43 Farrukhabad 2.03
Basti 4.16 Bijnor -4.47 Mainpuri 1.04
Mau 4.15 Varanasi -5.78 Varanasi 0.44
Lalitpur 4.12 Kanpur Dehat -5.87 Kanpur Dehat -1.04
Source: Calculated from Census Reports
Figure 5.8: Percent Distribution of Workers by Type of

Employment in U.P.
80
70
60
50
Percent
40
30
20
10
0
Self Employment Regular wage/Salary Earners Casual Labourers
NSS Rounds
32nd Round 43rd Round 50th Round 55th Round 61st Round

Casualisation of Work Force trends show that organized sector employment has
52. The dominant form of employment in U.P., as declined in case of manufacturing, trade and transport
in the country as a whole, is that of self-employment. sectors. The proportion of female employees in the
NSS data show a decline in self-employment and an organized sector has been increasing in recent years,
increase in the proportion of casual labourers during though they still constitute hardly one-tenth of total
the period 1977-78 and 1999-00 (Figure 5.8). However, organized sector workers. They are mainly concentrated
the latest NSS round shows a clear decline between 1999- in social services.
00 and 2004-05 in the proportion of casual labourers and 54. In the sixties and the seventies, the organized
an increase in that of self employed workers. This may sector employment increased fairly sharply rising from
reflect the growth of workers in the informal sector 10.9 lakh in 1960-61 to 23.5 lakh in 1980-81 and further
especially in the tertiary sector. The extent of to 26.7 lakh in 1991, mainly on account of the expansion
casualisation of labour force is much lower in U.P. than in public sector employment. The growth of organized
in India as a whole. Less than one-fifth of the workers sector slowed down in the eighties. Since 1991
are employed as casual workers in U.P. against one-third employment in the organized sector has shown a
in the country. The regular wage/salary employed continuous decline coming down to 22.2 lakh in 2001
workers constitute around one-tenth of total workers in and further to 20.8 lakh in 2005 (Table 5.14). Strikingly,
the State. private sector employment in the organized sector has
failed to register any increase in U.P. since 1970-71.
Organized Sector Employment 55. A number of factors have contributed to the
53. The organized sector accounts for less than 5 decline in the public sector employment. These include
per cent of total workforce and around one-fifth of non- the shifts in policy in the wake of the economic reforms
agricultural workforce in the State. Almost four-fifths in favour of market led rather than state led growth,
of total organized sector employment is in the public fiscal constraints on the state budget leading to reduced
sector. Nearly half of the organized sector employment public investment and poor performance of public
is found in the social services, notably public enterprises. Industrial sickness in the private sector and
administration and education. Private sector has a large low level of new investment in the state also led to a
presence in case of manufacturing sector only. Recent decline in organized private sector employment.
Table 5.14 : Trends in Organized Sector Employment (Nos.)
Year Total Employees Women Employees % of Women Employees

(As on
31st Public Private Public Private Public Private
March) Sector Sector Total Sector Sector Total Sector Sector Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1991 2141757 536215 2677972 162965 48243 211208 7.6 9.0 7.9
1992 2142493 537573 2680066 166157 49536 215693 7.8 9.2 8.0
1993 2140342 530564 2670906 172062 49268 221330 8.0 9.3 8.3
1994 2133659 522800 2656459 172362 49846 222208 8.1 9.5 8.4
1995 2121943 532719 2654662 174315 50352 224667 8.2 9.5 8.5
1996 2116500 541173 2657673 179117 51949 231066 8.5 9.6 8.7
1997 2113386 542179 2655565 184303 53455 237758 8.7 9.9 9.0
1998 2088385 535514 2623899 184864 53624 238488 8.9 10.0 9.1
1999 2064698 528815 2593513 186031 54389 240420 9.0 10.3 9.3
2000 2029288 523380 2552668 188283 53165 241448 9.3 10.2 9.5
2001 1757966 465839 2223805 159844 48460 208304 9.1 10.4 9.4
2002 1718086 455545 2173631 162206 48497 210703 9.4 10.6 9.7
2003 1692291 451499 2143790 166493 49652 216145 9.8 11.0 10.1
2004 1680028 444540 2124568 168622 50382 219004 10.0 11.3 10.3
2005 1650370 437529 2087899 171102 50101 221203 10.4 11.5 10.6
Source: Directorate of Training & Employment
101 Economic Well Being

Labour Productivity
Areas of Concern
56. Labour productivity is measured by dividing
l Growth rate of employment has been uneven
NSDP by the number of workers. It shows the rate of
across districts
technical progress in an economy and is a major
determinant of economic growth. During the period l Female CWPR are extremely low
1993-94 and 2004-05 labour productivity in the state l A very high proportion of female workers are
increased at an annual compound growth rate of 2.16 engaged in agricultural and allied activities often
percent (Table 5.15). Highest growth rate was observed as marginal workers
in the tertiary sector followed by the primary sector.
l Bulk of additional employment has been
Labour productivity, however, stagnated in the
generated in low paid over crowded activities
secondary sector due to the proliferation of enterprises
like agriculture and allied activities,
in the unorganized sector. There are very large
construction, petty trade, informal sector and
differences in labour productivity both between sectors social services
and between districts / regions. The primary sector,
which employs the largest work force, has the lowest l Organized sector employment has been declining
labour productivity - less than one-half of the labour since 1991
productivity in the secondary sector and one-fourth of l The pace of diversification towards non-
that in the tertiary sector. agricultural activities is slow
Box 5.2: Salient Features of Employment Situation

IV. Poverty in Uttar Pradesh
Characteristics 57. Generally poverty is looked at as relative or
absolute material deprivation reflected in low levels of
The employment structure of the state is
income or consumption. However, poverty has many
characterized by:
dimensions, though all of them are not equally amenable
l Low participation of population in economic
to measurement. Low levels of income not only result in
activity specially in case of women
low levels of consumption and material deprivation, but
l Low degree of diversification with predominant also restrict human capabilities by restricting the access
proportion of workers engaged in the primary sector of the poor to education and health facilities, thereby
l Concentration of industrial activity in a few creating a vicious cycle of poverty. Poverty also involves
districts various forms of vulnerability and exposure to risk,
l Very low proportion of workers in the organized powerlessness and social exclusion. In this section we
sector focus on material deprivation as reflected in lowness of
income/consumption.
Achievements
58. Indian planners have defined poverty in terms
l Growth rate of workforce has been fairly high at of nutritional norm of 2400 calories per capita per day
2.5 per cent per annum during the decade 1991- for rural areas and 2100 calories per capita per day for
2001 as per Census urban areas. The nutritional norm is converted into
l Female workers have registered a higher growth monetary equivalent in terms of per capita consumption
rate (6.4 per cent per annum) than male workers expenditure using NSS consumer expenditure data. The
(1.6 per cent per annum) proportion of population below the poverty line, i.e.,
l Non-agricultural workers show a faster increase the poverty ratio, is then calculated using the distribution
than agricultural workers of persons over different expenditure classes as given in
NSS surveys, which are conducted quinquennially. The
Table 5.15: Sector-wise Per Worker NSDP at Constant 1993-94 Prices (Rs.)
Sector 1993-94 2004-05 CAGR (%)

Primary Sector 9096 10727 1.51
Secondary Sector 20794 20061 -0.33
Tertiary Sector 26875 40700 3.85
All Sectors 14601 18479 2.16
Source: Calculated by dividing the NSDP estimated by Division of Economics and Statistics and work force as
estimated by NSS surveys in the two years.

poverty line originally calculated for 1973-74 has been and further to 25.2 percent in 2004-05, i.e. a decline of 6
revised from time to time using the appropriate price percentage point. This would suggest that the rate of decline
index for rural and urban areas. Lately state specific in poverty was relatively faster during 1999-2005 as compared
poverty lines have been used for measuring the trends to the period 1993-00. It may also be noted that the mixed
in poverty. Poverty line for 2004-05 for U.P. has been reference period estimates indicate a lower incidence of
estimated by the Planning Commission at Rs.365.84 per poverty (around 25 per cent).
capita monthly consumption expenditure in rural areas 63. It is remarkable that the decline in poverty in
and Rs.483.26 in urban areas. U.P. has taken place at the same rate as in India, despite
of the fact that the growth rate in U.P. was markedly
Poverty Trends at the State Level below the national average. Also, poverty ratio has
59. Poverty ratios in Uttar Pradesh have been continued to decline although agricultural growth has
relatively high. According to the latest estimate of the slowed down in the recent period. A number of factors
Planning Commission based on NSS 61st round, about including the gradual diversification of the economy, rise
one-third of the population of the state was living in real wage rate and government programmes for
below the poverty line in 2004-05 as compared to the poverty alleviation and employment generation seem to
figure of 27.5 percent for the country on the basis on be responsible for the decline in poverty.
uniform recall period. Only Bihar, Chhattisgarh, 64. Despite the substantial decline in the poverty
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa had a higher ratio, the absolute number of poor has remained high in
poverty ratio as compared to U.P. Around 80 percent the state. Almost 6 million people in U.P. were living
of the poor in the state live in the rural areas. However, below the poverty line in 2004-05 constituting over one-
rural and urban poverty ratios do not show much fifth of the total poor in the country on the basis of
difference in U.P. uniform recall period (Table 5.17). In fact, the proportion
60. Both rural and urban poverty have steadily of the poor living in U.P. has increased over time.
declined in U.P. in the last three decades (Table 5.16).
61. On the basis of the uniform recall period, poverty Regional Variations in Poverty
ratio declined by 8.1 percentage points in U.P. between 65. Considerable variations in poverty levels are
1993-94 and 2004-05, which compares well with the decline observed across regions of the state. The relatively
of poverty in India as a whole during the period. The decline developed Western region has a lower incidence of
was higher in rural areas where poverty ratio declined by poverty, while Eastern region had much higher incidence
8.3 percentage points as compared to the urban areas where of poverty. Bundelkhand had the highest proportion of
the decline was by 4.8 percentage points only. population below poverty line in 1993-94. However, 1999-
62. Doubts have been expressed about the 00 NSS survey shows a much sharper reduction in poverty
comparability of poverty estimates between 1993-94 and in this region, while Central region shows the highest
1999-00 due to differences in the reference period. However, incidence of poverty (Figure 5.9). Variations in population
a rough comparison based on mixed reference surveys reveals pressure, resource endowment and productivity levels lie
that poverty ratio declined from 31.2 percent in 1999-00 behind the regional variations in poverty levels.
Table 5.16: Trends in Poverty Ratios in U.P. and India (%)
NSS Round Uttar Pradesh All-India

Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined
1973-74 56.53 60.09 57.07 56.44 49.01 54.88
1977-78 47.60 56.23 49.05 53.07 45.24 51.32
1983-84 46.45 49.82 47.07 45.85 40.79 44.48
1987-88 41.10 42.96 41.46 39.09 38.20 38.86
1993-94 42.28 35.39 40.85 37.27 32.36 35.97
1999-00* 31.22 30.89 31.15 27.09 23.62 26.10
2004-05 URP 33.4 30.6 32.8 28.3 25.7 27.5
2004-05 MRP 25.3 26.3 25.5 21.8 21.7 21.8
Source: Planning Commission estimates based on NSS rounds.

* Based on 30 days recall period.
URP=Uniform reference period using 30 day recall period.
MRP=Mixed recall period, where for some items recall period is 365 days, while for the rest it is 30 days.

Table 5.17: No. of Poor in U.P. by Area
NSS Round Uttar Pradesh U.P. as % of All-India

Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined
1973-74 449.99 85.74 535.73 17.22 14.28 16.67

1977-78 407.41 96.96 504.37 15.42 15.00 15.34
1983-84 448.03 108.71 556.74 17.78 15.32 17.24
1987-88 429.74 106.79 536.53 18.53 14.21 17.47
1993-94 496.18 108.28 604.46 20.33 14.18 18.87
1999-00* 412.01 117.88 529.89 21.32 17.59 20.36
2004-05 URP 473.0 117.03 590.03 21.41 14.48 19.56
2004-05 MRP 357.68 100.47 458.15 21.00 14.73 19.21
Source: Planning Commission estimates based on NSS rounds.
* Based on 30 days recall period.
URP=Uniform reference period using 30 day recall period.
MRP=Mixed recall period, where for some items recall period is 365 days, while for the rest it is 30 days.
Figure 5.9: Regional Trends in Poverty (%)

80
P ov er t y I nci dence (% )
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Western Central Eastern Bundelkhand Uttar Pradesh
Incidence of Poverty Overall 1993 -94 Incidence of Poverty Overall 1999-00
Poverty at the District Level levels are above 50 percent. These districts mostly belong
66. NSS sample design is not aimed at measuring to central U.P. and Bundelkhand. In another 21 districts
poverty at the district level. The recent Below Poverty poverty ratios are high (between 40 and 50 per cent).
Line Survey (BPL) of the Ministry of Rural Development, Majority of these districts falls in Eastern U.P. In 18 districts
however, makes it possible to study district level poverty levels are between 20 and 40 percent. Poverty
variations in poverty. The advantage of BPL survey is levels are relatively low in (below 20 percent) in 15
that it is based on a complete census of rural households districts. All these districts except one belong to Western
and identifies BPL households on the basis of multiple U.P.
indicators of deprivation. The results of BPL Survey are,
however, not comparable with poverty ratios derived Poverty among Social Groups
from NSS data on consumer expenditure. 68. The incidence of poverty is much higher among
67. Table 5.18 arranges districts according to the SC and ST households in U.P. (Figure 5.10). Nearly 60 per
level of poverty according to BPL survey 2002. The cent of SC households were below poverty line in U.P. in
variations in poverty levels among districts are very stark, 1993-94. However, this proportion came down to 43 per
ranging from a low of 6.7 per cent in Baghpat to as much cent in 1999-00. The pace of decline of poverty was faster
as 74.65 percent in Kaushambi. In 16 districts poverty for the SC/ST households as compared to other households

Table 5.18: Districts classified according to proportion of Rural Population Below Poverty Line (%)
Very High (Above 50%) High (40% To 50 %) Moderate (20% To 40%) Low (Below 20%)
District % District % District % District %
Kaushambi 74.65 Kanpur (Nagar) 49.93 Gonda 36.95 Moradabad 19.77
Hardoi 74.00 Pratapgarh 49.09 Kannauj 35.85 Agra 19.43
Bahraich 72.11 Lucknow 49.06 Balrampur 35.69 Gautam Budh 19.00
Nagar
Mirzapur 68.38 Ghazipur 48.50 Azamgarh 32.87 Hathras 17.91
Sonbhadra 64.53 Jalaun (Orai) 48.34 Farukkhabad 32.64 Etah 17.26
Kanpur Dehat 60.87 Faizabad 48.22 Rampur 31.83 Mathura 16.24
Shravasti 60.53 Basti 47.64 Maharajganj 30.76 Aligarh 14.64
Unnao 59.51 Etawah 46.34 Lalitpur 30.47 Firozabad 13.61
Ambedkar Nagar 59.15 Barabanki 46.15 Jhansi 29.19 Budaun 12.24
Rae Bareli 57.78 Sant Kabir Nagar 45.99 Gorakhpur 28.24 Muzaffarnagar 11.68
Sitapur 57.46 Hamirpur 45.32 Allahabad 28.17 Deoria 11.67
Chitrakoot 55.13 Pilibhit 45.23 Bareilly 27.50 Bulandshahar 10.34
Sultanpur 54.62 Jaunpur 43.65 Saharanpur 24.56 Meerut 8.38
Shahjahanpur 54.11 Mau Nath Bhanjan 43.34 Jyotiba Phulle Nagar 24.45 Ghaziabad 7.12
Ballia 51.55 Orraiya 43.23 Varanasi 24.24 Baghpat 6.66
Lakhimpur Kheri 51.01 Chandauli 43.10 Bijnor 23.67
Fatehpur 42.77 Sant Ravidas Nagar 22.74
Siddharth Nagar 42.74 Mahoba 21.33
Kushi Nagar 42.66
Mainpuri 42.52
Banda 40.85
Source: Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, BPL Survey 2002.

Map 5.8
Sahranpur
1.80
UTTAR PRADESH
Muzaffar Nagar
Annual Compound Growth Rate of Total Workers in Per Cent: 1991-2001
Bijnore
2.16
2.43
Baghpat
Meerut
U.P. - 2.55
1.95
J.P Nagar
Ghaziabad Rampur
Moradabad
4.77
3.58 Budaun Kheri
1.77 1.81
Aligarh Shahjahanpur
Bahraich
2.85 1.63
Mathura Etah 2.18 Shravasti
Hathras
3.20 1.50 Sitapur
1.32 Balarampur
Farrukhabad
Hardoi Siddharth
2.41 Nagar Maharajganj
Agra Firozabad Mainpuri
2.22 2.15
2.91 1.87 Kannauj Gonda 2.86
2.44 Barabanki
2.33 S.K. Nagar Kushi Nagar
Lucknow 1.61 Basti
Etawah
Unnao 3.14 3.10
2.65 Auraiya Faizabad Gorakhpur
Kanpur 2.58 2.59 Deoria
4.76 Ambedkar
Dehat
Raebareli Nagar
-2.80 Kanpur Sultanpur 2.45
Jalaun Nagar 3.41 2.43
6.48
2.47 Azamagarh mau
Fatehpur Pratapgarh 2.44 2.25 Ballia
3.22 2.67 Jaunpur 2.21
Hamirpur
Jhansi 1.91 Ghazipur
Banda Kaushambi 3.07
2.60
Mahoba
1.60
Allahabad
Varanasi
3.05 CATEGORIES
2.73 S. R. Nagar
Chitrakoot -0.18
Chandauli -Data not available
Mirzapur
6.57 .Negetive
Lalitpur
1.00 - 2.00 Percent
2.99 Sonbharda
1.79
2.00 - 2.50 Percent
2.50 - 3.50 Percent

Figure 5.10: Poverty incidence by Social Group (%)
70
60
Pover ty Incidence (% )
50
40
30
20
10
0
SC / ST Other Overall SC / ST Other Overall SC / ST Other Overall
1987-88 1993-94 1999-00
Groups/Year
Incidence of Poverty Urban Incidence of Poverty Rural Incidence of Poverty Overall
during this period. Poverty level among Hindus and Muslims holdings (Figure 5.11). The latter comprised almost 60
is roughly of the same order in the rural areas-around 31 per cent of the rural poor though their share in rural
percent in 1999-00. But poverty levels are much higher population was around 44 per cent. Significantly poverty
for the latter in the urban areas - 42.2 per cent as incidence has declined over time in all the land size
compared to only 26.4 per cent for Hindus. categories.
70. The incidence of poverty in the state is also
Correlates of Poverty in UP related to the occupational status of the households.
69. Studies reveal that poverty levels are Poverty is the highest among labour households both in
associated with the social identity, source of livelihood, rural and urban areas. In general, poverty levels are
landlessness and level of education of the head of lower among self employed workers as compared to
household. In rural areas poverty is found strongly labourers. Poverty levels are lowest for regular and
associated with land ownership, which is the main salaried workers (Table 5.19). Poverty levels in all the
productive asset. Only 7 percent of large landowners were occupational categories, including casual labourers, show
poor in 1999-00 as compared to 41 per cent with marginal a decline over time
Figure 5.11: Rural Poverty Incidence by Land Ownership

45
40
Pover ty I ncidence (% )
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
No land 0 - 0.4 0.4 - 1 1 - 2 hectares 2 - 4 hectares 4+ hectares
owned hectares hectares

71. Education is a crucial instrument for raising attainment of head of household improves, poverty level
income levels of people and moving out of the vicious declines sharply (Figure 5.12). In fact, poverty levels
circle of poverty. Studies indicate a strong correlation are almost four times higher among illiterates as
between educational attainment and poverty levels. This compared to persons with higher education. Nearly 60
is true for Uttar Pradesh as well. As educational per cent of poor belong to the category of illiterates.
Table 5.19: Poverty Incidence by Occupation of Household Head

Rural Areas Urban Areas
Main Occupation Poverty Percentage of: Main Poverty Percentage of:
Incidence Population Poor Occupation Incidence Population Poor
1993-94
Self Employed 44.3 13 14 Self-employed 39.9 53 61
non-agriculture
Agriculture labor 63.5 18 26 Reg. wage/salary 17.4 31 16
Other labor 52.3 5 6 Casual labor 66.7 11 20
Self employed 36.4 58 50
Agriculture
Other 25.9 6 4 Other 25.8 5 3
Over all 42.3 100 100 Over all 35 100 100
1999-00
Self employed 33.7 16 17 Self-employed 34.3 50 56
non-agriculture
Agriculture labor 50.9 18 30 Reg. wage/salary 14.4 31 15
Other labor 36.9 6 7 Casual labor 67.3 11 24
Self employed 24.2 52 40
Agriculture
Other 21.3 9 6 Other 20.0 8 5
Over all 31.1 100 100 Over all 30.7 100 100
Source: World Bank (2002), Poverty in India: The Challenge of Uttar Pradesh, New Delhi
Figure 5.12: Poverty Incidence by Level of Education of the Household Head
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Not Less than Completed Completed Completed Higher Level Overall
Literate Primary Primary Middle Secondary Completed
Educational Level
Incidence of Poverty Overall 1993 -94 Incidence of Poverty Overall 1999 -00

infrastructure and marketing. The distinctive features of
Box 5.3: Living Conditions in U.P.
the SGSY are (i) a project approach for each key activity,
l The percentage of Pucca houses in rural and (ii) provision of adequate investment, and (iii) group
urban areas are found to be 32.0 and 73.7 approach with focus on women groups. The new approach
respectively. was thus conceptually superior to the early approach and
l The corresponding percentage of households was expected to yield better results. The programme is
using latrine were 19.1 and 84.4 percent. funded by the Centre and the State in the ratio of 75:25.
l Households using tap water were 10.8 and 52.8 74. Nearly 2.9 lakh Self Help Groups have been
in rural and urban areas respectively. formed in U.P. since the inception of the programme
l The percentage of households using electricity under the SGSY covering 10.46 lakh beneficiaries.
in rural and urban areas were found to be 28.1 Cumulative expenditure on the programme amounted
and 83.6 respectively. to Rs.1332.67 crore. Average investment per group has
been Rs.23,575. The progress of the programme in the
l The availability of electricity per day for more last three years has been shown in Table 5. 20. The
than 15 hours and less than 24 hours was reported financial and physical progress of the scheme was
to be 10.4% and 47.1% in rural and urban areas unsatisfactory during 2003-04, but shows improvement
respectively. after that.
Source: Second Poverty and Social Monitoring Systems
V. Unemployment Situation
Report, Planning Department, U.P. Government
75. A major challenge before development planners
Rural Poverty Alleviation Programmes is to ensure gainful employment in income earning
activities to all those willing to work. Productive and
72. Since the early seventies a number of
programmes for poverty alleviation have been introduced gainful employment is necessary for obtaining the means
in the country. Integrated Rural Development Programme for satisfying human needs apart from its psychological
(IRDP) is the most well known of these programmes. role of generating feelings of self-esteem and purpose
Under the programme credit and subsidy were provided of life among the workers. Unemployment not only
to the poor for income generating activities. Various deprives a man of the means of livelihood but also causes
evaluation studies revealed a number of weaknesses in disruption of personal family and social life. In this
the implementation of the programme. The reach of the section we analyze changes in the level and structure of
poverty alleviation programme has remained limited in employment and unemployment in the state.
terms of coverage and level of assistance and its
implementation have been lackadaisical and Unemployment Levels
uncoordinated with little local participation to have any 76. In an underdeveloped economy open
significant impact on the poverty situation in the state. unemployment is found to be low as unemployment usually
73. To rectify the situation, the self-employment takes the form of underemployment or disguised
programmes were restructured and a new programme unemployment with people engaged in low productivity
known as Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) activities. To capture different forms of unemployment,
was launched from 1st April 1999 replacing earlier the National Sample Surveys provide estimates of
programmes like IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, etc. The SGSY is unemployment in terms of usual status, current weekly
a holistic programme covering all aspects of self- status and current daily status. The usual status (US) is
employment including training, credit, technology, akin to open unemployment and is measured with
Table 5.20: Progress of Swarn Jayanti Swarozgar Yojana
Year Financial Progress (Rs. in crore) Physical Progress (Nos.)

Funds Expenditure % Target Achievement %
Available Expenditure Achievement
2003-04 256.06 195.64 76 2.50,000 1,40.622 56

2004-05 315.24 276.30 88 2,50,000 2,46,824 99
2005-06 293.55 267.79 91 2,75,000 2,61,080 95
Source: Department of Rural Development, U.P. Government

reference to the status of person during the previous year. is higher than that for male workers, though lower on the
The current weekly status (CWS) shows unemployment basis of weekly and daily status.
rates with reference to the previous week respectively. 78. Unemployment rates are found to be much higher
The current daily status (CDS) is the most comprehensive in case of the educated labour force as compared to total
concept, which covers unemployment as well as the extent labour force both in the rural and urban areas, though
of under-employment of the labour force. clearly below the national average (Table 5.21).
77. Traditionally unemployment rates have been Unemployment rates for educated females are much higher
lower in U.P. as compared to India as a whole (Figure 5.13). as compared to educated males particularly in the urban
Thus, only 1.1 per cent of rural labour force and 3.9 per areas, where 17.2 per cent of educated females are
cent of urban labour force were unemployed in U.P. in 2004- unemployed on UPS basis and 13.1 per cent on weekly basis.
05 according to the usual status. The corresponding 79. The incidence of unemployment is much higher
estimates of unemployment were 1.9 per cent and 4.9 per among the youth aged 15 to 29 years as compared to the
cent according to weekly status and 3.7 per cent and 6.3 total labour force (Table 5.22) in 2004-05, 8.6 per cent
per cent according to daily status. The unemployment rates of urban youth (15-29 years) were chronically
are distinctly higher in the urban areas as compared to the unemployed on usual status basis. Only 2.9 per cent of
rural areas. For females unemployment rates are rural youth were in this category. Similarly, 9.4 per cent
significantly lower as compared to the unemployment rates of the youth in the labour force in the urban areas were
for male workers in the rural areas. But in urban areas unemployed on the basis of current weekly status, while
unemployment rate of women on the basis of usual status 3.6 per cent of rural youth are in this category. Highest
Figure 5.13: Unemployment Rates in U.P. and India as Percent - 2004-05
9
8
7
6
Percent
5
4
3
2
1
0
Rural Rural Rural Rural Daily Urban Urban Urban Urban
Usual Usual Weekly Status Usual Usual Weekly Daily
Status Status Status Status Status Status Status
Adjusted * Adjusted *
Uttar Pradesh Persons India Persons
Table 5.21: Unemployment Rates (%) for Educated Labour Force

(15 Years and Above), 2004-05
Area/Status Uttar Pradesh India
Male Female Persons Male Female Persons
Rural Areas
Usual Principal Status 2.2 3.5 2.1 5.9 23.1 8.5
& Subsidiary Status
Weekly Status 2.5 2.3 2.5 6.5 18.2 8.5
Urban Areas
Usual Principal Status 4.4 17.2 3.4 6 19.4 8.2
& Subsidiary Status
Weekly Status 4.6 13.1 5.5 6.2 17.9 8.3
Source: NSS Sixty First Round, 2004-05 (Report 515).

Table 5.22: Unemployment Rates (%) among Youth by Age Group, 2004-05
Age Group (Years) Rural Areas Urban Areas

A. Usual Principal Status
15 –19 4.1 3.0 3.9 8.6 0.0 7.6
20 – 24 3.7 3.2 3.7 12.0 37.2 14.2
25 – 29 1.4 1.5 1.5 3.5 10.1 3.9
15 – 29 3.0 2.4 2.9 7.9 15.8 8.6
B. Current Weekly Status
15 –19 4.7 0.5 3.5 10.3 0.0 8.3
20 – 24 4.8 2.0 4.3 12.1 20.4 12.1
25 – 29 3.4 2.1 3.1 5.3 14.6 6.3
15 – 29 4.2 1.5 3.6 9.1 11.2 9.4
Source: NSS Sixty First Round, 2004-05 (Report 515).
unemployment rates are found in the age group 20-24 Trends in Unemployment Rates
years. Unemployment rates for educated girls are 81. Looking at the trends in unemployment rates
markedly higher as compared to educated boys in the over time, it is observed that unemployment rates for
urban areas, though a reverse position prevails in the
males as well as total person declined between 1999-00
rural areas. Thus, employment opportunities appear to
and 2004-05 in terms of UPS and CWS, but show an increase
be less for educated females as compared to the
in terms of daily status (Figure 5.14). For rural females
educated males in the urban areas.
unemployment rates show an increase in both rural and
80. Employment policy has to address the issue urban areas, except in case of CDS unemployment in rural
of variations in the unemployment rates according areas. It may also be noted that the changes are moderate.
to age, sex and area. Finding adequate employment
82. Unemployment rates for educated adults also
opportunities for urban youth in the age group 20-24
show a clear decline for rural males and females as well
will be a major challenge of development policy in
as urban males for all categories of between 1993-94
the coming years. For rural women efforts are
and 2004-05 (Table 5.23). However, unemployment rates
required to provide additional work opportunity on a
for urban females show a very sharp jump during the
regular basis.
corresponding period.
Figure 5.14: Recent trends in Unemployment Rates in U.P.

as percent of Labour Force
8
7
6
5
Percent
4
3
2
1
0
Usual Status Weekly Daily Status Usual Status Weekly Daily Status
Status Status
Rural Areas Urban Areas
38th Round 1983 43rd Round 1987-88 50th Round 1993-94
55th Round 1999-00 61st Round 2004-05

Under-Employment for additional work. This proportion went up sharply to
83. In the developing economies with heavy 9.2 per cent and 6.3 percent in the 61st Round (2004-
population pressure the unemployment assumes the form 05). Another 7.4 percent of rural workers and 5.4 percent
of underemployment or disguised unemployment, which of urban workers reported availability for alternate work
denotes a situation where the employed person may not in 2004-05 (Table 5.24).
be fully utilized (visible underemployment) or where the 85. A fairly high proportion of employed persons
income received from work is not perceived to be adequate on UPS basis are found unemployed according to currently
and the person is willing to seek additional and/or weekly or current daily basis, indicating prevalence of
alternative work (invisible underemployment). NSS provides visible underemployment. This may be due to non-
data to assess the extent of invisible underemployment in availability of work or withdrawal from work force for
terms of the proportion of employed persons who are willing other reasons. The extent of visible unemployment is
to take up additional/alternate work. very high in case of females both in the rural and the
84. According to NSS 50th Round (1993-94) 3.7 urban areas. Thus, 43.7 per cent of usually employed
percent of rural workers and 2.6 per cent of urban females in the rural areas and 30.7 per cent in urban
workers by usual status reported seeking or available areas reported being out of work on current daily basis
Table 5.23: Trends in Unemployment Rates (%) for Educated Labour Force
(15 Years and Above)
Area/Status 50th Round 1993-94 61st Round 2004-05

Rural Areas
& Subsidiary Status
Weekly Status 4.3 9.3 4.4 2.5 2.3 2.5
Urban Areas
& Subsidiary Status
Weekly Status 6.0 6.6 6 4.6 13.1 5.5
Source : National Sample Survey (Various Rounds)
Table 5.24: Distribution of Usually Employed Persons Aged 15 Years and above who sought or were
available for additional / Alternate Work (%)
Area 50th Round 61st Round

1993-94 2004-05
A. Available for Additional Work

R ural 3.8 3.1 3.7 9.8 6.6 9.2
Urban 2.5 3.3 2.6 5.9 9.2 6.3
B. Available for Alternate Work
R ural 3.4 3.0 3.3 8.2 4.2 7.4
Urban 2.7 1.4 2.6 5.1 7.8 5.4
Source : NSS, 50th Round, Sarvekshana, Vol. XX, No.1, July-September, 1996.
NSS Report 515, 61st Round, 2004-05

in 2004-05 (Table 5.25). The corresponding figures for seekers has come down sharply (Table 5.26). In
males were relatively low at 8.1 per cent and 4.6 percent December 2005, there were only 17.8 lakh job seekers
respectively. The extent of visible underemployment has registered with Employment Exchanges in the State.
increased in 61st Round as compared to the 50th Round in This was due to the fact that a negligible number,
terms of current daily basis but declined slightly on the around 3500 per year, were placed in job through the
basis of current weekly basis. Employment Exchanges. It is to be noted that females
constitute only one-tenth of the registered persons.
Growth of Job Seekers 87. Generally it is the educated persons in the
86. The number of job seekers registered with urban who get themselves registered with the
the Employment Exchanges expanded very rapidly Employment Exchanges. Of the total numbers on the
during the eighties rising from 14.18 lakh in 1981 to live registers of Employment Exchanges at the end of
27.96 lakh in 1991. But since 1991 the number of job 2004, a little over one fifth were below high school.
Table 5.25: Per Cent of Usually Employed (Principal and Subsidiary Status) reporting out of
Work by their Current Weekly and Daily Status, 1993-94 and 2004-05
Status/Area 50th Round 61st Round

1993-94 2004-05
Males Females Males Females
I. Out of Work by Current Weekly Status
A. Rural Areas
(i) Due to being Unemployed 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.4
(ii) Being out of Labour Force 3.2 22.7 3.0 19.5
B. Urban Areas
II. Out of Work by Current Daily Status
A. Rural Areas
B. Urban Areas
Source : NSS, 50th Round, Sarvekshana, Vol.XX, No.1, July-September, 1996.
Table 5.26: Number of Job Seekers on Live Register of Employment Exchanges
Year Total Persons Females %

Registration Placing Live Registration Placing Live Females On
Register Register Register Live
1990 727445 18839 3118928 61708 1019 229906 7.37
1995 780967 11219 2508819 116056 1412 261585 10.43
2000 371728 3392 2037846 45019 105 186742 9.16
2001 361595 3528 1864128 43344 74 168831 9.06
2002 416653 3333 1816801 33523 62 159118 8.76
2003 520983 3493 1929328 59466 135 176372 9.14
2004 352579 2779 1902066 46372 80 176079 9.26
2005 351915 2486 1861577 40239 113 178316 9.58
Source: Directorate of Employment and Training, U.P.

Over half of them were either high school or employment generation programmes needs to be
intermediate pass, while around one-fifth were devised for women workers, whose participation in
graduates or postgraduates. The proportion of persons employment is intermittent.
with higher level of education is more in case of
females as compared to males. Thus, over 45 percent Employment Programmes
of females registered with Employment Exchanges are 90. Generation of additional employment has been
graduates or post graduates (Figure 5.15). a major objective of the development plans both at the
88. It may be mentioned here that the number Centre and the state level. For this purpose a number of
of job seekers on the live registers of Employment programmes for self employment and wage employment
Exchanges is not fully reflective of the pressure on have been launched in the last three decades. In addition
the job market, particularly when growth of to the centrally sponsored programmes the state
employment is largely market driven and jobs in the government has been implementing its own employment
public sector are shrinking. We have already noted generation schemes.
that the number of job seekers registered with the 91. Among the centrally sponsored schemes which
Employment Exchanges has gone down quite sharply are presently in operation are the Sampoorna Gramin
since 1991. Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) and the National Rural Employment
89. To sum up the unemployment situation in U.P., Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). The Sampoorna Gramin
it may be observed that the incidence of open Rozgar Yojana was launched on 25th September 2001 by
unemployment is relatively low. The poor cannot afford amalgamating the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana and Assured
to remain unemployed and have to engage in some Employment Scheme. Its aim is to provide food security
remunerative activity for their survival even though the to the people through employment programmes. Under
returns are rather low. Thus, the major problem in U.P. the scheme people are provided work for generating
is that of quality of employment in terms of productivity. durable assets and developing rural infrastructure
The problem of underemployment is particularly severe including roads, schools, social forestry, water structures,
in case of female workers who do not get regular dispensaries, etc. The cost is shared between the centre
employment opportunity. The employment generation and the states in the ratio of 75:25. Wages are paid in
strategy should address the problem of low productivity cash as well as in the form of foodgrains. Financial and
of employed workers and generation of additional physical progress of the programme in last three years
supplementary employment opportunity. Flexible is shown in Table 5.27.
Figure 5.15: Educational Level of Job Seekers on Live Registers

of Employment Exchange -2004
35
30
25
Percent
20
15
10
5
0
Below High School High School Intermediate Graduate Post Graduate
Educational Level
Percent to Total Male Percent to Total Female Percent to Total Total
Table 5.27: Progress of Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana during 2003-06
Year Financial Progress (Rs. Crore) Man-days generated (in lakh)

Funds Allocated Expenditure % Utilization Target Achievement % Achievement
2003-04 1235.06 1105.28 89 1535 1314.43 86
2004-05 1190.28 1064.68 89 1700 1750.45 103
2005-06 1400.16 1289.65 92 1746 1608.65 92
Source: Department of rural Development, Govt. of U.P.

92. The National Rural Employment Guarantee
appearing to have benefited more than villagers. In
Act came into force from March 2006 in all States.
Rajasthan, elected panchayat functionaries are
This Act provides enhancement of livelihood security
either ignorant or kept out of the exercise for the
to the rural poor household in the country by
scheme’s execution, despite the Rajasthan
providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed government’s claim of having achieved
wage employment in every financial year to every decentralization of democracy. PRIA has expressed
household whose adult members volunteer to do the concern that in the absence of aware elected
unskilled manual work. Creation of durable assets representatives, empowered Gram Sabhas and active
and strengthening the livelihood resource base of the citizens, the best-designed development schemes
rural poor is an important objective of the Scheme. such as NREGS could meet a “pathetic end”.
In the first phase the programme has been introduced
in 22 most backward districts of U.P., namely, 94. The state government is giving high priority to
Sonbhadra, Unnao, Rae Bareli, Sitapur, Lakhimpur employment generation and has introduced a number
Kheri, Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, Barabanki, Hardoi, Banda, of schemes on its own for this purpose. These include
Mahoba, Hamirpur, Mirzapur, Kushinagar, Fatehpur, the Bhumi Sena Yojana, Rozgar Chhatri Yojana and
Gorakhpur, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Jalaun, Kaushambi, Unemployment Allowance Scheme (see Box 5.5).
Chandauli and Pratapgarh. It is proposed to cover
all the districts under the programme in the year Box 5.5: State Initiatives on Employment Front
2008-09. Bhoomi Sena Yojana
93. A total of 37.12 lakh households had applied In 2005-06 the State Government launched the
for registration in the scheme in U.P. till December 4, Bhoomi Sena Yojana, under which employment is
2006, out of which 35.87 lakh were given the job card. provided to rural youth for reclaiming wastelands.
22.65 lakh persons demanded employment against which One lakh hectare land will be treated under this
22.05 lakh were provided job. While 62 percent of scheme during the period of three years. The
persons getting employment under the scheme belonged provision of Rs.99.36 crore has been made for this
to scheduled castes the share of women was only 20 scheme and target of 110.74 lakh man days has been
percent much below the required one third. A total of fixed for employment generation during 2006-07.
428 lakh days of employment were generated under the Rojgar Chhatri Yojana
scheme amounting to only 19 days of employment per
person. The Employment Guarantee Scheme if properly Various self employment generating schemes have
implemented will go a long way in providing employment been brought under an umbrella scheme called the
and income security to the poor. However, the scheme Rojgar Chatri Yojana. Programmes of 32 departments
is undergoing teething troubles, which need to be paid are covered under this scheme. In the year 2004-05,
due attention (see Box 5.4). 12.35 lakh persons are reported to have been
provided employment under this scheme against a
Box 5.4: India’s Rural Job Scheme plagued by target of 13 lakh. However, in 2005-06 only 5.86 lakh
discrimination: Study jobs were created against a target of 14 lakh.
A field survey by PRIA and its partner organizations Unemployment Allowance scheme
in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, The state government introduced an Unemployment
Gujarat, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Allowance scheme in 2006 with an annual provision
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal revealed of Rs.400 crore under which unemployment
that while there was large-scale registration for jobs, allowance of Rs.500 per month was being paid to 8
less than 30% got the crucial job cards. Another major lakh unemployed graduates registered with the
problem was low public awareness of the scheme — Employment Exchanges. This scheme has been
in Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh, for instance, only discontinued.
7% of respondents had proper information about the
scheme. A gender bias was also apparent in the 95. In spite of the large financial allocations the
implementation of the scheme since women wishing impact of the employment programmes is still very low
to register for jobs faced much opposition. And in in terms of employment generated. Moreover, a number
Sabarkantha district in Gujarat, the old and physically of shortcomings in the implementation of the
challenged were not even provided with registration employment programmes have been observed (Ravi
forms. Srivastava, 2003). Considerable amount of available
The survey also found village heads guilty of misusing funds remain unutilized. Reports of misuse and
their power, with people with ties to the sarpanch misappropriation of allotted funds are widely prevalent.
(village headman), panchayat secretary and officials The quality of material used in the public works was

often sub-standard. The norms regarding the coverage income levels of the poor masses. Large scale investment
of weaker sections and women often remain unmet. In in rural infrastructure is needed for accelerating
short, there appears to be considerable scope of economic growth in the rural areas and improving living
improving the efficiency of the employment generation conditions of the people.
programmes through better designing and 99. The working of the wage employment and self
implementation. employment programmes has to be improved to remove
the deficiencies in their implementation. The strategy
VI. The Challenge of Employment and Poverty of promotion of self help groups of the poor supported
Eradication in U.P. by credit, training and marketing facilities needs to be
96. In spite of the substantial reduction in poverty vigorously pursued.
levels over the past decades, the proportion of poverty 100. Social safety networks need to be substantially
is still relatively high in the state and the absolute number expanded for the protection of the vulnerable groups and
of the poor is very large. Though open unemployment destitutes, suffering from temporary and/or permanent
rates are low in U.P., a very high proportion of workers shocks and handicaps will remain important.
are engaged in low income generating activities in
101. The economic opportunities of the poor
agriculture and the informal sector. Poor asset base of
are restricted by lack of education and poor health
the people, lack of economic diversification, poor levels
conditions. Therefore, a human development strategy
of human capabilities and low productivity in the
traditional sectors are among the major causes of is critical for meeting the challenge of poverty and
poverty. inclusive growth in the state. While the continued role
of state in provision of social services like education,
97. The challenge of employment generation and
health, water and sanitation will remain important,
eradication of poverty requires a broad based, labour
efforts should be made to encourage private investment
intensive and regionally equitous pattern of sustained
in social sector by adopting public private partnership
growth. Rate of economic growth has to be stepped up
models in this field. The quality of public services needs
by raising substantially investment levels in the public
to be improved and access of the poor to these facilities
sector and creating a favourable investment climate to
encouraged.
attract private capital in the state on a massive scale.
98. Improvement in agricultural productivity and 102. A participatory approach needs to be
diversification of the rural economy by promoting non- encouraged by involving the people in planning and
farm activities are vitally needed for poverty reduction implementation of development programmes and in
in the rural areas, where bulk of the poor live. maintenance and running of the various social services
Improvement in productivity levels in the informal sector meant for their benefits. Strengthening of the Panchayati
through technological upgradation and better input and Raj Institutions and their real empowerment will go a
marketing facilities will be necessary for improving the long way in strengthening the participatory approach.

CHAPTER - 6
Status of Women
“The human race is a two-winged bird. One wing is female the other is male. Unless both wings are
equally developed, the human race will not be able to fly .Now, more than ever, the cause of women is the
cause of mankind.”
- Boutros Boutros Ghali- erstwhile Secretary General of the United Nations
I. Introduction
1. The questions surrounding women's empowerment, 4. A detailed study of the State with reference to
the condition and position of women, have now become gender development during the nineties revealed a
critical to the human rights based approaches to dismal picture (Preet Rustagi). According to this study,
development. The Cairo conference on Population and UP's sex ratio stood at a low of 879 in 1991. There was a
Development organized by UN in 1994 called attention huge gender gap of 33 percentage points in female
to women's empowerment as a central focus. It called literacy. IMR was recorded at 100 with a gender
for advancing gender equality and empowerment of differential of 10. Child morality rate recorded at 149
women, elimination of all kinds of violence against with a gender difference of 3. Mean years of Marriage
women, and ensuring women’s fertility as the was reported 17.27 and total fertility rate at 5.60.
cornerstones of population and development related Female work participation was recorded at 11% with a
programmes. The UNDP Human Development Report 1995 gender gap of 52. The study also revealed very large
was devoted to women's empowerment and it declared variations in the gender related indicators across districts
that if human development is not engendered it is of the State. Faizabad, Bareilly, Badaun, Etah, Mainpuri,
endangered. Equality, sustainability and empowerment Aligarh, Mathura, Rampur, Shahjehanpur, Bahraich, Agra,
were emphasized and the stress was on the understanding Gonda, Lalitpur, Pilibhit, Bulandshahar, Siddhartnagar,
that women's emancipation does not depend on national Sultanpur, Moradabad, Etawah, Banda, Sitapur, Kheri and
income but is an engaged political process. Ghaziabad emerged as UP's most backward districts on
2. Uttar Pradesh has had an interesting record in these parameters. It is revealing to note that majority
terms of its gender report card. There is a great tradition of these districts belong to western region of U.P., which
of women poets, scholars and fighters and it also had is economically more developed.
the first woman Governor and first Chief Minister. Uttar 5. Though the situation has improved in many
Pradesh declared its Women's Policy expressing its respects since then, the situation of women in the State
commitment to gender justice in 2006. The policy remains a cause of concern. This chapter looks at various
purports to work towards giving control to women over aspects of status of women in Uttar Pradesh like literacy,
their own lives in terms of both resource and ideology. health, political and economic participation, domestic
3. According to 2001 Census in Uttar Pradesh 26.5 violence, crime against women, government programmes
million women are still illiterate. It has a high maternal and policies, etc. and underlines the measures which
mortality rate at 517. Official statistics reveal that Uttar need to be taken to improve their status and involve
Pradesh recorded 2059 dowry deaths during 2000 which them in the development process.
is the highest among the States and constitutes 30
percent of reported cases across the country. On the BOX 6.1 Measuring Gender Disparities;
positive side, in the last decade Uttar Pradesh recorded the GDI and the GEM
a healthy growth in female literacy and recent The Human Development Report 1995 evolved
encouraging trend in female to male ratio in the two indicators i.e. Gender Related Development Index
population. Women, have benefited from the expansion (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) to
of higher education and made their mark in cultural, quantify gender disparities. The GDI focuses on the
educational and administrative fields. A significant inequalities in basic capabilities, that is health,
development has been the networking of women's groups. education and access to resources. The HDI is
Issues of domestic violence, livelihoods, caste discounted downwards or adjusted for gender
oppression, and communal divisions have been raised in inequality, so that a high GDI value indicates lesser
womens activism. Increased participation of women in inequality while a low GDI value would mean lower
Panchayats has also raised hope.
117 Status of Women

II. Educational Status
achievement levels for women in the three basic
sectors mentioned above. 6. Women empowerment involves self assertion
which is closely related to formal and informal sources
The Gender Empowerment Measure seeks to
of education. The principal strategy suggested for this
measure the degree to which women and men
by a large number of intellectuals and activists was
command economic, professional and political power.
education for women. As the Human Development
Three indicators measure this: per capita income,
Report 1995 observed the returns from educating girls
share in professional, technical, managerial and
have few parallels in any other type of social
administrative jobs and share in parliamentary seats.
investment.
However, caste, community, access to fuel and fodder,
control over land and other assets, inheritance rights, 7. Table 6.1 highlights the gender gap in education
and violence and the threat of violence also have a in U.P. in terms of various indicators like literacy rate,
direct bearing on women's status, but do not get enrollment ratios, drop out rates, school attendance
reflected in the GEM. etc.
Table 6.1: Indicators of Gender Gap in Education
Indicators Value Remarks

1. Literacy rate, 2001
- Total 57.3% (65.4%) Decadal growth in female literacy rate : 18.61%
- Male 70.2% (75.85%) Gap between Male & Female literacy : 27.25%
- Female 42.9% (54.9%) Gap between rural and urban female literacy : 24.31%
2. Gross Enrollment Rate No. of girls enrolled per 100 boys : 57
(Primary), 2003
- Total 91.2%
- Male 93.0% (95.7%)
- Female 89.3% (85.9%)
3. Net Enrollment Rate, 2001 Transition from primary to upper primary = 62.12%
- Total
- Male 82.9% (90.3%)
- Female 81.9% (81.5%)
4. Dropout rate, 2003
- Total 23.5% (53.7%) Dropout rate has decreased by 25.9%
- Male 24.2% (50.3%) compared to 2000-01
- Female 22.7% (57.7%)
5. School Attendance, 2000
- Total 69.3% (85.0)
- Female 58.0% (66.0)
6. Survival Rate, 2004 54.1% In 2003-04, 5.49 million children in Class I,
(Class V) and 2.96 million children in Class 5
7. Teacher : Pupil Ratio, 2004 1 : 55 (1.40) 25.7% schools with TPR more than 100. 16.1%
schools are single teacher schools 32%
teachers are female teachers
Source:
1: Census
2: Selected Education Statistics, 2002-03, MHRD, GOI
3. Selected Education Statistics, 2000-01, MHRD, GOI
4. Selected Education Statistics, 2002-03, MHRD, GOI
5. NSSO Fiftieth Round, 1999-2000
6. State Report Cards, NIEPA
7. State Report Cards, NIEPA

8. Low literacy rates of women, low enrollment provided with safe housing facility. Efforts of most civil
rates in schools and high drop out rates of the girls society organizations are episodic though very useful.
highlight how women have been denied the empowering Delhi Government initiative of making 25% enrollment
touch of education. House hold responsibility and of poor free in private schools can be looked into.
domestic chores are a part of the life of a young girl in 14. The State should take the initiative of making
the rural area. There is inequality within families primary education compulsory, which will have
evidenced by long hours of unvalued domestic work. remarkable structural impact for sexes. Centres of higher
9. Despite positive trends, UP's classrooms continue education have done nothing to promote girls’ education
to display an appalling extent of neglect of all children so far. Technical training institutes for women are very
including girls. It does appear that the children of the few. Serious review of educational curriculum at
poor are treated minimally and differentially not only secondary and higher level is necessary. This was a
by the caste hierarchical society but also by the State. commitment made in the National Policy on Education.
Children are clammed in small rooms sitting on the floor No State funding for faculty recruitment or faculty
with one teacher minding up to 150 students of various promotion programmes in Women Studies Centres of the
levels. State universities have been done so far.
10. Close micro studies show that in the classrooms
boys often take privileged spaces. Girls sit in last rows- III. Health Status
especially in classes of algebra and arithmetic. 15. Women in U.P. as in other parts of India fall
Sometimes when it is not so, boys walk up front and far short in terms of fully functional capability in terms
stand up. Girls also crane their necks but cannot muster of their capability to have a long and healthy life. Their
enough courage to walk up to the teacher (usually a existence is threatened through the unholy alliance of
male in most remote areas). Almost invariably girls are technology with tradition manifest in sex determination
not addressed by their names, are asked to sing but not tests and selective abortion of female foetus. UP has
debate. In some cases both boys and girls are beaten. also passed a regulating law on prenatal diagnostic
But in those schools where girls are spared, it is with techniques but there have been no convictions so far.
the belief that they need no challenge and their U.P. has one of the lowest sex ratios in the world and
education is only a certification required for marriage. third lowest among the major States of India. UP has
11. Private schools rarely show any initiative for however recorded a trend of declining infant mortality
gender concerns. Madarasas have large number of girls, confirmed by NFHS I, II and III (see chapter 4). Surveys
but gender transformation is not on agenda. Moral show that IMR in UP declined from 99.9 deaths per 1000
science textbooks still have a preponderance of men. live birth for the five year period preceding the 92/93
Women as agents of social reform are not mentioned. survey to 86.7 deaths per 1000 live birth for the
Girl's self esteem has been enhanced by efforts like those corresponding five year time interval preceding the 98-
of Mahila Samakhya and girls education projects, but 99 survey, to 73 deaths per 1000 live births for the five
there is huge challenge about cognitive learning in all year time interval preceding 2005/6 survey. This is reason
non-formal efforts. Poor linguistic skills and computation for considerable optimism for the future. Gender
skills cannot be compensated by apparent self- differentials in IMR is still 76 for male to 84 for female
confidence. - considerably higher than all India average which is 62
for male to 65 for female (PSMS II).
12. State initiatives in curricular reforms, training
and decentralized structures are appropriate steps which 16. The NFHS III findings highlight that in U.P. 53
could give desired results if combined with the States percent of the respondent women (between the age of
promise to construct school buildings with 5 open rooms 20-24) were married by the age of 18. While this figure
supported by 5 school teachers and a head teacher. was 30 percent in the urban area, it was a high 60.1
Empowered teachers in disempowering circumstances percent in the rural area. This indicates a breach of law
cannot be expected to give heroic performances. Tasks regarding minimum age of marriage. 14.3 percent women
on time monitoring and M.L.L. achievement monitoring between the age of 14-19 were already mothers or
need to be made more effective. pregnant at the time of the Survey. Marriage of girls
before the legal minimum age of 18 is a widespread
13. Residential schools run by voluntary agencies phenomenon in Uttar Pradesh. Nearly 49 percent girls
have had mixed success. Funding for Kasturba Gandhi are married below the age of 18 years in Uttar Pradesh.
Schools need to be more realistic. Hostels for The position is alarming in Lalitpur and Maharajganj
intermediate and degree colleges are pitifully small in districts where over 80 percent of girls are married off
number. 95% of State’s total Blocks have female literacy before they reach the age of 18. Early age of
rates below the State average. The urban rural divide marriage is both the symptom as well as a cause of
continues to be often greater than the overall gender women's subordination in the society. Girls are married
gap. More women teachers need to be recruited and off early for a complex array of causes. Socially and
119 Status of Women

culturally perceived as "paraya dhan", premium is put is still too high. Fertility rate has shown decline from
on virginity and therefore restrictive controls are imposed 4.1 in NFHS I to 3.8 in NFHS 3. The rural fertility rate
on her mobility and sexuality. Girls are thus seen to be stands at 4.13 while urban stands at 2.95. Maternity care
protected from violence in society by an early marriage. evidenced by 3 antenatal visits for their last birth for
17. In U.P. sex specific mortality differential moves rural women is only 22.6, for urban areas it is 40.9.
in an unnatural direction. The female death rate for the Mothers who consume IFA for 90 days or more at the
age group 0-4 exceeds the male death rate by 22%.This time of their last pregnancy stood at 6.7% in rural areas
works out to 1.22, 0.88, 1.08 and 0.88 for the 0-4, 5-14, and 16.4 in urban areas. Institutional births have a rural
15-49 and 50+ age groups respectively. The very high urban differential too. 50.5 percent urban women and
value for the 0-4 age group is notable. Differential 23.8 percent rural women received assistance of a
treatment of boys and girls is the most likely explanation trained health worker. Only 31 per cent urban and 9.9
for higher female mortality (UNICEF, 2006). 41% urban & per cent rural women have received any sort of post
37% rural women report reproductive health problems natal care within two days of delivery (NFHS 3, 2006).
(NFHS 3). These figures point to a large short fall in maternal care
18. Maternal mortality rate has reportedly come services even in urban areas. The Rural Health Mission is
down from 707 per 100,000 live births to 517, though it still to register any visible presence on the ground.
Figure 6.1: Trends in Institutional Deliveries (%)

(Births in the last 3 years)
45
40
40 37
35
30
25 22
20 18
15
15 11
10
5
0
Urban Rural Total
NFHS-2 NFHS-3
Figure 6.2: Trends in Any Antenatal Care (%)

(Births in the last 3 years)
90
79
80
67
70 63 64
60
50
40 35
29
30
20
10
0
Urban Rural Total
NFHS-2 NFHS-3

19. However, PSMS II reports that only half of all spacing is minimal as is reported by many organizations
expectant mothers among the poorest one fifth of the working on the ground.
population received full or some ante natal care (Fig. 21. It is an important point to note that 64.2%
6.2). The coverage among the wealthiest was reported married women were satisfied with 2 living children and
to be 80 per cent. Use of private providers for antenatal wanted no more as reported by NFHS III. Of these 76.3%
care by both rich and poor is showing an increase. This were urban based and 58.6 percent were rural women.
is being appreciated and incorporated in the State Health The finding of NFHS II pointed to 43.7% who were satisfied
Policy. The low use of public service suggests the absence with two living children. This indicated women's
of government service widely as well as the perception increasing awareness of advantages of small family.
of their being of low quality. An overwhelming majority However, a closer examination of responses reveals that
of deliveries still occur at home, although wealthiest it is women who have 2 sons or a son and a daughter
women avail of Government and private services. PSMS who do not want more children. Only 30.8% women with
II also reports that only 16 per cent of births were 2 daughters do not want more children. Of these 51.9%
institutional deliveries. Social disadvantage and low belong to the urban area and 21.3% to rural areas. This
incomes are proportional to percentage of institutional may also be correlated to women's educational status.
deliveries. Government schemes about financial support 52% of women satisfied with 2 daughters have had more
to expectant mothers does not seem to have any than 10 years of schooling.
significant reflection in terms of better or more
institutional service utilization in pre and ante natal care. 22. Malnutrition among mothers is high. It is
estimated that 80% women marry and give birth before
20. The use of Family Planning measures is the age of 18. Maternal mortality rate in Uttar Pradesh
generally low in U.P. NFHS 3 findings indicate an increase is 8 times higher than in Kerala and 70% higher than the
in use of contraceptive measures by women between 15 national average. That UP has the third highest rural
to 49 years (Fig. 6.3). Compared to NFHS 2 findings, the female death rate, after MP and Chattisgarh, is an area
new data shows that contraception use has increased of grave concern.
from 44% to 56% among urban women and from 23% to
40% among rural women. Female sterilization still IV. Economic Empowerment
remains the most utilized method adopted by 18.7% 23. Economic empowerment holds the key to
urban and 16.8% rural women. Male sterilization is a womens empowerment as it provides them with the
dismal 0.2% while it is much simpler in terms of health means and opportunity to exercise their choices
risks involved. This is related to myths related to male independently. Economic empowerment is related to the
virility and strength. In terms of choices and exercise of employment opportunity, earning levels, property rights
their reproductive rights, women continue to be and asset ownership. The situation with respect to these
constrained. Their consultation in limiting family size or issues is discussed below.
Figure 6.3: Trends in Contraceptive Use (%)

(Currently married women 15-49)
60 56
50 44 44
40
40
27
30 23
20
10
0
Urban Rural Total
NFHS-2 NFHS-3
121 Status of Women

Women and Work 27. As compared to males more females are
24. Women's work is statistically less visible, non crowded in lower paid manual work. According to NSS
monetized and relegated to subsistence production and 61st Round (2004-05) still 80 per cent of female workers
domestic side. The non paid work includes domestic are engaged in agriculture against 53.4 per cent of male
chores like cooking, cleaning, child care and care for workers. 10.7 per cent of female workers were employed
the elderly and the handicapped-traditionally understood in manufacturing sector and only 8 per cent in services
as women's work. Subsistence activities like kitchen sector. The corresponding figures for males were higher
gardening, post harvest processing, feeding farm hands, at 13.1 per cent and 25.0 per cent respectively (see
live stock maintenance, gathering of fuel, forest produce, Table 5.8). Women workers comprise only one tenth of
unpaid family labour in family farm or enterprise are all the total organized sector workers in the State.
done by women who are reported to be "non working 28. Restriction on women's mobility, complete child
housewives". If women's work is rendered visible, care responsibility, ideology of female seclusion,
especially unpaid household work, there will be vulnerability to abuse, low access to information and
dramatic change in perspective towards perceiving mass media, low literacy, assumption that women's work
women's work. is supplementary and confined to largely manual
25. As discussed in Chapter 5, employment untrained tasks, leads to women's poor access to income.
opportunities seem to be much lower for women in U.P.,
which restricts their economic empowerment. As per
Ownership of Property
2001 Census, work participation rate (WPR) was very 29. Access to productive resources is critical to
low for females at 16.5 percent as compared to 46.8 enhancing women’s economic choice. Ownership of
percent for males. Only 19.0 percent of rural women properties in the name of women is a strong evidence of
and 6.8 percent of urban women in U.P. were found to women's economic strength and offers a platform for
be economically active. Very sharp variations in female her to exercise her agency. An independent ownership is
CWPRs are observed at the district levels ranging from a important in case of widowhood or divorce or separation.
low of 6.3 per cent in Saharanpur to 36 per cent in According to a recent study of Kerala, women's risk of
Chitrakoot district (see Appendix 5.5 and 6.2). In general physical violence from husbands is dramatically less if
female work participation rates are higher in the poorer they own land or a house. The incidence of violence is
regions of Bundelkhand and Eastern U.P. as compared to 49 percent among women without property, but 18
the other two regions. percent among land owning women and 7 percent if they
26. NSS surveys are more representative of the own both land and house (Bina Agarwal, 2005).
reality in this respect and show higher WPR particularly 30. A study on women's empowerment
for females. According to NSS 61st Round, WPR for males commissioned by the Planning Department, U.P.
and females were 50.2 percent and 21.6 percent Government highlights that only 2.6% women, both rural
respectively. The corresponding rates of WPR at the and urban respondents, own property in their own name
national level were 54.7 per cent for males and 28.7 for (Manoj Agarwal, 2006). The 21.1% and the 29.8% "No
females. The latest NSS round shows an improvement response" among the rural and urban respondents points
in WPR between 1999-00 and 2004-05 for both males to the ambiguity which may arise from women's location
and females in rural as well as urban areas (see Table in the family where property is held and seen as a
5.6). common resource for the family well being (Table 6.2).
Table 6.2: Status about Property Right of Women (Per Cent)
Age- Rural Urban All

Group Yes No NR Nos. Yes No NR Nos. Yes No NR Nos.
15-19 0.5 77.8 21.8 185 - 61.9 38.1 42 0.4 74.9 24.7 227
20-29 1.8 79.3 18.9 619 0.9 85.0 14.2 113 1.6 80.2 18.2 732
30-39 2.4 78.8 18.8 590 0.9 58.3 40.7 108 2.1 75.6 22.2 698
40-59 4.9 73.9 21.2 551 4.3 65.5 30.2 116 4.8 72.4 22.8 667
60+ 1.1 49.5 49.5 91 28.6 14.3 57.1 7 3.1 46.9 50.0 98
Total 2.7 76.2 21.1 20.36 2.3 67.9 29.8 386 2.6 74.9 22.5 2422
Source: Manoj Agarwal 2006

31. The same study also reports that the
will gradually contribute to build women's
percentage of women holding bank accounts in single
empowerment. 2,97,715 transactions have been done
name is 7.1, while that of women holding accounts in
in the name of women in 68 districts of Uttar Pradesh
joint name is 5.9. 58.1%, women have no account singly
between April 2006 and August 2006. When women
or jointly (Table 6.3). 28.9% respondents did not give a
move out of their homes to sign the papers in Tehsils
response. This indicates women's low participation in
in many cases it is their first exposure to an office.
decision making regarding utilization of the money she
This initiative will go a long way towards womens
helps to generate and maintain by her household labour
empowerment.
in the family.
Source: Government of U.P.
Table 6.3: Percent of Women holding Bank
Account in their Name Land Pattas
Age Single Joint Do Not No Total 33. Land is a source of security, food sustenance
Group Name Name Have Answer Sample and livelihood for poor women. Granting land pattas in
the name of women can be seen as a powerful
15-19 0.4 - 52.4 47.1 227 empowering strategy for gender equality and for
(100.0) encouraging the development of women's autonomy.
Pattas for women should also be seen in the light of the
20.-29 5.3 3.6 62.8 28.3 732
fact that about 20 percent of rural households are headed
(100.0)
by women, where the woman is responsible for family
30-39 7.6 7.2 60.5 24.8 698 survival. Pattas for women are important also because
(100.0) of the fact that the interests of women are mostly ignored
40-59 10.8 9.4 57.3 22.5 667 in the implementation of inheritance laws. Women's
(100.0) vulnerable position as a result can be strengthened in
case of widowhood or desertion.
80+ 6.1 5.1 25.5 63.3 98
(100.0) 34. The granting of the patta or legal title of land
ownership has been an important policy of the State to
Total 7.1 5.9 58.1 28.9 2422
assist rural landless and marginalised to earn their
(100.0)
livelihood. The issue of women being granted pattas,
Source: Manoj Agarwal 2006 singly or jointly, or in groups, has found mention in various
plan documents of the Central Government. The State
32. In February 2006, the State Government took has been giving land ownership or patta jointly in the
an important decision in favour of women empowerment name of the husband and wife as the State presumes
by reducing stamp duty by two per cent in case the congruence of interests and of the equitable sharing of
registration is done in the name of women. This is likely resources in the household. However, in such cases there
to prove beneficial to women in the long run and will is little likelihood of any change in the women's position
also improve their economic and social status as well as and status at home. But ownership of land in the woman's
self respect and confidence. The response to this scheme name often serves to increase her status and dignity
has been very encouraging (see Box 6.2). The popularity within the family, leading to an increased share in the
of the scheme is evident from the fact that within 5 household decision-making in matters such as the
months of passing of the ordinance almost three lakh children's education, credit and agriculture related
registrations were done in the name of women. A rebate matters. Thus, women can negotiate their role within
of Rs.265 crore has been provided under the scheme in the family.
different districts till February, 2007. Details can be seen 35. Support and linkage with Self Help groups
at Appendix 6.3. voluntary or governmental organizations, may help
women to build awareness and increase their mobility.
Box 6.2 Lowering of Stamp Duty in It may also strengthen the sense of empowerment which
Case of Women accompanies land ownership. Thus, individual pattas may
Recent initiative of the State (Ordinance of 23 go a long way in reversing the unequal gender relations
Feb. 2006) regarding reduction of stamp duty on which exist within families.
purchase of land from 8 percent to 6 percent has 36. A recent legislation of the Central Government,
worked in the direction of more land being bought in the Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005 is also a step
the name of women in the family. This transfer of in the right direction towards women's equality in
assets in favour of women, though initially used by property rights (Box 6.3). It makes Hindu women's
male members of the family to save family money, inheritance rights in agricultural land legally equal to
those of men. All daughters including married daughters
123 Status of Women

are coparcenary in the joint family properly. Daughters Self Help Groups
now have the right to claim partition and to become 37. Self Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as an
`karta'. All daughters, married or unmarried can reside, important strategy to achieve the objective of
seek partition of the parental dwelling place. This law empowering women and alleviating poverty. SHGs are
of the Centre will have the power to displace any based on the idea of small groups, which function at
conflicting laws of the State which are unequal to women. developing collective consciousness. Linked with micro
This is a far reaching measure to assure women's control credit, these groups are able to access credit and subsidy
over property. to meet urgent needs, reducing their dependence on
moneylenders. The basic agenda of making credit
Box 6.3: Agricultural Land Rights for Women available to the economically vulnerable women forms
Women's rights received a shot in the arm with the core objective Thus, SHGs can expand by linking in
the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Bill, 2004, passed the form of collectives, clusters and federations. While
in the Lok Sabha on August 29, 2005, which guaranteed embracing issues of common concern to the group wider
over 400 million Hindu women in India equal rights than only credit, such as domestic violence, reproductive
over agricultural land and joint property in the Hindu rights and political participation, SHGs offer an important
undivided family (HUF). The Bill grants women dialogic space for women. SHGs are tools, which will
coparcenary in the Hindu undivided family; they have reflect the ideology of their initiators, and in many cases
equal rights even in their grandfather's property, they have an important potential to enable women to
which was denied to them earlier. The Bill was come together, form collectives and work for social and
approved by the Rajya Sabha on August 16, 2005, economic issues which are meaningful in their lives.
and awaits the President's approval.
38. Though slow to pick up in the beginning, the
"This is a landmark legislation as it allows
SHG movement has spread rapidly in last few years in
women access to her and her family's livelihood
the State. U.P. Government has conceptualized an
through ownership over agricultural land", says a legal
innovative approach which attempts to ensure a sense
expert. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, denied
women's claim over agricultural land through of ownership of government programmes among the
succession to prevent fragmentation of land and avoid community by involving SHGs in the implementation of
complications in fixation of ceilings and devolution government run development programmes in the rural
of tenancy rights. Based on medieval Hindu areas. This would also contribute to the sustainability of
`Mitakshra' system, it gave primacy to male linear the self-help groups. This initiative was mooted in the
descendants in the male line descent. mid term appraisal of the Tenth Plan. It attempts to
Being lucrative property in rural areas, build upon the large number of women SHGs currently
agriculture land was always a male privilege. Even operational under the initiatives taken by government
when communist West Bengal tried land reforms in and non-government organizations, which presently are
1977 by distributing lands to the landless, it did not largely thrift and credit groups with some of them linked
consider women. "This was because ..... women were to income generation activity.
not considered land-tillers. Thus, although they 39. It is envisaged that the rural population below
performed major agriculture work, they had little the poverty line will be linked with micro finance
right over agriculture property." activities through the setting up of a Micro Finance Equity
This situation was worse in States like Haryana, Fund in collaboration with commercial banks which could
Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu provide loans on a priority basis. It envisages that at
& Kashmir, where tenurial laws were completely least 50 per cent of the groups participating would be
against women. But the new laws will over ride all women's Self Help Groups. The plan is to federate thrift
discriminatory State laws. In southern States, the laws and credit societies. There would be asset creation at
favoured women slightly; Kerala had abolished the the Nyaya Panchayat level. A group would be identified
Hindu Undivided Family property system. to take care of a particular development scheme or
It is believed that this amendment will bring programme. Capacity building of the SHGs would be
gender justice and improve women's socio-economic carried out in activities such as skill development,
status. Earlier studies have shown that gender business administration, quality control, sales and
inequality in agricultural land is a precursor to poverty marketing, entrepreneurship development, bargaining
in rural areas. "As women had no rights over farmlands, skills/negotiations, advocacy, communication,
they had little say in mortgaging and its other uses by knowledge, management etc. At the Nyaya Panchayat
the male." This endangered their livelihood, increased level there would be a shop set up by a SHG through a
domestic violence and compromised care for their bank loan. This retail outlet would help in asset creation
children. through the marketing of products made by women.
Source: Down to Earth, Sept. 2005 in UP Voluntary Action
40. It is estimated that there are approximately
Network Newsletter May - Aug 2005
3.7 lakh SHGs operational in U.P. of which 1.25 lakh are

women SHGs (See Appendix Table 6.4). These SHGs have
Mixing and leaching was done with the water taken
helped in increasing the income of poor women and
from the boring. A rich paddy crop was eventually
contributed to their economic and social empowerment
produced. Guddi Devi received a certificate from the
(see Box 6.4).
District Magistrate of Allahabad for Best Productivity.
The water made available through boring has enabled
Box 6.4: Self Help Groups Set UP Under her to make a tank for fishes. The income has helped
UP Sodic Lands Reclamation II Guddi Devi and her family to lead a prosperous life.
Project: Some Success Stories
Source: Dastak : Anthropology of Stories of Success from
The project under the UP Bhumi Sudhar Nigam the Sodic Land Project, UP Bhumi Sudhar Nigam, Lucknow,
is operational in 18 districts of the State. The September 2006.
Programme has been run on a participatory basis in
which the beneficiary farmers have been involved in 41. A number of NGOs are actively engaged in
the entire process of decision-making, planning, organizing poor women in the State. Through their efforts
monitoring and evaluation. The project initiated a a large number of women have been able to improve
movement to set up SHGs comprising of both men their economic conditions. These efforts have also helped
and women to address the issue of poverty in empowerment of women in other ways through
alleviation. Major economic and social benefits have improvement in literacy, awareness about social issues
emanated from the SHGs. Women's participation in and collective action to fight injustice (see Box 6.5)
agriculture and other livelihood related activities
has been ensured through organizing them in saving
Box 6.5: Voluntary Effort in Building Women's
and thrift groups which have been set up under the
Entrepreneurship through Self Help Group
project. Some success stories of women SHGs under
the programme are highlighted below: Network of Entrepreneurship and Economic
Development (NEED) is a Voluntary Organisation
The Story of Savitri Devi: Savitri Devi resides
established in 1995 as a network of people-driven
in the village of Johvasharki of Harchandpur block
development models. NEED started working in village
of Rae Bareli. She is a member of the Bindeshwari
Khusurna in the Mahmudabad Block and as a result of
Mahila Bachat Samooh. Savitri Devi's personal life
the motivation a Self Help Group named 'Ganga' was
was a difficult one. Village Johvasharki was identified
formed in January 2001. 18 women joined the group
by the UP Bhoom Sudhar Nigam and 6 groups were
as members. While usually SHGs are homogeneous
constituted. These were linked with bank to help
groups drawing members from one caste,
the members to meet their needs. Gradually the
interestingly, this was a heterogeneous group with
conditions in the village also began to show
members from diverse castes. Out of 18 members, 8
improvement. Villagers were also given different
members belonged to the Verma community which is
kinds of information regarding agricultural practices
a backward community, 7 belonged to the Scheduled
and techniques. After training Savitri Devi began the
Caste, 9 to the Nai (Barber) community and one was
planting of dhania (coriander) in one bigha of land
a Brahmin. In the traditional set up prevalent in the
with loan from the group. Six quintal produce was
villages of Uttar Pradesh it is unusual even think about
obtained. The sale price for this is about Rs. 35-40
such a diverse group coming together breaking the
per kilo.Thus, a gross earning of Rs. 24,000 was
caste barrier.
generated.
Initially the group started with collecting Rs.
The Story of Guddi Devi: Guddi Devi resides
20/- per month and within 2 years they made a total
in Nazarpur, a village 30 kilometer from Allahabad.
collection of Rs. 9,000/-. The SHG got linked to the
She is the owner of 0.456 hectare land, which is
Bank. They have taken a loan of Rs. 20,000/- out of
totally unfit for agriculture. The Bhumi Sudhar Nigam
which they have returned Rs. 11,000/- to the bank.
had chosen the village for the Sodic Land Reclamation
The SHG has also organised a number of training
Project. The villagers were convinced that their land
programmes for its members on a variety of subjects
could not be improved. The functionaries met the
such as management, income generation, health,
villagers regularly and persuaded them to form 5
agriculture, animal husbandry. As a consequence
water users' groups. Guddi Devi's land fell in group
several members have been motivated to start micro-
one. The group decided that the boring to be done
enterprises. Today members are also making some
by the Nigam would be done in Guddi Devi's land.
collective efforts to mobilise funds for community
Guddi Devi and her husband worked day and night to
activities. During festivals, women members put up
level the land, strengthen boundaries and ensure
stalls to sell home-made sweets as profit making
effective drainage. In the month of June the leaching
venture. The SHG has utilised the money to improve
process was done and gypsum was spread on the land.
the facilities in the village.
125 Status of Women

In the initial period of the functioning of the
V. Political Participation
SHG caste distinctions and barriers were visible. 42. Women's presence in governance is a crucial
However, gradually a social revolution has taken indicator of women's empowerment. Historically very few
place. The village once divided on class, caste and women have been rulers or decision makers in public
communal lines has emerged from these divisions, spaces. U.P. has had two women chief ministers and a
broken social barriers and surfaced as an instance of Governor in the post independence era. The first
social harmony. legislative assembly had 13 women members. This
26 year old Urmila Devi who belongs to the Nai number went up to 29 in 1957 and to 30 in 1985. It has
caste was living a life of poverty. She has a large joint come down sharply since then. There were only 10
family and limited income from an irregularly run pan women members in the U.P. assembly in 1991 and 14 in
shop. Urmila got a credit of Rs. 2000/- from the SHG 1993, while 20 were elected in 1996 (Table 6.4). This
"Ganga" of which she is a member. She was able to figure rose to 26 in 2002 elections. These numbers are
start a General store with the support of her husband abysmally small. The women members have also a low
and father in-law and within six months she started presence in the Assembly (Figure 6.4). The money and
earning between Rs. 600 to 700 per month. Soon she muscle associated with the electoral process inhibits a
saved Rs. 500/- and has re-opened her husband's Pan large number of women from joining politics. Restriction
shop which has closed down. Urmila has paid back on mobility, lack of control over resources, low literacy
her credit to the SHG and is planning to expand her may seem to be obstacles but the correlations are
shop and open one more in coming future. complex. Across the globe as well as within the country
more women in elected bodies is not necessarily related
Source: Anil K. Singh, SHE Did It! Stories on How to better health care, education, security and income
Entrepreneurship Changed Women's Life, NEED, Lucknow,
for women.
July 2003.
Table 6.4: Women Contestants and Winners in Lok Sabha and Assembly Elections (N0s.)
Institution 1993 1996 2002

Women Women Women Women Women Women
Contestants Elected Contestants Elected Contestants Elected
Lok Sabha 56 9 61 9 61 7
State Assembly 259 14 190 20 344 26
Source: Election Commission
Figure 6.4:
Women in the U.P. Legislative Assembly
35
29 30
30
26
25
21 21 21 20
18 19
20
13 13 14
15
10
10 8
0
1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1974 1977 1980 1985 1989 1991 1993 1996 2002
Source: Election Commission

43. Another important dimension of political also expressing their desire to have longer trainings
participation is to what extent the decision about women instead of short orientations. More women in grassroots
is taken independently by the women voters. According organizations will ensure more meaningful engagement
to a recent study, decision making in the exercise of of women in decision making. A more active gram sabha
one's ballot is influenced by the men in the family (father which is sensitive to women's issues is the desirable goal
/ husband) in about half of the sampled women in the as a woman sarpanch alone in a gender hostile panchayat
rural as well as the urban areas (Table 6.5). About one- may not be able to accomplish and sustain much for the
tenth of women reported some other external influence. benefit of women or the village community at large.
The remaining 46 percent women exercised their
independent choice. These figures are reflective of the
Table 6.6: Percentage of Women Representative
increasing autonomy of women in exercising their
Elected in the Panchayat Elections of 2005
choices.
44. Another noteworthy development towards Elected Posts Percent Posts
women empowerment has been their increasing presence Held by Women
as elected representatives to the Panchayati Raj
Institutions at various levels. The 2005 Panchayat Adhyaksh Zila Panchayat 76%
elections have resulted in a phenomenally large number Member of Zila Panchayat 40%
of women elected leaders, much beyond the reserved Pramukh Kshetra Panchayat 51%
one-third seats (Table 6.6). Earlier the compulsory
Member of Kshetra Panchayat 37%
presence of women was compromised by the operation
of the phenomenon of the pradhan patis of female proxy Pradhan Gram Panchayat 50%
candidates or the surrogate candidates who are actually Member of Gram Panchayat 38%
being regulated by the male family members. Areas
where civil society organizations have empowered Source: Panchayat Raj Department, Government of
women at large, the elected women are found to be U.P.
very articulate, vigilant and practical. Women have used
the opportunity to improve ICDS centres, primary schools, 45. Voluntary organizations such as Mahila
sanitation and have also publicly dealt with issues of Samakhya working to conscientise and organize women
misbehaviour with girls, violence & alcoholism as well in groups and sanghas are able to address the issue of
as sensitive issues of widows dressing in coloured clothes. women and their participation in a two fold manner. On
Increasingly the elected women are demanding not only the one hand they organize intensive training
basic literacy but also land & legal literacy. Women are programmes for women PRI representatives to make
Table 6.5: Who Governs the Decision to Vote (In percent)
Religion/ Rural Urban All

Caste Self Father/ Others Total Self Father/ Others Total Self Father/ Others Total
Husband Husband Husband
Hindu 46.9 45.1 8.0 100.0 42.1 44.2 13.8 100.0 46.2 45.0 8.8 100.0
(1418) (240) (1658)
Upper 59.5 35.5 5.0 (00.0 53.3 36.7 10.0 100.0 58.9 35.6 5.5 100.0
castes (279) (30) (309)
OBCs 43.5 48.8 7.2 100.0 41.2 42.2 16.7 100.0 43.1 47.9 9.0 100.0
(635) (102) (737)
SCs 44.2 45.9 9.9 100.0 39.8 48.1 12.0 100.0 43.5 46.2 10.3 100.0
(504) (108) (612)
Muslim 40.4 47.1 12.5 100.0 41.4 45.7 12.9 100.0 40.8 46.6 12.6 100.0
(104) (70) (174)
Total 46.5 45.3 8.3 100.0 41.9 44.5 13.5 100.0 45.7 45.1 9.2 100.0
(1522) (310) (1832)
Note: Figures in brackets denote size of sample.

Source: Manoj Agarwal, Impact of Women Empowerment Programmes on Socio-Economic Conditions of Women
in Uttar Pradesh, study sponsored by State Planning Commission, Uttar Pradesh, 2006 (Mimeo.).
127 Status of Women

them effective functionaries and, on the other hand,
She worked as a Sahyogini and Anudeshika, has helped
their own programmes with their members within their
educate women and has also been proactive in linking
collectives serve to build a culture of questioning, critical
women to the sangha.
thinking, collective decision making and mobilization on
public issues. A mobilized community of women is thus Widowed in 1998, Sonia has married off two of
able to raise issues of significance to the local community her children, overcoming personal hardship, social
within the meetings, demand accountability from traditions and patriarchy. In 2000 she was elected as
representatives and administrative officials regarding Sarpanch. Sonia's achievements have been manifold.
financial and procedural matters and intervene with She has led a struggle to ensure the minimum wage
creative suggestions. It is clear that the dominance of of Rs.58 for the agricultural worker. Exploitative
patriarchy, money power, party politics, muscle power practices like giving one and a quarter kilo of poor
are getting steadily undercut and eroded and women's quality grain for a day's hard labour have been
concerns are gradually being pushed to the forefront of challenged. She has been able to establish the control
local politics. of the landless adivasis to the land given to them by
the government, which had been occupied by the
46. Drawing from intensive discussions at the level
heavy weights of the dacoit-infested region. Even the
of sanghas and mahasanghas and the experiences culled
police was on the side of the local powerful group.
from functionaries and from trainings, Mahila Samakhya
Sonia mobilised the local populace who took control
has drawn out lessons to strengthen women's
of the grain in the fields. Her struggles resulted in
participation in the Panchayats. A memorandum
restoration of the land to the real holders.
incorporating these points, which has been presented
to the Panchayat Raj Department, states: Today, owing to her efforts, there is a hand
pump in every house. Pucca drains and paved
l It is imperative to inscribe the budget for the
(kharanja) roads ensure health and sanitation in the
village on the walls of the Panchayat Bhawan.
village. Two primary schools have been started in the
l There should be rules and strategies to train and village.
activate women members who have been elected
Women are being encouraged to seek education
to the post of Pradhans or members.
and improve their lives. A fortnightly paper "Khabar
l There should be strict rules for ensuring the Lahariya" is also being published. While Sonia's life is
participation of 2/3rd voters in the open meeting a beacon of encouragement to other women, her
of the Gram Sabha. personal struggles continue. To discourage and
l The signatures of the people in the executive preempt her initiative to stand for elections, the local
register of the open meeting should be ensured. power lobby got her name struck off from the voter
l It should be compulsory for the Pradhan / Secretary list. When her name was restored after much effort
to sit in the Panchayat Bhawan. she found that she was listed as Sumitra instead of
Sonia. She fought her election under this name. Today
l The development plan should be widely her struggle to recover her name Sonia is on.
disseminated so that it can reach the general
Source: Bhavna Srivastava. Adapted from “Unnati Ke Path
public.
Ki Nayi Saathi”, Bhoomija, 5 No. 4, October-December
l The dates and time of the Panchayat meetings in 2005, Mahila Samakhya U.P. Lucknow.
the State of U.P. should be decided in advance.
l The venue of the meeting should be either the 47. Thus, it is apparent that women see effective
Panchayat Bhawan or a public place, to enable all and efficient functioning of panchayats closely linked to
Gram Sabha members to present their problems. the issue of active women's participation (Mahila
Samakhya U.P. Annual Report 2004-05). Entry into public
Box 6.6: Struggles Have Culminated In Success: space, utilization of authority in practice, trainings by
The Story of Gram Pradhan Sonia government and non-government agencies are all part
of a process of gradual growth of knowledge, self-esteem
Sonia hails from the Kol community and belongs and empowerment which gives women the agency to
to the village of Neeti Charhi where the life of the function effectively in the political process. Even proxy
people is difficult. The area is also terrorized by and dummy candidates may experience this process of
dacoits. Illiteracy, low wages and exploitation have empowerment. Women who stand and win from general
characterized the life of the people. Sonia has had seats are more likely to have a higher commitment
a long association of over 16 year with Mahila towards and an understanding of the political process.
Samakhya and has also worked with Akhil Samaj Sewak Having a high participation of women at the local self
Sangha. Her linkage with Mahila Samakhya led her to government level can create an environment which is
pick her education from the Mahila Shikshan Kendra. enabling for other women, receptive to the idea of

gender friendly initiatives and can serve to monitor and 52. The intermeshing of women's social subordination
implement government community and gender- based with economic deprivation makes the poorest women
programmes related to education, nutrition and health. an extremely vulnerable section of the population. Thus
It offers a potential opportunity, which can be utilized migrant women are more vulnerable to sexual
at an optimum level by appropriate trainings -both harassment, trafficking and bodily harm. Work sites may
capacity building and information enhancing - by also become sites of sexual harassment and rape.
government departments and the NGO Sector. However, 53. In the recent past there have been some positive
this effectiveness is greatly linked to the willingness of steps to use law as a tool for women's social equality.
the State administration to devolve effective The government is in the process of making rules and
administrative and financial power to the local self- appointing appropriate officers for implementation of
governing units and the responsiveness and sensitivity the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
of the lower echelons of the administrative machinery which has been notified by the Central Government in
to the aspiration and needs of the local population. November 2006. The Act gives relief to married women
and women in other relationships within the family, relief
VI. Domestic Violence in cases of domestic violence which is defined as physical,
48. The crime data which highlights violence sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse. It
against women in society can hardly capture the provides women access to courts, medical facilities and
prevalence of violence in the private space of the family shelter homes. It upholds the right of the woman to reside
or the vast array of crimes against women which operate in the matrimonial home.
in the guise of widely prevalent social customs and 54. In February, 2006 the Supreme Court of India
traditions. The numbers that fall under the category of called for compulsory registration of marriage in a case
cruelty of husband and relatives or under the Dowry Seema versus Ashwani Kumar. Uttar Pradesh has initiated
Prevention Act may not reflect the reality. Acts of a Bill for the Compulsory Registration of Marriages in
violence, which take place in the private area of the 2006. Its passage is awaited. The positive impact of the
family, are often not reported at all. passage of this bill will be far reaching. It can lead to
49. Family counseling cells deal with many such effective enforcement of the minimum age of marriage
cases of violence in families which are not reported to and prevention of child marriages, for checking illegal
the police as they are seen as family matters. These bigamy and polygamy and enabling women to claim their
cases range from small and infrequent acts of violence right to live in the matrimonial homes. Registration of
to more frequent assault. Great efforts are made by the marriage can help women claim inheritance rights and
victim to keep the family intact. Verbal violence and other benefits which they may be entitled to after the
mental cruelty are often not seen as sufficient reason to death of their husband. It would also prevent the
put family life at stake by reporting them to the police. desertion of wives after marriage by men. The disposal
The physical and psychological violence devalues women. of litigation relating to marriage issues would also be
The numerical data can hardly capture the systemic assisted by such legislation.
violence that is prevalent in a patriarchal society where
social power is unequally tilted towards the male. Violence
Box 6.7: From the Files of the Family
is used as a tool to maintain women's subordination.
Counseling Cell-- Suraksha
50. According to the NFHS III, 44.3 percent of
married women in rural areas and 36 percent of women Suraksha was registered in 1984 as an Anti
in urban areas have experienced some form or other of Dowry Demand Organisation in Lucknow. It acquired
spousal violence. The Survey points out that women who the status of a Government recognised Family
have had education of ten years and more, experience Counselling Cell in 1986- the first in Uttar Pradesh. It
least spousal violence. Spousal violence steadily declines registers on an average75 to a 100 cases a year which
as years of schooling increase. Girls who are married cover a broad range of issues such as marital disputes,
early and girls who drop out from schools and thereby dowry harassment cases, cases of rape, mental and
denied education, are also deprived of the valuable tool physical torture, dowry deaths, maintenance,
of building agency and autonomy. divorce, bigamy, abandonment of female infants etc.
51. Caste Panchayat decisions and social ruling on A recent study of Suraksha analysed the 822
cases regarding women's choice of spouses and punishing cases registered at its office in the 11 year period
young people for making independent choice of spouses between September 1994 and October 2005. The
are a mockery of justice. ‘Honour killings’ by family highlights of the study are:
members to revenge family honour when girls make
The maximum number of cases (42%) are of
independent decision to marry outside one's own caste,
women who fall between the ages of 26-35.These are
highlights the presence and power of traditional custom
young women who at this age are adjusting to a marriage.
over State sanctioned laws and rights.
129 Status of Women

76 % cases are of women who have about 11
VII. Crime against Women
years of schooling i.e. they have passed their 55.It is well known that the official crime statistics
intermediate examination.11% of the complainants suffer from a high degree of under reporting. This is
have completed some professional training. especially so in case of crime against women as there is
39% cases are of women who have completed reluctance on part of the victims to register the crime,
their graduate degree. This figure includes women who which is often committed within the family. Moreover,
have a post graduate degree and also working women. police also often fail to register the reported cases. Police
reporting of crime is a problem especially when the
The cases are drawn from a wide cross-section number of cases registered adversely reflects on the
of society. They include doctors, teachers, nurses,
career of the personnel. UNDP supported efforts to make
engineers as well as labourers, domestic help and
police change agents has had encouraging results but
housewives.
the number of officers trained is very small.
Marital disputes comprised a high 66.54% of
56.But analysis of crime data, no matter how
cases, followed by dowry harassment cases and cases
unreliable, may still be useful for a broad picture of
of dispute with in-laws, both at 33%. Cases, which
crimes against women. The crimes against women
report conflicts arising from personality clashes are
identified under the IPC are the following: Rape (Sec.
31.02 %. 27.61% cases report the husband’s extra
376 IPC), Kidnapping and abduction for different purposes
marital affairs as the reason for the conflict.
(Sec. 363-373 IPC), Homicide for Dowry, dowry deaths
Parental interference in the life of the married or attempts to commit such crimes (Sec. 302/304B IPC),
daughter is another reason for conflict cited by 16.54% Torture both mental and physical (Sec. 498 A IPC),
cases. Cases of exploitation by parents are at 2.06%. Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC), Sexual harassment (Sec. 509
Cases of exploitation by siblings are also a cause of IPC) which was referred to as `eve-teasing' in the past
conflict in 1.82% of the cases. and Importation of girls upto 21 years of age (Sec. 366-
Maintenance and Divorce cases are 11.55% and B IPC). Crimes against women also include various crimes
7.17 % cases respectively. which are identified under special and local laws (SLL),
6.20 % complaints relate to the restitution of e.g., Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987; Immoral
conjugal rights. Mental torture is at 1.94%.Cases of Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956; Indecent Representation
Dowry deaths are at 1.09 % and complaints of physical of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 and Dowry Prohibition
torture is listed as 6.08 %.There are 1.94% cases in Act, 1961.
which mental torture is cited as the reason of the 57. According to official statistics, a total of 14,875
complaint. cases were reported as crimes against women in 2005.
Rape cases account for 1.33% of the registered U.P.’s percentage contribution to the all India total is
cases. 9.6. It ranked 2 nd among the States after Andhra Pradesh.
The study cites that 81.7% Hindu women, 16.5% An analysis of the Crimes against Women in UP in 2005
Muslim women, 1.4% Sikh women and 0.4% Christian highlights that the highest percentage of crimes
women have used the services of Suraksha in the 11 comprises of cruelty by husband and relatives, followed
year period studied. This broadly reflects the texture by sexual harassment and eve teasing, cases of
of the city population. kidnapping and abduction, molestation, dowry deaths
and rape (Table 6.7).
Source: Suraksha, Lucknow
Table 6.7: Incidence of Crimes Committed against Women in U.P. During 2005
Type of Crime Numbers Per cent to Total

Cases of Rape 1217 8.18
Kidnapping & abduction 2256 15.17
Dowry Deaths 1564 10.51
Cruelty by Husband & Relatives 4505 30.29
Molestation 1835 12.34
Sexual Harassment & Eve teasing 2831 19.03
Cases of Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 31 0.21
Cases of Dowry Prohibition Act 586 3.94
Total 14875 100.00
Source: NCRB 2005 (http:/ncrb.nic.in/crime2005/ciiPDF).

Figure 6.5: Incidence of Crime Committed Against Women in
Large Cities of U.P. 2005
700
644
600 582
489
500
400 353
300
200
102 86
100
0
Kanpur Lucknow Agra Meerut Allahabad Varanasi
58.According to the NCRB data relating to the society so as to ensure women's rightful share. The State
incidence of crime committed against women given for recognizes women's productive and reproductive labour
the cities of U.P., the most unsafe cities for women in and their equal right to work and property. The State in
the State can be ranked in the following order: Kanpur, its policy recognized women's need for a safe
Lucknow, Agra, Meerut, Allahabad and Varanasi (Figure environment where their contribution is recognized.
6.5). 61. Under the I.T.P. Act 1956, the Women’s Welfare
Department U.P. is running 6 District Shelter cum
VIII. Government Programmes Reception Centers in the State. At present 62 inmates
59. The Department of Women and Child are residing in these homes. Under the ITP Act 1956, the
Development, Government of U.P. has five organizations Women’s Welfare Dept. U.P. is running 5 Protective
under its umbrella, viz. Directorate of Child Development Homes. In these women are provided entry only through
Services and Nutrition, Directorate of Women's Welfare, court order. At present 139 women are residing in these
State Social Welfare Board, U.P. Control Board and U.P. Homes.
Women's Welfare Corporation Limited. The State 62. The State has initiated schemes for women in
Government has attempted to address the question of difficult circumstances such as those arising from social
gender inequality through several schemes and neglect in old age, widowhood or destitution. A number
overarching policy reconsideration. of social security schemes for women have been
60. State has declared its intent through a Mahila operating in the State (see Box 6.8).
Neeti or Women’s Policy and is poised to initiate an apex
body to monitor and implement programmes which
Box 6.8: Social Security Schemes for Women
impact positively women's position and condition
Announced in the year 2006. UP Women's Policy i s a
Grant in Aid to Destitute Women
concrete step in formalizing its commitment to gender
justice and equity. It expresses its commitment towards In this scheme destitute widows/ women, whose
empowering women and ensuring their equal annual income is below Rs. 12000/- p.a., are provided
participation in all decision making in the area of a grant of Rs.300 p.m.
development. Empowerment is understood as control Marriage Incentive to Persons for Marrying Widows
over material and intellectual resources and ideology. Below 35 years of Age
The policy observes that women's empowerment is not Widows below 35 years. who remarry are given
based on charity or welfare but it is a strategy to ensure Rs.11000/-.
women's human rights. State understands that if women
are to be empowered then it is necessary to constantly Maintenance Grant to Women Victims of Dowry
struggle against forces, which keep them subservient. A woman who is victim of dowry harassment and is
The State would ensure a just and fair distribution of below poverty line, receives Rs.125/- p.m. as grant.
social economic, cultural and political resources of the Legal Aid to Women Victims of Dowry
131 Status of Women

Sponsored Scheme. Within this scheme, women
Women Victims of dowry whose case is under of rural and urban areas who are financially weak
consideration of the court and who is below poverty are provided free training in traditional and non
line is provided Rs.2500 as legal aid. traditional trades by NGOs.
Establishment of Women Empower Centres. (6) Swayam Siddha Scheme: This is a Centrally
Implementation of Domestic Violence Act. Sponsored Scheme run by NGOs in 94 Blocks in 54
Federating Women SHG's. districts. The main objective of the scheme is the
establishment of self-reliant women's Self Help
Health Insurance for women.
Groups.
Residential Facilities for Working Women
(7) Swa-Shakti Scheme: The overall objective of the
This scheme provides well maintained, protected and World Bank and IFAD assisted projects is to
inexpensive residential facilities for working women. strengthen the process of promoting social and
Residential Facilities for Working Women economic development of women and creating an
This scheme provides well maintained, protected and environment for social change to improve their
inexpensive residential facilities for working women. quality of life. The scheme is being implemented
in 18 districts and is now run by UP Land
Development Corporation.
63. The following Centrally Sponsored Schemes for (8) Swadhar Scheme: The objective of the scheme is
the welfare of women are in operation in the State:- to provide the primary need of shelter, food,
(1) Support to Training and Employment Programmes clothing and care of the marginalized women/girls
for Women (STEP): The objectives are to extend living in difficult circumstances who are without
training for upgradation of skills and sustainable any social and economic support, and to
employment for women through a variety of action rehabilitate them socially and & economically
oriented projects which employ women in large through education, awareness, skill upgradation
numbers. The scheme covers 8 traditional sections and personality development. At present Swadhar
of employment i.e. agriculture, small animal Center / Aashraya Sadan for destitute women is
husbandry, dairy, fisheries, handlooms, running at Mathura with the help of Government
handicrafts. Social forestry and Waste land of India.
development have also been added within this
scheme. 25 NGOs are working in U.P.
Box 6.9 : U.P. Mahila Dairy Pariyojana
(2) Women Dairy Extension Project: This project was
started in U.P. from April 1991 under the STEP The U.P. Women Dairy Project was started in
programme with assistance from the Department April 1991 under the STEP programme with assistance
of Women and Child Development, Government from the Department of Women and Child
of India. Up to March 2005, 6214 Women Dairy Development, Government of India. The aim of the
Cooperative Societies have been organized. 54205 MDP (Mahila Dairy Pariyojna) is poverty eradication
Women members are participating and getting and employment generation at the village level by
employment, out of which 9957 women numbers organizing rural women through the medium of milk
belong to SC/ST category. At present, committees/cooperatives. The project is operational
approximately 41053 litres milk per day is being in Aligarh, Bulandshahar, Saharanpur, Agra, Kanpur
procured from the functional societies at an Dehat, Badaun, Mujaffarnagar, Barabanki, Fatehpur,
average procurement price of Rs. 12.50 per litre. Hardoi, Sitapur, Shahjahanpur, Etah, Mainpuri,
Rs.5,13,162 is being paid per day directly to women Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich, Chandauli, Sultanpur,
members (see Box 6.9). Kannauj, Farrukhabad, Firozabad, Bareilly and
(3) Construction / Extension of Working Women’s Ghaziabad.
Hostels and Day Care Centers: The objective of Milk cooperative committees aim to free milk
this scheme is to provide accommodation for single producers from the clutches of middle men and
working women, unmarried women, widows, encourage animal husbandry, improve cattle fodder
divorced and separated women. technique, create and encourage investment at the
(4) Working Women Hostels: This scheme is run in village level, and raise awareness for active
collaboration with Government of India and participation in the social development process. Up
Government of U.P. Under this scheme, institutions to March 2005, 6214 Women Dairy Cooperative
are being run in six districts. Societies have been organized and 54205 women are
participating and getting employment, of these 9957
(5) The Norwegian Agency for International
women members belong to the SC/ST categories.
Development (NORAD): This is a Centrally

Saharanpur and Meerut. Government Children Homes
Presently approximately 41053 liters of milk per day
(SHISHU) have been established for the reception of
is being procured from the functional societies. An
children who are 0-10 years of age and in need of care
average procurement price of Rs.12.50 per litre is
and protection during the pendency of any enquiry and
being paid directly to the women members.
subsequently for their care, treatment education,
Evaluation by Sarvodaya Gramya Vikas development and rehabilitation. These homes are
Sansthan, Rae Bareilly and State Planning Institute running in 5 districts and about 136 children are residing
(U.P.) have pointed to the success of the MDP in in these homes.
generation of employment opportunity for the rural
65. The inmate children, women and juvenile of
poor women. MDP villages show higher income than
above mentioned institutions and homes are provided
non MDP villages enabling beneficiaries to rise above
facilities of boarding, lodging, education, vocational
the poverty line. SCs and Backward Castes have been
training, medical facilities and entertainment. The
adequately represented in this programme. Barriers
female juveniles and women, who are above 18 years
of religion and caste have eroded. Family money is
are rehabilitated through marriage and self employment
being spent for education of family. There is a rise in
through vocational training and private and government
social consciousness and social change is evident in
service. Rehabilitation grant to them by the Department
these villages where many cases of child marriage
is Rs.15000 for marriage and Rs.7000 for self
have been prevented. There is increase in the number
employment.
of beneficiaries who are acquiring better breed of
cattle. 66. With a view to ensuring capacity building
through training and upgradation of skills and provisions
The Study Report of the Evaluation Programme
of employment and income generation activities for
conducted by IIM Lucknow also gave a positive
women, a number of schemes are being implemented.
feedback. It is pointed out that 40% societies have
Self Help Groups (SHGs), which act as social change for
formed SHGs. Average number of members per SHG
development and empowerment of women, have been
is found to be 11. Average savings per member was
associated with and encouraged in different schemes.
found to be the maximum in Saharanpur with Rs.325
and minimum in Bulandshahr at Rs.150. The overall 67. The Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana i s
average annual income per household of society mainly based on community empowerment. The
member from dairy and other sources are Rs.9220 community based organizations include Neighbourhood
and Rs.6898 respectively. Maximum average annual Groups (NHGs); Neighbourhood Committee (NHCs) and
income per household from dairy i.e. Rs.10719 was Community Development Society (CDS). However, the
observed in district Saharanpur and minimum of schemes do not stipulate any norm for women
Rs.7375 in district Aligarh. In comparison with private beneficiaries, as in the earlier years the target of a
businessmen, MDP was paying an average Rs.2.00 per minimum 30% reserved jobs for women was not met.
litre higher price for milk. The trainings for the Within the Urban Self Employment Programmes a sub-
Committee members helped to build confidence scheme called Development of Women and children in
among the personnel. Women have developed an the Urban Area (DWACUA) gives assistance to groups of
attitude of positive thinking. urban poor women for selling their produce of gainful
self employment ventures. This assistance is given to a
Source: Government of Uttar Pradesh
group as opposed to individual effort. Groups of urban
poor women (a minimum of 10) shall take up an economic
64. Government children homes for females have activity suited to their skill, training, aptitude and local
been established for the reception of children in need conditions. DWACUA group shall be entitled to a subsidy
of care and protection during the pendency of any inquiry of Rs.125,000/- or 50% of the cost of project, whichever
and subsequently for their care, treatment, education, is less. DWACUA group shall be entitled to a lump sum
training, development and rehabilitation. About 198 grant of Rs.25000/- as a revolving fund.
inmates between 10-18 years of age are residing in 4 68. Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana aims
such homes which are situated in Ballia, Allahabad, at establishing a large number of micro-enterprises in
Lucknow and Kanpur Nagar. A Special Home for juvenile the rural areas, building upon the potential of the rural
females has been established at Barabanki for the poor. At least 50% of the Swarozgaries will be SCs/STs,
rehabilitation of female juveniles in conflict with law 40% women and 3% disabled. For the Tenth Plan, the
under J.J. Act. These after care organizations are total target includes 11.25 lakh SC, 1350 ST and 9.00
established for taking care of those juveniles or children lakh women beneficiaries.
above the age of 16, who leave Juvenile homes and
Special Homes for the purpose of enabling them to lead 69. Mahila Samridhi Yojna is implemented with
an honest, industrious and useful life. These homes are the cooperation of the National Scheduled Caste Finance
run by the State Government in Raibareilly, Varanasi, and Development Corporation. Self employment projects
133 Status of Women

costing up to Rs.25,000 are financed for poor and emerge as a just, equitable and developing State with
unemployed scheduled caste women wherein a sum of reference to gender. These issues are highlighted briefly
Rs.10,000 is given as subsidy and Rs.15,000 is given as below.
loan by the Corporation at the interest rate of 4% per 73. First and foremost, the State needs to look at
annum. its programmes not in the mode of welfare for women
70. The target for Indira Awas Yojana for the Tenth but in terms of human rights. This would have
Plan 2002-2007 was to construct 14.40 lakh dwellings. implications in many areas where women are treated
In the year 2002-2003, the target outlined was 1.90 lakh minimally and given pittance like widow pension, old
constructed houses, of which 1.77 lakh were constructed. age pension and marginal wages.
By the end of 2004, 1.90 lakh additional dwellings had 74. Another major area of policy lacunae both at
been constructed. The anticipated achievement for the the State as well as the central level is that the unit of
year 2005-2006 is 2 lakh. Thus the total number of poverty alleviation programmes is the family and not
dwellings completed during the Tenth Plan is 9.67 lakh. the individual. This creates an extremely difficult
Houses under the Indira Awas Yojana are to be allotted situation as the greatest inequity with reference to
in the name of the female members of the household or gender exists within the family. Unless individual is taken
alternately in the joint name of the husband and wife. as the unit of addressing poverty like in the case of
Under the scheme, priority is extended to the widows education and health we cannot be said to have a human
and unmarried women. rights approach to development nor can we be said to
71. To comprehend the impact of programmes on be gender responsive in our planning. Special and close
the ground, it is essential to see the level of awareness attention should be given to female headed house-holds.
about government programmes among women. An There is a lacuna in data and schemes for single women
evaluation study highlighted the level of awareness about across classes.
government programmes for women among the 1888 75. There is need to deliberate and design a gender
households surveyed (Manoj Agarwal 2006). There was audit system for all government and non government
high awareness of the programme of Grant to Helpless programmes which would look at targets, trainings,
Widows and the Old Age Pension Programme. Of the total recruitments, promotion, infrastructure and decision
households surveyed, 62.7% knew about the grant to making opportunities. The conscious effort of the State
helpless widows and 64.2% knew about Old Age Pension to mainstream gender issues through gender budgeting
Programme. 57.2% households were aware about the is a right move but requires participation of all
Nutritious Food Programme. The Maternity Benefit departments including power, irrigation, revenue, home,
Programme was known to only 44.9% households. I.T. and others.
Awareness regarding schemes relating to economic
76. An effective MIS system for monitoring women
empowerment like the Professional Training Programme
welfare programmes needs to be developed with a check
was available to only 22.1% households. Just 20.1%
list which is simple and transparent and which can be
households knew about the scheme of economic
handled by both government and non government
assistance to widows’ daughters. 76.9% households are
functionaries. There needs to be a regular updating of
not aware about Balika Samridhi Yojana. Information
gender segregated data to assess the impact of all
about various poverty and unemployment elimination
government schemes. All ministries, departments and
programmmes is not available to 70.7% households. 89%
programmes after a gender audit must clearly project a
households are not aware about the Kishori Shakti Yojana.
gender segregated list of beneficiaries and recruited
Awareness regarding other schemes such as Mahila Dairy
officials.
Yojana and Working Women’s Hostel is poor, as only 6.3%
and 1.7% households knew about them respectively. 77. The overall decentralization of planning
Awareness regarding Swayam Siddha is 3.2%, Regarding process needs a system where village and block level
the Swashakti programme, it is 2.6%. The RCH Programme plans are made ensuring participation of women and are
is known to only 3.1% households. Information regarding integrated into the State plan.
Grants to Tortured Women is 1.9 %.Regarding the 78. More effective publicity of government welfare
Swavlamban Programme only 2.3% people are aware. schemes needs to be undertaken using multimedia and
Awareness about the Indira Awas Yojana is present among participatory processes.
28.9% households. This suggests the need of programme
79. Care should be taken to ensure that all income
for increasing the awareness of government schemes
generation programmes achieve the target of 30% women
among the beneficiary groups through various means.
beneficiaries. Any shortfall in the number of women
beneficiaries in a year must be carried forward in the
IX. Concluding Remarks
next year.
72. There are several critical issues which require
80. Hostels for secondary and high schools need
attention of the State government if Uttar Pradesh is to
to be constructed and more institutions of technical

training need to be set up at block level for girls. Short through a participatory apex body. Department of Women
stay homes with counseling centres are required at the and Child Welfare should now be renamed as the
block level with counselors who are qualified with Department for Women's Empowerment.
degrees in social work, women's studies or psychology. 84. Joint pattas for men and women made
81. Clear budgetary allocation is necessary for the compulsory for women's better control over resources.
publicity, training and monitoring with reference to laws 85. Women’s concern for security, families and care
like Domestic Violence Prevention Act, Sexual harassment need to be handled with sensitivity and beyond the blind
at work place guidelines and compulsory marriage call of procedural justice. Women’s agency needs greater
registration bill. Schemes to encourage women in non recognition in all government policy. For a full functioning
stereo typical occupations do not exist. Training of of women’s capabilities the State needs to look beyond
women in leadership is necessary at all levels and gender the parameters of mere service delivery of education,
sensitization should no more remain tokenistic. health and income. Women’s experiences need to be
82. Gender Resource Centres need to be funded and perceived as legitimate in the larger public discourse.
set up with active participation of academics and activists. More time and space needs to be devoted to allow for
83. The State requires a full fledged mechanism their expression, whether it is in training or in data
to ensure gender sensitive policy and implementation collection efforts.
135 Status of Women

CHAPTER - 7
Human Development and Social Groups
“The principal source of global ethics is the idea of human vulnerability and the desire to
alleviate the suffering of every individual to the extent possible. Another source is the belief in
the basic moral equality of all human beings. The injunction to treat others as you would want to
be treated finds explicit mention in Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism,
Taoism and Zoroastrianism, and it is implicit in the practices of other faiths. It is on the basis of
these common teachings across all cultures that states have come together to endorse the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights… the UN’s Millennium Declaration, adopted by the full membership
of the General Assembly in 2000, recommitted itself to human rights, fundamental freedoms and
respect for equal rights to all without distinction.”
(UNDP, HDR, 2004, p. 90)
I. Introduction in economic, social and human development of the entire

th
1. The Approach Paper to 11 Five Year Plan state. In fact extremely low level of human development
‘Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth’ by Planning in U.P. as a whole exists due to existing inequalities,
Commission (PC) clearly points out that economic growth deprivation and backwardness across its social groups.
has failed to be sufficiently inclusive in India, particularly 3. Despite some improvements accomplished in
after mid-1990s. There remain many divides in our the living conditions of SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities, women
society. These include the divide between the rich and and children as a result of preferential treatment, these
poor, between those who have access to essential services disadvantaged groups continue to remain backward due
and those who do not. This leads to large disparities in to a number of persisting problems they have been
health, nutritional status, education, skills, income, continuously facing. These complex problems still stand
availability of clean water and sanitation. The groups as a major hurdle in delivering social justice and
which have hitherto been excluded from our society such empowerment of the weaker groups. Apart from the
as Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), some educational and economic backwardness, other problems
minorities and Other Backward Castes (OBC) continue are equally unfavorable to them to ensure their equal
to lag behind the rest. The 11th Plan aims to restructure participation in the mainstream society and economy of
policies to achieve a new vision based on faster, more the state. The tradition based economy of SCs and STs is
broad-based and inclusive growth. It seeks to reduce facing serious threat from the liberalized market
poverty and focus on bridging the various divides that economy due to fierce competition for their traditional
continue to fragment our society (PC, 2006, pp.1,9). products. The marginalized groups remain deprived of
2. The pace of human development in the state basic amenities and services like education, health care,
has remained slow in comparison to many progressive connecting roads to their isolated habitations, drinking
States of the country due to numerous social, economic water, sanitation, housing, etc. All these problems lead
and political reasons. Within overall low levels of human to a vicious cycle of negative impact on their capabilities,
development indicators in the state, there exist large confidence and efforts to come out at par with the
disparities across social groups. The disparities exist in mainstream society and economy of the state (Bhatt,
terms of income, wealth, education, health, nutrition, 2006, pp. 9-10).
sanitation, employment, infrastructural facilities, etc. 4. In this chapter, we analyze the existing levels
Such extreme levels of disparities across social groups of human development among social groups. As noted
leave some to struggle for their next meal, while others above, the social group-wise data for the state as a whole
lead opulent lives. Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes is available from very limited sources as well as for
form the most vulnerable sections of the society in the limited dimensions of human development. Similar data
state. Some sections of the Other Backward Castes, for districts and planning regions of the state are simply
minorities, higher castes, women, children and old age not available. Based on the available information largely
persons also remain equally backward and deprived of from the 61st round NSS data, State Planning Commission
the minimum survival needs deemed essential for a and similar other sources, the prevailing inequalities
civilized living. These inequalities within the social groups and human development scenario in Uttar Pradesh across
hamper not only their own growth but also create hurdles the social groups is presented.
137 Human Development and Social Groups

II. Social Composition of Population 6. Table 7.1 also shows the religious group-wise
5. Uttar Pradesh is one of the culturally most growth of population both for India and U.P. during the
diverse States in India comprising of various castes, decade of 1991-2001. Among religious groups, Muslim
tribes, communities, social and religious groups. The population in the country recorded the highest growth
state is predominantly inhabited by Hindus with 80.6 rate of 36.0 per cent followed by Jains (26.2 per cent)
per cent share in its population. This ratio of Hindu and Buddhists (24.5 per cent), which was far ahead of
population is almost similar to all India average. The the national average. In U.P. Buddhists topped the list
population of minorities including all groups is almost with 42.8 per cent decadal growth in population closely
similar in U.P. (19.3 per cent) and India (18.8 per cent). followed by Sikhs (36.0 per cent). Conversion seems to
However, the relative share of Muslim population is have contributed to the faster growth of Buddhist
significantly higher in the state in comparison to India. population. Population growth of Muslims in U.P. (31.4
Muslims with a share of 18.5 per cent of the State per cent) was below the national average, but higher
population (which is about 5 percentage point higher than that of Hindus (24.5 per cent). Population of
than the national average) form the largest religious Christians and Jains increased by 16.7 per cent and 23.5
minorities group in Uttar Pradesh, followed by 0.4 per per cent respectively.
cent Sikh, 0.2 per cent Buddhist and an equal ratio of
7. Social group-wise population estimates as per
0.1 per cent in case of Christian and Jain population
Census 2001 are available only in the case of SCs and
(Table 7.1).
STs. The SCs and STs constitute 21.1 per cent and 0.06
per cent of the State population respectively. Table 7.2
Fig.7.1 Religious Group-wise and 7.3 show proportion of SCs and STs and total
Population: U. P. & India, 2001 population of the state living in rural and urban areas
100.0 respectively. In comparison to 79.2 per cent of the all
Percent
80.0
60.0 category rural population, 87.7 per cent of SC and 88.8
40.0 per cent of ST population live in rural areas. The
20.0
0.0
proportion of ST/SC population in urban areas is
significantly lower. This is indicative of the limited
li m
u
kh
in
t
s
is
nd
tia
opportunities available to them.

er
Ja
dh
us
Si
th
r is
Hi
O
Ch
Bu
8. Table 7.3 shows per centage distribution of

Religious Groups households by social groups as per 61st NSS Round. During
U. P. India 2004-05, only 0.5 per cent households in U.P. belonged
Table 7.1: Religious Group-wise Population and Its Decadal Growth: 1991-2001
Religious Total Population % of Total Population Decadal

Group(in Lakh) (1991-2001 %) Growth
U. P. India U.P. India U.P. India
1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001
Hindu 1076.0 1340.0 6876.5 8275.8 81.5 80.6 82.0 80.5 24.5 20.3
Muslim 234.0 307.4 1016.0 1381.9 17.5 18.5 12.1 13.4 31.4 36.0
Christian 1.8 2.1 196.4 240.8 0.1 0.1 2.3 2.3 16.7 22.6
Sikh 5.0 6.8 162.6 192.2 0.4 0.4 1.9 1.9 36.0 18.2
Buddhist 2.1 3.0 63.9 79.6 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 42.8 24.5
Jain 1.7 2.1 33.5 42.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 23.5 26.2
Other 0.1 0.8 36.9 66.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 700.0 79.9
Total 1320.6 1662.0 8385.8 10286.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.9 22.7
Source : Census of India, 2001, U.P. Statistical Diary, 2003 & 2005, Economic & Statistics Division, State Planning
Institute, U. P., 2003 & 2005.

Table 7.2: Social-Group-wise Rural/Urban, Male/ Female Population: U. P., 2001 (Nos.)
Area and Sex All SC ST
Rural Persons 13,16,58,339 3,08,16,596 95,828

(79.2) (87.7) (88.8)
Male 6,91,57,470 1,61,84,840 49,276
(79.0) (87.5) (88.3)
Female 6,25,00,869 1,46,31,756 46,552
(79.5) (87.9) (89.3)
Urban Persons 3,45,39,582 43,31,781 12,135
(20.8) (12.3) (11.2)
Male 1,84,07,899 23,17,998 6,558
(21.0) (12.5) (11.7)
Female 1,61,31,683 20,13,783 5,577
(20.5) (10.1) (10.7)
Total Persons 16,61,97,921 3,51,48,377 1,07,963
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Male 8,75,65,369 1,85,02,838 55,834
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Female 7,86,32,552 1,66,45,539 52,129
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Note: Figures in parentheses denote Column percentages.

Source: Census of India, 2001 as given in Statistical Abstract, U. P.: Economic & Statistics Division, State Planning
Institute, U. P., 2005.
to ST against 8.6 per cent ST households in India. The

proportion of SC households (23.8 per cent) in the state Fig. 7.2 Distribution of Rural/Urban Population by
Social Groups in U.P. 2004-05
is relatively much higher in comparison to all India
average (19.7 per cent). Similarly, 51.3 per cent of the 100
households in U.P. belonged to OBC which is again 80
60
significantly higher in relation to country's figure of 40.2 40
per cent. A significant difference is observed in the 20
distribution of households over social groups between 0
the rural and urban areas. While ST, SC and OBC All SC ST
population ratios are higher is rural areas compared to Social Group
urban areas, others’ proportion is significantly higher in
urban areas. Rural Urban
Table 7.3: Distribution of Households by

Social Groups: U. P. & India, 2004-05 III. Education
9. Education serves as a tool of social change. It
Social Groups U.P.(%) India(%) leads to better bargaining power, empowerment of the
deprived and weaker sections gives them the power to
ST 0.5 8.6
resist exploitation. It dismantles the historic inequalities
SC 23.8 19.7 of caste, class and gender. Empirical studies clearly
reveal that people of socially and politically
OBC 51.3 40.2 disadvantaged class consider education as a means of
Others 24.2 31.4 upward mobility of their children. The claim of education
in scarce national resources is emphasized not only due
All India 100.0 100.0 to its direct returns, but also because of its instrumental
role in capability improvement of people, improvement
Source: NSS 61st Round, Report No. 516 in nutritional level, child health, lower fertility rate,
increasing freedom of choices and overall social / human

development. Level of literacy of an adult member of a the situation has now gradually improved after
household determines his / her earning level, activity independence, there still remain large gaps in
pattern and standard of living, particularly in the educational attainments of these groups both in the
knowledge economy of the globalized India today. country as well as in Uttar Pradesh.
Unfortunately, disadvantaged social groups of India had 10. Table 7.4, shows social group-wise
been denied access to education for a long time. Though distribution of households with no literate adult (15 years
Table 7.4: Social Group-wise Households with No Literate Adult (15 Years and above)
Member/ Adult Female Member, 2004-05
Social Groups Rural (%) Urban (%)

No Literate No Literate No Literate No Literate
Adult Member Adult Female MemberAdult Member Adult Female Member
ST 44.3 78.9 23.3 44.9

SC 38.7 72.1 21.9 51.5
OBC 32.3 63.7 17.5 38.2
Others 18.0 40.3 8.7 16.6
All 31.3 61.5 14.4 31.0
Source:NSS 61st Round, Report No. 516
Table 7.5: Social Group-wise Distribution of Rural Persons (15 Years & Above)
by Level of General Education: U. P., 2004-05
Gender/Education Level Social Groups (%)

ST SC OBC Others All
Male
Not Literate 48.5 46.3 37.2 21.1 36.2
Literate upto Primary 22.1 22.1 22.6 19.2 21.7
Middle 14.6 19.6 19.7 20.3 19.8
Secondary 4.4 5.6 10.4 16.3 10.4
Higher Secondary 4.3 3.9 6.2 12.6 6.9
Diploma / Certificate 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.3
Graduate & Above 6.1 2.3 3.5 9.7 4.5
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female
Not Literate 87.2 80.3 72.5 48.8 69.8
Literates up to Primary 3.3 8.9 12.3 20.2 13.0
Middle 9.0 6.7 8.2 13.2 8.8
Secondary 0.2 2.2 3.6 7.9 4.1
Diploma/Certificate 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Graduate & Above 0.0 0.4 0.6 3.4 1.1
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Person
Not Literate 66.2 63.2 54.9 34.7 52.9
Literate up to Primary 13.6 15.5 17.6 19.6 17.4
Middle 12.0 13.2 13.9 16.9 14.3
Secondary 2.5 3.9 7.0 12.1 7.2
Graduate & Above 3.3 1.4 2.1 6.6 2.8
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: NSS 61st Round, Report No. 516

and above) members / adult female members in U.P. 52.9 per cent of all people in 15 years and above age
separately for rural and urban households. The ST rural group in rural areas of the state were illiterate. In other
households with no literate adult member in 44.3 per words only 47.1 per cent of the people in the rural U.P.
cent households and with no literate adult female were literate who could read and write a simple sentence
member in 78.9 per cent households were found most in any language with understanding. Levels of female
disadvantaged. The proportion of households without any illiteracy were found very high for all social groups in
literate adult member or without any literate adult rural areas- 87.2 per cent for ST women followed by 80.3
female member was relatively much higher among per cent for SC, 72.5 per cent for OBC and 48.8 per cent
households belonging to ST and SC social groups as in case of others. None of the ST females and only 0.4 per
compared to the OBCs and others in both rural and urban cent of the SC women had graduate degree or higher
U.P. Position of females in all categories of households degree. Even for ‘others’ social group, only 3.4 per cent
was highly disadvantageous in comparison to their females were found at this level of education. Similar
counterpart males. scenario of illiteracy and low educational levels could also
11. Table 7.5 presents gender-wise educational be observed in case of urban U.P. (Table 7.6). Women's
level of persons of age 15 years and above belonging to education in urban areas also suffers from very high levels
different social groups in rural U.P. The data shows that of relative disadvantage for almost all social groups.
Table 7.6: Social Group-wise Distribution of Urban Persons (15 Years and above)
by level of General Education: U. P., 2004-05
Gender/Education Level Social Groups (%)

Male
Not Literate 22.0 28.7 27.6 10.9 20.5
Literates upto Primary 46.4 27.7 27.7 12.8 21.3
Middle 16.2 21.2 16.2 15.4 16.4
Secondary 4.9 9.1 10.3 16.2 12.7
Graduate & Above 5.3 6.2 8.1 27.0 16.1
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Female
Not Literate 53.9 60.1 51.1 21.5 39.4
Middle 18.4 11.2 13.4 12.3 12.7
Secondary 4.4 4.8 7.1 14.8 10.1
Graduate & Above 6.1 3.6 3.8 22.0 11.7
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Person
Not Literate 39.9 43.9 38.4 15.8 29.3
Middle 17.5 16.4 14.9 14.0 14.7
Secondary 4.6 7.0 8.8 15.5 11.5
Graduate & Above 5.7 4.9 6.1 24.6 14.0
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rural + Urban Persons
Not Literate 62.4 60.9 51.9 27.7 47.8
Middle 12,8 13.6 14.1 15.8 14.4
Secondary 2.8 4.3 7.3 13.4 8.2
Diploma/Certificate 0.0 0-1 0/3 0.7 0.4
Graduate & Above 3.7 1.7 2.8 13.2 5.2
All (incl. n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: NSS 61st Round, Report No. 516.

Fig. 7.3 Distribution of Rural Persons (15 Years and above) by Level of General Education: U. P., 2004-05
80.00
Percent
60.00
40.00 ST
20.00
0.00 SC
OBC
Middle
to Primary
Diploma/Cert
Graduate &
Not Literate
Literate up
Secondary
Secondary
Higher
Above
ificate
Others
All
Social Group-wise Education Level
Fig. 7.4 Distribution of Urban Persons (15 Years and above) by Level of General Education: U. P., 2004-05
50.00
Percent
40.00
30.00 ST
20.00
10.00
0.00 SC
Midd le
OBC
Diploma/Ce
Literates
Primar y
Not Literate
G raduate &
Secondary
Secondary
upto
rtificate
Higher
Above
Others
All
Social Group-wise Education Level
12. Current attendance rate of children and youth 13. All the indicators discussed above clearly
in educational institutions is one of the most crucial reflect the low status of access and quality of primary
human development indicators. If the future citizens of education being provided in the state. Almost similar
any state are deprived of education and childhood is conclusion about the quality of primary education,
lost without developing the personality of an individual, physical facilities available in primary schools, retention
one cannot hope to make any progress in future. Social of children in schools and satisfaction of students /
group-wise current attendance rates of children and households with the quality of education emerge out of
youth below 30 years of age in U.P. during the year 2004- the studies conducted by other analysts. A study
2005 are presented both for rural and urban areas in conducted in 11 villages of Hastinapur and Mawana Blocks
Table 7.7. Despite several new educational programmes of Meerut district, revealed that nearly 51 per cent
initiated by the state from early nineties in terms of children, despite having access to and enrolled in a
‘Educational for All', ‘District Primary Education government primary school, were actually studying in
Programme’ and ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ for providing private schools by paying exorbitantly high fees. Each
primary and upper primary level of education to 5-14 household on an average spent about 16 per cent of its
years children, only 79.6 per cent of all eligible children total monthly expenditure on their children’s education.
belonging to all social groups were found attending About 38 per cent children and 68 per cent of the
schools during 2004-2005. In other words 20.4 per cent households indicated their dissatisfaction with the quality
of the 5-14 years age group children were still out of of primary education in government schools. Groups of
schools. The data shows wide ranging variations in case villages low in educational development category had
of the children and youth belonging to various social the maximum population of the disadvantaged caste-
groups, male / females and rural / urban categories. groups, including SCs and minorities. These villages also
Only 38.3 per cent of the ST rural female children in 5- add to the highest proportion of 32.8 per cent illiterate
14 years age group were attending schools. More than population of SCs and 31.3 per cent Minorities. SC females
70 to 100 per cent of the youth in the age group 20-24 (47.0 per cent) and minority females (40.3 per cent)
who are expected to be studying for higher education were having the maximum proportion of illiterates
were found not acquiring any type of education. In this (Tripathi, Majumder and Bhatt, pp. 70, 103).
category also maximum disadvantage is suffered by SC, 14. In brief, wide gaps exist in educational
ST in general and women in particular. attainments of ST, SC, and rest of population.

Educationally most disadvantaged are ST, SC, OBC women providing quality education appears a distant dream.
both in rural and urban areas of the state. At secondary There is a dialectical social relationship between
and higher levels of education, abysmally low progress educational progress and social change as the spread of
could be clearly noticed across all social groups, education helps to overcome the traditional inequalities
particularly in case of ST, SC, OBC and women. With of caste, class and gender, just as the removal of these
existing physical facilities in primary schools and inequalities contribute to the spread of education. An
teaching-learning processes in class rooms, the issue of illiterate person is hardly equipped to participate in the
Table 7.7: Social Group wise current Attendance rates in Education

Institutions for Different Age Groups: U. P., 2004-05
Gender/Age Groups Social Groups (%)

Rural
Male
5 – 14 67.8 78.6 80.2 85.4 80.6
15 – 19 80.3 41.9 50.1 60.7 50.5
20 – 24 12.1 10.0 13.8 15.0 13.2
0 – 29 44.9 43.7 46.3 50.2 46.3
Female
5 – 14 38.3 72.7 71.5 79.0 73.0
15 – 19 9.4 31.9 31.1 43.2 33.6
20 – 24 0.0 2.1 3.3 7.6 3.8
0 – 29 19.2 34.5 36.0 40.6 36.4
Person
5 – 14 52.5 75.9 76.2 82.4 77.1
15 – 19 45.8 37.4 41.0 53.0 42.6
20 – 24 8.9 5.8 8.3 11.3 8.3
0 – 29 32.2 39.2 41.3 45.6 41.5
Urban
Male
5 – 14 58.7 72.5 74.1 87.5 78.9
15 – 19 70.4 48.8 40.8 61.6 50.3
20 – 24 0.0 15.2 12.3 29.1 19.9
0 – 29 41.6 39.3 40.1 51.4 44.4
Female
5 – 14 91.9 71.3 75.7 88.9 80.3
15 – 19 47.6 35.3 41.0 68.9 51.7
20 – 24 16.0 7.0 5.0 21.4 13.2
0 – 29 54.9 35.1 42.2 54.3 46.2
Person
5 – 14 77.7 72.0 74.9 88.2 79.6
15 – 19 57.2 42.0 40.9 64.9 50.9
20 – 24 8.8 11.1 9.1 25.6 16.8
0 – 29 49.3 37.4 41.1 52.8 45.3

modern economy and society. Therefore, the state needs women belonging to ‘Others’ category. These nutritional
to look upon education as a foundation stone of its indicators for the state are found almost at par with
strategy for the liberation and empowerment of these national scenario, except in case of significantly higher
deprived social groups and communities. ratio of stunted women in U.P.
IV. Nutrition and Health

15. Nutrition and health play a decisive role in Fig. 7.5 Social Group-wise Nutritional
status of Women: U.P., 1998-99
enhancing human capabilities. Relatively few indicators
are available to demonstrate the existing nutrition and 60
health status of various social groups separately in the 50
State. In this section, we have made use of National Below 145 Cms.
40
Family Health Survey-II (NFHS-II) data. The available % with BMI< 18.5
evidence shows that there remain considerable 30 kg/m2
disparities across social groups in terms of nutrition and 20 Anaemic
health. The burden of low nutritional intake, ill health,
10
poor access to health care facilities falls
disproportionately on women and children. 0
ST SC OBC Others Total
16. The mean height and weight of an individual
are taken as the indicators of nutritional status. A woman
below mean height of 145 cms. is considered as under- 18. Similarly, more than half of U.P.'s children
nourished and stunted; and body mass index (BMI) below below 3 years of age are under weight and stunted and
18.5 kg. per meter of height squared is taken as under- 11.1 per cent were wasted. Highest proportions of ST,
weight. Similarly, child mal-nutrition is based on three SC and OBC children were suffering from these problems.
indices including weight for age termed as ‘under- Relative condition of children belonging to ‘others’
weight’, height for age called ‘stunted’ and weight for category was slightly better (Table-7.9, Fig.-7.6)
height called ‘wasted’. All these three indicators below
2 standard deviation from the means of their population
under reference, are considered as indicators of mal- Fig. 7.6 Social Group-wise Nutritional status of
nourished children. Women’s nutritional status is critical Children under 3 years of Age: U.P. 1998-99
in determining the nutritional status of their children as
under-nourished women are more likely to give birth to 70
low weight babies, who suffer from life-long disadvantage 60
and greater probability of dying before age of one 50
40 Under Weight
(Mehrotra, 2006, p. 4265).
30 Stunted
17. Table 7.8 depicts social group-wise comparative 20 Wasted
nutritional status of women in U. P. and India for the 10
reference year 1998-99. About half of all women in U. P. 0
were anaemic, 35.8 per cent suffered from under-weight ST SC OBC Others Total
and 16.4 per cent were stunted. Almost equal
disadvantage could be observed in case of ST, SC and
OBC women relative to a slightly better condition of
Table 7.8: Social Group-wise Nutritional Status of Women: U.P. & India, 1998-99
Social Group U.P. (%) India (%)

Below with BMI< Anaemic Below with BMI< Anaemic
145 cms. 18.5 kg/m2 145 cms. 18.5 kg/m2
ST 18.9 40.8 53.6 13.5 46.3 64.9

SC 18.4 41.6 51.9 17.0 42.1 56.0
OBC 18.5 38.1 51.0 13.5 35.8 50.7
Others 13.5 34.2 45.2 10.9 30.5 47.6
Total 16.4 35.8 48.7 3.2 35.8 51.8
Source: National Family Health Survey-II, 1998-99, Reported in Mehrotra, 2006, p. 4265.

Table 7.9: Social Group-wise Nutritional Status of Children under 3 years of Age: U.P. & India, 1998-99

Under Stunted Wasted Under Stunted Wasted
weight weight
ST 59.4 69.3 13.7 55.9 52.8 21.8

SC 60.3 63.1 11.5 53.5 51.7 16.0
OBC 53.3 55.7 13.6 47.3 44.8 16.6
Others 45.9 50.3 9.3 41.1 40.7 12.8
Total 51.7 55.5 11.1 47.0 45.5 15.5
Source: National Family Health Survey-II, 1998-99.
19. In Table 7.10 social group-wise total fertility (3.77). The poor condition of reproductive and child health
rates (TFR) in U.P. and India are presented. These rates (RCH) services is one of the main factors responsible for
show the number of children born to women of 15-49 such high TFR across all social groups, apart from numerous
years reproductive age group. Any level of fertility rate other socio-economic factors. This can be observed from
above 2.1 (considered as replacement level of existing the data presented in Table 7.11 showing use of family
population) cannot be considered well for any state, planning methods for married women in 15-49 age-group.
particularly for a state like U.P. which is already facing In comparison to 48.2 per cent of India's women in
the burden of over population. Unfortunately, TFR for reproductive age group using some method of family
total population of U.P. is still very high at the level of planning, only 28.1 per cent of the women in U.P. were
3.99 children born per woman in comparison to all India making use of these methods. Least proportion of only
level of 2.85. Highest TFR was observed among ST women 15.1 per cent ST women followed by 24.8 per cent SC and
(4.83) followed by SC (4.44), OBC (4.12) and others 24.2 per cent OBC women adopted such methods.
Fig. 7.7 Social Group-wise Total Fertility Rate in U.P. and India- 1998-99
6
5
4
Number
3
2
1
0
ST SC OBC Other Total
Social Group
U.P. (No.) India (No.)
Table-7.10: Social Group-wise Total Fertility Rate: U.P. & India, 1998-99
Social Group U.P. (No.) India (No.)

ST 4.83 3.06
SC 4.44 3.15
OBC 4.12 2.83
Other 3.77 2.66
Total 3.99 2.85
Source: National Family Health Survey-II, 1998-99, Reproduced from Mehrotra, 2006, p. 4263.

Fig. 7.8 Social Group-wise Use of Any Method of Family Planning
for Ever Married Women 15-49: U.P. & India (%), 1998-99
60
50
40
Percent
30
20
10
0
Social Group
U.P. (%) India (%)
Table 7.11: Social Group-wise Use of Any Method of Family Planning for Ever-
Married Women 15-49 Years: U.P. & India, 1998-99

ST 15.1 39.1
SC 24.8 44.6
OBC 24.2 46.8
Others 32.7 53.5
Total 28.1 48.2
20. Table 7.12 depicts social group-wise birth of crucial life caring work. In U.P., only 22.0 per cent of
babies whose mothers were assisted at the time of the total births are assisted by any health professional,
delivery in U.P. and India. Delivery time assistance is 35.0 per cent by TBA and 43.0 per cent by others. Access
expected from any qualified doctor, nurse or midwife in level of the mothers belonging to ST, SC, and OBC to any
order to safeguard the good health and life of both health professional is still lower. The situation of the
mother and baby. Traditional birth attendants (TBA) or state in comparison to India is worst in this aspect of the
Dai are untrained and considered not qualified for such health care services.
Fig.7.9 Births Whose Mothers were Assisted

at the Time of Delivery: U.P., 1998-99 Fig.7.10 Place of Child Delivery: U.P., 1998-99
100
60.00
50.00 80
Health 60
40.00 Home
Professional
30.00 TBA 40 Health Facility
20.00 Others 20
10.00 0
0.00 ST SC OBC Others Total

Table 7.12: Social Group-wise Births who’s Mothers were assisted at the Time of Delivery :
U.P. & India, 1998-99

Health TBA Others Health TBA Others
Professional (Dai) Professional (Dai)
ST 13.1 34.4 51.2 23.0 44.4 32.2
SC 17.1 31.1 51.6 38.8 37.7 25.1
OBC 17.7 30.9 52.3 44.9 34.9 19.9
Others 29.7 39.5 30.3 48.9 31.4 19.5
Total 22.0 35.0 43.0 42.0 35.0 22.0
Source: National Family Health Survey-II, 1998-99, Reported in Mehrotra, 2006, p. 4265.
21. Similarly, 73.8 per cent of the child deliveries 22. Infant mortality rate (the number of babies
take place at home in U.P. These proportions are that die per thousand live births during first year of their
significantly higher in case of ST, SC and OBC. Health birth) is very high in comparison to India across all social
facility for delivery is available to only 8.0 per cent to groups. Highest level of disadvantage is faced by SC
12 per cent of the mothers belonging to these groups. followed by OBC and ST with alarmingly high IMR of 110,
Clearly, U.P. significantly lacks in providing health 106 and 83 for each social group respectively (Table-
facilities in comparison to India (Table 7.13, Fig. 7.10). 7.14, Fig.7.11).
Table 7.13: Social Group-wise Place of Child Delivery in U.P. and India, 1998-99

Home Health facility Home Health facility
ST 89.8 8.8 81.8 17.1

SC 88.9 10.2 72.1 26.8
OBC 86.6 12.8 62.8 36.1
Others 77.7 20.0 59.0 40.1
Total 73.8 15.4 64.4 34.0
Table 7.14: Social Group-wise Infant Mortality Fig.7.11 Infant and Child Mortality Rates in
U.P. and India, 1998-99
Rate s: U.P. & India, 1998-99 (No. of mothers 1000 live of birth)
Social Group U.P. India

Number per Thousand
120
100
ST 83 84 80
SC 110 83 60
40
OBC 106 76 20 India
U. P.
Others 82 62 0
Total 87 68 Social Group
U. P. India

23. To sum up, the overall scenario of nutrition
and health in U.P. appears to be in a pitiable condition. Fig.7.12 Distribution of Rural Households by
Under such situation, ST, SC and OBC groups face further Household Type: U.P., 2004-05
disadvantage. Women and children especially in case of
dalits are the worst sufferers. Access to the public health 100%
system remains very poor for women belonging to ST
and OBC women, who have far worse health indicators Others
50%
as compared to the upper castes. The programmes aimed Labour
at the lower castes of U.P., do not address the issue of Self Employed
0%
health or nutrition, in terms of which they are the worst ST SC OBC Others All
sufferers (Cf. Mehrotra, 2006, p.4269).
V. Livelihood, Employment and Assets

24. The issue relating to livelihoods and assets is
primarily concerned with the practical means of Fig. 7.13 Distribution of Urban Households by
development including an improvement in the level and Household Type: U. P., 2004-05
reliability of household entitlements to material goods
100%
and services. It also requires opportunities available in
Others
future and prioritizes efforts to obtain rights for poor
50% Casual Labour
social groups (Conway et. al, 2002, pp. 1-2).
Wage/Salaried
Unemployment is one of the major factors responsible
0% Self-Employed
for poverty as both are closely interrelated. In addition, ST SC OBC Others All
low level of income generating assets owned by the
households belonging to disadvantaged social groups and
poorest sections of even higher caste groups and their
consequent low earnings / returns are the main causes The ratio of rural labour households was found very
of their poverty. These poorest groups posses no land, high among ST (45.5 per cent) and SC (42.3 per cent)
lack education, efficiency, skills, good health, have no against relatively lower share of OBC (18.0 per cent)
community infrastructure and are deprived of basic and others (9.0 per cent). In urban areas the highest
facilities. The only possession of the poor persons is their proportion of 55.3 per cent self employed households
physical labour which they can sell in return for daily belonged to OBC followed by 44.3 per cent SC, 44.0 per
wages. When even the physical labour of a poor individual cent others and 32.5 per cent ST. Highest proportion of
remains unsold due to non-availability of any kind of 55.9 per cent ST households depended on regular wage
work, it gives birth to frustration, dissatisfaction and / salaried employment. These ratios were 40.9 per cent,
demoralization. Such a situation not only hurts the moral 29.8 per cent and 25.6 per cent for Others, OBC and SC
and human values but also affects the socio-economic households respectively. Households’ depending on
fabric of the entire society. casual labour was highest in case of SC (24.6 per cent)
25. Studies based on NSS data show that poverty followed by ST (11.3 per cent), OBC (8.8 per cent) and
ratios for ST, SC and OBC population are much higher as Others (only 3.8 per cent).
compared to other social groups. This aspect has been 27. Monthly per capita consumer expenditure
discussed in Chapter 5. It needs to be added that poverty (MPCE) serves as a proxy to household monthly income
levels have declined in the case of all the social groups and also demonstrates the standards of living of the
though inter-group differences still remain. household members. The distribution of persons by
26. The NSS 61 st round data provides latest household’s MPCE class intervals is presented in Table
estimates on various dimensions of livelihood issues for 7.16 and 7.17 for different social groups in rural and
2004-05, such as, income sources, monthly per capita urban areas separately. MPCE of 23.4 per cent of all
expenditure (MPCE), land owned and cultivated, working people in rural areas of the state was found less than
population and employment scenario. Table 7.15 shows Rs.365 per month belonging to the lowest four MPCE
distribution of households of different social groups by classes. 10.8 per cent of ST households were bracketed
type of employment in 2004-05. In the rural areas of the in the lowest MPCE class of less than Rs.235 per month
state, proportion of self employed households was which may be seen living on the verge of starvation.
highest in ‘others’ category (74.8 per cent) closely None of the ST household members was found in the
followed by OBC (74.3 per cent). As compared to this highest MPCE class who spent Rs.1155 or more per month.
only 50.1 per cent SC households and 41.6 per cent ST Highest proportion of 9.3 per cent ‘others’ category
households were self employed. households followed by 3.3 per cent OBC and 1.5 per

Table 7.15: Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural / Urban Households by Household Type: U.P., 2004-05
Type of Employment Social Groups (%)

Rural Self Employed in

Agriculture 26.3 33.8 53.9 58.1 49.2
Non-Agriculture 15.3 16.3 20.4 16.7 18.5
All 41.6 50.1 74.3 74.8 67.8
Rural Labour
Agricultural Labour 27.4 23.9 11.0 6.5 13.7
Other Labour 18.1 18.4 7.0 2.4 9.2
All 45.5 42.3 18.0 9.0 22.8
Other 12.8 7.6 7.7 16.2 9.3
All (Including n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban
Self-Employed 32.5 44.3 55.3 44.0 49.2
Wage/Salaried 55.9 25.6 29.8 40.9 33.9
Casual Labour 11.3 24.6 8.8 3.8 8.7
Others 0.4 5.6 5.8 10.9 7.9
All (including n.r.) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
cent SC belonged to this MPCE class. Similarly, in urban MPCE classes. A substantially high ratio of 26.8 per cent
U.P., 24.1 per cent of all households were spending less ST households were in the lowest MPCE class spending
than Rs.485 per month belonging to the three lowest less than Rs.335 per month, barely sufficient for meeting
MPCE classes. Highest proportion of 51.9 per cent ST two square meals per day. Highest MPCE class was
households followed by 37.1 per cent SC, 29.0 per cent enjoyed by 7.4 per cent of the ‘others’, 1.6 per cent
OBC and 24.1 per cent others were bracketed in these OBC, 1.5 per cent SC and none of the ST households.
Fig.7.14 : Distribution of Rural Household MPCE Class: U. P., 2004-05
25.00
20.00 ST
Percent
15.00 SC
10.00
5.00 OBC
0.00 Others
<
0
20
65
10
10
55
5
9
3
All
5
3
1
2
5
1
–
–
>
1
–
1
5
0
23
27
41
69
3
9
8
Social Group-wise Conuser Class

Fig.7.15 Distribution of Urban Household MPCE Class: U. P., 2004-05
30.00
25.00 ST
Percent
20.00
15.00
10.00 SC
5.00
0.00 OBC
5
<
95
0
3
40
67
3
3
48
58
10
40
3
9
Others
13
18
5
>
25
2
–
–
5
0
3
58
79
80
3
93
8
11
13
8
All
1
Social Group-wise Consumer Class
Table 7.16: Social Group Wise Distribution of Household Monthly

Per Capita Consumer Expenditure Class, Rural U.P., 2004-05
Monthly Per Capita Consumer Social Groups (%)

Expenditure (Rs.)
Rural
Less than 235 10.8 2.7 2.0 0.9 2.0
235 – 270 0.0 4.5 2.8 1.6 3.0
270 – 320 1.0 10.3 9.0 3.8 8.3
320 – 365 11.7 13.4 9.8 5.9 10.1
365 – 410 12.6 12.5 10.8 7.3 10.5
410 – 455 10.6 12.1 11.2 9.0 11.0
455 – 510 12.2 11.7 12.2 9.7 11.6
510 – 580 9.4 11.3 12.3 13.6 12.3
580 – 690 22.8 9.7 12.0 13.6 11.7
690 – 890 8.5 7.0 9.9 13.6 9.8
890 – 1155 0.5 3.3 4.7 11.7 5.7
1155 & Above 0.0 1.5 3.3 9.3 4.0
All Classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
28. Table 7.18 depicts data relating to labour force relatively larger part of the 365 days in any economic
participation rate (LFPR), worker population ratio (WPR) activity preceding the date of survey and also those
and proportion unemployed (PU) for various social persons from among the remaining population who had
groups. WPR as per NSS data is defined according to usual worked at least for 30 days during the reference period
status denoted as PS + SS (Principal and subsidiary of 365 days preceding the date of survey for any type of
activity). It includes persons who either worked for a economic returns. Similarly, the labour force or

Table 7.17: Social Group Wise Distribution of Household Monthly
Per Capita Consumer Expenditure Class, Urban U.P., 2004-05
Monthly Per Capita Consumer Social Groups (%)

Expenditure (Rs.)
Less than 335 26.8 12.7 6.2 3.6 6.1
335 - 395 7.7 9.2 9.5 2.4 6.5
395 – 485 17.4 15.2 13.3 8.4 11.5
485 – 580 17.0 19.2 10.9 12.0 12.4
580 – 675 12.8 11.6 14.3 8.2 11.4
675 – 790 6.6 8.7 8.7 9.5 9.0
790 – 930 1.4 8.2 10.3 10.2 9.9
930 – 1100 5.8 5.5 7.6 9.3 8.0
1100 – 1380 1.4 2.0 12.2 12.4 11.0
1380 – 1880 0.0 4.5 3.6 8.4 5.7
1880 – 2540 2.9 1.7 1.7 8.2 4.4
2540 & Above 0.0 1.5 1.6 7.4 4.0
All Classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
economically active persons refer to that section of the highest for OBC (35.8 per cent) closely followed by SC
population who supply or seek to supply labour for (34.6 per cent), others (32.3 per cent) and ST (30.2 per
production activities. This includes both categories of cent). The significantly high LFPR proportions of ST/SC
workers, i.e. employed and the unemployed. LFPR is and OBC women reflect their dual work burden to sustain
also worked out as per the usual status considering both meager household incomes. WPR as per the usual status
the principal and subsidiary works. (PS + SS) was 45.6 per cent in case of
29. In rural U.P., the proportion of economically ST rural persons, 39.8 per cent in case of SC, 36.9
active persons was highest in case of ST followed by SC, per cent for OBC and 33.7 per cent for others. These
OBC and others. The LFPRs for these groups were 47.8 ratios in case of urban persons were 34.8 per cent for
per cent, 39.9 per cent, 37.1 per cent and 34.0 per pent OBC, 32.7 per cent SC, 31.3 per cent others and the
respectively. The relative position in urban U.P. was lowest 30.2 per cent for ST.
Fig.7.16 LFPR, WPR, PU Accroding to Usual Status Fig.7.17 LFPR, WPR, PU According to Usual Status
(Rural/Male-Female): U. P., 2004-05 (Urban/Male-Female): U. P., 2004-05
70.00 60.00
60.00 50.00
ST ST
50.00 40.00
SC SC
40.00 30.00
OBC OBC
30.00 20.00 Others
Others
20.00 All
All 10.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
PR
PR
PR
PR
PR
PU
R
U
PR
PR
PR
P
P
PR
PR
PR
a l LF
LF
LF
P
W
LF
LF
LF
W
on
e
on
al
em
e
rs
rs
al
al
Fe
Pe
Pe
M

Table 7.18: Social Group-wise Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR)
and Proportion Unemployed (PU) According to Usual Status: U.P., 2004-05
Particulars Social Group (%)

RURAL
Male LFPR 62.5 51.0 48.9 51.1 49.9
WPR 58.0 50.8 48.5 50.6 49.6
PU 4.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
Female LFPR 32.4 28.4 24.8 15.9 24.1
WPR 32.4 28.3 24.7 15.8 24.0
PU 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Person LFPR 47.8 39.9 37.1 34.0 37.3
WPR 45.6 39.8 36.9 33.7 37.1
PU 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
URBAN
Male LFPR 50.7 52.9 55.2 53.6 54.2
WPR 50.7 49.5 53.4 52.2 52.4
PU 0.0 3.3 1.7 1.4 1.9
Female LFPR 15.6 13.8 14.1 9.1 12.0
WPR 15.6 13.6 14.0 8.6 11.7
PU 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3
Person LFPR 30.2 34.6 35.8 32.3 34.2
WPR 30.2 32.7 34.8 31.3 33.1
PU 0.0 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.1
RURAL + URBAN
Male LFPR 60.9 51.2 50.0 52.0 50.8
WPR 57.0 50.6 49.4 51.2 50.1
PU 3.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7
Female LFPR 29.3 26.9 23.0 13.6 21.7
WPR 29.3 26.8 22.9 13.3 21.6
PU 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Person LFPR 45.0 39.4 36.9 33.4 36.7
WPR 43.1 39.0 36.5 32.9 36.3
PU 1.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4
30. Unemployment rates are low in U.P. Highest

unemployment in rural areas was reported for ST rural Fig.7.18 WPR (Rural+Urban) for 15 Years and Above Males According
persons (2.3 per cent), while it was as low as 0.3 per to PS+SS for Different Level of General Education: U.P., 2004-05
cent for ‘others’ and 0.2 per cent for SC and OBC groups. 120
These ratios for urban U.P. were 1.9 per cent for SC, 1.0 100
ST
per cent for OBC and 1.00 per cent for others. 80 SC
60 OBC
31. Table 7.19 shows social group-wise combined
40 Others
(rural + urban) WPRs for different levels of general
All
education among persons of age 15 years and above in 20
U.P. WPR for illiterate males was higher for SC (92.1 per 0
cent) and ST (91.3 per cent) as compared to OBC (88.1

per cent) and ‘Others’ (88.0 per cent). However, for
educated males above secondary level of general
education, WPR for all social groups came down to 75.3
per cent recording highest for OBC (77.9 per cent), Others
(74.8 per cent) in comparison to 72.3 per cent for SC

Fig.7.19 WPR (Rural +Urban) for 15 Yeas and above Females According to PS+SS for
Different Level of General Education: U.P. 2004-05
90.00
80.00
70.00 ST
60.00 SC
50.00
OBC
40.00
30.00 Others
20.00 All
10.00
0.00
Not Literate Literates and Middle Secondary Secondary Higher Diploma/ Graduate Post Graduate All
Upto Primary and Above Secondary Certificate and Above
and 52.5 per cent for ST. This clearly shows the perpetual than OBCs and Others. WPRs for illiterate females varied
state of unemployment / no work for about 20 per cent between 26.9 per cent to 54.5 per cent for all social
to 30 per cent of the educated working age population. groups. It once again reveals that significantly high
The findings also reveal that the benefits of education proportions of women are forced to share dual work burden
could be realized in lesser proportion by SC and ST groups of household works as well as wage earning activities.
Table 7.19: WPR (Rural + Urban) in U.P. for Persons of Age 15 Years and Above According to
Usual Status (PS+SS) for Different Level of General Education: U.P., 2004-2005
Gender/Education Level Social Group (%)

Male
Not Literate 91.3 92.1 88.1 88.0 89.3
Literates and Upto Primary 77.1 89.3 86.2 81.4 85.9
Middle 76.4 82.4 80.5 76.9 80.0
Secondary 62.8 67.8 73.8 68.7 71.1
Diploma/Certificate 0 87.9 91.6 84.3 87.8
Graduate 12.7 75.1 81.3 83.4 81.7
Post Graduate and Above 100.0 91.8 94.4 85.8 87.3
Secondary and Above 52.5 72.3 77.9 74.8 75.3
All 79.8 86.9 84.0 78.6 83.2
Female
Not Literate 54.5 50.3 42.8 26.9 42.5
Literates and Upto Primary 10.7 30.4 28.9 19.0 25.8
Middle 21.0 24.8 21.7 14.5 19.8
Secondary 84.7 12.2 16.5 14.5 13.2
Higher Secondary 0 22.9 16.8 11.0 14.3
Diploma/Certificate 0 35.2 47.6 20.6 28.9
Graduate 0 15.5 16.2 11.2 12.5
Post Graduate and Above 50.1 15.0 45.8 36.2 36.5
Secondary and Above 43.5 16.6 17.4 13.6 15.3
All 48.3 44.8 36.9 19.9 34.5

32. Land is one of the main indicators of economic cent) followed by ST (8.3 per cent), OBC (7.7 per cent)
status and principal capital asset for livelihood security with the most disadvantaged group being SC households
in rural areas. Table 7.20 shows the distribution of (only 2.1 per cent). These results clearly reveal that the
households by size, class of land possessed by different poorest households in the ‘Others’ social group also suffer
social groups in rural U.P. Data clearly reveal that the similar disadvantage with their counterpart SCs, STs and
highest proportion of 28.2 per cent ST households were OBCs in terms of ownership of land which is the main
found to be almost landless - possessing land area capital asset for the people belonging to agrarian
between zero to 0.004 hectare. Similar disadvantage can economy of rural areas in the state.
be observed in case of SC households (13.2 per cent)
belonging to the same land size class. Interestingly a 33. The distribution of rural households in U.P. by
larger proportion of 10.3 per cent households from size of land actually cultivated during the agricultural
‘Others’ social group in comparison to only 8.3 per cent year 2004-2005 is depicted in Table 7.21. A significantly
OBC households were found in this minimum land size high proportion of 28.2 per cent of rural households did
class. The ratio of households possessing land size 2.01 not have cultivated land. The corresponding ratios for
hectare and above was maximum for ‘others’ (14.8 per ST, SC, Others and OBC were 50.4 per cent, 36.4 per
Table 7.20: Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural Households by

Size Class of Land Possessed: U. P., 2004-05
Size Class of Land Possessed Social Group (%)

(Hectare) ST SC OBC Others All
0.000 0.0 1.9 1.3 1.4 1.5
0.001–0.004 28.2 11.3 7.1 8.9 8.7
0.005– 0.40 37.8 57.5 42.5 32.8 44.7
0.41 – 1.00 8.6 20.1 27.9 24.0 24.9
1.01 – 2.00 17.1 7.1 13.5 18.2 12.7
2.01 – 4.00 6.3 1.8 6.0 10.6 5.8
4.01 & Above 2.0 0.3 1.7 4.2 1.8
All Classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Fig.7.20 Distribution of Rural Huseholds by Social Groups and

Size Class of Land in U.P.- 2004-05
80
70
60
50
Percent
40
30
20
10
0
0.000 0.001- 0.40 0.41 – 1.00 1.01 – 2.00 2.01 – 4.00 4.01 & Above
Size of Land
Social Groups (%) SC Social Groups (%) OBC Social Groups (%) Others

cent, 27.0 per cent and 24.3 per cent. This scenario than the basic service level of 40 lpcd. Almost one third
once again points to the relative disadvantage of people of traditional and modern mixture of RWS schemes
belonging to the poorest sections of the higher caste remain out of operation at any given time. Similarly,
groups in comparison to OBC category. However, the rich sanitation level in the state is also below the national
among the ‘others’ group once again show their relative average with only 2.5 per cent of the population using
advantage in terms of cultivated land by having the latrines / water carriage system (SPC, 2005, pp. 194-
highest proportion of 13.4 per cent in 2.01 hectare and 210). Therefore, access to improved water supply and
above size class of land followed by ST (7.7 per cent) environmental sanitation remain high priority items for
and OBC (7.0 per cent). Most disadvantaged in this ensuring better level of human development in the
category again was SC group with a share of only 2.0 per state.
cent.
34. Availability of water and sanitation, electricity Box 7.1: SWAJALDHARA PROGRAMME
and accessible roads also play a pivotal role in improving
the quality of life and livelihoods of the people. In order In order to provide sustainable health and
to meet the needs of drinking water, cooking, bathing, hygiene benefits to the rural population through
washing of utensils and house and ablution, Government improvements in water supply services and better
of India (GOI) fixed 40 litre per capita per day (lpcd) environmental sanitation conditions, GOUP
norm while implementing the Rural Water Supply (RWS) implemented a project called ‘SWAJALDHARA
Scheme after 1986. One source of drinking water for PROGRAMME’ in seven districts of Bundelkhand during
250 persons has also been adopted as a norm. In 1991- 1996-2002. The project envisaged to promote the long
92, GOUP conducted a survey to identify the rural term sustainability of the RWS and Sanitation Sector
habitations and provide access to drinking water supply and identify policy framework under strategic future
in each habitation as per the GOI norms under Rajiv plans for implementation. This programme has been
Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM).The funded by the World Bank upto 84% of its total cost
survey data identified a total number of 2,43,633 rural with 16% to be shared by both the State Government
habitation out of which 2,43,508 habitations spread over and the Community. It is expected to be managed
97,134 villages were found inhabited and available for with full participation of the villagers. In order to
coverage. Another survey conducted in 2004 identified ensure this, a Village Water and Sanitation Committee
2,60,110 habitations out of which 7,993 habitations were was formed in each village as a sub-Committee of
found not covered (NC) 18,776 partially covered (PC) the Gram Panchayat. The Committee was made
responsible for the project planning, implementation,
and 2,33,341 fully covered (FC) in terms of safe drinking
operation and maintenance at the Community level
water facilities as per norms. GOUP envisaged providing
(SPC, 2005, pp.205-207). Lessons learned from this
water to all these habitations not so far covered fully
programme may be of far reaching nature for the
during the years 2005-2007. It is clearly noticed that
future planning of water supply and sanitation
U.P. is affected by acute water scarcity during summer
services in the state on self-sustainable basis.
months with 30 per cent habitations receiving water less
Table 7.21: Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural Households by

Size Class of Land Cultivated: U. P., 2004-05
Size class of Land Cultivated Social Group (%)

(Hectare) ST SC OBC Others All
0.000 50.4 36.4 24.3 27.0 28.2
0.001–0.004 6.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.005–0.40 13.4 36.1 28.8 17.5 28.5
0.41 – 1.00 6.3 19.1 26.9 23.1 23.9
1.01 – 2.00 15.8 6.3 12.8 18.8 12.2
2.01 – 4.00 5.7 1.7 5.4 9.8 5.2
4.01 & Above 2.0 0.3 1.6 3.6 1.6
All Classes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source : NSS 61st Round, Report No. 516.

35. Electricity is another important component of atrocities. Any social intervention initiated to improve
quality of life, as its consumption level is treated as a their status leads to disequilibrium and resentment in
basic social development indicator. Overall U.P.’s annual other sections. It also leads to more atrocities against
per capita power consumption was 188.33 KWH against them. Caste system by birth in India involves social
all India average of 390.0 KWH in 2003-2004. The power hierarchy. The erstwhile untouchables or polluting castes
system of the state is very complex as most of the power termed as dalits, continue to suffer humiliation. Within
generating stations are located far away from load the discriminatory social order of caste and gender, dalit
centers leading to huge transmission losses. Rural women, who are mostly living in rural areas in the
Electrification Corporation (REC), under the state absence of their migratory male family members,
government is supposed to carry out the work of become the most disadvantaged and an easy target for
electrification of villages. As per the changed village several forms of exploitation and violence. Seeking
electrification definition by GOI in February, 2004, all justice becomes extremely difficult for disadvantaged
villages in only five districts of U.P. out of its 70 districts groups under these ubiquitous social conditions of caste,
were declared electrified. In remaining 65 districts, class, religion and gender biases. Common knowledge
30,852 villages were un-electrified where electrification suggests that these victims of injustice face problems in
work has been proposed. Provision was also made in the even approaching police and filing complaints against
scheme for providing electricity connection to all BPL the offenders. However, the Constitution of India upholds
families. In 2004-05 a centrally sponsored scheme called the right to equality before law under Article 14 and
Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikarn Yojana was launched prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race,
by GOI through REC. GOUP proposed to electrify caste, sex or place of birth. Article 17 states that the
remaining villages under this scheme by 2007. The state practice of untouchability is abolished and its practice
declared a Power Policy in 2003 aimed to fulfill the in any form is forbidden. Under the Legal Services
overall need for universal access and providing reliable, Authorities Act, 1987, SC, ST, women and children are
quality and affordable power for social upliftment and all entitled to legal services. The Scheduled Castes and
economic development of its people (SPC, 2005, pp. 167- Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
prevents the commission of offences of atrocities against
194).
the members of SC/ST, provides for special courts for
36. A network of good quality roads is considered the trial of such offences for their relief and
as the nerve centre of economic, social and rehabilitation. The SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities)
infrastructural development of a state. As per the Road Rules, 1995 provide for reactive, preventive and
Development Plan (1981-2000) of U. P. (also known as promotional measures that can be taken in an effort to
Lucknow Plan), all villages were required to be connected ensure that there is redress for violations of rights of
by the road network by the year 2001 with the target of these groups and that such violations do not recur.
1,96,496 km. length. However only 54 per cent of the
38. Data relating to crimes and atrocities
state’s target could be achieved with 1,05,794 km. length
committed against socially disadvantaged groups are
of rural roads. The state has set ambitious targets under
available only in case of ST and SC. As per the latest
the National Road Development Plan – Vision 2021 for
report of the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), on
connecting the villages by roads having pre-dominant
an average 30,000 incidents of atrocities against SC are
population of Scheduled Castes called Ambedkar Gram.
committed in India annually, with U.P. being at the top
This Abedkar Gram Vikas Yojana was launched in the
in the list. Out of the 669 dalits killed in the country
state in 2002-2003 for construction of rural roads. The
during the year, 288 dalits had been killed in U.P. alone,
scheme was implemented by convergence of resources
which is about half of the national total. Similar situation
of different departments engaged in road construction
emerges in case of the rape cases against dalit women.
activity. Similarly, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
These cases during the years 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
(PMGSY), 2004-2005, Phase-IV was started for
stood at 188, 245, 222 and 212 respectively. Whereas
construction of 2595 km. of roads in 40 districts
the total number of crimes committed against dalits was
connecting 1,652 habitations. Another scheme called
1,559 in 2003, 2,983 in 2004, 3,211 in 2005 and 4,104
Samagra Gram Vikas Yojana was launched in January,
in 2006 (Table 7.22). Almost similar conclusions are drawn
2004 aimed at convergence of various developmental in a report of the Amnesty International which comments
activities for providing all round facilities in the villages on overall situation of crimes and atrocities against dalits
including construction of village link roads (SPC, 2005, in Uttar Pradesh. It says that Uttar Pradesh alone
pp. 156-166). accounted for 25.4 per cent of the crimes committed
against dalits in India during 1998. Similarly, the State
VI. Crimes and Atrocities accounted for 26 per cent of the total crimes committed
37. The deprived groups are not only socially, against adivasis (although, adivasi population in the State
economically and politically backward but also is significantly smaller) in the country during the same
vulnerable to various kinds of social exclusion and period (AI, 2001, p. 5).

Table 7.22: Incidence of Crimes and Atrocities against SC, ST Social Groups :
U.P., 2003-2006 (1st January-31st December)
Crime Years (No.)

2003 2004 2005 2006
Murder 275 301 288 312
Rape 188 245 222 212
Arson 11 325 45 58
Serious Injury 168 311 333 302
Other IPC Crimes 577 1,123 1,443 1,908
Crimes under SC/ST Act 340 678 880 1,320
Total 1,559 2,983 3,211 4,104
Source: NCRB, New Delhi
39. Thus, the cases of crimes committed against and STs under TSP. The flow of funds under SCP/TSP was
dalits in U.P. have substantially increased over the past substantially increased over the years in order to ensure
four years. The most disadvantaged victims of crimes accelerated development of these classes. In addition
are the dalit women within the overall discriminatory to the general plan schemes, State Scheduled Caste
social hierarchy of caste and gender. Dalits are killed, Finance and Development Corporation (SCFDC) was set
seriously injured, their women raped and numerous other up during the Seventh Plan to act as a catalytic agent as
types of atrocities and crimes are committed against well as supplementing agency for providing financial
these socially vulnerable groups, mostly as a result of support to SCs for the projects relating to employment
reactionary treatment meted out by the land / asset generation and creation of assets for economic activities.
owning higher sections of the society. The allocations of outlays under SCP/TSP were made in
proportion to SC/ST population to total population of
VII. State Government Initiatives the state from 1996-97 onwards in order to provide
40. The process of planning in India was initiated further impetus to SCP/TSP. Apart from the SCP/TSP
with the basic guiding principle of 'growth with social components of the State Plan, Special Central Assistance
justice'. It aimed to rectify the distributional disorders (SCA) was used by the State Government in a number of
and bring the most vulnerable and marginalized social income generating programmes. The task of monitoring
groups at par with the mainstream society and economy of expenditure and proper utilization of the quantified
of the Nation. SCs, STs, OBCs and Minorities were budget allocations under SCP/TSP has been assigned to
considered to be the most disadvantaged groups and Social Welfare Department of the state. A Committee
accorded highest priority. The concept of Special consisting of Principal Secretaries of Finance, Social
Component Plan (SCP) was introduced in the Sixth Five Welfare and Planning ensures proper co-ordination in
Year Plan (1980-85) for the development of SC/ST the implementation of the development programmes for
groups. Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) came in operation since SC/ST.
Fifth Five Year Plan with a view to ensure rapid socio- 42. As a result of all these initiatives, some
economic development of STs. Efforts were made by encouraging results have been clearly noticed in the
the State to remove human deprivation on priority basis development status of SC / ST. Between 1971-2001, the
to improve its relatively low position in terms of human literacy rate of SC increased by 36 per cent approximately
development Index (HDI) among Indian states. Some of (from 10.2 per cent to 46.3 per cent) whereas the
the important schemes initiated by GoUP during recent corresponding increase of total population was 35 per
years for the development of vulnerable social groups cent (from 21.7 per cent to 56.3 per cent). SC female
are described in the following paragraphs. This section literacy rate has also improved substantially over this
draws most of the information from Annual Plan, 2006- period (from 2.5 per cent in 1971 to 30.5 per cent in
2007 of U.P. 2001). Decadal growth of SC population during 1991-2001
41. Family and individual beneficiary oriented was recorded at 25.33 per cent which was little less
development schemes within the general framework of than corresponding growth of 25.85 per cent in the U.P.’s
socio-economic development programmes were specially total population. This again may be taken as an
designed in U.P. for the development of SCs under SCP encouraging trend.

43. Similarly, the State has committed itself for the incidence of disability. Another radical step has been
providing assistance and support to OBCs so that they taken by the State Government to eliminate
can be protected from social injustice and exploitation. discrimination among the poor by providing scholarships
Top priority has been accorded to increase the literacy to all those general category children whose guardians
status of these social groups. Accordingly, all OBC are living below the poverty line. This indeed is a step in
students up to class VIII are given scholarships on the the direction of attaining social cohesion and integration.
same terms and conditions as applied in the case of SC/ 47. In brief, GOUP has made sincere efforts to
ST children in order to enhance their enrolment at remove the relative deprivation of marginalized social
primary level. To reduce the dropout rates, scholarship groups over the years to improve its relative low position
is also given to OBC students studying in class 9th and in terms of HDI among Indian states. The allocations
10th whose parents’ annual income is up to Rs.30,000. under plan outlays for SCP and TSP were made in
44. The OBC students in post matric classes are proportion to SC/ST population from 1996-97 onwards
also given scholarships to encourage their higher in order to provide further impetus to the development
education. Hostel facility in main educational centres is of these groups. Encouraging results have been noticed
being provided to these students. Uttar Pradesh in the development status of all deprived sections of
Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation the population, particularly in terms of their literacy
(UPBCFDC) provides economic assistance by way of levels, reduced fertility rates of SC population, poverty
margin money, educational loan, micro finance for their levels, etc. Poor students belonging to all social groups
economic development and self-reliance. The State have been given scholarships and free text books at par
Commission for Backward Classes of Uttar Pradesh has with SC/ST children. Special development schemes were
been assigned the task of attending to complaints launched for the development of minorities, persons with
regarding reservation in services, inclusion / exclusion disabilities, women and children.
of castes in OBC lists, atrocities and exploitation. GOUP
has included 16 more backward castes in the lists of SCs VIII. Recent Changes
for their development in a specific manner. 48. The two rounds of NSS Surveys conducted
45. All minorities’ students up to class 10 are within a gap of five years duration focus on employment
provided scholarships under a reasonable income and unemployment situation among social groups. This
criterion. This facility is extended to the students of enables us to record the progress over the period of past
these groups in post graduate classes with a certain five years with the help of data collected for the NSS
income limit. Arbi / Farsi Madarsas are provided grant 55th (1900-2000) and 61st Round (2004-05). However, the
for salary of teaching and non-teaching staff. These comparison is constrained by the fact that many of
institutions under grant-in-aid, are proposed for running variables between the two rounds have been changed,
mini ITIs for skill development. The Madarsas are new variables added and also because the social groups
modernized by providing assistance for kits and teachers for which data is reported also differ between two
of Science and Mathematics. Girls’ hostels and school surveys.
buildings are also constructed under the scheme. U.P.
49. One may broadly compare the two social
Minority Finance and Development Corporation (UPMFDC)
categories of Hindu SC/ST and Hindu OBC of 55th Round
provides assistance by way of term loans, margin money
and ST+SC and OBC of 61st Round, which are comparable
loans, interest free loans, skill improvement and
coaching. Haj houses are being constructed in Lucknow to some extent, to judge the progress attained over the
and Ghaziabad to provide facilities to Haj Pilgrimage. period 1999-2000 to 2004-05. As shown in Table 7.23,
illiteracy rates of SC/ST population has gone down by
46. Persons with disabilities are provided
5.4 percentage points during the five year period. The
educational, vocational and institutional facilities for
proportion of school going children does not show an
their development and rehabilitation so that they can
improvement. In case of OBC group also illiteracy has
participate in every field of human activity. All persons
gone down by 4.6 percentage points, while persons with
with 40 per cent or more disability are entitled to get
higher educational attainment show an increase. School
benefits of the State Government Schemes. For different
types of handicapped children, 12 residential schools attendance has gone up by about 3 percentage points.
and 7 workshop cum production centres for vocational 50. While indicative of the improving human
training with free boarding and lodging facilities are being development status of the deprived sections belong to
run. Assistance is also given to the handicapped in terms the SC, ST and OBC groups, these data underline the
of grant for purchase / maintenance of aids and fact that the progress in this direction is somewhat slow.
construction of shops for self- employment. Through mass More vigorous efforts need to be made in this regard in
awareness campaign, efforts are being made to minimize the coming years.

Table 7.23: Indicators of Educational Progress of SC/ST and OBC
Groups between 55th and 61st NSS Rounds
Particulars NSS 55th Round NSS 61st Round Change

Hindu Hindu ST+SC OBC Col. 4-2 Col.5-3
SC+ST OBC ST/SC OBC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Illiterate 67.1 56.5 61.7 51.9 -5.4 -4.6

Literate upto Primary 13.4 16.6 16.1 18.8 +2.7 +2.2
Middle 10.5 13.6 13.2 14.1 +2.7 +0.5
Secondary 4.3 6.7 3.6 7.3 -0.7 +0.6
Higher Secondary 2.8 4.4 2.7 4.8 -0.1 +0.4
Graduate and Above 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.8 +0.7 +0.6
Children Attending Schools 68.6 72.9 66.4 76.0 -2.2 3.1
Source: NSS 55th and 61st Rounds
IX. Conclusion women and children. Despite all these sincere efforts of
51. The economic growth process in the State, as Go UP, much still remains to be done. The implementation
in the country as a whole, has failed to be sufficiently of these schemes need to be streamlined to ensure that
inclusive and there remain many divides in the society. the benefit of the schemes reach the target beneficiary
U.P. has a much higher share of the deprived population groups and various leakages and misappropriation of
belonging to SC, OBC and Muslims, which depresses the funds are minimized.
overall attainment of the state in human development. 53. The issues of backwardness and marginalization
Despite some improvements in the living conditions of of deprived groups is tied up with socio-economic
SC,ST, OBC and minorities as a result of preferential development and changes in social structure of any
treatment, the pace of human development in U.P. has society. What obstructs the compensatory provisions
remained slow in comparison to many progressive states earmarked for these groups in U.P. are growing caste
of the country. Large disparities across social groups consciousness, social divides, alienation and socio-
continue to exist in terms of income, assets, education, economic deprivation. Both, the development
health, nutrition, sanitation, employment and access to interventions by the State Government and public
infrastructural facilities. Due to non-availability of social pressures are required to bring about real change in the
group-wise data for the state, there are numerous condition of these groups. The development process
relative dimensions of human development which remain needs a central role of politics, particularly for the
to be further explored. expansion of social security measures for the
52. The state has initiated over the years numerous marginalized sections. In order to promote basic equality
development programmes to remove human deprivation and ensure minimum social security, local public services,
on a priority basis and improve its relatively low position good quality basic education, health-care services,
in HDI among Indian states. Financial allocations under employment generating public works, income generating
SCP and TSP have been substantially increased over the capital assets, drinking water, food supplies and
years. Encouraging results have been noticed in the connecting roads and other such facilities are required.
development status of deprived communities, Only real transfer of power to the institutions of local
particularly in terms of increased literacy rates. self-governance can ensure participatory democracy and
Complete computerization of pre-metric and post metric development. Development from below, ownership and
scholarships has been introduced in the state to bring management of resources at the grassroots level may
about transparency in the process. Efforts are being bring about a more equitable social order and give people
made to ensure welfare of minorities, disabled persons, their just and composite ‘Right to Development’.

CHAPTER - 8
Governance and Human Development
I. Changing Paradigms of Governance policies and have them effectively implemented. It may
1. Development and growth, per se, are necessary be remembered that the term governance here is being
but insufficient for achieving equitable and sustained used in public service and public development contexts.
human development. India is now poised to move up the It is a wide ranging concept that includes relations
growth curve speedily. U.P. has to emulate that pursuit between elected representatives, officials and citizens,
much more vigorously to catch up with the nation. But the setting up and achieving of socio-economic goals,
that calls for good political management, good economic resources mobilization (human, material and financial),
management and good civic management. The invariable expenditure efficiencies, providing of the delivery of
concomitants of poor governance are corruption, poverty, services, ensuring security of people, monitoring, access,
marked economic inequities, social disharmony and low redressal, empowerment and accountability at all levels,
human development. World over public management and, specially, help to the weak and the economically
(read governance) paradigms have undergone remarkable handicapped in all enabling ways.
shifts. A new public administration philosophy has
emerged in recent decades with the broad aim of making
Governance and Poor Developing States
governments and their agencies and institutions open, 4. The notion that too much of government is not
transparent, adaptable, responsive, efficient, effective good does have merit but that by no means is the whole
and accountable. Organizational pluralism, public order, story. Prescriptions cannot be the same for all countries.
strengthening of institutions, public – private Let us take here the clear example of poor and developing
partnerships, strong constitutionalism, empowerment of states. The social responsibilities of governments in such
people in equitable modes, ensuring of entitlements, states, where poverty obtains in a considerable measure,
sound financial management, democratic and where literacy rates are low, where people’s health and
administrative decentralization, voluntarism, health and nutritional status is poor, where very marked economic
education for all, induction and use of most modern and social disparities exist, and where democratic
technologies and affordable and prompt justice traditions have yet to get positively embedded at the
dispensing systems – these, among other things, are some grass root levels, are far more pervading than, say, in
of the important components of the emerging public advanced, developed democracies. Good government,
management model. in such cases, does not necessarily mean less government.
2. The link between good governance and What is certainly needed is good governance. Here, of
successful growth-cum-equity-oriented economic and course, a caveat may be added. Governments need not
social development has become increasingly evident do those things that people can do better by themselves.
through research and vast observational data. Whatever The essential duties of a government are to provide
be the political or economic choices made by the state, security, empowerment, voice, access and redressal to
good governance is the sine qua non of socially just and its citizens in open and accountable ways, ensure peace
economically progressive human development. and order, create conditions for acquisition of knowledge
and skills and their productive applications, provide for
What is Governance? people’s good health, for employment and
entrepreneurship and for equal opportunities of
3. According to UNDP, governance is defined as a advancement. Governments are expected to implement
complex of mechanisms, processes, relationships and what is called the social contract and deliver it at
institutions through which citizens and groups articulate economic costs, efficiently, humanely, without
their interests, exercise their rights and obligations and discrimination and within determined time frames.
mediate their differences. The World Bank has struck a Unfortunately, governments often tend to become
somewhat different note on this issue. According to world distant, sluggish, vast and much layered, proliferating
bank, governance is a way in which power is exercised and hierarchical organizations, with top-down work
in the management of economic and social resources of culture. They become secretive, more procedure and
a country, notably with the aim of achieving rule bound and less result oriented. They are subjected
development. The essential aspects of governance are: to pressures, manipulations and political compulsions.
(a) type of political regime, (b) authority exercising In the process they become less responsive, costly and
processes for achieving chosen social and economic goals poorly performing. The critical question is how can
and (c) capacity of the governmental system to formulate
161 Governance and Human Development

governance be made performing, caring, equity-led, underway and it received a vigorous, path-breaking and
open and outcome – oriented. These are the important crisis responding push in 1991 when a liberalized
questions that need to be asked and answered. economic model was adopted. Industry was delicensed.
Tariffs in respect of excise and customs were
International Debate rationalized. Entry of foreign capital and investments
5. Nearly two and a half decades ago, when the was opened up. The historic 73rd and 74th Constitutional
so-called Washington Consensus on international Amendments (1992) recognized local bodies as
economic reforms was forged, the need for quality institutions of self-governance. The liberalization
governance was conspicuously absent from it. Instead, process got accelerated. By late 90s, the dominant
the World Bank and IMF specialists emphasized pro- thinking amongst the highest political, economic and
market policies, outward-oriented economic approaches, administrative echelons was that of co-operative
free trade and prudent management of public finances. federalism, of a sustained liberalization policy, of
institutional empowerment of people through devolution,
This set of propositions turned out to be insufficient as
delegation and decentralization, of fiscal stabilization
the rich-poor divide, internationally, became more
and of effective administrative reforms. The areas of
accentuated. The policy makers then took a fresh look
concern included openness, responsiveness and
and realized that institutions of governance were critical
accountability in governance, minimizing of corruption,
for economic reforms, for accelerating growth and for
making decentralization more effective, expanding the
reducing inequities. The debate on governance reforms
areas and scope of social justice, deeper concerns for
was gaining global attention in the late nineteen nineties.
citizens’ rights, removal of economic and gender
A Commission on Global Governance was proposed. The
inequities, constitutional, judicial and electoral reforms,
key idea thrown up in this wide based, recurring debate
and reforms of civil services at all levels. The National
was that, “each country is responsible for its own growth
Agenda of 1999 spoke of the ‘political age of
and equity by observing macro-economic discipline, fair
reconciliation’ and ‘consensual mode of governance’.The
and effective governance and development of human Common Minimum Programme of 2004 emphasized,
capital” (emphasis added). Values, ethics and social among other things, social harmony, enforcement of law,
responsibility were stressed not only for governments enhancement of the welfare of farmers and weaker
but also for businesses, industries and the corporate sections, children and women’s development, health and
world. It was accepted that core values of integrity, education, democratic decentralization, removal of
equity, impartiality and efficiency must be adhered to infrastructure gaps, employment, the unleashing of the
and achieved through transformations in governance. ‘creative energies of entrepreneurs, businessmen,
Maintenance of policy and coherent action, citizen scientists, engineers and all other professionals and
engagement, adoption of best practices, use of productive forces of the society’ and, importantly,
information and communication technologies (ICT), governance reforms. A Fiscal Responsibility law was
human capital development and democratic enacted in 2003, followed by the Employment Guarantee
decentralization in empowered modes – these were some Act of 2005 and the landmark Right to Information law
of the identified key areas of action where innovations of 2005. A Second Administrative Reforms Commission
were needed and new paths had to be carved. Carrying was appointed. The electoral law was amended and
forward the debate, Osborne & Gaebler (1992) came up directions were issued by the highest court in the country
with the proposition that, in view of great increase in regarding police reforms. The Malimath Committee on
the functions and responsibilities of governments, it was Criminal Justice System Reforms came up with its
necessary to shift course and make them “flexible, comprehensive report and recommendations which are
adaptable, open, citizen-focused and informed by yet to be implemented. The use of ICT in governmental
efficiency, economy, equity and compassion”. This and non-governmental (industries, businesses,
suggestion is much more valid for developing and poor educational institutions, banks, etc.) expanded
countries where, what is required is not less government geometrically.
but better government because the social and economic 7. The reform process is afoot with a galloping
– obligations of such state are far more pervasive. pace. The result, in overall terms, has been higher
economic growth. But, there is much that remains to be
India’s Response done to make development a reality for all, especially
6. When India became independent it chose the weak and the poor. Economic growth in truth has
parliamentary democracy as the mode of its polity. We not yet become inclusive. Nearly one fourth of India
started with a mixed economy model that was still lives below the poverty line. Economic and social
underpinned by strong foundations of central planning (also gender) inequities still abound. Nearly one third of
and a powerful, commanding public sector. This model Indian people cannot read or write. Food security for all
did not deliver either growth or equity in the required is yet to be achieved. Malnutrition, particularly of women
measure. In the 1980s a shift towards liberalization got and children, pervades. Health and education indicators

are improving but very slowly. Potable drinking water, of management education based on our own social and
sanitation, electricity on demand, social security, work cultural attributes. The ideas and models that have been
for all (employment or self-employment), citizens’ developed to deal with more universal management
perception of safety and security, effective self- situations will need to be modified. I would caution
governance and empowerment, quick and affordable against adopting a ‘helicopter’ model in taking modern
dispensation of justice – these are some of the basic management practices to rural areas. Grass root
objectives of good governance that still remain to be experience should inform management concepts, so that
achieved in any substantial measure. new management techniques can transform grass root
practices” (Economic Times 09.12.06). Addressing senior
Eleventh Plan Approach Paper on Governance most bureaucrats at the Awards of Excellence in Public
8. The Eleventh Plan’s duration has begun. The Administration function in New Delhi, as recently as on
nation, it is claimed, is poised on a high growth path but 21.04.07, the Prime Minister said again, “Civil servants
that endeavour has to be informed by equity. That would have to shift from being controllers to facilitators and
require distinctly improved governance. The Eleventh from being providers to enablers…….. I view the reform
Plan Approach Paper of the Planning Commission (2006), of government as a means of making citizens central to
as approved by the NDC, has stressed this need in no all government activities”. Reforms in administration
uncertain terms. It says: would actually imply allowing people to play a bigger
role in decision – making, added the Prime Minister with
“All our efforts to achieve rapid and inclusive emphasis. Civil servants must become agents of change
development will only bear fruit if we can ensure good and master new technologies and new styles of
governance both in the implementation of public functioning in order to play that role.
programmes and in government’s interaction with
ordinary citizens. Corruption is now seen to be endemic II. Governance Reform Responses in Uttar
in all spheres of life and this problem needs to be urgently
Pradesh
redressed. Better design of projects, implementation
mechanisms and procedures can reduce the scope for 11. Following policy changes at the Centre in
corruption. Much more needs to be done both by the economic and fiscal domains, the 73rd and the 74th
Centre and the States to lessen the discretionary power Constitutional Amendments recognizing local bodies as
of government, ensure greater transparency and institutions of self governance with listed functional
accountability, and create awareness amongst citizens. assignments, the ongoing national debate on improving
The Right to Information Act empowers the people to the systems of public administration and the important
demand improved governance and, as government, we Chief Minister’s Conference of 1998 convened by the
must be ready to respond to this demand. Centre, an assessment was made towards the end of the
last decade by the U.P. State Government of the factors
Quick and inexpensive dispensation of justice is
that were impinging negatively on economic growth and
an aspect of good governance which is of fundamental
also giving rise to increasing fiscal difficulties. A
importance in a successful society………… Justice delayed
diagnostic appraisal brought out the following
is justice denied. Delays cost money and, therefore, it
weaknesses:
is impossible for the poor to access justice. Fundamental
reforms are needed to give justice two essential (a) Weak governance that manifested itself in poor
attributes: speed and affordability”. service delivery.
9. The Approach Document also stresses, amongst (b) Excessive regulation in some areas and lack of
other things, improvement of delivery systems, removal regulation in others. Uncoordinated public
of poverty, use of modern and cutting edge technologies spending.
in project planning and implementation, e-Governance, (c) Lack of transparency, accountability and
balanced regional growth, environmental sustainability, responsiveness in public services. Growing
high growth rate (9%) with equity, inclusive development, corruption.
infrastructural improvements, health and education for
(d) Poor financial management. High fiscal and
all, employment creation, gender balancing and effective
revenue deficits forcing the State to resort to
monitoring of outcomes instead of outlays and
imprudent debt financing. Poor tax/GSDP ratio.
expenditures. Most of these objectives are clearly related
High cost of governance. Poor expenditure
to human development and removal of inequalities.
efficiency and treasury control.
10. Recently, the Prime Minister of India, Dr. Man (e) Low levels of human development.
Mohan Singh, in an address at the Indian School of
Business underlined the need for an Indian Model of (f) Loss making, overstretched and non-performing
Management. He said, “Even as we learn from the West public sector undertakings that constituted heavy
and the East, we must try to evolve our own paradigms financial burden on the State’s exchequer.

(g) Serious bottlenecks relating to infrastructure, both (iii) More functions and powers were decentralized to
social and physical, Panchayati Raj bodies but this process,
(h) Poor grievance redressal, unfortunately, got reversed in subsequent years.
This amounted to reform retrogation.
(i) Obsolescence of many old laws,
(iv) Each service providing department/agency was
12. In November, 1998, the Poverty Reduction and
required to prepare and disseminate widely Citizen
Economic Management Unit (South Asia. Region) of the
Charters that would indicate, in clear terms, the
World Bank brought out a report about the fiscal crisis
kind of service available, its quality, price, location
faced by U.P. Sensing the acute financial crisis facing
and the grievance removal system set-up.
the State, the Government brought out a White Paper in
Unfortunately, again, such Charters have remained
1998-99 calling for quick and multiple responses to
only as paper announcements without having been
correct the situation. In March 2000, GOUP came out
effectively operationalized.
with a Policy Paper on Reforms in Governance that,
importantly, sought to redefine the government. It came (v) GOUP initiated the “U.P. Fiscal Reform and Public
out with a paradigm shift while stating that “the role of Sector Restructuring Programme”. A key step in
the State Government will progressively change with less this respect was the preparation of Medium Term
emphasis on direct provision of goods and services and Fiscal Policy (MTFP) that was placed before the
more on setting policy, contracting out, mandating, State Legislature.
regulating, facilitating or financing economic and social (vi) Power Sector reforms constituted a high thrust
services through private sector”. Deregulation and policy area. A new State Power Policy was
divestment were identified as thrust areas for which high formulated in 2003 consequent upon coming into
level bodies (High Powered Deregulation Committee and effect the new Central Electricity Act of the same
Divestment Commission) were set up. The essential year. The U.P. Electricity Reforms Act 1999 was
strategies included: (a) Role redefinition of the enforced from January 14th 2000. Earlier, the U.P.
Government, (b) Bringing transparency and Electricity Regulatory Commission had been set
accountability to government functioning by increasing up in 1998. A strong Anti-Electricity Theft law was
people’s access to information, (c) Quick grievance promulgated. The UPSEB was unbundled but this
removal and vigorously combating corruption, (d) process has remained incomplete even as of now.
Renewal of civil services through right-sizing, (vii) One of the most important measures taken in 2004
restructuring and strict performance appraisals, (e) was the enactment of the U.P. Fiscal Responsibility
Institutional as well as administrative decentralization, and Budget Management law, the main objectives
(f) Financial management reforms, (g) Public of which are to induct strict fiscal management
participation in governance through voluntary action principles and bring about transparency in financial
mobilization, etc. The policy document also spelt out matters.
the government’s intention to bring down its personnel
numbers by 2% a year till 2004, constitute Policy Planning (viii) The treasury system in the State was computerized
Cells (PPCs) in all departments, develop and implement right down from the State to the district level.
organizational performance indicators, give high priority (ix) In many areas, the State Government developed
to HRD issues like training, tenure security and transfer new policies and institutional arrangements like
norms, and modernize office technology in terms of the setting up of the Udyog Bandhu, Avas Bandhu
computerization, e-Governance and quick and similar other one-window systems. Some of
communication systems. Sound financial management, the important policy areas covered were
budgeting and expenditure reforms and effective population, agriculture, forestry, water
auditing were the other needed intervention areas management, road development, PSUs, public
flagged. services, information technology uses,
13. Following the announcement of the new computerization, industrial development, housing,
Governance Policy (2000), many consequential measures etc.
were taken by the State Government. Some of these are (x) For bringing about transparency executive orders
listed below by way of illustration: were issued for providing access to public
(i) A ban on recruitment of government staff was put documents with suitable exceptions listed. A Right
in place so as to move towards right-sizing through to Information law has since been enacted by the
the normal attrition processes. Central Government that has become operative
w.e.f. 12.10.05 and is applicable to all States. This
(ii) High level bodies for divestment, deregulation and is a powerful law that makes citizens’ access to
expenditure efficiencies were constituted who public information a right, barring certain specified
submitted their reports and recommendations. exceptions.

14. The above steps are only a few typical (k) In case of urban local bodies (ULBs) rule making
examples of policy and legal initiatives taken by the State powers have been delegated to Divisional
Government following the announced Governance Policy Commissioners in respect of Nagar Panchayats
of 2000. Other steps have, in one form or the other, (NPs) and Nagar Palika Parishads (NPPs). Financial
covered areas like public health, education, rural powers of the Chairpersons of NP/NPPs and of
employment, social welfare, poverty alleviation, Nagar Ayukts have been enhanced. Area-based self-
women’s empowerment, sustainable land / water assessment of property tax has been introduced
management, etc. in Nagar Nigams in the first phase.
15. Many other measures have since been taken (l) The policy of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)
by the State Government, in recent years, to carry has been accepted and adopted by the State
forward the reforms agenda. Some of these, as Government in various forms in areas like
mentioned in the Annual State Plan documents, may be infrastructure, providing of services, etc.
briefly mentioned here: (m) Many reforms have been introduced in the power
(a) The empowerment of PRIs, “to decide taxes, duties sector. In this sector the initiatives taken in recent
and tolls for which Panchayats will be authorized”. years (from 1998 onwards) have been important
(b) Drinking water and sanitation schemes (270) have and, in some ways, path breaking. The UP
been transferred to Gram Panchayats for O & M. Electricity Reforms Act was passed in 1999. Earlier,
the State Regulatory Commission for Electricity was
(c) Functions of 9 Departments are said to have been
set up in 1998. UPSEB was unbundled into three
transferred to Gram Panchayats with fund transfers
companies and KESA transferred to a corporate
in respect of 6 and functionary transfers in respect
entity in 2003. An Electricity Anti-theft law was
of 5 departments. This, too, is an area for
adopted in 2002 and four DISCOMs set up in 2003
verification.
to take care of electricity distribution in the whole
(d) GPs are required to prominently display all vital State. In 2003-04 UPSEB loans of Rs.12277 crore
information regarding funds received by them were written off by the State Govt. and share
under different heads, works completed and funds capital of Rs.5906 crore provided for generation
utilized, for public information. companies. The State Govt. committed itself to
(e) Access to information in the PRI system is now making yearly contributions to Pension Trust Funds
mandated to be ensured by the Right to of power companies. It also took over a liability
Information law of 2005. of Rs.1634 crore relating to provident fund of the
power sector staff. More recently several large
(f) Under the National Rural Health Mission, Village
sized power projects have been assigned to private
Health Committees are being entrusted with
entrepreneurs and Power Purchase Agreements
implementation responsibilities. Similarly Village
(PPAs) signed with them in 2006.
Education Committees (VECs) have been
constituted to oversee the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. (n) New policies were developed for sectors like
Agriculture, Energy, Road Development, Health,
(g) Training and capacity building programmes for PRIs
Population, Industrial and Services Sector
are being strengthened and expanded and an
Investments, ICT Applications, Water Management,
independent State Level Training Centre is being
etc. to give a push to the pace of development
set up.
and also introduce a degree of regulation as
(h) It has been decided to computerize all Gram needed.
Panchayats with population of 5000 or more in the
(o) Public enterprises have historically been a drain
first phase. The objective is to introduce IT enabled
on the State. To address the problem a reform
e-Governance in the entire PRI system in a phased
policy for this sector was evolved and adopted in
manner.
2000. Loss making PEs were closed. VRS was
(i) Maintaining of accounts by PRIs on standardized introduced in many cases. The number of PEs had
formats and audit by chartered accountants has come down very substantially to 37 by 2003-04.
been made compulsory.
(j) The State Government has taken an important III. Fiscal Scenario and Reforms
decision to constitute District Planning Committees 16. Uttar Pradesh was a revenue surplus
as per provision of 73 rd & 74th constitutional State till about 1987. Thereafter, for more than a decade
amendments. The district planning committees and a half, the fiscal situation progressively deteriorated
have been subsequently constituted and elections (see Chapter 1, Section IX). Revenue deficit, that was
are underway to select the members of DPC as Rs.1149 crore in 1993-94, rose of Rs.5117 crore in 2002-
provided in District Planning Committee Act-1999. 03. Gross fiscal deficit climbed from Rs.3166 crore in

1993-94 to Rs.9497 crore in 2002-03. Correspondingly, been wiped out and a revenue surplus of Rs.1123 crore
the debt burden shot up, too, from Rs.36145 crore in is envisaged for 2006-07. The interest ratio has taken a
1997-98 (31.2% of GSDP) to Rs.1,26,526 crore in 2005-06 steep and healthy plunge from 31% in 2001-02 to 17% in
(49.2% of GSDP). In the nineties, a persistently mounting 2006-07. The State’s own tax-GSDP ratio has moved up
fiscal crisis situation developed in the State. In 1998-99 from 5.7% in 2001-02 to 8.2% in 2006-07. The debt burden
a White Paper was issued by the State Government is, however, still very heavy at Rs.1,37,915 crore (B.E.
outlining the critical dimensions of the situation with a 2006-07), though its ratio to the State’s GSDP is expected
view to creating public awareness and, consequently, a to fall from 50.2% in 2004-05 to 47.9% in 06-07. There
climate for reforms. A Medium Term Fiscal Reforms Policy are still some areas of concern. The cost of governance
(MTFRP) was tabled in the State Legislature in 2000-01 is even now high. The liability of pay, pension and interest
and a Medium Term Fiscal Framework (MTFP), which was put together stands at Rs.33,338 crore (BE 2006-07) which
later revised in 2003-04, was developed. It laid down constitutes 60.7% of the State’s total revenue
milestones for reduction of fiscal and revenue deficits, expenditure. Though this percentage has also been
for expenditure saving and its efficient management, falling in recent years but it is still high as of now. There
and for effective audit functions. In 2004, the State is much scope for widening the tax and non-tax base for
enacted its Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management improving resources. At the same time better accounting
law which, again, laid down clear time lines for reducing oversight, audit and expenditure control can make every
fiscal deficit, eliminating revenue deficit and bringing rupee go further to reach the real benefits to the citizen.
down the debt burden of the State to 25% of its GSDP by 18. Many other steps have been taken for improving
2018. Simultaneously, the Central Government, at the the fiscal management in the State. The computerization
instance of the 12th Finance Commission, took many steps of treasuries up to the district level is a good
for improving State finances. High interest bearing State achievement. Computerization of departmental accounts
loans were to be swapped for lower interest borrowings up to the drawing / disbursing officer level, which is
with longer rescheduled return durations. Central essential for further improving financial management,
devolution to States was increased to 30.5%. A special is yet to be achieved. There is also need for setting up a
debt write-off scheme for States linked to fiscal reforms well staffed and competent Cash and Debt Management
was introduced. The State Government also tightened Wing in the Finance Department.
its tax collection machinery and, in some ways, expanded
the tax base. All these steps and others, put together, 19. The process of budgeting has to undergo many
have very considerably improved the fiscal situation in corrections and improvements. The budget calendar
U.P. (Table 8.1). needs changing to ensure proper pre-budget scrutiny of
SNDs. The size of supplementary demands has been
17. As would be clear from Table 8.1, there has ballooning making the very process of budgeting
been a marked turn around in many fiscal indicators. dimensionally inaccurate and adhoc. The phenomenon
The balance from current revenue which was minus of multiple supplementary budgets in the same financial
Rs.5456 crore in 2001-02 has got converted into plus year does not reflect healthy financial discipline. The
Rs.5543 crore as per BE 2006-07. Revenue deficit has Contingency Fund Management also needs correction.
Table 8.1: Indicators of U.P.’s Fiscal Health in Recent Years
Indicator 2001-02 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

(Actual) (Actual) (R.E.) (B.E.)
1. Balance from Current -5456 -5409 +279 +5543

Revenues (BCR) in Rs. crore
2. Interest Ratio (%) 31 30 21 17
3. Total tax receipts/GSDP ratio (%) 11.3 13.4 14.8 15.5
4. States’ Own Tax Income/GSDP ratio (%) 5.7 7.0 7.7 8.2
5. Capital Outlays/ Capital Receipts ratio (%) 32 32 74 93
6. Debt/GSDP ratio (%) 44 50.2 49.2 47.9
7. Revenue Deficit in Rs. crore 6181 6993 3132 -1123
8. Fiscal Deficit in Rs. crore 9898 12998 13168 12712
9. Revenue Deficit/Fiscal Deficit ratio (%) 62.5 53.8 23.8 -8.8
Source: Budget Documents of U.P. Government.

The PLA and DCL arrangements have been curbed but must be subject to law equally, without exception.
not phased out wholly. Budget releases are, even now, Infractions must be penalized – promptly, openly and
not spread out to harmonize revenue inflows and fairly.
expenditure streams. The tendency to incessantly draw 22. Development planning, in order to succeed,
down the public account is by no means a prudent fiscal requires peace and order. This is surely an important
path either. aspect of good governance that demands both urgent
20. Transparency in budget preparation, attention and action. Some efforts in this direction have
decentralization of financial powers, computerization been made but much more remains to be done. It is the
of accounts across the board with horizontal and vertical perception of the citizen, in safety and security contexts,
electronic network connectivity, a law on procurement that matters most. Some recent reported figures about
and awarding of contracts, phasing out of State the incidence of main crimes in the State would be
guarantees on various types of loans raised by non- relevant here (Table 8.2).
governmental bodies, and making of concurrent and post- 23. As the table indicates that there has been fall
audit arrangements more effective are some of the other in the incidence of main crimes except in the case of
matters that demand urgent attention in financial dowry deaths but these figures do not reflect the crimes
management improvement contexts. There is also need that are simply not registered. The number of crimes
for greater legislative oversight on public expenditure. against SC / ST have gone up considerably, from 2,690 in
Another matter that demands a quick look is the burden 2004 to 4,104 in 2006, which is a matter of concern.
of pensions (Rs.4541 crore in BE 2006-07) which is steadily Similarly, crimes against women have also increased from
rising. A solution to this problem has to be found or else 13,756 in 2004 to 14,925 in 2006. There have been sharp
this escalating burden may be difficult to bear in the rises in excise and essential commodities related
coming years. registered cases. Recovery of explosives has shown over
a hundred fold rise. The number of illegal country arms
IV. Rule of law factories detected nearly doubled from 612 in 2004 to
21. For a fair and just society to sustain itself, an 1,188 in 2006. More encounters with militants, dacoits
elemental need is the Rule of Law. The question that and Naxalites have been reported in 2006 than in 2004.
crops up often in public debate, particularly in the In 2006, under IPC 118,195 cases were reported and in
context of human development, social equity and 69% of these cases charge sheets are said to have been
disposition of political and economic power, is whether filed by 31.12.06. The figures for 2006 also indicate that
rule of law obtains. The social and political reality is stolen property was valued at Rs.92.11 crore and 42.6%
that respect for law has dwindled. For good and citizen- of it is reported to have been recovered.
friendly governance, restoration of the rule of law is a 24. Naxalism is on the rise, particularly in the
dire need of the time. Laws must respond to changing eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, infiltration of
social and economic situations. Laws must be unsocial elements from Nepal border is yet another
administered impartially. All, including the powerful, problem facing the State. In the area of policing several
Table 8.2: Incidence of Main Crimes in Uttar Pradesh (2004-2006)
S.No. Type of Crime 2006 2005 2004 Changes from Changes from
2005 to 2006 (%) 2004-2006(%)
1. Dacoities 105 220 269 -52% -61%

2. Loot 1625 1838 2126 -12% -24%
3. Murders 5482 5790 6143 -5% -11%
4. Riots 3420 3913 3834 -13% -11%
5. Trespass 3622 3740 4463 -3% -19%
6. Road Hold ups 6 7 7 -14% -14%
7. Ransom 109 141 224 -23% -51%
8. Dowry Deaths 1795 1552 1673 -16% 7%
9. Rapes 1161 1186 1343 -2% -14%
10. Total IPC 118195 117748 125380 0.38% -6%
Source: Director General of Police, U.P.

reform measures are needed. The Soli Sorabji Committee scope of summary procedures, plea bargaining,
appointed by the Central Government (Police Act Drafting compounding, eliminating unending adjournments, wide
Committee – PADC) has given many valuable suggestions use of ICT and computerization in courts, etc.
for empowering the police, for redefining
superintendence, performance, evaluation and training, V. Combating Corruption
for insulation of the force from extraneous influences, 27. Corruption is a great enemy of human
for improving of capabilities and working conditions, etc. development. It is both a menace and a challenge. Nearly
The Supreme Court, in 2006, laid down a road map for two centuries ago Edmund Burke observed, “Among the
police reforms which, inter alia, covers the setting up people generally corrupt, liberty cannot long exist”.
of National and State Security Commissions, fixed tenures When, during the Second World War, France fell to
for DGPs / IGs / DIGs / SPs and SHOs, separation of law Germany, the renowned French thinker, Romain Rolland,
and order and investigation wings, etc. Then, there is said with anguish, “France fell because there was
the justice Malimath Commission Report of 2003 which corruption without indignation”. This is, by and large,
has many valuable suggestions for improving policing and the situation confronting us in the country and in the
the criminal justice system. These are land mark State. The fact of the matter is that, in many ways, the
directions and recommendations and it is for the politico-administrative realm has disconnected itself
respective governments to implement them in the from the moral realm. The virus of corruption has spread
interest of improving the internal security environment through out the social, economic, administrative and
in the country and in the States and citizen perception political fabric of the State. Mass culture has evolved
of safety and order. and grown. Power has glamour, clout, immunity. It
25. A word about human rights would be legitimizes, per se, its claimed achievements whether
appropriate here. In 2003-04 and 2004-05, the highest these have materialized or not, with disdain for the
numbers of complaints about the infraction of such rights common man. Corruption has become an easy means to
that were received by the National Human Rights achieving wealth and power. In the process, to an extent,
Commission were from U.P. The State Human Rights the servants of the state have become, or are being
Commission (SHRC), according to its annual report of treated, as servants of powers that be. Transparency
2003-04, registered 5829 cases in that year, of which International ranked India 70th amongst nearly 100
4896 were disposed of. The maximum number (1593) countries evaluated in 2006 and its corruption perception
emerged from Lucknow Division and the minimum (53) index was 3.3 on a score range of 0-10. In a 7000 company
from Saharanpur Division. The largest proportion of these survey carried out by the global consultancy firm, Grant
cases related to the Police Department. The SHRC has Thornton, in 2006, 34% of Indian companies found red-
complained of non cooperation by Government tapism to be the single biggest constraint for expansion.
Departments and inordinate delays in the compliance of In a 2005 countrywide survey carried out by Times of
it’s orders. For protecting the rights of vulnerable India, 60% of the respondents said corruption was the
sections of the society, several other Commissions have most serious problem that India faced.
been set up in U.P., viz., SC and ST Commission, Minorities 28. Robert Klitgaard, a noted international
Commission, Women's Commission and Backward Classes consultant has briefly outlined the four components of
Commission. These are statutory bodies which have an ‘Anti-Corruption Strategy’, namely, punish some major
important functions in the area of protecting the rights offenders; involve the people in diagnosing corrupt
and promoting the interests of these sections. These systems; focus on prevention by repairing corrupt
bodies have to be strengthened and empowered so that systems; and, reform incentives. The anti-corruption
they can perform their functions more effectively. strategy of State Government will need to be formulated
26. The other side of the law and order coin is the keeping in mind the aforesaid components. Corruption
administration of justice which, unfortunately, has needs to be curbed with a firm hand. It is possible to do
become highly dilatory, expensive and unaffordable for so by acting simultaneously on many fronts. Some specific
the common citizen. If justice becomes difficult to access suggestions are proffered here:
from the judicial fora, it is sought, many a time, to be I. Strict action against ‘big fish’ to denote State’s
had on the street leading to breakdown of the rule of commitment to ‘zero tolerance’ of corruption: This
law which is counterproductive for human development. would involve quickly sanctioning prosecution of
Delay in the administration of justice is a critical issue public servants in cases where anti-corruption
that has to be addressed with dispatch. Many steps are agencies have sought permission for the same.
needed which, among others, would include improving Recently it has come to light that State
and expediting investigations, increasing the number of Government had not issued sanction for
courts, introducing double shifts, decentralization of the prosecution in over 750 cases and the Government
dispensing of justice, re-energizing and widening the role was goaded into belated action at the instance of
of Lok Adalats and the Legal Aid System, enhancing the the High Court. Likewise, officers charge sheeted

in cases under Prevention of Corruption Act must only when State Government begins to take
also not be allowed to hold any government post effective steps to arrest the demoralization that
till their names are cleared by the Court. Officers has set in among honest public servants by
of All India Services and other Provincial Service bestowing ‘suitable’ public award, posting them
Officers must not only be ‘clean’ but also beyond at positions where they can show their mettle and
suspicion. make a difference to the lives of ordinary people.
II. Involvement of people in catching the corrupt 29. Corruption is, indeed, a dangerous threat that
public servants: Strengthening of Vigilance and needs to be countered through all means available –
Anti-Corruption Machinery organizationally, social, political, legal, judicial, penal and administrative.
logistics-wise, authority-wise, skill-wise and It is caused and nurtured by multiple institutional
technology-wise is urgently required. They should failures, by the dwindling fear of law, by elections
also have high quality legal support and efforts becoming frighteningly costly, by growing consumerism
must be made to ensure fast track disposal of and cultural hedonism, by ostentatious life style and,
corruption cases in courts. There is also a need to importantly, by its social acceptance. The day society
strengthen the institution of Lok Ayukt at the State learns to look down upon corruption socially it would be
level. However, there should be a mechanism of the day when its palpable decline would begin.
involving the people in catching the corrupt public
servants as they are the ones who suffer the most Box 8.1
from corruption. This could involve independent Gulabi Brigade in Chitrakoot Dham Division
annual rating of Government Departments on
There has been an interesting development in
‘Transparency & Integrity Index’ by an independent
the last two years in the backward and poverty
non-governmental agency based on feedback from
stricken districts of Banda and Chitrakoot in Uttar
public, effectiveness of ‘anti-corruption’ measures
Pradesh. Groups of illiterate rural women have come
taken by the Department and level of transparency
together to oppose injustice, corruption and non-
in conducting Government business.
performance of duties by public servants. As reported
III. Prevention of corruption by carrying out ‘systemic in the local press, wherever members of this Brigade
reforms’: Prevent corruption rather than deal come to know about any wrong-doing, act of
mainly with its curative aspects only. This can be corruption by any public servant, they gather in a
done by adopting open, transparent and group, wear pink (gulabi) sarees and gherao the
decentralized systems of governance, by improving concerned public servant and do not lift the gherao
surveillance at all levels, by putting on the ground till their demands are fulfilled. The very presence of
a well-oiled, performing grievance removal the all-women group and the consequent publicity in
machinery, by adopting e-Governance through ICT media has instilled an element of fear among corrupt
utilization, by providing multiple-agency decision- public servants.
making through one-window systems, by actually
and effectively operationalizing Citizen Charters
to be provided and implemented by public service VI. Democratic Decentralization
providers, by convergence of delivery systems, by 30. In democracies the best government is that
really empowering PRIs / ULBs, and by enlisting which is nearest to the people. Use of local institutions,
media and NGO co-operation. Further, there should local knowledge, local empowerment, local decision-
be regular declaration of assets (both movable and making and local resources (supplemented by
immovable) by public servants with periodic appropriate resource transfers from higher levels of
verification on random basis. This data should also government) – these are, recognizably, some of the key
be placed on the web site as is presently being features of democratic decentralization. The Indian
done with the affidavits filed by contesting Constitution, for decades, recognized only two levels of
candidates by the Election Commission. government – the Centre and the State. Then came the
Government should also enact a whistle blowing landmark 73 rd and 74 th Amendments in 1992 that
law at the State level apart from legislation recognized PRIs / ULBs as institutions of self-governance
allowing forfeiture of property of corrupt public and provided detailed listings of their functional
servants. The Benami Transaction (Prohibition) Act assignments (Schedules 11 & 12). These listings, alas,
has been passed by the Parliament as far back as are as of now, only enabling and not mandatory. It is left
in 1988. Unfortunately, it has not yet been notified to State Governments to empower these bodies. The
for enforcement. This needs to be done without process and content, as well as pace of devolution which
delay. is the crux of power to local bodies are vested wholly
IV. Reform incentives to honest public servants: The with them. The subject of Panchayati Raj in included in
rot that has set in bureaucracy can be removed the State list of the 7th Schedule.

Panchayati Raj Institutions The situation at present is that, among 27 States, only 7
31. Panchayats in U.P. are still weak in terms of have devolved all 29 functions listed in Schedule 11 to
empowerment and in respect of functions, funds and Panchayats. Only Karnataka has reportedly handed over
functionaries. Following the enactment of the historical functionaries and funds to PRIs for all 29 subjects. In
73rd Constitutional Amendment, the State Government Kerala this number is 26 for all the three Fs. These two
set up the Bajaj Commission in 1994 to suggest measures States are already devolving nearly 34% and 40% of their
for strengthening the three tiered PRI system. respective State Annual Budgets to PRIs. What is required
Consequent upon the submission of its report, in 1999, is that GOUP must similarly articulate unambiguously
the Government introduced some important changes in the devolution of functions, finances and functionaries
the structuring and functions of PRIs. By executive orders to PRIs and should undertake comprehensive activity
it transferred functions of eleven departments and mapping for all the three tiers of these institutions.
functionaries of eight departments to Gram Panchayats 35. Only 14 States have so far constituted DPCs.
in 1999. The Adhyaksha of the Zila Panchayat was made Now U.P. has also operationalized this constitutional
the Chairperson of the DRDA as well of the ‘Sinchai provision. The Planning Commission has now mandated
Bandhu’. Kshetra Panchayats were entrusted with the for the Eleventh Plan that every Annual State Plan will
task of overseeing the implementation, monitoring and be a consolidation of Draft District Development Plans
evaluation of programmes related to rural development, prepared by respective DPCs. The Ministry of Panchayati
the responsibility of supervising primary health centres Raj (GOI) has launched two drives, viz. Panchayati Mahila
and veterinary hospitals at the block level and were asked Shakti Abhiyan (PMSA) and Panchayat Yuva Shakti
to maintain the government buildings and properties Abhiyan (PYSA) in collaboration with some State
transferred to them. The U.P. District Planning Governments to energize women and young people to
Committees Act, as mandated by the 74th Constitutional participate in overseeing the devolution of the three Fs
Amendment of 1992, was adopted seven year later in to PRIs and take an active interest in monitoring the
1999. It has now been given effect to in actuality. outputs and impacts of citizen related services. U.P.
32. There is a general feeling that the 73rd and Government should take full advantage of these drives
th
74 amendments have not been effective in U.P. in so as to strengthen the PRI system in the State in
enlarging the functional domain of rural PRIs in a governance as well as service delivery contexts.
meaningful way. The required measure of devolution of 36. The role of panchayats is expanding. It will
powers, functions and resources has not materialized in continue to do so in future, too. More and more resources
this State so far. The line departments and agencies, in will get transferred to them. The GOI has suggested that
most cases, continue to function on their own in respect PRIs should raise at least 20% of their budgets as their
of functions marked for PRIs. The fact that bureaucratic own revenues. According to the Central Task Force of
control over Panchayats continues in a large measure is officials in charge of PRIs in States, in 2004-05, the total
the ground reality. transfers to States under Centrally Sponsored, Centrally
33. The incompleteness of devolution becomes Assisted and the Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF)
manifest because the conformity laws only loosely state amounted to a massive total of Rs.62,674 crore. In the
the functions that stand devolved to PRIs without an country 2,33,699 Gram Panchayats were implementing
exact assignment of activities to be carried out at the more than 190 such schemes. In addition, there are
three tiers of these bodies. In other words the State devolutions from the Central and State Governments
Governments appear to be hesitant and tardy about (based on recommendations of respective Finance
notifying the activity mapping that would guide the Commissions) and own resources of PRIs. The sheer logic
devolution of functions to Gram, Kshetra and Zila of these developments is that capacity building of PRIs
Panchayats. At this point of time Kerala, Karnataka, West is must, a clear priority.
Bengal and Sikkim are reported to have made distinct 37. Unless empowered and participatory
progress in this direction. This is what should happen in decentralization is promoted with political and
Uttar Pradesh, too. The principle of subsidiarity ought administrative conviction and commitment, and
to guide the process. Anything that can be done at a concretized at the grass root level and peoples’
lower level of government should not vest in any higher institutions are restored, revitalized and strengthened
level. in terms of authority, organizational wherewithal and
34. Decentralization implies multiple types of resources, these bodies will remain disempowered and
devolution and delegation (the so called 3 Fs), namely, the task of inculcating a full sense of belonging in the
functions, functionaries and funds. But, that by itself, citizen, of removing of inequities and poverty, and of
is not enough. There is also a clear need for rights of reaching economic and social benefits to the common
local governments over those local resources that are man, specially the poor and the weak, will remain largely
critical for the livelihood and survival of rural people. unachieved.

Urban Local Bodies by improving financial management and collection
38. Over one-fifth of U.P. lives in urban locations. efficiencies, by promoting appropriate public-private
Over 37.5 million people live in 623 cities and towns. partnerships and by tapping institutional credit.
What is a matter of concern in human development terms 40. Urban governance is an issue of importance.
is that, over 9 million people live in urban slums. Their ULBs suffer from certain basic handicaps in this context.
economic and social problems are acute. They suffer They do not command adequate financial resources. They
severe deprivation and exclusion. They lack access, are subjected to rigid government control leaving them
shelter, education, public health cover, sanitation, little room for initiatives and innovations. They do not
potable water and livelihood means. have the managerial and organizational capacities to
39. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Uttar Pradesh are provide and deliver the growing needs of civic services
weak bodies in terms of resources, management and infrastructure. A host of Government Departments,
capacities and real functional devolution. Article 243-W agencies, parastatals and institutions perform some of
of the Constitution refers to the powers, authority and those very functions which should rightfully fall in the
responsibilities that the legislature of a State may by domain of ULBs. Thus, for example, we have the
law devolve upon municipal bodies. The functions listed Development Authorities, Jal Nigam, Jal Santhans, SPCB,
in Schedule 12 are wide-based and, inter alia, include the Town and Country Planning Department, SUDA and
urban planning (including town planning), regulation of others who are doing things which ULBs ought to do.
land use and construction of buildings, infrastructure, This confusing institutional overlapping diffuses
economic planning, slum improvement, health and responsibility, creates coordination problems and
sanitation, promotion of cultural and environmental well adversely impacts success of legitimate urban
being, etc. Following the 74th Constitutional Amendment, governance.
GOUP adopted the needed conformity legislation. The 41. The issue of the capacity of ULBs as instruments
Nagar Palika and Nagar Nigam related laws were of efficient delivery of services is germane to their
amended. The steps taken resulted in some managerial arrangements, technical capabilities and
improvements. The representation of weaker sections administrative competence. Urban governance is highly
got expanded and women got one third seats reserved complex in view of rapidly escalating demographic,
for them. Elections to chairpersons of these bodies were economic and commercial pressures on cities. At present,
now direct, based on universal adult franchise. The ULBs lack trained city managers, urban planners,
tenure of these bodies was safeguarded. Ward financial experts, health and environment specialists.
committees were constituted in cities of over three lakh At supervisory and para levels ULB staff is neither fully
population. The financial powers of Mukhya Nagar qualified nor trained for the tasks they are required to
Adhikaris (MNAS) and Chairpersons of NPPs/NPs were perform. HRD in these bodies is tragically a neglected
enhanced. Devolution to ULBs was raised to 7.5% of the area. While responsibilities, functions and tasks of ULBs
State’s tax income on the recommendations of the are becoming more and more complex, the capacities
Second State Finance Commission. These are some of of the personnel are not built to meet the growing
the pluses but, barring the mandatory provisions of the challenges. Similarly, training exposure to elected
74th Amendment and increased devolutions, the rest of representatives is wanting. A well staffed and equipped
what has been done so far has been insufficient for State Academy of Urban Administration with subsidiary
making ULBs really autonomous and performing regional units is the need of the day in order to increase
institutions of self-governance. The resource base of ULBs capacities and capabilities of ULBs in different fields
in the State is narrow. Tax and non-tax income is very and aspects of urban management.
limited (per capita own income of ULBs in U.P. was a 42. Citizen engagement in city/town management
mere Rs.51.29 in 1997-98 against the national average is by and large missing. Grievance removal is an
of Rs.290.03). By 1999-2000, 57.58% of total financial unattended area. These are serious gaps in urban
resources of Nagar Nigams came from State Finance governance that have to be addressed so that the quality
Commission recommended devolution. In respect of of urban life can improve, more particularly for the poor
Nagar Palikas own revenue constituted only 20.81% of and the slum dwellers, and clean city/town environments
their total financial resources (SFC based devolution are provided. Some of these gaps and action steps needed
contributing 71.5%). Tax and non-tax assessments are to address them are mentioned below:
often incomplete. Collection efficiencies are low. Not a
(i) Real empowerment of these bodies through
single ULB in the State has been able to get credit rating
governmental commitment,
for tapping institutional or bank finances. The need is to
improve ULB, resources through enhanced devolutions, (ii) Capacity building, HRD, resource mobilization and
by diversifying and deepening the existing tax and non- expenditure efficiency accompanied by
tax bases, by expanding their tax/non tax assignments, accountability and transparency at all levels,
by eliminating leakages, by rationalizing user charges, (iii) Active involvement and participation of citizens

in governance processes. Quick grievance removal functioning of the Government. It is only if the people
and effective use of Citizen Charters, know how the Government is functioning that they can
(iv) Quality services and facilities be made available fulfill the role that democracy assigns to them, and
to citizens at affordable prices so that cities/towns make democracy really a participatory democracy”. This
become environmentally benign and socially logical formulation by the highest court in the country
supportive, was precisely the rationale for a Right to Information
law but, unfortunately, it took nearly 25 years to be
(v) Enrichment of the socio-economic and cultural life formulated and enacted for the whole of the country in
of city/town dwellers. 2005.
43. Accountability to urban citizens can be
46. The movement for right to information in India
achieved also through decentralization of responsibilities
grew from grass root levels in Rajasthan in the nineties.
and involving people in monitoring the performance of
A group of activists organized a sit out in Beawar. A crowd
service providers. Citizen Report Cards (CRCs) can play
of villagers gathered for a Janasunwai (public hearing).
an important role in overseeing and measuring the
Villagers sought details of expenditure on public works
satisfaction of people about the quality and timeliness
sanctioned and executed through their Gram Panchayat.
of services provided by a municipal body or any other
The details of such funding and expenditure incurred
public agency including parastatals and other quasi-
were read out. Villagers complained that works
governmental organizations. CRC systems have already
undertaken as mentioned were either incomplete or not
been tried in cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Ahmedabad
executed at all. There was resistance in providing correct
and Hyderabad with varying results. On the whole, the
information. Then, suddenly, the powerful voice of a
results have been positive.
village woman, Nevathe Bhai, who grabbed the mike,
44. Cities are busy hives of economic and social rang loud and clear “Hamara Paisa, Hamara Hisaab”.
activities, of rapid technological changes and She effectually linked the right to information to
innovations, of educational, cultural and artistic livelihood. This was the seeding of a mass campaign that
development. At the same time, they face a variety of received wide based NGO support. The judiciary upheld
problems – heavy population pressures, incessant in- the people’s demand for public information. The
migration, crowding and traffic snarls, unemployment, movement snowballed and resulted in many States
poor infrastructure, sharp economic inequalities, tense enacting RTIs laws. Goa and Tamil Nadu became pioneers
living, high incidence of crime, sprawling slums, in this context in 1997. Seven other States followed suit
deteriorating environments, felt citizen insecurity and during 2002 to 2004. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
mounting social anomie. The challenges of urban was centrally enacted in 2004, but it never became
governance are more pronounced and acute. They operational. Finally, the Central Government introduced
demand urgent and special responses. a new RTI Bill in the Parliament on 23.12.2004 which got
converted into law in May, 2005.
VII. Right to Information 47. RTI-2005 is indeed a powerful and enabling
45. In open democratic systems transparency and law. It is a progressive, participative and, potentially,
accountability are the essential ingredients of good highly citizen-empowering piece of legislation. It covers
governance. Accountability is to be understood in terms the executive, judicial and legislative wings of the
of the discharging of the trust of public duty by public Central and State Governments, public institutions, and
agencies and public servants, of standards of even private bodies information from whom can be
performance and of the quality of security and of services accessed under a law in force by a public authority. The
delivered to citizens. All this is possible when people crux lies in sincerely, effectively and unreservedly
have access to information relating to the functioning implementing the law. It demands full political and
of public agencies. The people’s right to know has been administrative commitment at all levels of governance,
recognized by the higher courts as a fundamental right changed mind-sets and attitudes of officials and public
under articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution. According agencies, organizational support and honest
to the eminent jurist, Soli.J.Sorabjee, “Information is enforcement. There is, at the same time, need for wide-
power. And that is why every administration, whatever based awareness of the citizenry, specially the common
be its political colour, tries to withhold or manipulate man, the poor and the powerless, in respect of which
information. People need information to enforce the media, voluntary activist groups and civil society
accountability of their rulers”. More than two and a collectivities should and would have to play a vital role.
half decades ago, in 1980, the Supreme Court of India, 48. Information has been well recognized as power.
in its landmark judgement in S. P. Gupta’s case, ruled If those who govern or provide services and goods, and
that: “No democratic government can survive without citizens who are supposed to be the real beneficiaries
accountability, and the basic postulate of accountability of such arrangements, can share information freely,
is that people should have information about the openly and affordably, that would mean empowerment

of people. It has been rightly said that sunlight is, in the The proliferation problem, however, subsists even now.
long run, the best disinfectant. RTI means sunlight. With Some examples may be cited here to highlight the issue
this powerful piece of legislation now available to people and its implications.
and the complementary, as also hopefully concomitant, 51. In 1965, when Uttarakhand also was still a part
use of information and communication technologies and of U.P., the number of Secretaries in the Government
networked electronic connectivity for public was only 21 (there were no Principal Secretaries then).
accountability enforcement and in the providing of They were supported by 114 officers of Under Secretary
information as well as services, remarkable shifts are to Special Secretary level. By 2006, the number of
expected to take place in favour of citizen empowerment Principal Secretaries/Secretaries had gone up to over
in the country, and in U.P., too. These shifts will be from 90 and that of the other categories to over 360. The
secrecy and exclusion to openness and accessibility for number of sections in the Secretariat had risen from 251
people; from heavy, unwieldy and burdened paper-based to 385 during the same period. The number at officer
record-keeping, filing, and correspondence systems to level had increased by 33%. The number of the Heads of
digitized, computerized and readily accessible Departments (HODs) that was 70 in 1970s had also shot
information of diverse types; from over-layered up to more than 115.
hierarchies to networked and horizontal organizational
systems; from delayed or no responses to prompt access 52. A brief look at employee numbers would also
and replies; from the wielding of power through hiding be of interest here. In 1971, the number of government
information to empowerment through a clearly conferred employees was about 5.44 lakh. The number of
legal right with penalties for non-compliers; from sanctioned posts had shot up to about 10.78 lakh by 2005.
corruption-feeding ways of doing things to transparency GOUP’s total expenditure on salaries and allowances was
and accountability; from the darkness of status quo to Rs.130 crore in 1971; by 2004-05 it had shot up to Rs.8655
the sunlight of the new enabling law, and, to both crore. In 1971, cost per employee per year was Rs.2643.
commitment as also hope. This had ballooned to Rs. 1,04,850 a year by 2004-05.
Even if we apply the cost deflator in terms of the
49. In U.P. the State Commission on Information wholesale price index with 1970-71 as base year, the
was set up on 14th Sept. 2005. The Chief Information cost per employee has more than tripled in real terms.
Commissioner and 9 Commissioners have been appointed Pay and pension together constituted 43.1% of the State’s
so far. The results of this set-up have begun to emerge. revenue expenditure in 2004-05. By 2006-07 it was
Instructions have been issued to all public authorities to expected to very marginally fall to 42.1%, which is still
make 16 manuals related to proactive disclosure of quite high.
information under the section 4(1)(b) of Right to
53. The second aspect of the personnel size and
information Act, 2005 and also upload manuals on
cost is its productivity. This is yet another area of
Internet. RTIA is an evolving law and, in time, its benefits
concern. Wide spread absenteeism in the field staff and
to the society will be considerable. The important needs
rising pendency of matters and references at most levels
for its effective and successful implementation are (a)
of governmental organizations and agencies are clear
training and motivation of the personnel of government
signs of low productivity and poor quality of services
departments, public agencies, institutions, service
rendered to citizens. These are issues that need to be
providers, PSUs, local bodies, etc., (b) organizing
addressed through cost control, sound performance
information by all such establishments/bodies in a
appraisals, induction of modern technologies to expedite
computerized form for easy and quick electronic
office processes, carefully devised incentive and
accessibility, (c) equipping these bodies with
disincentive systems for the personnel and much greater
computerization and connectivity facilities, (d) ensuring
attention to training, skill development and motivational
effective enforcement and (e) enlisting the co-operation
programmes for officers as also staff at all levels.
and assistance of voluntary groups and community
collectivities to play awareness-spreading and advocacy
roles.
IX. Delivery Systems and Need for Convergence
54. If governance at the tool-meets-object level
VIII. Proliferation and Productivity is to improve, which is undeniably the most critical level,
and benefits of development and anti-poverty
50. An important governance issue is related to its
programmes reach to those who need these most, it is
costs and the organizational efficiency of people manning
the delivery systems that need to be tightened up and
the government machinery at different levels. Keeping
vastly improved. Most development programmes
a firm check on proliferation of government departments
launched at considerable costs and with lot of enthusiasm
and agencies is an accepted policy of GOUP. In fact it
flounder for lack of properly worked out delivery systems.
had agreed to reduce its personnel by 2% a year in its
negotiations with the World Bank and this announcement 55. Government and its agencies deliver various
formed a part of the State’s Governance Policy of 2000. types of programmes, services, materials, benefits,

facilitation subsidies, subventions, scholarships, certain selected areas of district administration,
pensions, credit, etc. to people. These can relate to the services online available being, (i) Land records
physical infrastructure like roads, power, irrigation, (ii) Public grievance redressal (iii) Tender forms,
housing, drinking water, transportation communications, (iv) Arms license applications status and (v) EPF
etc. In the social infrastructure areas services could accounts of basic education teachers. The solution
include education, health, family welfare, nutrition, is targeted at 3.6 million citizens residing in Sitapur
children and women’s welfare, specially targeted district. Lokvani is an autonomous registered
programmes for marginalized groups, etc. Other types society. The system operates through 42
of deliveries could include credit, public distribution, electronically networked and uniformly distributed
procurement, subsidies, input supplies, financial Kiosk Centres spread out in the district owned by
assistance, technology transfers, etc. These are just some private entrepreneurs who operate as Lokvani’s
sample sets of activity types. An efficient delivery system franchisees. Kiosk operators are earning extra
requires convergence of related facilities, services, staff, money, besides their regular income. Till July,
institutional arrangements, materials and input supplies, 2005, 28,923 quarries or complaints were received
credit and other assistance-disbursing arrangements, of which 24,920 had been disposed of. Many
facilities for deposit of tax, non-tax and user charge dues, improvements are still to be made about quality
knowledge transfer, and a host of similar other of disposal and the adequacy of back office support
components. but, Lokvani, on the whole, has been a good
56. A few examples of delivery systems in the State initiative. which may nationally recognized. To an
are given below to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. extent it has shown that low computer literacy
rates and financial constraints are not
(i) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan: Decentralized participation insurmountable barriers for implementing a
is the key driving element of the Sarva Shiksha citizen-oriented e-Governance project.
Abhiyan (SSA) which, in common parlance, is the
roll out of a massive governmental push for (iii) Agricultural Support System: Agriculture sector of
universalization of primary education. The Village the State’s economy has been experiencing a
Education Committees (VECs) are intended, in this worryingly low rate of growth in recent years. The
scheme, to be the mechanisms through which National Commission on Farmers, in its recent
public funds for education services are to flow to reports, has highlighted the difficulties faced by
the village. The delivery paradigm is built around this sector of the economy. The crucial sources of
(a) people’s participation at the local level, (b) growth of agriculture, it is well known, are land
local agency (VEC), (c) improved service delivery and water management (irrigation, balanced use
and (d) improved outcomes. Independent surveys of ground and surface water, protection and
reveal several deficiencies in the implementation improvement of soil quality and fertility),
of the programme and its outcomes. A survey was technology (farm level proven research and
carried out in four selected blocks of Jaunpur extension), good seeds, packages of practices,
district in early 2005 by Pratham, MIT (J-PAL) and inputs, credit, plant protection, diversification,
the World Bank to asses how SSA is being run and safe storage, marketing, post-harvest value
what is the performance of VECs. The results of additions and further enhancing of incomes through
the survey are highly disappointing. Close to 70% allied activities like animal husbandry,
of children at the age of 8 could not read simple horticulture, poultry, etc. All these activities
text. This number is 50% at age 10 and 30% at age constitute systems that are related to supply
12. The story was similar for maths and writings. factors, demand driven higher value returns, and
Fifty percent of children at age 10 could not write institutions for better delivery systems.
sentences. Parents, teachers and VEC members Unfortunately, many of these systems do not
were not even aware of the scale of the problem. function properly, some even have collapsed. The
Many parents did not know that a VEC exists. VEC Co-operative Credit System is a glaring example
members themselves were not aware of their roles. of such failure. Value additions are yet to
Public participation was found to be negligible materialize. There are many such delivery system
(Abhijit Banerji, 2007). Here we see an example related links (eg. storage, marketing of produce,
of delivery failure. processing, packaging, cold chains, etc.) that have
to be forged strongly to make agriculture and its
(ii) Lokvani: It is an innovative model of Citizen Service
allied activities economically viable, sustainable
Centres (CSCs) – a public-private programme
as well as attractive. Knowledge to do so is there.
started in Sitapur district in December, 2004. It
Additional resources for this sector are also likely
was envisaged to be a single window, self-
to materialize in the light of changing Eleventh
sustainable e-Governance solution providing, quick
Plan strategies. The crux is the strengthening of
accessibility, transparency and responsiveness in
the delivery systems.

(iv) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and X. E-Governance
MDM (Mid Day Meal): ICDS and MDM are two 58. Information and Communication Technologies
important programmes that contribute to human (ICTs) have become powerful tools for realizing the goals
development through promoting nutritional of planned development at all levels and in all domains.
security of children. Several delivery related These technologies can compress time, space and costs
hurdles have plagued both these programmes in in the march towards fast and equitable growth. ICTs
U.P. These, for example, relate to lack of funds or empower people and stimulate transparency and
of timely release of funds, understaffing, poor accountability. Their uses speed up information
quality of food grains, want of supervision, gathering, processing, storage and retrieval. These
deficiencies in training, centralized management, enable speedy decision making, make possible much
corrupt contractor system, etc. These are curable more effective monitoring and help in making quick
shortcomings if Anganwadis are activated, if course corrections when and where required. India has
parents are involved and if school managements been using ICTs for years now but these have yet to
and PRIs are made more accountable. The Central become the expected empowering instruments for the
Government is moving towards providing MDM to common citizen to maximize his/her knowledge,
students up to class VIII. The scheme is set for accessibility to information, speedy grievance removal
further streamlining to ensure better delivery. The and empowerment. The national IT law was enacted in
improvements proposed include better fiscal 2000. It has been, and continues to be, amended from
management, timely release of funds including time to time to make it more vigorous, people-serving
cooking costs, better cash flow to schools, and effective. Legal status has been given to electronic
supplying better quality of food grains and other records and digital signatures in government offices,
ingredients and their transportation, and close businesses as well as legal and financial transactions.
monitoring. These are some of the important steps The Central Government’s policy avers in clear terms,
that can also improve delivery of these “e-Governance will be promoted on a massive scale”.
programmes in the State. The Government of U.P. has set up a separate IT & E
57. Funding is not a major constraint in many Department and come out with a comprehensive IT policy
human development related programmes. Lack of for the state. The policy objectives, inter alia, include
effective delivery systems, on the other hand, very much accelerated development of IT industry (both software
is. The key requirements for improving delivery systems and hardware), using IT for government work and work
would include: of PSUs, local bodies, service providers, public
(a) Decentralization – democratic, institutional, institutions and agencies at all levels, promotion of IT
financial and administrative, education, and wide dispersal and outreach of ICTs to
reach the common citizen. Advances in ICTs have made
(b) Convergence of services and facilities at points of
it possible to provide a wide range of services in the
delivery,
form of video, voice and data content through single
(c) Community participation, stakeholder involvement communication channel. This opens multiple possibilities
and citizen oversight, in areas like e-Governance, education, health,
(d) Right to information, transparency, open decision- information services, financial transactions, land records,
making, registration of deeds, telemedicine, banking, taxation,
etc. The State Government has laid special emphasis on
(e) One-window arrangements,
the setting up of infrastructure for establishment of Tele-
(f) Quick grievance removal systems, centres, Tele-kiosks, Cyber Cafes and DTP booths for the
(g) A credible and operative Citizen Charter system widening of IT base in the State. There is a proposal to
linked with social audit, set up about 10,000 Village Knowledge Centres under a
(h) Effective field inspections, monitoring, feed-back national plan umbrella. This is the intent. The crux lies
and corrective action, in operationalising it in a time bound manner. Political,
administrative and technical leadership have to become
(i) Careful targeting of benefits, subsidies, financial fully committed to such a large task. It has to provide
assistance, concessional prices, etc., that also direction, resources and will to get things done.
need to be delivered,
59. The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
(j) Outsourcing deliveries where feasible under reflects the importance attached to ITC by the Central
supervision and quality-cum-cost control measures, Government. There is a need to make IT an essential
(k) Use of information technologies for improving part of school education at the secondary and higher
deliveries, reducing costs and for ensuring smooth levels and to train Government/PSU/institutional cadres
operation of supply lines, distribution, inventory and elected representatives from Gram and Nagar
control, monitoring, etc. Panchayat levels up to the State Legislature level so that

the benefits of these technologies can be maximized for PRERNA meets the following key objectives:
all people. President,Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam emphasized
the importance of this programme, in his 2005 Republic ü Helpdesk for Villagers / Farmers
Day Eve Address in the following words: “With the kind ü Reduces Waiting Time & Queue
of awareness and opportunities available in ICT, it will ü Instant Registry
soon become a reality wherein everyone of our villages ü Instant Photography& Thumb Impression
will have computers and connectivity available. These ü Automatic Valuation of Property
would be the windows to the world of knowledge for our ü Automatic Computation of Stamp Duty&
villages and also to reap benefits of e-Governance, tele- Registration Fee
education, tele-medicine, e-commerce and e-judiciary ü Query on Registered Properties
initiatives”.
ü Digital Documents Storage
ü Develop a simple, speedy & reliable registration
Box 8.2 process
E-Governance in Stamps & Registration ü Build consistency & uniformity
Department: A Success Story ü Return of the original document immediately
after registration; within 20 minutes of time
Stamps and Registration is the second most ü Transparent process
important source of revenue for the Government of
GOUP decided to rollout the PRERNA Software
Uttar Pradesh after Trade Tax. There are 347 Sub
in 106 Sub Registrar Offices of Sadar Tehsils of all 70
Registrars Offices across the entire State. The Office
Districts from 1st August’ 2006 in the First Phase of
of the Sub Registrar is the place where all the
Computerization. Computers, laser printers,
registration work is done. This is the office, which
scanners, web cameras, bio-metric devices were
has maximum interface with the common public and
provided to the selected SROs. Remaining 241 Sub
over 150 lakh persons visit the Sub Registrar Office
Registrar Offices are proposed to be covered in Second
every year and nearly 23 lakh documents are
Phase. In these 106 computerized Sub Registrar
registered every year. The various functions
Offices, over 4.66 lakh documents have been
performed at Sub Registrar Offices are: Registration
registered by computerized process between August
of Documents, Valuation of immovable properties,
and February while 3.42 lakh documents had been
Collection of Revenue, Stamp Duty, Transfer Duty and
registered in the corresponding period of 2005-06.
Registration Fee, Preservation of Copies of
Likewise, growth in revenue is to the tune of 55.39%
Documents, Issue of Certified copies of Documents,
for the same period in the computerized Sub Registrar
and Issue of Encumbrance certificates. Lack of
Offices. Consequently, revenue collection under
transparency in property valuation under the old
Stamps and Registration during 2006-07 till February,
manual system resulted in a flourishing business of
2007 is Rs.4061.13 crore while it was only Rs.2801.73
brokers and middlemen leading to corruption.
crore in 2005-06.
Antiquated procedures such as manual copying and
indexing of documents, and storage in paper forms The time required for services such as valuation
in ill-maintained record rooms needed replacement of property, sale of stamp paper, and provision of
by electronic delivery of all registration services apart certified copies of registered documents now takes
from provision of better amenities to the tax payers. 10 minutes instead of a few days as under the earlier
system. Encumbrance Certificates (ECs) are now
The PRERNA (Property Evaluation & Registration
issued to citizens in a span of 5 minutes, using a
Application) software developed by National
system that searches through more than 15 years of
Informatics Centre, U.P. has been introduced by the
records from over several offices. Land registration
Stamp & Registration Department to eliminate the
can be completed in 20 minutes, whereas earlier it
maladies affecting the conventional registration
took 7-15 days.
system by introducing electronic delivery of all
registration services. The aim of PRERNA is to Introduction of e-governance has benefited all
demystify and bring speed, efficiency, consistency stake holders in a number of ways, i.e, completion
and reliability in the registration process. This of registration process within 20 minutes & prompt
software has been developed to provide on the spot return of original documents, transparent, accurate
registration, single window service, and transparent and free market value assistance to buyers and
and reliable transactions apart from providing tools sellers, facility for inspection of documents in a clean
to monitor revenue. PRERNA incorporates a number environment to lawyers, computerized search facility
of validations as well as in-built functionality to greatly saves time for lawyers & their staff, and better
ensure accuracy and evaluation, wherever possible. facilities for lawyers, deed writers, stamp vendors &
bankers.

60. Other States have moved ahead in expanding hope for other interventions, improvements and reforms,
the reach, scope and coverage of e-Governance. Thus, that are certainly necessary and essential, is difficult to
e-Seva and e-Panchayat in Andhra Pradesh, Rasi in Tamil realize. For achieving that objective the essential
Nadu, Lok Mitra in H.P. and Bangalore – I as also Digital requirements are will and consensus amongst political
Service Centres in Karnataka, to cite only a few parties on a set of reasoned positions. Time has come
examples, have moved ahead with speed and effect. when they should rise above party interests and arrive
Other States are stepping up on such initiatives such as at agreement on the cleaning up the politico-
Punjab, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand and administrative, electoral, legal justice and the law and
Kerala. In U.P., LOKVANI has been a good initiative but order systems. A clear commitment to decentralization
its coverage is as yet limited. The information delivery and open governance is also needed at the political level.
and the needed quick grievance removal back-ups have (B) Administrative and Economic Domain
to be properly put on the ground. Policy is already in
place; so are declared intentions. The citizen is anxiously (i) Creating an atmosphere of public safety, security
waiting for all this to become a reality. and law and order,
(ii) Reducing the cost of governance,
XI. Mobilizing Voluntary Organizations (iii) Capacity building of Government, PSU, PRI/ULB
61. NGOs voice and represent the voluntary sector and other institutional/agency personnel,
which can be constructively mainstreamed into the (iv) Insulate government personnel, police and public
strengthening of the processes of development at grass- officials from recurrent political interference.
root level. Voluntary organizations can act as catalyzing Depoliticize civil administration and police force.
agents, bridges and facilitators in delivering services in Ensure tenure security of officers and officials,
villages, hamlets and urban mohallas / basties. They are
(v) Implement Right to Information Law earnestly,
more flexible in approach, less rule-bound and simpler
openly and in a citizen-friendly way,
in managerial structures. If these bodies are carefully
screened, selected and mobilized they can provide more (vi) Strengthen anti-corruption laws/machinery/
efficient delivery of services at lesser costs, with greater institutions with greater emphasis on adopting
involvement of people and better utilization of funds. open and transparent systems of governance and
on preventive measures,
62. The NGO movement in Uttar Pradesh is at
present weak. It needs to be strengthened and fully and (vii) Introduction of quick and efficient grievance
effectively co-opted into the streams of planned removal systems. High emphasis on e-Governance.
development. A note of caution would, however, be very Activate and effectively operationalize Citizen
appropriate here. Many spurious organizations claiming Charters,
to be NGOs working for public interest have mushroomed. (viii) Observe financial/budgetary discipline,
Such organizations have to be excluded through rigorous (ix) Reform the Administration of Justice System and
screening, proper verification and black listing where reduce costs and time needed for obtaining justice,
required.
(x) Strengthen democratic decentralization and,
63. As of March, 2005, there were about 4.20 lakh
importantly, bring about convergence in delivery
NGOs/ SHGS registered in the State. Then there are
systems,
youth/women clubs and many international and national
agencies (e.g. Oxfam, Unicef, Care, Rotary, Action Aid, (xi) Factor in environmental safety and sustainability
Trade Associations, Chambers of Commerce etc.) in all economic development processes,
operating in voluntary action areas. Their assistance can (xii) Promote and mobilize the voluntary sector for
be very advantageously enlisted for improving human improving and enhancing human development
development outcomes. Their co-ordination, co- outcomes.
operation and accountability need to be regulated at (C) Fiscal and Financial Management
the government level through the setting up of
appropriate machinery for that purpose. The voluntary (i) Sound fiscal management,
sector has considerable potential provided it is enabled, (ii) Strict enforcement of the Fiscal Responsibility Law,
monitored and constructively taken on board. (iii) Review of the subsidy regime. Subsidies should be
restricted to merit goods and specifically targeted
XII. Priority Areas of Governance Reforms: only to properly identified, deserving and eligible
64. The priority areas of governance reforms in groups and individuals,
Uttar Pradesh are briefly summarized below: (iv) Widening and deepening of the tax base.
(A) Political Arena Rationalizing user charges and moving to cost-
based pricing with provision for cross-subsidization
Unless the political system is cleaned up, the
where necessary,

(v) Set up Statutory Regulatory Authorities for those dislocations. We need a middle path whereby
service or supply sectors where these do not exist empowerment of people and freedom of choice can
now, e.g. transport, irrigation, water, municipal stimulate welfare, equity and entrepreneurship, where
services, etc, development creates incomes, work and opportunities
(vi) Curb on State Guarantees through statutory means, and it becomes sustainable. The Government has to
become catalytic. It should steer, not row. The
(vii) Reforms in the Pension and Provident Fund Systems. Government has to be efficient, open, mission-driven
(D) Infrastructure and Rural/Urban Development and result-oriented. It has to be citizen-friendly,
(i) Step up investments on power, roads, irrigation especially for those who are weak and deprived. It has
and transportation substantially. At the same time to move from centralization to decentralization,
there must be much greater emphasis on delegation and devolution. It should become committed
strengthening social infrastructure in areas like to the deepening of democracy and strive for greater
health, education, nutrition, women and child equity and empowerment of people. All this will
welfare, assistance to the old, the disabled and necessarily demand peace and tranquility in the society,
other marginalized groups, gender equity and clean and competent political management, empowered
alleviation of poverty. local bodies and public institutions, efficient, honest and
accountable bureaucracies (general as well as technical),
(ii) Maintenance of assets already created.
an administration with compassion and outreach, use of
(iii) Power tariffs need to be rationalized and the most modern information and communication
depoliticized. Proper water pricing is equally technologies to enhance people’s access to entitlements
important. and redressal, sound fiscal policies, ethics-led businesses,
(iv) For pricing infrastructure related services rule of law, strong institutions and informed citizenry.
independent regulatory bodies should be set up. The challenges are onerous. The answer lies in positive
(v) The legal, financial and managerial environment and determined responses.
has to be made conducive to public-private 66. In the present age of globalization,
partnerships in infrastructure projects. liberalization and competition there is, at times, an
(vi) Special attention needs to be given to problems impression created that the role of government is on
of urban development which are highly complex the decline. This is certainly not true of a country like
and demanding. India or a State like U.P. where poverty, deprivation and
want still prevail in a very considerable measure. In
(E) Poverty Alleviation, Employment and Manpower human development contexts special attention is needed
Planning to be paid to physical (power, water, roads, transportation,
(i) Poverty alleviation must become central to housing, etc.) and social (health, education, food and
economic planning by tackling the huge back-log nutrition security, welfare of the weak and the
of unemployment and absorbing additions to labour marginalized) infrastructure, and the creation of
force. While employment guarantee can be a opportunities for employment and self-employment. In
distant goal, social security needs to be improved. the pursuit of a widely-shared and sustainable growth,
Development planning has necessarily to be made the market forces would have to be tempered by
manpower intensive, enabling, equity-oriented policies and laws, good
(ii) The present labour laws need to be amended. Self- governance, strong institutions, regulation and vibrant
employment must be given high priority, peoples’ democratic bodies. The market and the state
have to complement and supplement each other.
(iii) Skill formation has to be given high importance.
Skills need to be upgraded at all levels. 67. Resources are vital but good governance is the
sine qua non for reaching them to people in optimal
(F) Environment-friendly Development
ways. Governance deficit does not allow equitable
(i) Environment friendly growth is the strategy needed development to materialize. Removing it has to be a
for achieving long term, equitable development, strong and unexceptionable priority of policy and action.
(ii) Environmental awareness must be enhanced in all 68. U.P.’s progress on human development
possible ways so that resource uses become indicators calls for a paradigm shift in governance. It
sustainable in the longer time perspective. calls for empowerment of the people. It calls for a policy
framework focused on fundamental rights and freedoms,
XIII. Conclusion a framework that guarantees the right to be free of
65. In a fast moving world governments have to poverty, ill health, illiteracy. It must confer on all citizens
live with and respond to change. Governance has to the right to know how money allocated for public
ensure that such change does not cause disparities to purposes is actually spent. It should distinctly be a
increase or give rise to insecurities, social unrest and framework that strengthens rights and punishes wrongs.

CHAPTER - 9
Future Challenges and Strategies
Status and Progress of Human Development 4. At the same time there are considerable intra-
1. Human development aims at enlargement of regional variations in HDI in all the regions. Some districts
human choices in economic, social, cultural or political of Western region like Rampur and Budaun have low HDI
spheres. Human development has two sides. One is the values. Relative deprivation of women is also more
formation of human capabilities, such as, improved marked. Similarly, in all the other three regions there
health, knowledge and skills. The other is to enhance are districts which perform relatively well in terms of
their acquired capabilities for employment, productive human development. The upshot of this discussion is that
activities, political participation or leisure. Human higher per capita income does not necessarily leads to
development strategy aims at building up human higher human development or better conditions of
capabilities and ensuring equitable access to human women. Apart from public policy these differences are
opportunities through a development process that is related mainly to the distinct socio-cultural factors,
participative, equitable and sustainable. which have deep historical roots. In the districts where
the community showed better awareness of the
2. Uttar Pradesh has made significant strides in all importance of education, e.g. Etawah in Western Region
dimensions of human development particularly in the and Ballia in Eastern Region score well in terms of human
recent past, which is reflected in higher per capita development.
income, increasing literacy rates and improvement in
health indicators. All the indices of human development 5. There are marked gender gaps in terms of human
(i.e. HDI, GDI and Deprivation Index) have shown an development. In general, the districts in the Western
improvement over the years. A sharp increase in literacy region have better ranks in HDI as compared to GDI. On
and decline in IMR have contributed to these trends. In the other hand, districts from Eastern region and
terms of UNDPs HDR criterion, U.P. can be said to have Bundelkhand region are relatively better on the GDI front.
moved into the category of medium human development This contrast in HDI and GDI ranks can be attributed
(HDI between 0.50 and 0.80) in 2001, from the category largely to the higher work participation rate of women
of low human development (HDI below 0.50). But the in backward regions. It can be said that the development
state has still a long way to go to achieve full human of a region, especially in terms of per capita income,
development. The GDI during 2001-2005 has also does not necessarily mean empowerment and human
improved by 7.47 % and the Deprivation Index has development of women. Development, as is often
declined by 16.26 per cent between 1991 and 2005. It is said,needs to be consciously engendered. There are many
satisfying to note that all the districts of the state have socio-economic factors impacting upon the status of
marked an increase in their HDI values over the period women in different regions, which have to be addressed
1991-2005. However, the improvement in HDI values has squarely.
not been uniform across the districts. 6. There are aspects of deprivations afflicting the
3. One can observe a distinct spatial clustering state, which are not fully reflected in the HDI. The
of districts according to level of HDI. Many of the deprivation Index calculated for this report paints a grim
districts belonging to Western region have highest value picture. The large majority of households in the state
of HDI. Districts belonging to eastern plains fall in the still lack adequate basic amenities like safe drinking
medium category. Most of the districts of Central Region water, sanitation, housing and electricity for lighting.
have low HDI value, while the tarai districts have the Although some improvement in the provision of amenities
lowest HDI. In the recent years, however, there is a is evident much work remains to be done in this regard.
trend towards convergence between backward and This task should be taken up on a priority basis in the
developed districts. Many districts that had low HDI development plans of the state.
values initially made large improvement in their HDI 7. The spatial and gender disparity in human
values subsequently due to the special efforts made development in the state is further compounded by the
under government programmes like Sarva Shiksha disparity among social groups. The state has a relatively
Abhiyan. This shows that despite their many larger proportion of the economically and socially
inadequacies, the state directed developmental policies deprived groups like the OBC, SC and Muslims, which
had some impact in raising the level of human are lagging behind in human development. In fact they
development in backward districts. constitute the majority of the population of the state
and bring down the states average. This makes the
179 Future Challenges and Strategies

challenge of human development in the state all the 12. One of the factors for poor quality of education
more challenging. is the shortage of qualified teachers. A large number of
teaching posts remain unfilled. The government has tried
Challenge of Education to fill up this gap by appointing para teachers called
8. Education is a key component of human shiksha mitra in large numbers. Such ad hoc measures
development. It is needed both as an end in itself to may be justified in the short run, but the shortage of
enable people to lead a cultured and more satisfying qualified and trained teachers will have adverse effect
life as well as for developing human capabilities for on the quality of education in the long run. The high
earning higher income. Studies confirm that educational absenteeism among school teachers also remains a cause
levels are also closely related to other human of serious concern.
development outcomes like fertility, mortality rates, etc. 13. Another factor afflicting education in U.P. has
U.P. has made significant strides in education especially been the severe resource crunch. Per capita expenditure
in the direction of universalization of education at the on education has been the lowest among major Indian
primary level, as a result of the special initiatives taken states. The quality of expenditure and its composition
by central and the state governments. Literacy rates also show many deficiencies. Nearly all expenditure is
have gone up sharply. School enrollment and retention pre-empted by salaries of teachers leaving little for
rate also show significant improvement. The state maintenance and improvement of educational
government has made special efforts for promotion of infrastructure. Substantial sums have become available
education of the girl child and backward classes as well under the SSA programme and through TFC grants for
as Muslims by providing various incentives and improving promotion of primary education. However, the problem
infrastructure. of funding remains at the secondary and higher levels.
9. In spite of these achievements, daunting The system of grants to schools is also defective and
challenges remain in the field of education. Still about does not promote efficiency and quality.
36 per cent of rural males and 70 per cent of rural females 14. The future strategy for educational
are illiterate. About two fifth of the urban females were development in the state should pay attention to the
illiterate in 2004-05 as compared to one fifth of the urban following issues:
males. According to 2001 Census, more than half of the (i) As the goal of universalisation of primary education
population is illiterate in as many as 20 districts and in is nearing attainment, generation of extra capacity
as many as 56 out of the 70 districts more than half of by opening new secondary schools and institutions
the females are illiterate. Around one-fifth of children of higher learning will be required to cope with
in the age of 5-14 are still not attending school. It is the increasing outflows from the lower levels.
depressing to note in terms of the Educational
(ii) Along with expansion in physical infrastructure and
Development Index U.P. ranks 27 at the primary level,
other facilities, quality of education will have to
30 at upper primary level and 29 in terms of combined
be strengthened. Quality has to be the hallmark
index among 35 states.
of education in the days to come and the state
10. The challenge emanating from the drop out that remains backward in quality education will
rates at primary and upper primary levels and teacher be too weak to catch up with the forward states
pupil ratio are still formidable. Though, there has been in almost every respect. The thrust therefore will
a sharp decline in drop out ratio from 65 percent in have to be on quality improvement along with
1992-93 to 24 percent in 2005-06 still it is significant. quantitative expansion.
Similarly, teacher pupil ratio which was 1:67 in 2004-05
came down to 1:42 in 2005-06, but for further (iii) Reducing the gender gap in education and
improvement in this ratio, more teachers are still mitigating the educational disadvantages of the
needed. minorities and other backward classes will need
to be taken care of more effectively with a view
11. Indeed, very impressive quantitative expansion to promote their educational development in
in education at all levels has taken place in the State particular and the integrated social development
over the years. The quality issue, however, remains weak. in general.
The quality of education at the primary level is
particularly causing concern. Independent evaluation (iv) Special attention has to be paid to children of the
studies have revealed that the ability of students is very marginalized sections like migrants, prostitutes,
poor in reading, writing and mathematical calculations. criminals in jails, etc. as well as the mentally and
Quality is wanting in many other respects too. Now is physically handicapped children.
the time, when physical facilities have been created (v) Attention will have to be focused on promotion of
almost adequately, attention should be paid to improve primary education in the lagging districts and
quality in education. blocks.

(vi) Even with the universalisation of primary education (xi) Finally, management of education particularly at
U.P. will remain burdened with a large mass of the primary and secondary levels has to be
illiterate men and women for a long time to come. decentralized and brought under the Panchayati
Special programmes are therefore needed for Raj institutions and urban local bodies as envisaged
promoting literacy and functional skills in these in the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments.
groups especially those in the age group of 15 to Greater involvement of local communities and
35 years. Audio and visual techniques can be parents’ associations will be helpful in keeping
effectively utilized for this purpose. truancy among teachers under control and improve
(vii) There is a need to restructure the financing pattern the quality of education being imparted in the
and the grants in aid criteria for quality schools.
improvement in school education and the
university education of all types, particularly in The Challenge of Health
the government aided educational institutions so 15. Biggest challenge of human development in
that they are able to successfully compete in the U.P. lies in the area of health, in which the state
changed scenario of inter-state and international continues to lag behind almost all the states. People of
competition. the state continue to suffer from serious health deficit
(viii) Technical education needs to be upgraded and which stem largely from maternal health, low birth
expanded in a big way to meet the emerging weight, malnutrition, inadequate psycho-social
challenges in the globalised world and to provide stimulation and disability. These factors are compounded
employment opportunities to the youth. by other environmental and social factors such as gender
and caste, inadequate family and community support
(ix) Funding of education at all levels has to be
and poor quality of service delivery in health care. Both
substantially upscaled to improve the quality of
the rich and poor face a very high burden of health
infrastructure and education. Neglect of higher and
related disability. However, the poor and women seem
technical education will be detrimental to the
to be at a greater disadvantage, the incidence of IMR
interests of the state and the country in the long
alone is found to be two and a half times higher amongst
run. Apart from state funding of education private
the poor.
investment in education especially for technical
and management education needs to be attracted 16. Moreover, there are wide variations across
and promoted. New initiatives in public private the state as are evident from the inter-district
partnership in education need to be promoted. comparison. There are districts in the state where the
current status is much below the 1990 level, which was
(x) Gradually the system of education in UP is moving
taken as the starting point for MDGs. The circumstances
from state controlled and state financed to
are worse in the districts falling in the tarai region of
privately managed and privately funded system.
the state. It is also found that in most of the cases the
However, the State still has a major role to play.
districts and regions that perform poorly on one indicator
An increase in fee is bound to occur in the days to
repeat the poor performance on most related indicators,
come and soon the system of “subsidized
reflecting a cumulative and concentrative pattern of
education” is likely to be replaced by “user
disadvantage, which is indicative of a definite
charging education system”. Since free and
interdependence of outcomes.
compulsory education for children in age group of
6-14 years has been made a Fundamental Right in 17. Uttar Pradesh has one of the highest incidences
the Constitution of India, it will not be possible to of infant and maternal mortality in the entire country.
make elementary education in the government In UP, only about half of the total pregnant women get
sector fee charging. At secondary and higher levels, ANC services. Over ten million children in the state are
user charges will have to be raised and element of malnourished and over half of the children are under-
subsidy reduced. For making the governmentally nourished. The task ahead in terms of curtailing these
subsidized system of education to fee charging one, incidences is huge by any standard. The state is trailing
a political consensus will be necessary, without behind substantially in achieving the Millennium
which it would not be possible to raise or impose Development Goals. If the scenario is to be positively
additional fee. However, along with making the affected then morbidity circumstances will have to be
system more fee charging, adequate provision will targeted with focus on the lagging districts and social
have to be made for free-ships to poor students groups.
lest they are deprived of education along with 18. It needs to be acknowledged that in Uttar
liberal provision of educational loans. The Pradesh, in last several years, there has been progress
surveillance of the government on the user charges on several health development parameters such as the
in the private institutions will be important to overall decline in childhood mortality, maternal mortality
ensure ‘equality’ and ‘accountability.’ and incidence of preventable diseases. Much of mortality

reduction during the past few decades is traceable to mortality as it includes pregnancy related health
government-driven efforts, particularly, through care and advice on the correct diet and the
immunization campaigns and focus on specific challenges provision of iron and folic acid tablets to pregnant
like TB, etc. But formidable challenges on the health women. Improved nutritional status, coupled with
front lie ahead in the state. improved antenatal care, can help reduce the
19. The future direction of human development incidence of low birth weight babies and thus
circumstances in the state, as in the country as a whole, reduce prenatal, neonatal and infant mortality.
depends critically on the interventions in the health (vi) Sanitation is a problem area in UP. Out of the 70
sector. Following suggestions are given in this context: districts of the state only 30 have more than 33%
(i) The challenge of health care in U.P. can be sanitation coverage. The problem in 40 districts is
summarized as a composite challenge of access, severe. Sanitation programmes have to be taken
quality and demand. The large public sector does up with greater vigour and effectiveness.
not have adequate access to the people besides (vii) Severe shortage of manpower at all levels in the
being found wanting in the quality of care at the public health delivery system stands out as a major
cutting edge (PHCs and Sub-centers). The private problem in public health delivery system. The
sector has better access especially in the urban problem of shortages is further compounded by
areas, but a vast majority of this sector presents the high absenteeism of public sector health
a picture of serious lack of quality to the extent personnel in the State The lack of proper human
that it often becomes a serious threat to the health resource development policies (e.g. lack of
of the people. It appears that a re-orientation of incentives, lack of in-service training, performance
the health strategy in U.P., where the focus is rating system, poor monitoring, etc.) contributes
increasingly on functionalizing existing structures; to low employee morale, indiscipline and poor
synergy through public private partnership performance. Similarly, inappropriate skills mix
particularly for reaching out to the poor and complicates the challenge further, for example, if
marginalized; and on finding solutions through a gynaecologist is posted at a CHC where there is
innovative interventions can enable us to meet UP’s no anaesthetist, it results in underutilization of
health challenge. skills. Likewise, transfers are often arbitrary and
(ii) As the First U.P. Human Development Report without adherence to any norms.
argued a convergent and holistic approach to (viii) The task of meeting the health challenges is too
health is needed in the state. Health should not big to be handled by the government alone. The
be seen as a concern of the Department of Health private sector has to play a key role in the delivery
and Family Welfare alone. Health goals should be of health services in U.P. However, there is lack of
dovetailed with goals set in the areas of standards and quality assurance systems in both
environmental sanitation, drinking water, public as well as private sectors. Virtually, there
elimination of maternal and child malnutrition, is no effective regulation in the private sector. The
education and health awareness. private sector provides no information about its
(iii) In view of the significant variations in the health performance and has no system for patient
outcomes across the State a decentralised protection or fair pricing. There is absolute dearth
approach to health management is called for. of information regarding how well private care is
District health plans should identify needs and delivered in U.P.
requirement gaps, from the primary health care (ix) At the same time, it must be emphasized that the
level upwards and should set clear goals which are role of public sector will retain its critical
linked to key health outcomes. The performance importance. It must be appreciated that the cost
of the functionaries in the health-related sectors of treatment is among the highest in those states
should be periodically assessed in terms of the where the public health infrastructure is less
achievement of these goals. developed. This fact applies to government and
(iv) Child Mortality reduction strategies will have to private hospitalization as well as to outpatient
be appropriately aligned to focus increasingly on treatment. Where public health system is well
Sepsis or Pneumonia, which are the main cause of developed the treatment cost of both public and
death along with focus on preterm birth. private sector facility is low. Competition from
Discouraging child bearing amongst women under public facilities is an important determinant of
age 20 is likely to have a greater impact on overall charges in the private facilities as demonstrated
mortality levels. by Kerala Experiment. Access to health care is
directly related to the cost of health care. It is
(v) Antenatal care can contribute significantly to the amply clear that in UP the cost of private care is
reduction in maternal morbidity and infant exorbitantly high in comparison to both the cost

of public sector facilities as well as the bearing 21. Growth rates in the state have fallen
capacity of the population, particularly the poor. consistently much short of the national growth rate
(x) Large resources for the health sector will be resulting in ever widening difference in per capita income
needed in the Eleventh Five Year Plan. UP’s per of the state and the country as a whole. Among the major
capita allocation to health, family welfare, water factors responsible for deceleration of growth rates in
and sanitation is very small in comparison to other U.P. are the declining public investments due to the fiscal
states and need to be at least doubled. Fortunately, crisis that plagued the state exchequer in the last two
under the National Rural Health Mission and other decades and the inability of the government to attract
centrally sponsored schemes substantial resources investment from outside due to the poor state of
have been made available to the state. A rational infrastructure particularly power shortage.
policy of user charges in government hospitals Encouragingly, some upward trend in the growth rate of
needs to be adopted to meet the severe resource GSDP in U.P. is discernible in the last two-three years as
crunch and improve the quality of health services. both public and private investment has picked up.
The government may provide subsidy in the case 22. The employment structure of the state is
of poor patients in a transparent manner. There characterized by low participation of population in
is a need for moving towards a system of health economic activity especially in case of women, low
insurance even at a modest level covering all degree of diversification with predominant proportion
sections as some states like Punjab and Gujarat of workers engaged in the primary sector, concentration
have introduced. of industrial activity in a few districts and a very low
(xi) The challenge before Uttar Pradesh is huge by any proportion of workers in the organized sector.
standard. It can only be surmounted if the private 23. Growth rate of workforce has been fairly high
sector, NGO and the Government join hands. New at 2.5 per cent per annum during the decade 1991-2001
forms of public private partnership have to be as per Census. However, the number of main workers
evolved and put into shape. The public agencies has remained more or less constant, while that of the
and NGOs should focus greater resources on marginal workers show a very high jump. Growth rate of
development and widespread dissemination of employment has also been uneven across districts. Bulk
public health information messages aimed at of additional employment has been generated in low
improving community members’ capacity to paid over crowded activities like agriculture and allied
safeguard their own and their children’s health. activities, construction, petty trade, informal sector and
(xii) A major problem in formulation of effective policy social services. Organized sector employment has been
and devising intervention methodologies at the actually declining since 1991. The pace of diversification
local level is the serious lack of credible, timely towards non-agricultural activities is also slower in the
and regular data on various heath indicators. The state. Around two third of the work force is still engaged
survey based data is either too infrequent or in in the agricultural sector.
most of the cases the disaggregate level at which 24. In spite of lower growth of income, poverty
the data is available leaves much to be desired. ratio has been steadily declining in the state at rates
The problem of the availability of such comparable with the national level. Despite the
disaggregated data on a regular basis which can substantial decline in the poverty ratio, the absolute
throw up policy directions and enable area specific number of poor has remained high in the state. Almost
interventions has to be addressed urgently. 60 million people in U.P. were living below the poverty
line in 2004-05 constituting over one-fifth of the total
The Challenge of Economic Growth and Poverty poor in the country. There are also sharp inter-regional
Reduction and inter-district variations in the poverty ratio reflecting
differential economic attainment. Poor asset base of the
20. A vicious circle is operating in the state where
people, lack of economic diversification, poor levels of
low income levels and slow economic growth keep the
human capabilities and low productivity in the traditional
attainment in human development levels low, while
sectors are among the major causes of poverty. Poverty
poor human development status acts as a constraint on
ratios are found correlated with the social and
rapid economic progress and restricts participation of
employment status of people, land ownership and
the large masses in the development process. The low
educational attainment.
per capita income in the state conceals sharp
differentials at the regional and the state level. Western 25. Open unemployment rates are low in U.P. as
region of the state is relatively more prosperous as compared to the national average. The problem of
compared with the other regions, while Eastern region educated unemployment is, however, gradually becoming
is the poorest, Central region and Bundelkhand falling serious. There is a high burden of under-employment as
in the middle category. a very high proportion of workers are crowded in low

income generating activities in agriculture and the 31. A participatory approach needs to be
informal sector. encouraged by involving the people in planning and
26. Boosting economic growth in the state is implementing the development programmes and in
essential for human development as higher income levels maintenance and running of the various social services
are required to meet the challenge of employment meant for their benefits. Strengthening of the Panchayati
generation and eradication of poverty, increase their Raj Institutions and their real empowerment will go a
access to educational and health facilities and generate long way in strengthening the participatory approach.
higher revenues to the government for investment in
economic and social infrastructure. This requires a broad The Challenge of Women's Empowerment
based, labour intensive and regionally widespread 32. Mainstreaming gender into development
pattern of sustained growth. Investment levels in the process is a major challenge of human development in
public sector have to be stepped up substantially the state, where the situation of women in the State
especially in power and infrastructure. At the same time remains a cause of concern as documented in this report.
a favourable investment climate has to be created to Low literacy rates of women, low enrolment rates in
attract private capital in the state on a massive scale. schools and high drop out rates of the girls highlight how
27. Improvement in agricultural productivity and women have been denied the empowering touch of
diversification of the rural economy through promotion education. House hold responsibility and domestic chores
non-farm activities are vitally needed for poverty are a part of the life of a young girl in the rural area.
reduction in the rural areas, where bulk of the poor live There is inequality within families evidenced by long
of productivity levels in the informal sector need to be hours of unvalued domestic work.
raised through technological upgradation and supply of 33. Women in U.P. as in other parts of India fall
better inputs and credit and marketing support. Large far short in terms of fully functional capability to have a
scale investment in rural infrastructure is needed for long and healthy life. U.P. has the third lowest sex ratios
accelerating economic growth in the rural areas and among the major States of India, a telling evidence of
improving living conditions of the people. the widespread discrimination in the state. Differential
28. The measures for promoting economic growth treatment of boys and girls is the most likely explanation
have to be backed up by the targeted poverty eradication for higher female mortality. A very high proportion of
programmes. The Employment Guarantee Scheme young girls are married by the age of 18, a factor which
provides a timely opportunity for this. The working of contributes to high fertility, morbidity and maternal
the wage employment programmes, however, has to be mortality rate prevalent in the state. The access of
improved to remove the deficiencies in their women to health services is extremely limited.
implementation. The strategy of promotion of self help Overwhelming proportion of deliveries take place at
groups of the poor supported by credit, training and home without the help of trained medical personnel.
marketing facilities needs to be vigorously pursued. The 34. Employment opportunities are much lower for
SHGs need to be federated into larger units to reap women in U.P., which restricts their economic
economies of scale and their technological and marketing empowerment. Only 19.0 percent of rural women and
capacities as the experience of states like Andhra Pradesh 6.8 percent of urban women in U.P. were found to be
has demonstrated. economically active in 2001. Restriction on women's
29. Social safety networks need to be substantially mobility, complete child care responsibility, ideology of
expanded for the protection of the vulnerable groups female seclusion, vulnerability to abuse, low access to
and destitutes. Improved performance of programmes information and mass media, low literacy, assumption
aimed at children and women like ICDS, Mid Day Meal that women's work is supplementary and confined to
Scheme, etc. will also contribute in mitigating poverty largely manual untrained tasks, leads to women's poor
among the poorer sections. access to income.
30. The economic opportunities of the poor are 35. Women lead an insecure and vulnerable life
restricted by lack of education and poor health subject to violence at home and crime, harassment and
conditions. Therefore, a human development strategy exploitation outside. The official crime statistics, even
is critical for meeting the challenge of poverty and though inadequate in many respects, show that the
inclusive growth in the state. While the continued role incidence of crime against women in the state is high.
of state in provision of social services like education, In 2005, U.P.’s percentage contribution to the total crimes
health, water and sanitation will remain important, reported against women in the country was 9.6, second
efforts should be made to encourage private investment highest share in the country after Andhra Pradesh.
in social sector and adopting public private partnership 36. There are several critical issues which require
models. The quality of public services needs to be attention of the government and the people of the state,
improved and access of the poor to these facilities if Uttar Pradesh is to emerge as a just, equitable and
encouraged.

developing State with reference to gender. These are Sexual harassment at work place guidelines and
highlighted briefly below. compulsory marriage registration bill. Schemes to
(i) First and foremost, the State needs to look at its encourage women in non stereo typical
programmes not in the mode of welfare for women occupations do not exist. Training of women in
but in terms of human rights. This would have leadership is necessary at all levels and gender
implications in many areas where women are sensitization should no more remain tokenistic.
treated minimally and given pittance like widow (vii) The Women Policy declared by the state should
pension, old age pension and marginal wages. be publicised and debated widely and
(ii) Another major area of policy lacunae both at the implemented effectively. The State requires a full
State as well as the central level is that the unit fledged mechanism to ensure gender sensitive
of poverty alleviation programmes is the family policy and implementation through a participatory
and not the individual. Unless individual is taken apex body. Department of Women and Child
as the unit of addressing poverty, like in the case Welfare should now be renamed as the Department
of education and health, we cannot be said to have for Women's Empowerment.
a human rights approach to development nor can (viii) Ensuring property rights to women is critical for
we be said to be gender responsive in our planning. their economic empowerment. Joint pattas for
Special and close attention should be given to men and women should be made compulsory for
female headed house-holds. Care should be taken women's better control over resources. Initiatives
to ensure that all income generation programmes like lower stamp duty for women should be
achieve the target of 30% women beneficiaries. introduced recently need to be introduced in other
Any shortfall in number of women beneficiaries in spheres as well.
a year must be carried forward to the next year. (ix) Women's Self Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged
(iii) There is a need to design a gender audit system as an important strategy to achieve the objective
for all government and non government of empowering women and alleviating poverty. The
programmes which would look at targets, trainings, basic agenda of making credit available to the
recruitments, promotion, infrastructure and economically vulnerable women forms the core
decision making opportunities. The conscious objective which can then form the base for the
effort of the State to mainstream gender issues structure expansion and growth of women's SHGs.
through gender budgeting is a right move but Thus, SHGs can expand by linking in the form of
requires participation of all departments. An collectives, clusters and federations. While
effective MIS system for monitoring women welfare embracing issues of common concern to the group
programmes needs to be developed with a check wider than only credit, such as domestic violence,
list which is simple and transparent and can be reproductive rights and political participation,
handled by both government and non government SHGs offer an important dialogic space for
functionaries. There needs to be a regular updating women. SHGs are tools, which will reflect the
of gender segregated data to assess the impact of ideology of their initiators, and in many cases
all government schemes. All departments and they have an important potential to enable
programmes after a gender audit must clearly women to come together, form collectives and
project a gender segregated list of beneficiaries work for social and economic issues which are
and recruited officials. meaningful in their lives. The SHG movement is
now rapidly picking up in the state with the
(iv) More effective publicity of government welfare
creation of nearly four lakh SHGs under various
schemes needs to be undertaken using multimedia
schemes. The movement needs to be encouraged
and participatory processes. and given full support.
(v) Women’s access to higher education needs to be (x) Decentralisation of the planning process and
improved for their economic empowerment. participatory approach with focus on women's
Hostels for secondary and high schools need to be groups will help in improving the condition of
instituted and more institutions of technical women while making development plans more
training need to be set up at block level for girls. meaningful and locally relevant. It is encouraging
Short stay homes with counseling centres are to note that the 2005 Panchayat election results
required at the block level with counselors who have evidenced a phenomenally large number of
are qualified with degrees in social work, women's women elected leaders, much beyond the reserved
studies or psychology. one-third seats. Areas where civil society
(vi) Clear budgetary allocation is necessary for the organizations have empowered women at large,
publicity, training and monitoring with reference the elected women are found to be very articulate,
to laws like Domestic Violence Prevention Act, vigilant and practical. Programme for capacity

building of women representatives in local bodies belonging to disadvantaged social groups and their
needs to be taken up in a big way. consequent low earnings are the main causes of their
(xi) Women’s concern for security, families and care economic deprivation. Poverty levels are higher among
need to be handled with sensitivity and beyond these groups. Lack of productive assets, education and
the blind call of procedural justice. good health and social capital keeps the human
capabilities of the marginalized groups low and
(xii) Finally, women’s agency needs greater recognition perpetuates their relative deprivation. Moreover, the
in all government policy. For a full functioning of tradition based economy of SCs and STs and artisans
women’s capabilities the State needs to look belonging to OBC and Muslims is facing serious threat
beyond the parameters of mere service delivery from the liberalized market economy due to fierce
of education, health and income. Women’s competition for their traditional products. All these
experiences need to be perceived as legitimate in problems lead to negative impact on their capabilities,
the larger public discourse. More time and space confidence and efforts to come out at par with the
need to be devoted to allow for their expression, mainstream society and economy of the state. These
whether it is in training or in data collection complex problems still stand as a major hurdle in
efforts. All laws and regulations must be subject delivering social justice and empowerment of the weaker
to scrutiny from the perspective of gender equality. groups.
All forms of discrimination against women
entrenched in the antiquated patriarchal values 40. The state government has initiated over the
and institutions and legal system will have to be years numerous development programmes to remove
eliminated. This requires change in the mind set human deprivation among the lagging social groups on a
not only of women but also of men. Civil society priority basis. Financial allocations under Special
has to play a wider role in this regard. Component Plans for the SCs and and the STs have been
substantially increased over the years. Encouraging
Challenge of Inclusive Development results have been noticed in the development status of
deprived communities, particularly in terms of increased
37. It is widely accepted that the process of
literacy rates. Efforts are being made to ensure welfare
economic growth in the State, as in the country as a
of minorities, disabled persons, women and children.
whole, has failed to be sufficiently inclusive. There
remain many divides in the society. U.P. has a higher 41. Despite all these sincere efforts of GoUP, much
share of the deprived population belonging to SC, OBC still remains to be done. The implementation of these
and Muslims, which depresses the overall attainment of schemes need to be streamlined to ensure that the
the state in human development. As this report has benefit of the schemes reach the target beneficiary
documented large disparities across social groups groups and various leakages and misappropriation of
continue to exist in terms of income, assets, education, funds are minimized. Plethora of schemes and weak
health, nutrition, sanitation, employment and access to monitoring affect the efficacy of these programmes. The
infrastructural facilities. These inequalities within the state needs to go beyond a welfare approach towards
social groups hamper not only their own development the deprived groups and introduce measures for their
but also create hurdles in economic, social and human social and economic empowerment. Such a strategy
development of the entire state would require strengthening the productive base of the
weaker sections, improvement in their capabilities
38. Despite some improvements in the living
through education and technical training, increased
conditions of SC,ST, OBC and minorities as a result of
access to credit and capacity building among elected
preferential treatment under governmental programmes,
representatives from these groups in the local bodies.
the pace of human development in U.P. has remained
slow in comparison to many progressive states of the 42. In the final reckoning, the issues of
country. These disadvantaged groups continue to remain backwardness and marginalization of deprived groups is
backward due to a number of persisting structural tied to their socio-economic development and changes
problems they have been facing for long. The in social structure of any society. What obstructs the
marginalized groups remain deprived of basic amenities compensatory provisions earmarked for these groups in
and services like education, health care, connecting U.P. are growing caste consciousness, social divides,
roads to their isolated habitations, drinking water, alienation and socio-economic deprivation. Both, the
sanitation, housing, etc. The deprived groups are not development interventions by the State Government and
only socially, economically and politically backward but public pressures are required to bring about real change
also vulnerable to various kinds of social exclusion and in the condition of these groups.
atrocities.
The Challenge of Governance Reform
39. Wide gaps exist in educational attainments of
ST, SC, and rest of population. In addition, low level of 43. A new public administration philosophy has
income generating assets owned by the households emerged in recent decades with the broad aim of making

governments and their agencies and institutions open, Information Commissioner and 5 Commissioners have
transparent, adaptable, responsive, efficient, effective been appointed so far. The results of this set-up have
and accountable. The link between good governance and begun to emerge. The momentum is, however, yet to
successful growth-cum-equity-oriented economic and pick up. The important needs for its effective and
social development has become increasingly evident successful implementation are (a) training and motivating
through research and vast observational data. Good of the personnel of government departments, public
governance is the sine qua non of socially just and agencies, institutions, service providers, PSUs, local
economically progressive human development. bodies, etc., (b) organizing information by all such
44. In March 2000, GOUP came out with a Policy establishments/bodies in a computerized form for easy
Paper on Reforms in Governance that, importantly, sought and quick electronic accessibility, (c) equipping these
to redefine the government. The essential strategies bodies with computerization and connectivity facilities,
included: (a) role redefinition of the Government, (b) (d) ensuring effective enforcement and (e) enlisting the
bringing transparency and accountability to government co-operation and assistance of voluntary groups and
functioning by increasing people’s access to information, community collectivities to play awareness-spreading and
(c) quick grievance removal and vigorously combating advocacy roles.
corruption, (d) renewal of civil services through right- 48. E-Governance is a powerful instrument for
sizing, restructuring and strict performance appraisals, ensuring transparency and improving the efficiency and
(e) institutional as well as administrative speed of service delivery. Other States have moved ahead
decentralization, (f) financial management reforms, (g) in expanding the reach, scope and coverage of e-
public participation in governance through voluntary Governance. U.P. should also take steps to move rapidly
action mobilization, etc. Sound financial management, in this area. LOKVANI has been a good initiative but its
budgeting and expenditure reforms and effective coverage is as yet limited. Policy is already in place; so
auditing were the other needed intervention areas are declared intentions. The information delivery and
flagged. the needed quick grievance removal back-ups have to
45. The progress in the direction of governance be properly put on the ground.
reforms has been mixed. Significant advancements have 49. Decentralisation and devolution are needed
been in the area of fiscal reform and computerization of for bringing government closer to the people and making
treasuries. The computerization of pre-metric and post its functioning transparent, accountable and responsive.
metric scholarships provided to SC, ST,OBC Minority and There is a general feeling that the 73 rd and 74 th
general categories has been accomplished in the State. amendments have not been effective in U.P. in enlarging
There has been a sharp turn around in the fiscal situation the functional domain of rural PRIs in a meaningful way.
and U.P. has successfully eliminated the revenue deficit. The required measure of devolution of powers, functions
A number of commissions have been set up and new and resources has not materialized so far. The line
institutions have been created. The right to information departments and agencies, in most cases, continue to
is being enforced in the state. function on their own in respect of functions marked for
46. However, in other areas progress has been less PRIs. The fact that bureaucratic control over Panchayats
than desirable. Corruption at different levels and law continues in a large measure is the ground reality. The
and order situation remain areas of concern. Corruption initial momentum built for empowering PRIs and making
is a great enemy of human development. An effective them grass root institutions of meaningful self-
anti-corruption strategy of State Government will need governance has lost steam in Uttar Pradesh.
to be formulated and strictly implemented. Delay in the 50. Similarly, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Uttar
administration of justice is another critical issue that Pradesh remain weak in terms of resources, management
has to be addressed urgently capacities and real functional devolution. They do not
47. In open democratic systems transparency and command adequate financial resources. They are
accountability are the essential ingredients of good subjected to rigid government control leaving them little
governance. Accountability is to be understood in terms room for initiatives and innovations. They do not have
of discharging public duty by public agencies and public the managerial and organizational capacities to provide
servants, of standards of performance and of the quality and deliver the growing needs of civic services and
of security and of services delivered to citizens. All this infrastructure. A host of Government Departments,
is possible when people have access to information agencies, parastatals and institutions perform some of
relating to the functioning of public agencies. The Right those very functions which should rightfully fall in the
to Information Act 2005 is indeed a powerful and enabling domain of ULBs. This confusing institutional overlapping
law. The crux lies in sincerely, effectively and diffuses responsibility, creates coordination problems and
unreservedly implementing the law. In U.P. the State adversely impacts success of legitimate urban
Commission on Information was set up in 2006. The Chief governance.

51. Unless empowered and participatory Concluding Remarks
decentralization is promoted with political and 54. In the last few decades U.P. has made
administrative conviction and commitment, and considerable progress in all dimensions of human
concretized at the grass root level, peoples’ institutions development which is reflected in improvement in HDI
are restored, revitalized and strengthened in terms of values over time in all districts of the state. However,
authority, organizational wherewithal and resources, as this report demonstrates the condition remains far
these bodies will remain disempowered and the task of from satisfactory and the state remains nearly at the
inculcating a full sense of belonging in the citizen, of bottom in human development levels among all states
removing of inequities and poverty, and of reaching of the country. Major challenges remain to be met in the
economic and social benefits to the common man, path of human development in the state. The report has
specially the poor and the weak, will remain largely also indicated the major steps to be undertaken for this
unachieved. There is thus a crying need for putting purpose in different areas.
decentralization firmly on the agenda of the state
55. U.P.’s progress on human development
government by empowering the local bodies in terms of
indicators calls for a paradigm shift in governance. It
funds, functions and functionaries in a time bound
calls for empowerment of the people. It calls for a policy
manner.
framework focused on fundamental rights and freedoms,
52. If governance at the tool-meets-object level a framework that guarantees the right to be free of
is to improve, which is undeniably the most critical poverty, ill health, illiteracy. It must confer on all citizens
level, and benefits of development and anti-poverty the right to know how money allocated for public
programmes reached effectually to those who need purposes is actually spent. It should distinctly be a
these most, it is the delivery systems that need to be framework that strengthens rights and punishes wrongs.
tightened and vastly improved. Most development
56. Human development is a task which cannot be
programmes launched at considerable costs and with
left to the government alone. The involvement of the
lot of enthusiasm flounder for lack of properly worked
civil society and the NGOs is a must. The NGO movement
out delivery systems.
in Uttar Pradesh is at present weak. It needs to be
53. As the chapter on governance highlights the strengthened and fully and effectively co-opted into the
key requirements for improving delivery systems would streams of planned development. Their assistance can
include: be very advantageously enlisted for improving human
(a) Decentralization – democratic, institutional, development outcomes. Their co-ordination, co-
financial and administrative, operation and accountability needs to be regulated at
the government level through the setting up of
(b) Convergence of services and facilities at points of
appropriate machinery for that purpose.
delivery,
57. U.P. today stands at a critical juncture on the
(c) Community participation, stakeholder involvement
path of economic and human development. Unless it
and citizen oversight,
takes bold and determined steps to move ahead to meet
(d) Right to information, transparency, open decision- the challenge of rapid growth and human development,
making, it will be swamped in the morass of poverty and human
(e) One-window arrangements, deprivation. Fortunately, there are some favourable
(f) Quick grievance removal systems, circumstances which have emerged recently and which
need to be taken advantage of. The fiscal situation of
(g) A credible and operative Citizen Charter system the state has considerably improved. The size of the
linked with social audit, annual plans has been going up sharply. The states
(h) Effective field inspections, monitoring, feed-back capacity to invest from its own resources in the field of
and corrective action, economic and social infrastructure has visibly improved.
(i) Careful targeting of benefits, subsidies, financial In addition, there has been a larger flow from the centre
assistance, concessional prices, etc. also need to in the form of TFC grants and Centrally Sponsored
be delivered, Schemes. The momentum of economic growth seems to
have picked up during the Tenth Five Year Plan giving
(j) Outsourcing deliveries where feasible under confidence for taking bolder steps during the Eleventh
supervision and quality-cum-cost control Five Year Plan. After a long gap political stability has
measures, been restored in the state. There is greater awareness
(k) Use information technologies for improving among the government and people of the state about
deliveries, reducing costs and for ensuring smooth the human development issues. What is needed is a clear
operation of supply lines, distribution, inventory political direction backed by effective delivery systems
control, monitoring, etc. and constant vigil by the people.

Technical Appendix A
Technical Note on Methodology of Human Development Indices
Human Development Index (HDI) LEB were available only for 1991(through a special study
HDI is a summary measure of human development. commissioned for the First UPHDR) and 1981. We have,
It measures the average achievements in three basic therefore, used Infant Mortality rate. The IMR for the
dimensions of human development: years 2001 and 2005 are the derived rates based on the
RCH Surveys. For IMR, the Lower and Upper limits are 10
I. A long and a healthy life as measured by the and 200, based on the current and past-observed IMR in
life expectancy at birth. India and U.P,
II. Knowledge, as measured by the adult 3. Income Index: In the HDI income serves as a
literacy rates (with two- thirds weight) and surrogate for all the dimensions of human development
the combined primary, secondary and not reflected in Health and Education Index. The UNDP
tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one- takes as minimum and maximum values of real GDP per
third weight) capita (PPP$) at $100 and $40,000. The income Index is
III. A decent standard of living measured by GDP calculated using an adjusted district per capita income
per capita (PPP $). in PPP$. The district per capita income in PPP$ equivalent
To arrive at HDI, dimension indices are created. is derived from the district per capita income at constant
These are calculated as: prices in rupees, multiplying with the ratio of per capita
GDP in PPP$ in India and per capita GDP in rupees in
Actual Value- Minimum Value
Dimension Index = India for the relevant years. After estimating the district
Maximum Value- Minimum Value per capita income in PPP$, the Income Index is computed
Therefore, performance in each indicator is using the log values of income as:
expressed as a value between 0 and 1. Finally each Log (per capita Income PPP$)- log(100)
dimension is combined using simple average to arrive at Income Index =
log (40,000)- log (100)
HDI.
The income index is adjusted using the above
This Report uses the same three dimensions as formula because achieving respectable level of human
those in the UNDP Human Development Reports as well development does not require unlimited income
as a similar methodology for the calculation of the HDI.
However, some of the variables used in this report, and 4. Calculation of the HDI: The three dimension
some other methodological details are different because indices have been used to compute the HDI. It is the
of practical considerations related to availability of simple average of three dimension indices as:
district level data and suitability in the light of state HDI = 1/3*[income index + health index +
specific considerations. education index]
1. Education Index: We have made a departure
from the standard UNDP’s methodology to compute the Gender- Related Development Index (GDI)
Education Index. Instead of adult literacy, we have used 5. While the HDI measures average achievement,
literacy rate of 7 years and above. We have also refrained the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the
from using school enrollment rate for want of reliable inequalities between men and women in the same
data at district level for all the years, for which HDI was dimensions as that of HDI. The calculation of GDI involves
computed. In the light of these considerations, we have three steps. First, female and male indices in each
thought it appropriate to rely on the literacy rate (7 dimension are calculated according to the dimension
+years) figures available from 1991 and 2001 Census to index formula explained before. Second, the female and
compute the Education Index. For 2005, projected male indices in each dimension are combined in a way
literacy rate figures have been used. As usual, to that penalizes differences in achievement between men
calculate the dimension index, minimum and maximum and women. This index is called Equality Distributed Index.
values of the literacy rate are 0 and 100 percent This is calculated according to the following formula:
respectively. 1
2. H e a l t h I n d e x : UNDP makes use of life Equally Distributed Index =
Female Pop. Share/
expectancy at birth (LEB) as the indicator to compute Female Index + Male
the Health Index. For U.P. districts; the estimates for Pop. Share/ Male Index
189 Appendix
It gives the harmonic mean of female and male G D I =1/3*(equally distributed index of income
Indices. +equally distributed index of health+equally distributed
Third, the GDI is calculated by combining the three index of education)
equally distributed indices in an unweighted average.
Deprivation Index
6. Method to calculate Education and Health
indices remains the same as in HDI calculations. Income 8. The deprivation index measures the deprivation
index is arrived at in a different way in GDI. The steps in four basic necessities of well being such as quality of
are as follows: housing, a access to drinking water, good sanitation and
electricity for lighting. The following indicators have
Computing Equally distributed Income Index been used to compute the deprivation index
First per capita income for women and men are (i) Deprivation in Quality of Housing (d1): this is
calculated from the female share and male share of measured through percentage of households not
earned income. The Female share of income is computed residing in a permanent house.
using the formula given below: (ii) Deprivation in Access to Water (d2): The
ratio of female to male wage* deprivation in access to water is measured through
Female share of share of female workers percentage of households whose source drinking
= water is away from the house.
Earned Income ratio of female to male wage*
(share of female workers+ (iii) Deprivation in Good Sanitation (d3): Deprivation
share of male workers) in good sanitation is measured through percentage
The estimated female share of female earned of households who do not have the facility of
income has been used to compute the district per capita latrine.
income of women and district per capita income of men. (iv) Deprivation in Electricity for Lighting (d4):
These per capita incomes have been adjusted for Deprivation in electricity lighting is measured
equivalent to PPP$ using the same procedure as in through percentage of households who do not have
HDI.The income dimension index for female and male the source of lighting as electricity.
has been computed using the formula given before. These
indices have been used to compute the equally The above indicators for all districts of U.P. have
distributed income index been taken from census 1991 and census 2001.
7. Having thus computed the equally distributed 9. The formula for calculating the Deprivation
indices for health, education and income, the GDI is Index is similar to that of Human Poverty Index used by
computed as the simple average of the three equally the UNDP. The formula is as follows:
distributed indices as: Deprivation Index=[1/4(d1^3+d2^3+d3^3+d4^3)]^1/3

Technical Appendix B
Uttar Pradesh Women Policy 2006: A Vision for the Future
Objectives: § Destitude and widow pension and money to

§ Changing social attitudes towards women making encourage remarriage.
them more gender sensitive. § Working women hostels, protection and short stay
§ Promoting/ensuring effective protection of homes set up.
women's rights. § Women given priority in allotment of houses under
§ Ensuring women's need for security. Indira Awas Yojana.
§ Sexual Harassment at work place clause has been
§ Ensuring women's participation in all decision
added to the UP State Employee conduct rules.
making processes and strengthening their
capacities to negotiate § Reduction of stamp duty for women.
§ Enhancing women's self-esteem and dignity. § Kanya Vidya Dhan Yojana included for encouraging
§ Building women's capacity to access social and girls education.
development resources. § Girls Secondary Schools in 426 unserved blocks set
§ Ensuring women's participation in economic up through supporting schools management.
activities through proactive policy. § School Chalo Abhiyan to encourage girls
§ Ensuring women presence in all walks of life. enrollment.
§ To take steps to combat violence and atrocities § Sexual harassment at work place complaint
against women. committees set up in all departments.
§ 11 Mahila thanas & 14 family councelling cells and
Steps taken family courts set up.
§ Gender budgeting exercise initiated in 2005-06 as § Land pattas of cultivable land to be given to joint
an effective policy instrument. names of wife and husband, to widows, adult
§ 3 Tier Panchayats to have 33% reservation for unmarried daughters women who are orphaned
women and clear directions to discuss women divorced women and to women agricultural
related issues in meetings. workers.
§ State commission for women established. § Derogatory terms like 'VIDHWA' not to be used for
women who have lost their spouses.
§ 20% seats for women in services reserved.
§ CHILDLINE service in Lucknow, Agra & Varanasi to
§ 50% women reservation in Shiksha Mitra.
be extended to all zones.
§ 40% women beneficiaries in SGSY.
§ District Dowry prohibition officer appointed in all
§ 50% women reservation in BTC courses. districts.
§ Mothers name to be mandatory included in § Jan Shree Bima Yojana for workers in the
enrollment in educational institutions. unorganized sector.
§ Only women workers to cook mid day meal. § Kasturba Gandhi Vidyalaya as residential schools
§ Women SHG's promoted in Swashakti Swayamsiddha, for girls of unserved communities.
SJGS, UPDASP & NABARD to enhance women's credit § Separate toilets for girls in school.
and thrift and linkage with income generation
§ NPEG for elementary education in 746 blocks.
programmes.
§ Shelter homes for destitute and elderly women
§ Mahila dairy cooperatives formed in Mahila dairy
under SWADHAR scheme specially in Mathura,
project reaching out to 55000 women.
Vrindavan and other religious cities.
§ Health insurance for women in SHG's provided.
The policy States that the responsibility of its
§ Enterprise and skill up gradation training provided implementation lies primarily with the department
by the small scale industries department and Khadi of women and child welfare. The policy purposes
Gram Udyog Vibhag. to specifically address the following issues:
191 Appendix
§ Gender discrimination in family and outside, child § Setting up of a women's empowerment centre in
marriage, trafficking, female foeticide are critical all districts where under a single roof there is
issues to be dealt with community participation. provision for legal aid, counselling, training, Thana
§ Position of girl child specially adolescent girl with legal aid, NGO support and help line along with
reference to building self confidence and residential short stay homes.
controlling violence. § Women in difficult circumstances and female
§ Education for all sensitizing the entire education headed households to be given priority.
processes with reference to gender with CSO § Ashram Sadans to be formed for destitute and old
participation. women.
§ Capacity building and training for women's self § Disabled women to be supported through training
reliance to career. and market linkages.
§ Emphasis on IT & entrepreneurship in women's § Special protection for mentally challenged with
trainings. caring foster care homes.
§ Holistic approach to women's health including § Sensitive treatment of child abuse cases.
nutrition and reproductive health. § Crèches and working women hostels to support
§ Reducing MMR is a priority as are safe-deliveries. working women.
HIV/AIDS awareness and preventive strategies to § Family counselling sells in all family and district
be worked at courts with gender sensitized trained counsellors.
§ Media to be utilized for transforming negative § Sensitization of all officials involving CSO's.
social attitude towards women.
§ Recognizing special needs of women victims of
§ Ensuring women's rights over land. Training women dowry torture and violence.
in newer technologies and ensuring reduction of
drudgery. § Priority to single women in allotment of land and
housing.
§ Developing clear indicator for GDI inclusive of IMR,
MMR Sex ratio women's participation in decision § Court fee to be reduced in the case of
making. maintenance, property, violence and divorce.
§ Easy credit for women. § Resolution to be ensured in 6 months.

§ Mahila Desk in every thana.
§ Encourage SHG's and bank linkage procedures to
be simplified. § 20% women to be recruited in police.
§ Women to be trained in book keeping and other § Victims of violence to be specially secured specially
necessary legal procedures and marketing. those who have suffered in communal and caste
§ Attempt to assess women's domestic work in violence.
monetary terms and add it to GNP. § Greater security in transport and night shifts for
§ Care for women convicts and speedy trials. women.
§ Reduction in property tax owned by women. § Ensuring human rights for immigrant women
workers through giving identity cards.
§ relaxation of age limit for married women in
§ Gender segregated data to be collected at the
government service.
State level.
§ Name of mother to be included in all Government
§ An apex body to be constituted to monitor
documents.
implement and coordinate programmes for women
§ Homes to be improved. empowerment
§ Adoption laws to be simplified.

Statistical Appendices
Appendix 2.1
District wise Human Development Index
District 1991 2001 2005

HDI Value Rank HDI Value Rank HDI Value Rank
Agra 0.5307 6 0.5938 7 0.6215 7
Aligarh 0.4310 32 0.5476 29 0.5738 30
Allahabad 0.4143 41 0.5473 30 0.5739 29
Ambedkar Nagar 0.4207 36 0.5261 39 0.5580 37
Auraiya 0.4853 16 0.5857 9 0.6074 14
Azamgarh 0.4082 44 0.5149 43 0.5414 44
Baghpat 0.5586 3 0.6070 6 0.6392 5
Bahraich 0.2671 70 0.4067 69 0.4404 69
Ballia 0.5123 10 0.5673 17 0.5814 26
Balrampur 0.3117 66 0.4238 68 0.4476 68
Banda 0.3924 47 0.5057 49 0.5456 41
Barabanki 0.3874 50 0.5114 44 0.5297 52
Bareilly 0.3814 52 0.4913 54 0.5332 51
Basti 0.3154 65 0.4578 63 0.4921 61
Bijnor 0.4402 31 0.5608 22 0.5866 24
Budaun 0.2752 69 0.4408 67 0.4605 67
Bulandshahar 0.4581 27 0.5729 16 0.6017 17
Chandauli 0.4892 15 0.5591 23 0.5876 22
Chitrakoot 0.3751 53 0.5411 33 0.5907 20
Deoria 0.4163 39 0.5177 41 0.5418 43
Etah 0.3613 59 0.5059 48 0.5361 48
Etawah 0.4722 22 0.5666 18 0.6090 12
Faizabad 0.4267 34 0.5324 35 0.5544 39
Farrukhabad 0.4581 28 0.5492 27 0.5773 27
Fatehpur 0.4186 38 0.5105 45 0.5334 50
Firozabad 0.4116 43 0.5579 24 0.5876 23
Gautam Buddha Nagar 0.5393 5 0.6740 1 0.7017 1
Ghaziabad 0.5517 4 0.6369 2 0.6566 2
Ghazipur 0.4717 23 0.5505 26 0.5702 33
Gonda 0.3257 64 0.4450 66 0.4780 65
Gorakhpur 0.4796 20 0.5479 28 0.5759 28
Hamirpur 0.4152 40 0.5300 38 0.5678 35
Hardoi 0.3342 62 0.4781 60 0.5103 59
Hathras 0.5081 12 0.5841 12 0.6159 11
Jalaun 0.4831 17 0.5567 25 0.6059 16
Jaunpur 0.4277 33 0.5317 37 0.5546 38
Jhansi 0.4657 26 0.5852 10 0.6214 8
Jyotiba Phulenagar 0.4248 35 0.5408 34 0.5722 31
Kannauj 0.4814 18 0.5735 15 0.5861 25
195 Tables
District 1991 2001 2005
HDI Value Rank HDI Value Rank HDI Value Rank
Kanpur Dehat 0.4894 14 0.5754 14 0.6077 13
Kanpur Nagar 0.5703 2 0.6257 3 0.6506 3
Kaushambi 0.3548 60 0.4825 59 0.5212 56
Kheri 0.4122 42 0.5157 42 0.5426 42
Kushinagar 0.3877 49 0.4839 58 0.5049 60
Lalitpur 0.3895 48 0.4919 53 0.5345 49
Lucknow 0.5232 7 0.6211 4 0.6477 4
Maharajganj 0.3713 56 0.4668 62 0.4906 63
Mahoba 0.4806 19 0.5219 40 0.5690 34
Mainpuri 0.4463 29 0.5647 20 0.5891 21
Mathura 0.5063 13 0.5849 11 0.6163 10
Mau 0.5139 8 0.5653 19 0.5910 19
Meerut 0.5735 1 0.6113 5 0.6300 6
Mirzapur 0.4402 30 0.5320 36 0.5534 40
Moradabad 0.3983 46 0.5029 50 0.5266 54
Muzaffarnagar 0.4726 21 0.5643 21 0.5937 18
Pilibhit 0.3633 57 0.5067 47 0.5372 47
Pratapgarh 0.3726 54 0.5008 52 0.5284 53
Rae Bareli 0.3857 51 0.4877 57 0.5230 55
Rampur 0.3716 55 0.4682 61 0.4915 62
Saharanpur 0.5131 9 0.5882 8 0.6173 9
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.3086 67 0.4470 64 0.4800 64
Sant Ravidas Nagar 0.4693 25 0.5455 31 0.5706 32
Shahjahanpur 0.3468 61 0.4893 56 0.5133 58
Shrawasti 0.2924 68 0.4042 70 0.4132 70
Siddharthnagar 0.3336 63 0.4462 65 0.4690 66
Sitapur 0.3626 58 0.4906 55 0.5143 57
Sonbhadra 0.4702 24 0.5424 32 0.5619 36
Sultanpur 0.4192 37 0.5088 46 0.5388 46
Unnao 0.4057 45 0.5017 51 0.5397 45
Varanasi 0.5123 11 0.5800 13 0.6068 15
Uttar Pradesh 0.4249 0.5442 0.5709
Source: Calculated for the Report

Note: Districts have been arranged in alphabetical order.

Appendix 2.2
Components of Human Development Index 1991
District Education Index Health Index Income Index HDI

Agra 0.4858 0.7474 0.3589 0.5307
Aligarh 0.4494 0.5053 0.3384 0.4310
Allahabad 0.4517 0.4789 0.3122 0.4143
Ambedkar Nagar 0.3967 0.6211 0.2443 0.4207
Auraiya 0.5290 0.6053 0.3215 0.4853
Azamgarh 0.3919 0.5684 0.2644 0.4082
Baghpat 0.4869 0.7842 0.4047 0.5586
Bahraich 0.2267 0.3263 0.2483 0.2671
Ballia 0.4389 0.8526 0.2453 0.5123
Balrampur 0.2375 0.3684 0.3293 0.3117
Banda 0.3733 0.4895 0.3144 0.3924
Barabanki 0.3111 0.5368 0.3144 0.3874
Bareilly 0.3288 0.4632 0.3523 0.3814
Basti 0.3536 0.3421 0.2506 0.3154
Bijnor 0.4055 0.5316 0.3834 0.4402
Budaun 0.2464 0.2842 0.2949 0.2752
Bulandshahar 0.4600 0.5368 0.3775 0.4581
Chandauli 0.4481 0.6526 0.3668 0.4892
Chitrakoot 0.3219 0.4895 0.3140 0.3751
Deoria 0.4242 0.5737 0.2510 0.4163
Etah 0.4015 0.3632 0.3194 0.3613
Etawah 0.538 0.6053 0.2734 0.4722
Faizabad 0.3744 0.6211 0.2846 0.4267
Farrukhabad 0.4723 0.6421 0.2598 0.4581
Fatehpur 0.4469 0.4947 0.3143 0.4186
Firozabad 0.4630 0.4737 0.2980 0.4116
Gautam Buddha Nagar 0.5166 0.5842 0.5170 0.5393
Ghaziabad 0.5443 0.7158 0.3951 0.5517
Ghazipur 0.4327 0.7211 0.2613 0.4717
Gonda 0.2956 0.3684 0.3130 0.3257
Gorakhpur 0.4330 0.7316 0.2743 0.4796
Hamirpur 0.4171 0.5000 0.3286 0.4152
Hardoi 0.363 0.3632 0.2765 0.3342
Hathras 0.4632 0.7158 0.3452 0.5081
Jalaun 0.5072 0.6158 0.3264 0.4831
Jaunpur 0.4222 0.6211 0.2397 0.4277
Jhansi 0.5199 0.5000 0.3772 0.4657
Jyotiba Phulenagar 0.3196 0.5842 0.3705 0.4248
Kannauj 0.479 0.6421 0.3230 0.4814
Kanpur Dehat 0.5186 0.6263 0.3232 0.4894
197 Tables
Kanpur Nagar 0.6395 0.6789 0.3924 0.5703

Kaushambi 0.2956 0.4789 0.2898 0.3548
Kheri 0.2971 0.6053 0.3343 0.4122
Kushinagar 0.323 0.5737 0.2665 0.3877
Lalitpur 0.3212 0.5105 0.3369 0.3895
Lucknow 0.5749 0.6105 0.3842 0.5232
Maharajganj 0.289 0.5368 0.2880 0.3713
Mahoba 0.3649 0.7316 0.3455 0.4806
Mainpuri 0.5029 0.5316 0.3043 0.4463
Mathura 0.4485 0.7000 0.3705 0.5063
Mau 0.4380 0.8053 0.2985 0.5139
Meerut 0.5241 0.7842 0.4121 0.5735
Mirzapur 0.3968 0.6105 0.3134 0.4402
Moradabad 0.3067 0.5842 0.3040 0.3983
Muzaffarnagar 0.4400 0.5895 0.3882 0.4726
Pilibhit 0.3210 0.4053 0.3637 0.3633
Pratapgarh 0.4040 0.4684 0.2455 0.3726
Rae Bareli 0.3778 0.4895 0.2898 0.3857
Rampur 0.2537 0.5211 0.3400 0.3716
Saharanpur 0.4211 0.7316 0.3865 0.5131
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.3495 0.3421 0.2342 0.3086
Sant Ravidas Nagar 0.4002 0.6526 0.3551 0.4693
Shahjahanpur 0.3207 0.3737 0.3461 0.3468
Shrawasti 0.2955 0.3263 0.2554 0.2924
Siddharthnagar 0.2716 0.5211 0.2081 0.3336
Sitapur 0.3141 0.4684 0.3052 0.3626
Sonbhadra 0.3440 0.6105 0.4560 0.4702
Sultanpur 0.3849 0.5474 0.3252 0.4192
Unnao 0.3870 0.5421 0.2879 0.4057
Varanasi 0.5188 0.6526 0.3654 0.5123
Uttar Pradesh 0.4071 0.5316 0.3360 0.4249


Appendix 2.3

Agra 0.6260 0.6726 0.4827 0.5938
Aligarh 0.5848 0.5909 0.4671 0.5476
Allahabad 0.6211 0.5564 0.4643 0.5473
Ambedkar Nagar 0.5843 0.6351 0.3590 0.5261
Auraiya 0.7050 0.5733 0.4789 0.5857
Azamgarh 0.5695 0.5990 0.3763 0.5149
Baghpat 0.6424 0.6557 0.5230 0.6070
Bahraich 0.3516 0.5107 0.3579 0.4067
Ballia 0.5786 0.7501 0.3731 0.5673
Balrampur 0.3460 0.5436 0.3818 0.4238
Banda 0.5438 0.5830 0.3903 0.5057
Barabanki 0.4739 0.5929 0.4674 0.5114
Bareilly 0.4784 0.5772 0.4183 0.4913
Basti 0.5249 0.4829 0.3655 0.4578
Bijnor 0.5808 0.6031 0.4985 0.5608
Budaun 0.3817 0.5040 0.4367 0.4408
Bulandshahar 0.5939 0.6031 0.5218 0.5729
Chandauli 0.5972 0.6351 0.4451 0.5591
Chitrakoot 0.6504 0.5830 0.3899 0.5411
Deoria 0.5864 0.6010 0.3658 0.5177
Etah 0.5463 0.5295 0.4419 0.5059
Etawah 0.6957 0.5733 0.4308 0.5666
Faizabad 0.5628 0.6351 0.3994 0.5324
Farrukhabad 0.6089 0.5889 0.4498 0.5492
Fatehpur 0.5630 0.5472 0.4214 0.5105
Firozabad 0.6448 0.5657 0.4632 0.5579
Ghaziabad 0.6974 0.6877 0.5257 0.6369
Ghazipur 0.5955 0.6775 0.3784 0.5505
Gonda 0.4259 0.5436 0.3656 0.4450
Gorakhpur 0.5849 0.6581 0.4008 0.5479
Hamirpur 0.5738 0.5657 0.4505 0.5300
Hardoi 0.5188 0.5174 0.3980 0.4781
Hathras 0.6249 0.6464 0.4810 0.5841
Jalaun 0.6452 0.5772 0.4478 0.5567
Jaunpur 0.5984 0.6156 0.3811 0.5317
Jhansi 0.6547 0.6010 0.4998 0.5852
Kannauj 0.6188 0.5889 0.5129 0.5735
Kanpur Dehat 0.6644 0.5970 0.4649 0.5754
199 Tables
Kanpur Nagar 0.7437 0.6396 0.4938 0.6257

Kaushambi 0.4688 0.5564 0.4222 0.4825
Kheri 0.4839 0.6093 0.4539 0.5157
Kushinagar 0.4694 0.6010 0.3813 0.4839
Lalitpur 0.4946 0.5436 0.4375 0.4919
Lucknow 0.6871 0.6396 0.5366 0.6211
Maharajganj 0.4661 0.5454 0.3890 0.4668
Mahoba 0.5328 0.5657 0.4673 0.5219
Mainpuri 0.6509 0.6010 0.4423 0.5647
Mathura 0.6146 0.6464 0.4937 0.5849
Mau 0.6216 0.6557 0.4187 0.5653
Meerut 0.6479 0.6557 0.5303 0.6113
Mirzapur 0.5531 0.6135 0.4295 0.5320
Moradabad 0.4475 0.6177 0.4436 0.5029
Muzaffarnagar 0.6067 0.5889 0.4974 0.5643
Pilibhit 0.4981 0.5601 0.4619 0.5067
Pratapgarh 0.5760 0.5657 0.3607 0.5008
Rae Bareli 0.5379 0.5330 0.3922 0.4877
Rampur 0.3876 0.5620 0.4549 0.4682
Saharanpur 0.6122 0.6374 0.5152 0.5882
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.5088 0.4829 0.3491 0.4470
Shahjahanpur 0.4909 0.5208 0.4560 0.4893
Shrawasti 0.3382 0.5107 0.3636 0.4042
Siddharthnagar 0.4230 0.5564 0.3593 0.4462
Sitapur 0.4832 0.5638 0.4248 0.4906
Sonbhadra 0.4922 0.6114 0.5236 0.5424
Sultanpur 0.5575 0.5582 0.4106 0.5088
Unnao 0.5464 0.5564 0.4024 0.5017
Varanasi 0.6612 0.6351 0.4437 0.5800
Uttar Pradesh 0.5627 0.6211 0.4489 0.5442


Appendix 2.4

Agra 0.6619 0.7143 0.4882 0.6215
Aligarh 0.6171 0.6416 0.4628 0.5738
Allahabad 0.6642 0.6108 0.4465 0.5739
Ambedkar Nagar 0.6294 0.6810 0.3637 0.5580
Auraiya 0.7559 0.6259 0.4405 0.6074
Azamgarh 0.6111 0.6488 0.3644 0.5414
Baghpat 0.6833 0.6993 0.5350 0.6392
Bahraich 0.3694 0.5701 0.3817 0.4404
Ballia 0.6116 0.7833 0.3492 0.5814
Balrampur 0.3612 0.5995 0.3821 0.4476
Banda 0.5819 0.6345 0.4202 0.5456
Barabanki 0.5055 0.6434 0.4403 0.5297
Bareilly 0.5077 0.6293 0.4626 0.5332
Basti 0.5619 0.5454 0.3690 0.4921
Bijnor 0.6226 0.6524 0.4849 0.5866
Budaun 0.4027 0.5642 0.4145 0.4605
Bulandshahar 0.6264 0.6524 0.5264 0.6017
Chandauli 0.6337 0.6810 0.4483 0.5876
Chitrakoot 0.7401 0.6345 0.3974 0.5907
Deoria 0.6254 0.6506 0.3496 0.5418
Etah 0.5786 0.5869 0.4427 0.5361
Etawah 0.7406 0.6259 0.4604 0.6090
Faizabad 0.6064 0.6810 0.3759 0.5544
Farrukhabad 0.6428 0.6398 0.4491 0.5773
Fatehpur 0.5895 0.6027 0.4080 0.5334
Firozabad 0.6930 0.6192 0.4507 0.5876
Ghaziabad 0.7411 0.7277 0.5011 0.6566
Ghazipur 0.6353 0.7187 0.3566 0.5702
Gonda 0.4485 0.5995 0.3858 0.4780
Gorakhpur 0.6213 0.7014 0.4051 0.5759
Hamirpur 0.6106 0.6192 0.4735 0.5678
Hardoi 0.5519 0.5762 0.4029 0.5103
Hathras 0.6663 0.6910 0.4905 0.6159
Jalaun 0.6815 0.6293 0.5069 0.6059
Jaunpur 0.6417 0.6636 0.3586 0.5546
Jhansi 0.6908 0.6506 0.5229 0.6214
Kannauj 0.6541 0.6398 0.4643 0.5861
Kanpur Dehat 0.7040 0.6470 0.4721 0.6077
201 Tables
Kanpur Nagar 0.7751 0.6849 0.4918 0.6506

Kaushambi 0.5021 0.6108 0.4506 0.5212
Kheri 0.5211 0.6579 0.4487 0.5426
Kushinagar 0.4975 0.6506 0.3667 0.5049
Lalitpur 0.5298 0.5995 0.4743 0.5345
Lucknow 0.7185 0.6849 0.5397 0.6477
Maharajganj 0.5000 0.6011 0.3708 0.4906
Mahoba 0.5695 0.6192 0.5185 0.5690
Mainpuri 0.6903 0.6506 0.4265 0.5891
Mathura 0.6565 0.6910 0.5015 0.6163
Mau 0.6685 0.6993 0.4053 0.5910
Meerut 0.6806 0.6993 0.5101 0.6300
Mirzapur 0.5885 0.6617 0.4102 0.5534
Moradabad 0.4732 0.6654 0.4411 0.5266
Muzaffarnagar 0.6482 0.6398 0.4932 0.5937
Pilibhit 0.5344 0.6141 0.4630 0.5372
Pratapgarh 0.6167 0.6192 0.3494 0.5284
Rae Bareli 0.5732 0.5900 0.4058 0.5230
Rampur 0.4088 0.6158 0.4497 0.4915
Saharanpur 0.6604 0.6829 0.5086 0.6173
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.5421 0.5454 0.3526 0.4800
Shahjahanpur 0.5252 0.5792 0.4354 0.5133
Shrawasti 0.3440 0.5701 0.3255 0.4132
Siddharthnagar 0.4492 0.6108 0.3469 0.4690
Sitapur 0.5168 0.6175 0.4087 0.5143
Sonbhadra 0.5221 0.6598 0.5038 0.5619
Sultanpur 0.5970 0.6125 0.4068 0.5388
Unnao 0.5820 0.6108 0.4262 0.5397
Varanasi 0.6996 0.6810 0.4397 0.6068
Uttar Pradesh 0.5985 0.6684 0.4458 0.5709


Appendix 2.5
District wise Gender Development Index 2001 and 2005
District 2001 2005

GDI Rank GDI Rank
Agra 0.4897 31 0.5350 28
Aligarh 0.4759 36 0.5208 34
Allahabad 0.5108 21 0.5493 18
Ambedkar Nagar 0.4969 27 0.5389 24
Auraiya 0.5373 10 0.5998 3
Azamgarh 0.4896 32 0.5211 32
Baghpat 0.5507 2 0.5823 7
Bahraich 0.3657 68 0.3997 67
Ballia 0.5275 13 0.5479 19
Balrampur 0.4008 64 0.4307 64
Banda 0.4795 33 0.5176 38
Barabanki 0.4637 48 0.5057 46
Bareilly 0.4134 58 0.4836 52
Basti 0.4201 56 0.4663 56
Bijnor 0.4732 41 0.5068 44
Budaun 0.3470 70 0.3620 70
Bulandshahar 0.5478 3 0.5992 4
Chandauli 0.5137 19 0.5549 16
Chitrakoot 0.5235 15 0.5763 10
Deoria 0.4748 38 0.5085 42
Etah 0.4165 57 0.4531 59
Etawah 0.4780 34 0.5450 21
Faizabad 0.5055 24 0.5328 29
Farrukhabad 0.4664 44 0.5077 43
Fatehpur 0.4746 39 0.4992 49
Firozabad 0.4648 46 0.5191 37
Gautam Buddha Nagar 0.5579 1 0.6018 1
Ghaziabad 0.5284 12 0.5652 14
Ghazipur 0.5263 14 0.5607 15
Gonda 0.3922 65 0.4274 65
Gorakhpur 0.5091 22 0.5441 22
Hamirpur 0.5018 26 0.5363 26
Hardoi 0.4037 63 0.4450 62
Hathras 0.5069 23 0.5323 30
Jalaun 0.5120 20 0.5507 17
Jaunpur 0.5042 25 0.5383 25
Jhansi 0.5429 4 0.5858 6
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 0.4753 37 0.5241 31
Kannauj 0.5224 16 0.5681 12
203 Tables
District 2001 2005
GDI Rank GDI Rank
Kanpur Dehat 0.5196 17 0.5787 8
Kanpur Nagar 0.5428 5 0.6006 2
Kaushambi 0.4524 50 0.4939 50
Kheri 0.4331 54 0.4829 53
Kushinagar 0.4438 52 0.4742 55
Lalitpur 0.4643 47 0.5103 40
Lucknow 0.5398 8 0.5770 9
Mahoba 0.4131 59 0.4454 58
Mahrajganj 0.4934 30 0.5399 23
Mainpuri 0.4673 43 0.5200 36
Mathura 0.5421 6 0.5959 5
Mau 0.5417 7 0.5701 11
Meerut 0.5294 11 0.5476 20
Mirzapur 0.4945 28 0.5202 35
Moradabad 0.4263 55 0.4756 54
Muzaffarnagar 0.4766 35 0.5067 45
Pilibhit 0.4093 61 0.4368 63
Pratapgarh 0.4718 42 0.5051 47
Rae Bareli 0.4490 51 0.4899 51
Rampur 0.3483 69 0.3849 69
Saharanpur 0.4736 40 0.5131 39
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.4119 60 0.4521 60
Sant Ravidas Nagar Bhadohi 0.4934 29 0.5211 33
Shahjahanpur 0.3718 66 0.4210 66
Shrawasti 0.3680 67 0.3925 68
Siddharthnagar 0.4383 53 0.4638 57
Sitapur 0.4049 62 0.4495 61
Sonbhadra 0.5174 18 0.5351 27
Sultanpur 0.4650 45 0.5096 41
Unnao 0.4546 49 0.5035 48
Varanasi 0.5387 9 0.5674 13
Uttar Pradesh 0.4910 0.5277


Appendix 2.6
Components of Gender Development Index 2001
District Equally Distributed Equally Distributed Equally Distributed GDI

Education index Health index Income index
Agra 0.5973 0.6670 0.2048 0.4897
Aligarh 0.5480 0.5825 0.2971 0.4759
Allahabad 0.5845 0.5536 0.3944 0.5108
Ambedkar Nagar 0.5557 0.6264 0.3087 0.4969
Auraiya 0.6885 0.5798 0.3436 0.5373
Azamgarh 0.5375 0.5982 0.3332 0.4896
Baghpat 0.6113 0.6568 0.3840 0.5507
Bahraich 0.3112 0.5379 0.2482 0.3657
Ballia 0.5426 0.7461 0.2937 0.5275
Balrampur 0.3014 0.5580 0.3431 0.4008
Banda 0.4918 0.5780 0.3687 0.4795
Barabanki 0.4402 0.6180 0.3329 0.4637
Bareilly 0.4481 0.5715 0.2207 0.4134
Basti 0.4808 0.4784 0.3011 0.4201
Bijnor 0.5581 0.6172 0.2443 0.4732
Budaun 0.3417 0.5060 0.1933 0.3470
Bulandshahar 0.5502 0.6507 0.4426 0.5478
Chandauli 0.5588 0.6318 0.3505 0.5137
Chitrakoot 0.6196 0.5782 0.3727 0.5235
Deoria 0.5425 0.6008 0.2811 0.4748
Etah 0.5075 0.5218 0.2202 0.4165
Etawah 0.6765 0.5798 0.1778 0.4780
Faizabad 0.5294 0.6259 0.3612 0.5055
Farrukhabad 0.5869 0.6171 0.1953 0.4664
Fatehpur 0.5290 0.5175 0.3773 0.4746
Firozabad 0.6194 0.5598 0.2154 0.4648
Ghaziabad 0.6801 0.6907 0.2145 0.5284
Ghazipur 0.5563 0.6953 0.3273 0.5263
Gonda 0.3732 0.5577 0.2457 0.3922
Gorakhpur 0.5447 0.6576 0.3251 0.5091
Hamirpur 0.5271 0.5643 0.4142 0.5018
Hardoi 0.4791 0.5133 0.2187 0.4037
Hathras 0.5872 0.6498 0.2837 0.5069
Jalaun 0.6128 0.5573 0.3660 0.5120
Jaunpur 0.5573 0.6113 0.3439 0.5042
Jhansi 0.6224 0.6038 0.4023 0.5429
Kannauj 0.5950 0.6164 0.3559 0.5224
205 Tables
District Equally Distributed Equally Distributed Equally distributed GDI
Education index Health index income index
Kanpur Dehat 0.6457 0.5919 0.3212 0.5196

Kanpur Nagar 0.7380 0.6352 0.2552 0.5428
Kaushambi 0.4103 0.5536 0.3932 0.4524
Kheri 0.4517 0.6287 0.2191 0.4331
Kushinagar 0.4072 0.6010 0.3231 0.4438
Lalitpur 0.4436 0.5401 0.4092 0.4643
Lucknow 0.6781 0.6424 0.2989 0.5398
Maharajganj 0.4001 0.4792 0.3601 0.4131
Mahoba 0.4786 0.5647 0.4368 0.4934
Mainpuri 0.6251 0.5879 0.1890 0.4673
Mathura 0.5676 0.6476 0.4112 0.5421
Mau 0.5930 0.6515 0.3805 0.5417
Meerut 0.6293 0.6564 0.3025 0.5294
Mirzapur 0.5097 0.6135 0.3603 0.4945
Moradabad 0.4193 0.6120 0.2475 0.4263
Muzaffarnagar 0.5824 0.5297 0.3178 0.4766
Pilibhit 0.4580 0.5968 0.1730 0.4093
Pratapgarh 0.5318 0.5645 0.3191 0.4718
Rae Bareli 0.5004 0.5354 0.3113 0.4490
Rampur 0.3596 0.5024 0.1831 0.3483
Saharanpur 0.5939 0.6359 0.1910 0.4736
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.4600 0.4780 0.2975 0.4119
Shahjahanpur 0.4609 0.5185 0.1360 0.3718
Shrawasti 0.2746 0.5381 0.2914 0.3680
Siddharthnagar 0.3699 0.6104 0.3346 0.4383
Sitapur 0.4475 0.5803 0.1869 0.4049
Sonbhadra 0.4462 0.6318 0.4741 0.5174
Sultanpur 0.5187 0.5582 0.3180 0.4650
Unnao 0.5175 0.5567 0.2896 0.4546
Varanasi 0.6372 0.6322 0.3468 0.5387
Uttar Pradesh 0.5302 0.6128 0.3301 0.4910


Appendix 2.7
Components of Gender Development Index 2005
District Equally Distributed Equally Distributed Equally Distributed GDI

Education index Health index Income index
Agra 0.6333 0.7095 0.2622 0.5350
Aligarh 0.5796 0.6344 0.3483 0.5208
Allahabad 0.6273 0.6084 0.4123 0.5493
Ambedkar Nagar 0.5999 0.6734 0.3433 0.5389
Auraiya 0.7403 0.6317 0.4276 0.5998
Azamgarh 0.5782 0.6483 0.3369 0.5211
Baghpat 0.6518 0.7004 0.3945 0.5823
Bahraich 0.3263 0.5957 0.2771 0.3997
Ballia 0.5752 0.7798 0.2886 0.5479
Balrampur 0.3141 0.6127 0.3654 0.4307
Banda 0.5270 0.6304 0.3955 0.5176
Barabanki 0.4702 0.6664 0.3805 0.5057
Bareilly 0.4753 0.6243 0.3511 0.4836
Basti 0.5152 0.5415 0.3421 0.4663
Bijnor 0.5991 0.6652 0.2561 0.5068
Budaun 0.3595 0.5662 0.1602 0.3620
Bulandshahar 0.5824 0.6956 0.5196 0.5992
Chandauli 0.5944 0.6782 0.3920 0.5549
Chitrakoot 0.7074 0.6305 0.3912 0.5763
Deoria 0.5800 0.6504 0.2949 0.5085
Etah 0.5382 0.5809 0.2402 0.4531
Etawah 0.7215 0.6317 0.2818 0.5450
Faizabad 0.5716 0.6731 0.3536 0.5328
Farrukhabad 0.6208 0.6658 0.2366 0.5077
Fatehpur 0.5555 0.5790 0.3631 0.4992
Firozabad 0.6670 0.6141 0.2762 0.5191
Ghaziabad 0.7243 0.7305 0.2409 0.5652
Ghazipur 0.5952 0.7349 0.3519 0.5607
Gonda 0.3929 0.6124 0.2770 0.4274
Gorakhpur 0.5802 0.7010 0.3512 0.5441
Hamirpur 0.5622 0.6180 0.4286 0.5363
Hardoi 0.5101 0.5732 0.2516 0.4450
Hathras 0.6280 0.6849 0.2748 0.5292
Jalaun 0.6494 0.6121 0.3907 0.5507
Jaunpur 0.6000 0.6599 0.3552 0.5383
Jhansi 0.6583 0.6532 0.4460 0.5858
Kannauj 0.6295 0.6650 0.4096 0.5681
207 Tables
District Equally Distributed Equally Distributed Equally distributed GDI
Education index Health index income index
Kanpur Dehat 0.6858 0.6426 0.4078 0.5787

Kanpur Nagar 0.7706 0.6805 0.3506 0.6006
Kaushambi 0.4399 0.6084 0.4333 0.4939
Kheri 0.4862 0.6760 0.2866 0.4829
Kushinagar 0.4319 0.6506 0.3401 0.4742
Lalitpur 0.4742 0.5979 0.4587 0.5103
Lucknow 0.7098 0.6874 0.3337 0.5770
Maharajganj 0.4287 0.5965 0.3616 0.4623
Mahoba 0.5115 0.6184 0.4898 0.5399
Mainpuri 0.6646 0.6391 0.2564 0.5200
Mathura 0.6082 0.6922 0.4874 0.5959
Mau 0.6390 0.6962 0.3752 0.5701
Meerut 0.6625 0.7000 0.2802 0.5476
Mirzapur 0.5429 0.6617 0.3560 0.5202
Moradabad 0.4430 0.6616 0.3220 0.4756
Muzaffarnagar 0.6233 0.5902 0.3067 0.5067
Pilibhit 0.4912 0.6473 0.1719 0.4368
Pratapgarh 0.5715 0.6184 0.3254 0.5051
Rae Bareli 0.5342 0.5922 0.3434 0.4899
Rampur 0.3786 0.5674 0.2086 0.3849
Saharanpur 0.6418 0.6820 0.2153 0.5131
Sant Kabir Nagar 0.4908 0.5411 0.3244 0.4521
Shahjahanpur 0.4931 0.5777 0.1923 0.4210
Shrawasti 0.2805 0.5958 0.3012 0.3925
Siddharthnagar 0.3922 0.6625 0.3366 0.4638
Sitapur 0.4785 0.6328 0.2374 0.4495
Sonbhadra 0.4728 0.6782 0.4542 0.5351
Sultanpur 0.5566 0.6125 0.3596 0.5096
Unnao 0.5521 0.6112 0.3474 0.5035
Varanasi 0.6762 0.6786 0.3475 0.5674
Uttar Pradesh 0.5650 0.6610 0.3572 0.5277


Appendix 2.8
District wise Deprivation Index, 1991
Rank District Deprivation Index Rank District Deprivation Index

1 Kanpur (Nagar) 28.52 28 Maharajganj 70.38
2 Ghaziabad 41.58 29 Azamgarh 70.43
3 Lucknow 44.38 30 Faizabad 71.38
4 Meerut 48.14 31 Farrukhabad 71.77
5 Rampur 51.36 32 Mirzapur 72.00
6 Saharanpur 54.00 33 Etawah 72.09
7 Bijnor 54.60 34 Ghazipur 73.00
8 Bareilly 55.54 35 Etah 73.26
9 Agra 56.41 36 Basti 73.90
10 Muzaffarnagar 56.53 37 Deoria 74.02
11 Moradabad 60.40 38 Mainpuri 74.88
12 Jhansi 60.48 39 Lalitpur 74.94
13 Bulandshahar 60.65 40 Gonda 75.11
14 Varanasi 61.58 41 Sultanpur 75.16
15 Gorakhpur 64.50 42 Hamirpur 75.52
16 Firozabad 65.20 43 Sidharthnagar 75.53
17 Mau 65.79 44 Banda 75.82
18 Aligarh 65.90 45 Bahraich 76.41
19 Pilibhit 66.04 46 Kheri 76.53
20 Jalaun 66.10 47 Pratapgarh 78.16
21 Jaunpur 66.10 48 Kanpur (Dehat) 79.03
22 Allahabad 66.41 49 Fatehpur 79.82
23 Mathura 67.08 50 Unnao 80.68
24 Ballia 68.39 51 Barabanki 80.78
25 Budaun 68.94 52 Rae Bareli 81.22
26 Shahjahanpur 69.66 53 Hardoi 82.79
27 Sonbhadra 69.99 54 Sitapur 83.14
Uttar Pradesh 65.12

Note: Districts have been arranged in ascending order of Deprivation Index..
209 Tables
Appendix 2.9
District wise Deprivation Index, 2001
Rank District Deprivation Index Rank District Deprivation Index

1 Ghaziabad 22.63 36 Jaunpur 61.28
2 Meerut 29.82 37 Ballia 61.29
3 Kanpur Nagar 30.81 38 Deoria 61.72
4 Lucknow 31.39 39 Azamgarh 62.43
5 Gautam Buddha Nagar 34.04 40 Etah 62.48
6 Varanasi 36.46 41 Ambedkar Nagar 62.62
7 Saharanpur 37.77 42 Hamirpur 63.13
8 Muzaffarnagar 39.61 43 Sultanpur 63.46
9 Agra 41.83 44 Sant Kabir Nagar 63.80
10 Bijnor 42.12 45 Basti 64.02
11 Rampur 42.27 46 Pratapgarh 64.04
12 Bareilly 43.53 47 Ghazipur 64.17
13 Moradabad 43.77 48 Mainpuri 64.46
14 Baghpat 45.31 49 Auraiya 64.67
15 Mathura 47.43 50 Lalitpur 64.90
16 Jhansi 48.72 51 Mahoba 64.91
17 Allahabad 50.58 52 Kannauj 65.07
18 Aligarh 51.09 53 Banda 65.49
19 Bulandshahar 51.95 54 Kheri 65.75
20 Firozabad 53.15 55 Balrampur 65.99
21 Pilibhit 53.66 56 Gonda 66.24
22 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 54.29 57 Fatehpur 66.71
23 Gorakhpur 54.71 58 Kanpur Dehat 66.73
24 Sant Ravidas Nagar 55.06 59 Barabanki 66.74
25 Jalaun 55.20 60 Kaushambi 66.77
26 Mau 55.27 61 Mahrajganj 67.25
27 Farrukhabad 55.94 62 Siddharthnagar 67.29
28 Hathras 56.52 63 Kushinagar 67.49
29 Etawah 57.45 64 Unnao 67.52
30 Shahjahanpur 58.52 65 Bahraich 67.67
31 Budaun 59.36 66 Chitrakoot 67.84
32 Mirzapur 59.43 67 Rae Bareli 68.06
33 Faizabad 59.71 68 Hardoi 69.20
34 Sonbhadra 60.56 69 Sitapur 70.55
35 Chandauli 60.75 70 Shrawasti 70.92
Uttar Pradesh 54.53

Note: Districts have been arranged in ascending order of Deprivation Index.

Appendix 2.10
Indicators of Deprivation Index, 1991
District % of Households % of Households % of Households % of Households

not having access not having not having not having
to drinking water Electricity Sanitation Facility permanent House
Western Region
Agra 39.51 63.43 72.90 23.87
Aligarh 29.82 80.32 82.92 31.04
Bareilly 19.36 75.94 61.26 21.64
Bijnor 14.53 71.47 61.15 37.89
Budaun 33.48 88.73 73.84 55.61
Bulandshahar 13.16 75.22 76.79 22.57
Etah 42.11 89.40 87.15 49.51
Etawah 42.12 86.65 86.93 48.78
Farrukhabad 49.82 85.66 81.89 56.2
Firozabad 33.37 79.15 81.06 35.00
Ghaziabad 7.29 46.54 56.96 11.37
Mainpuri 43.75 89.18 89.29 55.89
Mathura 43.25 78.97 85.34 23.31
Meerut 8.29 54.64 65.44 13.12
Moradabad 20.56 79.20 69.13 35.70
Muzaffarnagar 8.00 68.90 72.44 24.67
Pilibhit 16.75 84.80 79.42 33.23
Rampur 17.66 72.4 46.95 37.64
Saharanpur 11.04 61.87 69.77 37.35
Shahjahanpur 42.72 85.70 79.38 52.46
Central Region
Barabanki 65.58 91.14 92.21 65.82
Fatehpur 68.15 90.62 92.05 57.88
Hardoi 68.89 92.43 89.53 75.81
Kanpur (Dehat) 62.22 91.12 93.13 55.29
Kanpur (Nagar) 17.61 33.62 36.39 10.47
Kheri 40.27 89.34 90.89 64.15
Lucknow 36.07 49.81 53.48 29.72
Rae Bareli 63.40 87.55 93.92 72.97
Sitapur 69.39 91.89 91.99 74.33
Unnao 70.02 88.43 90.55 68.63
Eastern Region
Allahabad 56.11 74.34 83.53 10.16
Azamgarh 14.77 82.73 93.89 4.11
Bahraich 45.08 92.88 93.01 44.35
Ballia 22.84 82.58 88.90 11.60
Basti 27.08 89.56 95.42 19.55
211 Tables
Deoria 16.83 90.14 94.57 34.04

Faizabad 30.03 86.61 91.94 10.05
Ghazipur 44.65 88.16 92.13 4.58
Gonda 44.37 90.78 93.85 32.10
Gorakhpur 16.11 76.08 85.64 8.74
Jaunpur 42.23 80.15 82.67 4.42
Maharajganj 11.01 82.83 93.61 16.35
Mau 13.88 74.17 89.97 4.46
Mirzapur 65.42 78.23 90.20 4.20
Pratapgarh 67.05 89.31 96.38 8.98
Sidharthnagar 30.38 92.62 96.47 14.39
Sonbhadra 63.29 80.61 84.06 4.96
Sultanpur 57.3 85.64 95.34 24.86
Varanasi 56.46 64.67 78.49 3.19
Bundelkhand
Banda 62.6 89.77 91.83 0.84
Hamirpur 67.83 88.11 89.9 0.39
Jalaun 42.23 80.15 82.67 2.16
Jhansi 51.11 65.75 77.6 0.8
Lalitpur 63.89 87.07 91.36 1.01
UP 37.76 78.09 81.98 28.63

Note: Districts have been arranged according to region.

Appendix 2.11
Indicators of Deprivation Index, 2001

Agra 14.87 45.23 58.09 9.94
Aligarh 10.47 65.50 62.95 12.21
Allahabad 13.67 56.91 69.15 3.79
Ambedkar Nagar 6.91 72.88 84.08 7.12
Auraiya 13.97 83.25 77.02 35.62
Azamgarh 4.33 73.17 83.47 5.65
Baghpat 8.14 59.62 54.25 3.22
Bahraich 6.59 86.02 80.66 42.65
Ballia 9.03 75.60 78.55 14.99
Balrampur 7.93 80.52 85.03 22.90
Banda 16.75 84.83 79.81 0.81
Barabanki 10.71 80.03 82.16 49.41
Bareilly 2.81 63.31 41.90 13.67
Basti 6.56 76.07 84.54 16.85
Bijnor 6.78 58.45 45.51 16.69
Budaun 5.54 82.87 60.20 36.69
Bulandshahar 6.08 71.34 58.18 8.27
Chandauli 17.32 72.65 79.79 6.11
Chitrakoot 17.82 83.12 87.46 1.22
Deoria 5.96 72.04 82.56 15.70
Etah 9.64 81.97 74.14 25.52
Etawah 15.84 73.20 69.93 27.30
Faizabad 8.14 67.81 80.78 23.09
Farrukhabad 12.72 73.54 63.86 34.21
Fatehpur 15.92 84.20 79.70 43.11
Firozabad 14.71 65.81 67.57 16.00
Ghaziabad 3.47 29.37 27.55 4.21
Ghazipur 13.33 79.18 82.30 8.15
Gonda 5.29 80.53 85.43 25.68
Gorakhpur 6.15 62.28 74.43 9.43
Hamirpur 19.36 82.79 75.59 0.61
Hardoi 12.81 84.97 77.64 62.29
Hathras 14.33 69.55 72.46 13.17
Jalaun 14.62 73.71 64.55 2.63
Jaunpur 9.10 69.31 83.70 7.01
Jhansi 19.17 56.74 64.85 0.81
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 3.10 77.73 55.34 9.75
213 Tables
Kannauj 17.15 82.65 76.54 43.76

Kanpur Dehat 17.10 85.07 80.32 36.78
Kanpur Nagar 10.39 36.19 40.16 15.46
Kaushambi 14.47 83.44 83.89 25.50
Kheri 8.63 81.90 76.34 52.18
Kushinagar 5.68 78.85 87.74 40.01
Lalitpur 26.86 79.67 82.82 0.61
Lucknow 9.11 36.43 40.09 21.68
Mahoba 26.46 84.22 78.19 0.42
Mahrajganj 6.62 81.73 87.28 17.80
Mainpuri 11.71 82.35 77.60 35.41
Mathura 28.64 49.48 65.57 6.46
Mau 5.29 60.17 77.04 6.30
Meerut 3.65 36.82 38.24 5.67
Mirzapur 19.30 64.08 82.88 3.59
Moradabad 3.46 64.86 38.33 18.40
Muzaffarnagar 4.19 52.54 46.81 9.64
Pilibhit 3.55 74.17 58.22 23.34
Pratapgarh 9.86 74.23 86.15 9.73
Rae Bareli 13.49 79.66 82.53 57.57
Rampur 2.73 62.81 34.92 22.67
Saharanpur 6.48 43.75 49.97 18.90
Sant Kabir Nagar 6.63 74.73 85.23 12.74
Shahjahanpur 7.25 79.17 60.70 43.30
Shrawasti 8.56 91.28 85.69 33.08
Siddharthnagar 8.56 81.76 87.55 9.09
Sitapur 11.75 85.70 81.05 62.25
Sonbhadra 22.97 73.41 78.34 3.55
Sultanpur 10.64 72.74 85.59 20.85
Unnao 13.75 82.91 78.62 55.73
Varanasi 11.92 34.25 53.36 2.77
Uttar Pradesh 10.07 68.10 68.57 21.00

Note: Districts have been arranged according to alphabetical order.

Appendix 3.1
Literacy Rates by Sex for Districts, 2001
Sl. No. State/District Persons Males Females
1 Saharanpur 62.61 72.26 51.42

2 Muzaffarnagar 61.68 73.11 48.63
3 Bijnor 59.37 70.18 47.28
4 Moradabad 45.74 56.66 33.32
5 Rampur 38.95 48.62 27.87
6 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 50.21 63.49 35.07
7 Meerut 65.96 76.31 54.12
8 Baghpat 65.65 78.60 50.38
9 Ghaziabad 70.89 81.04 59.12
10 Gautam Buddha Nagar 69.78 82.56 54.56
11 Bulandshahar 60.19 75.55 42.82
12 Aligarh 59.70 73.22 43.88
13 Hathras 63.38 77.17 47.16
14 Mathura 62.21 77.60 43.77
15 Agra 64.97 79.32 48.15
16 Firozabad 66.53 77.81 53.02
17 Etah 56.15 69.13 40.65
18 Mainpuri 66.51 78.27 52.67
19 Budaun 38.83 49.85 25.53
20 Bareilly 47.99 59.12 35.13
21 Pilibhit 50.87 63.82 35.84
22 Shahjahanpur 48.79 60.53 34.68
23 Kheri 49.39 61.03 35.89
24 Sitapur 49.12 61.02 35.08
25 Hardoi 52.64 65.08 37.62
26 Unnao 55.72 67.62 42.40
27 Lucknow 69.39 76.63 61.22
28 Rae Bareli 55.09 69.03 40.44
29 Farrukhabad 62.27 72.40 50.35
30 Kannauj 62.57 73.38 49.99
31 Etawah 70.75 81.15 58.49
32 Auraiya 71.50 81.18 60.08
33 Kanpur Dehat 66.59 76.84 54.49
34 Kanpur Nagar 77.63 82.08 72.50
35 Jalaun 66.14 79.14 50.66
36 Jhansi 66.69 80.11 51.21
37 Lalitpur 49.93 64.45 33.25
38 Hamirpur 58.10 72.76 40.65
39 Mahoba 54.23 66.83 39.57
40 Banda 54.84 69.89 37.10
215 Tables
Sl. No. State/District Persons Males Females
41 Chitrakoot 66.06 78.75 51.28

42 Fatehpur 59.74 73.07 44.62
43 Pratapgarh 58.67 74.61 42.63
44 Kaushambi 48.18 63.49 30.80
45 Allahabad 62.89 77.13 46.61
46 Barabanki 48.71 60.12 35.64
47 Faizabad 57.48 70.73 43.35
48 Ambedkar Nagar 59.06 71.93 45.98
49 Sultanpur 56.90 71.85 41.81
50 Bahraich 35.79 46.32 23.27
51 Shrawasti 34.25 47.27 18.75
52 Balrampur 34.71 46.28 21.58
53 Gonda 42.99 56.93 27.29
54 Siddharthnagar 43.97 58.68 28.35
55 Basti 54.28 68.16 39.00
56 Sant Kabir Nagar 51.71 67.85 35.45
57 Maharajganj 47.72 65.40 28.64
58 Gorakhpur 60.96 76.70 44.48
59 Kushinagar 48.43 65.35 30.85
60 Deoria 59.84 76.31 43.56
61 Azamgarh 56.15 70.50 42.44
62 Mau 64.86 78.97 50.86
63 Ballia 58.88 73.15 43.92
64 Jaunpur 59.98 77.16 43.53
65 Ghazipur 60.06 75.45 44.39
66 Chandauli 61.11 75.55 45.45
67 Varanasi 67.09 83.66 48.59
68 Sant Ravidas Nagar 59.14 77.99 38.72
69 Mirzapur 56.10 70.51 39.89
70 Sonbhadra 49.96 63.79 34.26
Uttar Pradesh 57.36 70.23 42.98
Source: Census of India, 2001

Appendix 3.2
District-wise Rural and Urban Literacy Rate in Uttar Pradesh, 2001
District Rural Urban

Saharanpur 58.79 70.01 45.75 67.92 73.40 61.61
Muzaffarnagar 58.83 71.23 44.53 65.91 73.85 56.99
Bijnor 57.04 69.27 43.31 61.24 67.28 54.52
Moradabad 39.19 51.58 24.77 56.64 62.13 50.41
Rampur 33.99 44.77 21.42 52.18 58.03 45.66
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 47.90 62.82 30.82 54.11 61.81 45.48
Meerut 62.67 75.72 47.71 66.97 74.27 58.64
Baghpat 63.31 76.81 47.25 68.01 77.76 56.81
Ghaziabad 63.15 75.92 48.26 74.89 82.92 65.61
Gautam Buddha Nagar 64.89 80.61 46.47 74.85 82.28 65.74
Bulandshahar 57.97 74.54 39.10 64.01 73.54 53.34
Aligarh 56.51 72.19 38.04 63.15 70.55 54.68
Hathras 61.76 76.88 43.88 65.34 73.88 55.61
Mathura 57.68 75.37 36.27 70.49 79.11 60.29
Agra 57.27 73.41 37.96 69.09 76.06 60.87
Firozabad 63.37 76.57 47.44 66.96 74.34 58.53
Etah 52.59 66.60 35.69 64.03 71.88 55.18
Mainpuri 63.50 75.95 48.69 74.13 81.09 66.33
Budaun 34.70 46.41 20.35 53.28 60.53 45.12
Bareilly 42.01 55.09 26.63 58.91 65.76 51.18
Pilibhit 47.39 61.23 31.27 60.25 67.97 51.47
Shahjahanpur 46.65 58.44 32.19 58.07 64.63 50.60
Kheri 45.97 57.74 32.17 67.31 73.41 60.28
Sitapur 45.68 58.13 30.87 67.00 73.42 59.88
Hardoi 49.91 63.18 33.77 65.80 73.24 57.30
Unnao 51.94 64.49 37.87 69.12 75.96 61.51
Lucknow 53.86 65.95 40.10 76.56 81.31 71.20
Rae Bareli 51.67 66.19 36.52 72.82 80.09 64.86
Farrukhabad 58.16 69.57 44.38 70.23 76.67 62.87
Kannauj 61.00 72.63 47.29 66.15 73.43 58.03
Etawah 67.37 78.96 53.55 76.64 83.11 69.35
Auraiya 68.52 78.84 56.27 81.91 87.81 75.23
Kanpur Dehat 65.81 76.02 53.66 74.83 81.25 67.41
Kanpur Nagar 65.66 75.15 54.49 78.39 82.62 73.44
Jalaun 62.25 76.41 45.26 71.75 80.56 61.56
Jhansi 57.49 74.15 38.24 76.60 85.20 66.71
Lalitpur 44.82 60.08 27.20 75.11 84.84 64.28
Hamirpur 54.37 69.65 36.11 72.03 82.75 59.49
Mahoba 49.36 64.82 31.23 66.88 78.02 54.16
217 Tables
District Rural Urban
Banda 50.77 66.71 31.95 72.61 82.29 61.17

Chitrakoot 63.59 76.62 48.41 77.42 86.83 66.47
Fatehpur 54.59 67.91 39.52 70.54 78.24 61.91
Pratapgarh 56.61 73.38 40.26 74.73 84.01 64.70
Kaushambi 45.76 61.21 28.24 61.03 71.42 49.33
Allahabad 55.98 72.32 37.73 79.14 85.06 71.80
Barabanki 45.90 57.86 32.19 61.41 68.28 53.74
Faizabad 53.28 67.38 38.52 74.42 81.01 66.55
Ambedkar Nagar 57.01 70.53 43.38 72.54 79.39 65.11
Sultanpur 54.57 69.66 39.40 78.36 85.47 70.36
Bahraich 31.65 42.74 18.43 65.23 70.35 59.38
Shrawasti 33.11 46.09 17.70 57.70 66.73 47.55
Balrampur 32.03 43.64 18.80 62.30 69.81 53.88
Gonda 40.17 54.54 24.20 72.75 78.79 65.55
Siddharthnagar 41.23 55.76 25.87 68.14 78.01 57.20
Basti 50.86 65.88 34.89 78.46 85.90 70.06
Sant Kabir Nagar 49.67 65.73 33.43 66.39 76.86 54.87
Mahrajganj 45.21 62.83 26.23 71.57 83.19 58.77
Gorakhpur 53.65 70.55 36.54 77.09 84.59 68.64
Kushinagar 45.81 62.83 28.25 69.39 79.37 58.30
Deoria 56.93 74.05 40.26 73.60 83.00 63.33
Azamgarh 55.75 70.32 41.85 71.35 79.08 63.02
Mau 59.99 74.60 45.56 71.05 79.57 61.94
Ballia 56.68 71.34 41.45 68.34 76.86 58.89
Jaunpur 58.73 75.70 42.53 73.11 81.57 63.84
Ghazipur 58.26 74.06 42.36 74.47 83.78 64.19
Chandauli 57.78 72.66 41.65 75.36 84.78 64.61
Varanasi 61.92 77.03 45.58 71.96 79.01 63.81
Sant Ravidas Nagar 56.53 75.45 36.08 67.00 77.80 54.65
Mirzapur 52.97 68.13 36.00 69.36 78.26 59.11
Sonbhadra 40.70 55.56 24.24 82.69 90.61 72.97
Uttar Pradesh 52.53 66.59 36.90 69.75 76.76 61.73
Source: Census of India 2001.

Appendix 3.3
Growth in Number of Schools in Uttar Pradesh since 1970-71
Year Boys Girls Total Percent Increase

Over Previous Year
Number of Junior Basic Schools in UP
1970-71 50503 11624 62127
1980-81 78606 co-ed 78606 26.52
1990-91 77111 co-ed 77111 (-)1.90
2000-01 86361 co-ed 86361 12.00
2005-06 134455 coed 134455 55.69
Number of Senior Basic Schools in UP

1970-71 6779 2008 8787
1980-81 10355 3200 13555 54.26
1990-91 11753 3319 15072 11.19
2000-01 16618 3021 19639 30.30
2005-06 34017 6004 40021 103.78
Number of Secondary Schools

1970-71 2834 581 3415
1980-81 4420 785 5178 51.63
1990-91 5113 886 5999 15.86
2000-01 6958 1501 8459 41.01
2004-05 10127 2639 12766 50.92
219 Tables
Appendix 3.4
Growth in Number of Teachers in Uttar Pradesh since 1970-71
Year Males Females Total Percent Increase

Over Previous Year
Number of Teachers in Lower Primary Schools
1970-71 170857 32502 203359
1980-81 203712 44042 247754 21.83
1990-91 209120 57037 266157 7.43
2000-01 222131 69799 291930 9.68
2005-06 178753 119199 297952 2.06
Number of Teachers in Upper Primary Schools

1970-71 41306 10880 52186
1980-81 58775 14326 73101 40.08
1990-91 79914 19415 99329 35.88
2000-01 76992 21933 98925 (-) 0.41
2005-06 54155 44306 98461 (-) 0.47
Number of Teachers in Secondary Schools

1970-71 64810 14836 79646
1980-81 96117 19747 115864 45.47
1990-91 106650 19522 126172 8.90
2000-01 99367 24149 123516 (-) 2.11
2004-05 108050 29852 137902 11.65

Appendix 3.5
Growth of Enrollment in Schools in Uttar Pradesh since 1970-71
Year Boys Girls Total Percent Increase

Over Previous Year
Growth of Enrollment in Junior Basic (Lower Primary) Schools
1970-71 6748031 3867691 10615722
1980-81 6593572 2774829 9368401 (-) 11.75
1990-91 7893063 4068501 11961564 27.68
2000-01 8076496 4478442 12554938 4.96
2005-06 14001953 12268110 26270063 109.24
Growth of Enrollment in Senior Basic (Upper Primary) Schools

1970-71 1095740 285166 1380906
1980-81 1412783 391731 1804514 30.68
1990-91 2026314 721254 2747568 52.26
2000-01 2028155 910505 2938660 6.95
2005-06 5250653 4125514 9376167 219.06
Growth of Enrollment in secondary schools

1970-71 1851759 463877 2315736
1980-81 2752494 695829 3448323 48.91
1990-91 3614474 1145932 4760406 38.05
2000-01 3749491 1572239 5321830 11.79
2005-06 4760256 2004102 6764358 27.11
221 Tables
Appendix 3.6
Position of UP in Comparison to Best State and Worst State in Variables Used for
Computation of Education Development Index at Primary Level
Indicators Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Jharkhand

(Best State) (Worst State)
No.of Habitations not served of school 6217 25160 11066
Percent of Habitations not served of school 11.52 12.04 22.83
Population (6-10 years) 5217000 22693000 3637000
No. of school at Primary Level 47483 124998 35387
Average SCR 28.38 54.85 64.04
Percent of schools with SCR>60 5.4 43.11 24.66
Percent of Schools Without Drinking Water Facilities 3.95 2.75 28.68
Percent of Schools with Boy’s Toilets 56.1 80.99 20.99
Percent of Schools with Girl’s Toilet 52.53 69.15 11.09
Percent of Female Teachers 71.23 55.22 29.33
Average PTR 31.14 30.69 49.24
Percent of Schools with PTR>60 4.93 45.02 11.12
Percent of Single Teacher School 3.34 4.89 25.52
Where the no of Student>15
School With <3 teachers 53.37 64.22 75.11
Percent of Teachers without Professional Qualification 4.85 33.77 3.34
Overall GER at Primary Level 107.66 107.19 122.91
GER SC 111.43 69.25 60.97
GER ST 103.73 64.67 86.03
Gender Parity Index (Ratio of girls GER to Boys GER) 0.94 0.91 0.9
Repetition Rate-As Defined By NUEPA 1.52 1.84 7.9
Drop out Rate -As defined by NUEPA 2.52 1.74 7.23
Ratio of exit class over class 1 Enrolment 97.64 62.3 38.29
Of enrolled children, % passsed 99.25 97.9 90.68
Percent of appeared children passing with >60% score 66.56 39.12 23.51
Source: National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi

Appendix 3.7
Position of UP in Comparison to Best State and Worst State in Variables Used for
Computation of Education Development Index at Upper Primary Level
Indicators Kerala Uttar Pradesh Bihar

(Best State) (Worst State)
No. of Habitations not served of schools 1058 45070 13803
Percent of Habitations not served of school 15.88 21.57 18.9
Population (11-14) 1612000 13899000 7111000
No. of School at Upper Primary Schools 5013 41308 16268
Average SCR 28.13 32.92 92.59
Percent of schools with SCR>60 2.27 2.67 70.48
Percent of School Without Drinking Water Facilities 3.53 7.57 8.58
Percent of School with Boy,s Toilets 77.62 85.33 55.91
Percent of School with Girl,s Toilet 85.26 75.81 22.76
Percent of of Female Teachers 71.22 29.38 25.9
Average PTR 31.93 25.61 70.21
Percent of Schools with PTR>60 4.37 6 54.54
Percent of Single Teacher School 0.06 1.9 2.15
Where the no of Student>15
School With <3 teachers 5.55 46.26 25.93
Percent of Teachers without Professional Qualification 33.6 24.5 36.29
Overall GER at Upper Primary 76.58 41.95 29.7
GER SC(2003-04) 85.05 41.53 32.1
GER ST(2003-04) 96.71 56.71 55.04
Gender Parity Index(Ratio of girls GER to Boys GER) 0.93 0.83 0.63
Repetition Rate-As Defined By NUEPA 8.13 1.29 3.48
Drop out Rate -As defined by NUEPA 6.29 19.05 33.71
Of enrolled children, % passsed 90.72 97.56 93.88
Percent of appeared children passing with >60% score 40.02 38.43 21.21
Source: National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi
223 Tables
Appendix 5.1
Net District Domestic Product, 2004-2005 at Current Prices (Rs. in crore)
District Primary Secondary Tertiary All Per Capita

Sector Sector Sector Sectors NDDP in Rs.
Bijnor 1780 1187 1805 4772 14088
Moradabad 1592 1076 2040 4708 11392
Rampur 1042 504 1022 2568 12333
Saharanpur 2249 847 1951 5047 16575
Muzaffarnagar 2599 996 2192 5787 15228
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 1095 708 1017 2819 18166
Meerut 1716 1167 2315 5198 16161
Bagpat 1022 332 953 2308 19130
Ghaziabad 1331 2145 2266 5742 15351
Gautambudh Nagar 558 2743 1345 4646 34709
Buland Shahar 2342 1266 2166 5774 18749
Aligarh 1537 870 1765 4171 12824
HathRas 899 316 870 2085 15497
Mathura 1187 680 1466 3334 14972
Agra 1626 1376 2869 5870 14870
Firozabad 1027 646 1164 2836 12608
Etah 1508 533 1411 3452 11554
Mainpuri 911 153 768 1831 10814
Badaun 1594 408 1360 3363 10189
Bareilly 1584 1201 2116 4901 12608
Pilibhit 1012 304 871 2188 12281
Shahjahanpur 1338 454 1247 3039 10995
Farrukhabad 946 391 910 2247 13345
Kannauj 836 447 791 2074 14153
Etawah 715 244 821 1781 12610
Auraiyya 542 186 588 1316 10607
Western Region 34588 21178 38091 93858 14260
Kheri 2199 399 1462 4061 11577
Sitapur 1706 432 1566 3705 9494
Hardoi 1655 359 1356 3371 9272
Unnao 1497 464 1551 3511 12186
Lucknow 1481 1817 5122 8420 20811
Rae Bareli 1067 442 1469 2978 9689
Kanpur Dehat 809 310 878 1997 11854
Kanpur Nagar 719 1667 4848 7234 16177
Fatehpur 879 305 1029 2213 9030
Barabanki 1564 468 1318 3350 11640
Central Region 13577 6664 20599 40840 12554

District Primary Secondary Tertiary All Per Capita
Sector Sector Sector Sectors NDDP in Rs.
Jalaun 1243 248 942 2433 15814
Jhansi 1007 617 1465 3089 16598
Lalitpur 637 187 517 1342 12600
Hamirpur 569 239 541 1350 12312
Mahoba 655 99 422 1176 15586
Banda 707 135 599 1441 9116
Chitrakoot 307 89 303 700 7929
Bundel Khand 5125 1613 4790 11529 13134
Pratap Garh 705 138 1002 1845 6328
Kaushambi 490 186 820 1496 11191
Allahabad 1165 1467 3355 5986 11081
Faizabad 585 234 899 1717 7662
Ambedkar Nagar 730 111 669 1510 6916
Sultanpur 1187 564 1303 3054 8919
Bahraich 1052 164 916 2132 8220
Shrawasti 337 50 335 722 5682
Balrampur 676 148 566 1390 7724
Gonda 1124 185 1137 2446 8221
Siddharth Nagar 684 87 590 1362 6202
Basti 740 181 706 1628 7341
Sant Kabeer Nagar 464 120 442 1026 6753
Maharaj Ganj 891 138 720 1749 7425
Gorakhpur 974 597 2256 3827 9456
Kushi Nagar 1033 243 862 2138 6799
Deoria 695 264 916 1874 6413
Azamgarh 1172 334 1419 2925 6887
Mau 601 400 844 1845 9213
Ballia 640 244 1022 1906 6508
Jaunpur 968 403 1382 2754 6618
Ghazipur 857 260 1082 2200 6695
Chandauli 531 410 942 1882 10579
Varanasi 552 1100 1878 3530 10425
Sant Ravi Das Nagar 237 389 644 1270 8730
Mirzapur 616 376 1093 2085 9110
Sonbhadra 1393 473 856 2723 16798
Eastern Region 21102 9263 28657 59022 8232
Uttar Pradesh 74393 38719 92137 205249 11477
Source: Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, U.P. Government
225 Tables
Appendix 5.2
Annual Compound Growth Rate of Total, Sectoral and Per Capita Net District Product :
1993-94 to 2004-05 at Constant 1993-94 Prices (Per Cent)
District Primary Secondary Tertiary NDDP Per capita

Sector Sector Sector NDDP
Bijnor 0.95 2.76 3.79 2.37 (-) 0.01
Moradabad 1.86 4.85 4.47 3.57 1.15
Rampur 2.05 4.61 4.20 3.39 0.94
Saharanpur 3.01 3.19 4.76 3.68 1.60
Muzaffar Nagar 1.88 2.78 4.22 2.84 0.67
Meerut 2.43 0.31 4.46 2.74 0.88
Ghaziabad 4.73 4.48 5.16 4.75 0.99
Buland Shahar 1.97 7.92 5.40 4.31 2.64
Aligarh 4.58 4.47 6.23 5.23 3.30
Mathura 1.96 2.08 4.78 3.25 1.00
Agra 3.59 2.78 5.48 4.26 1.54
Firozabad 3.95 4.89 5.21 4.70 1.80
Etah 2.69 7.47 5.32 4.34 2.18
Mainpuri 2.24 5.67 5.02 3.62 1.69
Badaun 1.73 4.42 4.67 3.15 0.92
Bareilly 2.17 3.53 4.97 3.64 1.27
Pilibhit 1.90 4.90 5.18 3.43 0.97
Shahjahan Pur 1.46 0.86 4.29 2.39 (-) 0.05
Farrukhabad 2.41 11.16 5.70 5.14 3.20
Etawah 2.89 6.83 6.19 4.80 3.13
Western Region 2.48 4.02 4.97 3.79 1.48
Kanpur Dehat (-) 2.16 3.25 4.29 1.10 (-) 0.78
Kanpur Nagar 9.93 5.86 6.53 6.67 4.22
Kheri 4.15 2.60 4.67 4.15 1.35
Sitapur 3.01 2.11 4.82 3.59 1.25
Hardoi 3.83 6.81 4.95 4.56 2.44
Unnao 3.89 6.16 6.01 5.11 3.06
Lucknow 5.94 6.03 6.67 6.42 3.48
Rae Bareli 2.93 4.75 5.84 4.48 2.36
Fatehpur 1.25 1.15 4.24 2.45 0.56
Barabanki 2.49 2.48 4.25 3.12 0.86
Central Region 3.20 4.71 5.68 4.62 2.28
Jalaun 7.26 7.04 7.14 7.19 5.39
Jhansi 5.98 6.07 5.41 5.72 3.70
Lalitpur 5.24 9.13 6.53 6.16 3.49

District Primary Secondary Tertiary NDDP Per capita
Sector Sector Sector NDDP
Hamirpur 4.19 10.15 5.84 5.36 3.58
Banda 2.28 (-) 2.18 4.24 2.41 0.34
Bundel Khand 4.84 5.30 5.68 5.23 3.20
Pratap Garh 1.15 1.74 4.90 2.99 0.92
Allahabad 2.67 4.70 5.99 4.84 2.45
Bahraich 3.22 6.17 5.33 4.28 1.75
Gonda 4.35 8.04 6.47 5.53 3.32
Faizabad 2.24 5.22 5.76 4.09 1.83
Sultanpur 2.29 7.78 5.98 4.66 2.45
Siddharth Nagar 3.00 16.09 4.70 4.21 1.91
Basti 2.49 5.87 5.19 3.96 1.86
Maharajganj 0.98 (-) 2.04 3.07 1.43 (-) 1.07
Gorakhpur 2.27 5.90 5.72 4.68 2.57
Deoria 0.95 6.18 4.82 3.08 0.75
Mau 2.43 1.29 3.83 2.70 0.28
Azamgarh 0.87 3.13 4.86 2.81 0.59
Ballia (-) 0.87 5.71 4.98 2.60 0.68
Jaunpur 0.90 4.25 5.18 3.23 1.30
Varanasi 0.03 2.29 4.28 2.67 2.66
Ghazipur (-) 0.09 7.45 4.75 2.76 0.47
Mirzapur 3.81 10.06 10.33 7.99 0.85
Sonbhadra 3.47 2.21 3.80 3.26 0.20
Eastern Region 1.94 4.58 5.39 3.87 1.60
Uttar Pradesh 2.60 4.32 5.29 4.05 1.76
Note: For purposes of comparison newly created districts have been merged in the old districts.
Source: Calculated from the estimates prepared by Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute,
U.P. Government
227 Tables
Appendix 5.3
Ranks of Districts according to Per Capita Income at 1993-94 Constant Prices, 1993-94 and 2004-05
District 1993-94 2004-05 Change

Per Capita Rank Per capita Rank in Rank
Income (Rs.) income (Rs.)
Bijnor 7026 5 7760 14
Moradabad 5435 13 6968 18 (-) 5
Rampur 5417 17 6285 24 (-) 7
Saharanpur 7158 8 8942 6 2
Muzaffar Nagar 7232 7 8155 11 (-) 4
Meerut 8162 2 9422 5 (-) 3
Ghaziabad 11587 1 11553 1 0
Buland Shahar 6780 9 9949 3 6
Aligarh 5366 23 7156 17 6
Mathura 6504 6 8571 9 (-) 3
Agra 6066 11 7915 13 (-) 2
Firozabad 4212 21 6322 23 (-) 2
Etah 4787 27 6025 28 (-) 1
Mainpuri 4373 32 5470 31 1
Badaun 4135 31 5089 33 (-) 2
Bareilly 5832 15 6789 20 (-) 5
Pilibhit 6242 14 6804 19 (-) 5
Shahjahan Pur 5620 16 5769 30 (-) 14
Farrukhabad 4120 29 6539 21 8
Etawah 4242 33 6348 22 11
Kanpur Dehat 4899 4 7188 16 (-) 12
Kanpur Nagar 7414 22 8087 12 10
Kheri 5236 20 6248 25 (-) 5
Sitapur 4397 37 4915 36 1
Hardoi 3703 41 4747 42 (-) 1
Unnao 3965 38 5458 32 6
Lucknow 7061 10 10773 2 8
Rae Bareli 4010 39 4829 39 0
Fatehpur 4644 30 4894 37 (-) 7
Barabanki 4645 19 5938 29 (-) 10
Jalaun 4991 25 8851 7 18
Jhansi 6771 12 9742 4 8
Lalitpur 5316 24 7284 15 9
Hamirpur 5611 18 8160 10 8
Banda 4641 26 5026 34 (-) 8
Pratap Garh 3075 51 3445 52 (-) 1
Allahabad 4585 28 6195 26 2

District 1993-94 2004-05 Change
Per Capita Rank Per capita Rank in Rank
Income (Rs.) income (Rs.)
Bahraich 3207 50 3789 46 4
Gonda 4844 53 4250 43 10
Faizabad 3468 47 3898 45 2
Sultanpur 4958 40 4859 38 2
Siddharth Nagar 2458 54 3395 54 0
Basti 3022 52 3728 48 4
Maharajganj 3967 36 3916 44 (-) 8
Gorakhpur 3530 42 4810 41 1
Deoria 3332 46 3642 49 (-) 3
Mau 4225 43 4816 40 3
Azamgarh 3443 44 3769 47 (-) 3
Ballia 3072 48 3441 53 (-) 5
Jaunpur 2970 49 3640 50 (-) 1
Varanasi 6333 34 6027 27 7
Ghazipur 3381 45 3597 51 (-) 6
Mirzapur 4618 35 4951 35 0
Sonbhadra 10855 3 8688 8 (-) 5
Source: Calculated from the estimates prepared by Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute,
U.P. Government
229 Tables
Appendix 5.4
Percent Share of Different Sectors in Net District Domestic Product, 2004-05 (at Current Prices)
Districts Primary Secondary Tertiary All

Sector Sector Sector Sectors
Bijnor 37.31 24.87 37.82 100.00
Moradabad 33.82 22.85 43.34 100.00
Rampur 40.57 19.63 39.80 100.00
Saharanpur 44.56 16.78 38.66 100.00
Muzaffar Nagar 44.91 17.20 37.89 100.00
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 38.83 25.11 36.07 100.00
Meerut 33.01 22.45 44.54 100.00
Bagpat 44.30 14.39 41.32 100.00
Ghaziabad 23.17 37.36 39.47 100.00
Gautambudh nagar 12.01 59.04 28.95 100.00
Buland Shahar 40.57 21.92 37.51 100.00
Aligarh 36.83 20.85 42.32 100.00
HathRas 43.11 15.15 41.74 100.00
Mathura 35.62 20.40 43.98 100.00
Agra 27.69 23.43 48.87 100.00
Firozabad 36.20 22.77 41.03 100.00
Etah 43.69 15.44 40.86 100.00
Mainpuri 49.72 8.33 41.95 100.00
Badaun 47.41 12.14 40.45 100.00
Bareilly 32.32 24.50 43.18 100.00
Pilibhit 46.27 13.91 39.82 100.00
Shahjahan Pur 44.03 14.93 41.03 100.00
Farrukhabad 42.10 17.42 40.49 100.00
Kannauj 40.32 21.55 38.14 100.00
Etawah 40.17 13.72 46.11 100.00
Auraiyya 41.15 14.16 44.69 100.00
Western Region 36.85 22.56 40.58 100.00
Kheri 54.16 9.83 36.01 100.00
Sitapur 46.06 11.67 42.27 100.00
Hardoi 49.11 10.66 40.23 100.00
Unnao 42.63 13.20 44.16 100.00
Lucknow 17.59 21.58 60.83 100.00
Rae Bareli 35.83 14.84 49.33 100.00
Kanpur Dehat 40.50 15.54 43.96 100.00
Kanpur Nagar 9.93 23.05 67.02 100.00
Fatehpur 39.74 13.77 46.49 100.00
Barabanki 46.69 13.97 39.34 100.00
Central Region 33.24 16.32 50.44 100.00

Districts Primary Secondary Tertiary All
Sector Sector Sector Sectors
Jalaun 51.08 10.18 38.74 100.00
Jhansi 32.61 19.97 47.42 100.00
Lalitpur 47.48 13.97 38.55 100.00
Hamirpur 42.19 17.72 40.09 100.00
Mahoba 55.69 8.38 35.93 100.00
Banda 49.07 9.35 41.58 100.00
Chitrakoot 43.94 12.70 43.36 100.00
Bundel Khand 44.46 13.99 41.55 100.00
Pratap Garh 38.23 7.47 54.30 100.00
Kaushambi 32.77 12.42 54.82 100.00
Allahabad 19.46 24.50 56.04 100.00
Faizabad 34.06 13.61 52.32 100.00
Ambedkar Nagar 48.34 7.34 44.32 100.00
Sultanpur 38.87 18.47 42.65 100.00
Bahraich 49.35 7.69 42.96 100.00
Shrawasti 46.63 6.93 46.44 100.00
Balrampur 48.62 10.64 40.74 100.00
Gonda 45.95 7.56 46.49 100.00
Siddharth Nagar 50.27 6.37 43.37 100.00
Basti 45.46 11.14 43.40 100.00
Sant Kabeer Nagar 45.26 11.65 43.09 100.00
Maharaj Ganj 50.94 7.90 41.15 100.00
Gorakhpur 25.46 15.60 58.94 100.00
Kushi Nagar 48.31 11.37 40.32 100.00
Deoria 37.07 14.07 48.87 100.00
Azamgarh 40.07 11.41 48.52 100.00
Mau 32.59 21.67 45.74 100.00
Ballia 33.58 12.78 53.64 100.00
Jaunpur 35.17 14.65 50.19 100.00
Ghazipur 38.97 11.84 49.19 100.00
Chandauli 28.20 21.75 50.05 100.00
Varanasi 15.65 31.15 53.20 100.00
Sant Ravi Das Nagar 18.67 30.63 50.70 100.00
Mirzapur 29.55 18.03 52.42 100.00
Sonbhadra 51.18 17.37 31.45 100.00
Eastern Region 35.75 15.69 48.55 100.00
Uttar Pradesh 36.25 18.86 44.89 100.00
Source: Economics and Statistics Division, State Planning Institute, U.P. Government
231 Tables
Appendix 5.5
Work Participation Rate, 2001 (%)
Districts Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Saharanpur 28.22 47.14 6.34 23.90 41.71 3.31 4.32 5.43 3.03
Muzaffarnagar 33.11 49.00 14.86 25.39 42.71 5.50 7.72 6.29 9.37
Bijnor 28.24 46.45 7.92 22.62 39.91 3.31 5.63 6.53 4.62
Moradabad 31.02 47.94 11.67 26.07 43.07 6.65 4.94 4.87 5.02
Rampur 28.30 47.11 6.90 23.76 41.80 3.25 4.53 5.31 3.66
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 31.89 47.61 14.13 25.53 43.19 5.59 6.36 4.43 8.55
Meerut 29.89 46.58 10.73 24.59 41.59 5.10 5.29 5.00 5.63
Baghpat 32.67 47.53 15.14 24.90 41.40 5.43 7.77 6.13 9.71
Ghaziabad 28.51 45.63 8.62 24.31 40.91 5.01 4.20 4.72 3.61
Gautam Buddha Nagar 30.27 46.56 10.90 25.70 41.94 6.39 4.57 4.62 4.51
Bulandshahar 40.29 50.88 28.25 27.01 41.71 10.28 13.29 9.18 17.96
Aligarh 30.62 45.53 13.31 23.31 38.35 5.85 7.31 7.18 7.47
Hathras 29.34 45.92 10.03 22.11 37.66 3.99 7.23 8.25 6.03
Mathura 37.16 47.83 24.46 25.94 40.26 8.89 11.22 7.56 15.57
Agra 27.19 44.06 7.24 22.49 38.43 3.64 4.70 5.63 3.60
Firozabad 27.23 44.56 6.88 22.16 38.12 3.43 5.06 6.44 3.45
Etah 28.76 46.47 7.90 23.65 40.81 3.43 5.11 5.66 4.46
Mainpuri 27.51 45.68 6.30 22.87 40.34 2.48 4.64 5.34 3.82
Budaun 30.04 48.94 7.59 25.05 43.85 2.72 4.99 5.09 4.87
Bareilly 30.26 48.62 9.18 23.84 41.87 3.14 6.42 6.75 6.04
Pilibhit 28.04 47.76 5.56 21.90 39.19 2.19 6.14 8.58 3.37
Shahjahanpur 28.63 48.81 4.66 24.16 42.65 2.19 4.48 6.16 2.47
Kannauj 32.95 48.82 14.62 24.99 42.71 4.53 7.96 6.11 10.09
Auraiya 32.90 48.43 14.77 24.17 40.78 4.76 8.74 7.65 10.01
Farrukhabad 29.47 47.98 7.65 24.25 42.27 3.01 5.22 5.71 4.64
Etawah 27.53 45.72 6.32 22.30 38.99 2.85 5.23 6.73 3.48
Western Region 30.36 47.23 10.80 24.19 41.10 4.57 6.18 6.13 6.23
Kheri 31.45 51.10 8.88 26.13 45.38 4.03 5.32 5.72 4.85
Sitapur 31.09 50.61 8.51 25.53 44.43 3.65 5.57 6.18 4.86
Hardoi 32.30 51.12 10.01 26.60 46.16 3.44 5.70 4.95 6.57
Unnao 34.30 50.04 16.79 25.39 43.11 5.65 8.92 6.92 11.14
Lucknow 29.78 46.95 10.44 24.68 41.24 6.02 5.10 5.71 4.42
Rae Bareli 35.63 47.93 22.71 23.00 37.58 7.67 12.64 10.35 15.04
Kanpur Dehat 32.83 48.27 14.69 24.13 40.35 5.08 8.70 7.92 9.62
Kanpur Nagar 29.94 47.23 9.71 24.96 41.38 5.75 4.98 5.85 3.96
Fatehpur 37.67 48.55 25.48 25.75 39.65 10.18 11.92 8.90 15.31
Barabanki 36.80 51.72 19.96 27.09 44.17 7.84 9.70 7.55 12.12
Central Region 32.77 49.33 13.92 25.36 42.57 5.77 7.41 6.76 8.15

Districts Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Jalaun 35.95 49.22 20.32 24.48 40.38 5.76 11.47 8.84 14.56
Jhansi 37.02 49.13 23.12 26.76 42.15 9.08 10.26 6.98 14.04
Lalitpur 43.20 50.44 34.99 29.57 46.16 10.77 13.63 4.28 24.22
Hamirpur 39.16 49.19 27.38 25.96 40.77 8.56 13.20 8.41 18.82
Mahoba 42.31 50.64 32.70 28.80 43.38 11.96 13.51 7.26 20.74
Banda 40.29 48.92 30.26 26.83 40.22 11.26 13.46 8.70 19.00
Chitrakoot 42.28 47.71 36.06 29.29 40.71 16.21 12.99 7.00 19.86
Bundelkhand 39.39 49.26 27.96 27.01 41.74 9.96 12.38 7.52 18.00
Pratapgarh 33.53 42.89 24.21 21.19 33.13 9.29 12.34 9.76 14.92
Kaushambi 39.19 47.35 30.07 25.16 36.88 12.06 14.03 10.47 18.01
Allahabad 33.86 43.37 23.05 22.42 34.08 9.16 11.44 9.29 13.89
Faizabad 39.43 50.30 27.85 25.27 40.34 9.22 14.16 9.97 18.63
Ambedkar Nagar 33.45 44.81 21.83 21.82 35.58 7.74 11.63 9.23 14.09
Sultanpur 32.12 44.65 19.33 21.12 34.69 7.28 10.99 9.97 12.04
Bahraich 35.46 52.21 16.13 26.58 44.67 5.72 8.88 7.54 10.41
Shrawasti 41.35 54.62 25.95 28.81 46.48 8.30 12.55 8.15 17.65
Balrampur 42.44 52.49 31.22 29.82 44.89 12.97 12.63 7.60 18.25
Gonda 33.96 50.43 15.77 25.21 42.88 5.70 8.75 7.55 10.07
Siddharthnagar 38.06 47.65 27.95 24.19 37.69 9.94 13.87 9.95 18.01
Basti 35.26 46.77 23.00 23.19 37.46 7.98 12.07 9.31 15.02
Sant Kabir Nagar 34.44 44.95 23.65 20.77 34.14 7.06 13.66 10.81 16.59
Mahrajganj 39.12 47.71 29.92 22.05 34.36 8.87 17.07 13.35 21.05
Gorakhpur 30.14 42.71 17.06 18.38 30.84 5.40 11.76 11.87 11.65
Kushinagar 34.22 45.49 22.52 19.87 32.51 6.75 14.35 12.98 15.78
Deoria 28.53 40.49 16.59 17.16 29.28 5.06 11.37 11.21 11.53
Azamgarh 30.45 40.90 20.22 19.55 32.04 7.31 10.90 8.86 12.91
Mau 32.33 42.00 22.52 21.41 33.45 9.19 10.92 8.55 13.33
Ballia 28.77 41.48 15.44 18.27 30.44 5.50 10.50 11.04 9.93
Jaunpur 31.07 40.40 21.88 20.17 32.47 8.05 10.90 7.93 13.83
Ghazipur 31.39 41.73 20.80 21.31 34.03 8.29 10.08 7.70 12.51
Chandauli 32.11 44.26 18.93 20.69 33.63 6.65 11.42 10.63 12.28
Varanasi 31.29 44.68 16.47 24.56 39.52 7.99 6.73 5.16 8.48
Sant Ravidas Nagar 28.71 41.26 15.03 20.06 33.87 5.01 8.65 7.39 10.02
Mirzapur 33.78 45.58 20.62 23.58 37.51 8.05 10.20 8.07 12.57
Sonbhadra 36.76 47.29 25.03 24.61 38.01 9.70 12.15 9.29 15.33
Eastern Region 33.44 44.88 21.35 22.02 35.50 7.75 11.43 9.38 13.60
Uttar Pradesh 32.24 47.27 15.29 24.08 40.12 6.00 8.16 7.15 9.29
Source: Calculated from Census of India, 2001
233 Tables
Appendix 5.6
Percent Share of Agricultural and Non-agricultural workers in Total Workers
Districts Agricultural Workers Non Agricultural Workers

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Saharanpur 52.62 52.84 50.73 47.38 47.16 49.27
Muzaffarnagar 58.54 56.96 64.53 41.46 43.04 35.47
Bijnor 57.33 57.86 53.84 42.67 42.14 46.16
Moradabad 55.42 56.27 51.39 44.58 43.73 48.61
Rampur 65.96 67.89 50.98 34.04 32.11 49.02
Jyotiba Phule Nagar 67.12 70.22 44.13 32.88 29.78 55.87
Meerut 69.94 76.40 45.07 30.06 23.60 54.93
Baghpat 66.34 66.65 63.75 33.66 33.35 36.25
Ghaziabad 73.77 73.08 76.44 26.23 26.92 23.56
Gautam Buddha Nagar 63.43 63.95 61.45 36.57 36.05 38.55
Bulandshahar 36.56 34.61 46.31 63.44 65.39 53.69
Aligarh 58.25 55.73 67.60 41.75 44.27 32.40
Hathras 24.55 23.20 32.87 75.45 76.80 67.13
Mathura 35.00 34.21 39.07 65.00 65.79 60.93
Agra 52.46 54.38 48.52 47.54 45.62 51.48
Firozabad 52.34 52.69 50.97 47.66 47.31 49.03
Etah 57.79 58.37 54.73 42.21 41.63 45.27
Mainpuri 57.25 53.10 66.90 42.75 46.90 33.10
Budaun 40.70 40.61 41.30 59.30 59.39 58.70
Bareilly 45.54 47.09 33.77 54.46 52.91 66.23
Pilibhit 72.45 74.05 61.39 27.55 25.95 38.61
Shahjahanpur 77.17 77.77 72.03 22.83 22.23 27.97
Kannauj 77.51 79.29 63.89 22.49 20.71 36.11
Auraiya 58.74 59.57 53.64 41.26 40.43 46.36
Farrukhabad 70.90 71.93 60.82 29.10 28.07 39.18
Etawah 72.20 73.58 54.96 27.80 26.42 45.04
Western Region 56.83 57.40 53.94 43.17 42.60 46.06
Kheri 78.95 79.82 73.22 21.05 20.18 26.78
Sitapur 77.79 78.70 71.51 22.21 21.30 28.49
Hardoi 78.32 79.99 68.22 21.68 20.01 31.78
Unnao 75.10 72.89 82.43 24.90 27.11 17.57
Lucknow 31.56 28.85 45.27 68.44 71.15 54.73
Rae Bareli 77.48 73.14 87.11 22.52 26.86 12.89
Kanpur Dehat 76.77 72.15 86.64 23.23 27.85 13.36
Kanpur Nagar 78.24 76.74 82.61 21.76 23.26 17.39
Fatehpur 76.24 74.53 82.86 23.76 25.47 17.14
Barabanki 30.29 26.77 50.33 69.71 73.23 49.67
Central Region 66.48 64.40 74.85 33.52 35.60 25.15

Districts Agricultural Workers Non Agricultural Workers
Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
Jalaun 74.53 70.60 85.75 25.47 29.40 14.25
Jhansi 60.66 53.86 77.26 39.34 46.14 22.74
Lalitpur 80.30 74.36 90.00 19.70 25.64 10.00
Hamirpur 76.79 71.22 88.56 23.21 28.78 11.44
Mahoba 77.35 70.63 89.35 22.65 29.37 10.65
Banda 78.75 73.02 89.52 21.25 26.98 10.48
Chitrakoot 81.31 75.57 90.01 18.69 24.43 9.99
Bundelkhand 74.55 68.50 86.88 25.45 31.50 13.12
Pratapgarh 77.28 71.55 87.40 22.72 28.45 12.60
Kaushambi 78.50 73.53 87.22 21.50 26.47 12.78
Allahabad 57.24 50.22 72.26 42.76 49.78 27.74
Faizabad 75.13 69.68 85.60 24.87 30.32 14.40
Ambedkar Nagar 75.24 70.17 85.88 24.76 29.83 14.12
Sultanpur 74.36 71.62 80.81 25.64 28.38 19.19
Bahraich 83.24 81.28 90.54 16.76 18.72 9.46
Shrawasti 88.75 87.70 91.33 11.25 12.30 8.67
Balrampur 86.86 82.93 94.25 13.14 17.07 5.75
Gonda 83.55 81.88 89.44 16.45 18.12 10.56
Siddharthnagar 87.04 83.46 93.47 12.96 16.54 6.53
Basti 80.79 77.42 88.08 19.21 22.58 11.92
Sant Kabir Nagar 82.17 77.63 91.02 17.83 22.37 8.98
Mahrajganj 84.32 79.05 93.33 15.68 20.95 6.67
Gorakhpur 65.56 58.25 84.62 34.44 41.75 15.38
Kushinagar 82.52 78.22 91.53 17.48 21.78 8.47
Deoria 72.52 66.19 87.95 27.48 33.81 12.05
Azamgarh 72.81 67.43 83.48 27.19 32.57 16.52
Mau 60.36 55.55 69.46 39.64 44.45 30.54
Ballia 70.23 66.06 81.99 29.77 33.94 18.01
Jaunpur 72.33 65.84 84.15 27.67 34.16 15.85
Ghazipur 71.70 66.17 83.05 28.30 33.83 16.95
Chandauli 64.46 59.08 78.11 35.54 40.92 21.89
Varanasi 31.59 23.88 54.75 68.41 76.12 45.25
Sant Ravidas Nagar 40.86 34.11 61.07 59.14 65.89 38.93
Mirzapur 63.22 55.54 82.14 36.78 44.46 17.86
Sonbhadra 73.13 64.75 90.76 26.87 35.25 9.24
Eastern Region 71.92 66.55 83.86 28.08 33.45 16.14
Uttar Pradesh 65.89 62.77 75.70 34.11 37.23 24.30
235 Tables
Appendix 5.7
Compound Annual Growth Rate of Workers 1991-2001 (%)
Districts Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Workers

Agra 0.77 24.23 2.44
Aligarh 0.95 14.06 2.85
Budaun 0.28 19.70 1.77
Bareilly 0.58 33.95 2.85
Bijnor 0.45 25.08 2.43
Bulandshahar 0.37 19.11 3.58
Etah 0.32 10.54 1.50
Etawah 0.05 57.20 2.65
Farrukhabad 0.25 28.81 2.41
Firozabad 0.90 39.87 2.91
Ghaziabad 4.18 9.04 4.77
Mainpuri 0.14 30.89 1.87
Mathura 0.02 24.70 3.20
Meerut 0.48 13.04 1.95
Moradabad 1.73 20.67 3.28
Muzaffarnagar 0.56 10.95 2.16
Pilibhit (-) 0.32 19.63 1.72
Rampur 0.38 13.06 1.58
Saharanpur 0.36 22.97 1.80
Shahjahanpur 0.01 35.28 1.63
Western Region 0.76 18.54 2.58
Barabanki (-) 1.23 20.58 1.61
Fatehpur (-) 0.27 11.71 3.22
Hardoi 0.58 21.35 2.22
Kanpur Dehat (-) 4.88 41.20 (-) 2.80
Kanpur Nagar 4.96 99.10 6.48
Kheri 1.06 24.65 1.81
Lucknow 1.28 22.11 3.14
Rae Bareli (-) 1.02 15.10 3.41
Sitapur 0.31 24.64 1.32
Unnao 0.11 14.92 2.58
Central Region 0.33 19.42 2.42
Allahabad (-) 0.81 21.06 2.73
Azamgarh (-) 0.66 13.60 2.44
Bahraich 0.64 8.40 2.18
Ballia (-) 1.78 23.83 2.21
Basti (-) 0.42 17.36 3.10
Deoria (-) 1.60 16.12 2.45

Districts Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Workers
Faizabad 0.90 25.27 4.76

Ghazipur (-) 0.09 19.17 3.05
Gonda 0.16 13.08 2.33
Gorakhpur (-) 1.78 24.17 2.59
Jaunpur (-) 0.37 18.26 3.07
Mahrajganj (-) 1.73 18.10 2.86
Mau (-) 0.13 10.03 2.25
Mirzapur 3.75 20.63 6.57
Pratapgarh (-) 1.03 18.49 2.67
Siddharthnagar (-) 1.22 15.09 2.15
Sonbhadra (-) 1.29 16.01 1.79
Sultanpur (-) 1.03 19.66 2.43
Varanasi (-) 2.29 11.40 (-) 0.18
Eastern Region (-) -0.59 16.78 2.63
Banda (-) 0.52 8.62 1.60
Hamirpur (-) 0.25 8.92 1.91
Jalaun (-) 0.14 13.15 2.47
Jhansi 0.80 10.06 2.60
Lalitpur 1.63 6.87 2.99
Bundelkhand 0.13 9.29 2.18
Uttar Pradesh 0.12 16.79 2.55
237 Tables
Appendix 5.8
Compound Annual Growth Rate of Agricultural and Non Agricultural Main Workers: 1991-2001 (%)
Districts Agricultural Non Agricultural Total

Workers Workers Workers
Agra (-) 1.00 2.15 0.77
Aligarh (-) 0.95 3.70 0.95
Budaun 1.15 3.16 0.58
Bareilly (-) 4.47 2.92 0.45
Bijnor 0.99 3.75 0.28
Bulandshahar (-) 2.21 4.39 0.37
Etah (-) 0.45 2.87 0.32
Etawah (-) 1.06 3.02 0.05
Farrukhabad (-) 0.38 2.03 0.25
Firozabad (-) 1.78 3.87 0.90
Ghaziabad (-) 0.26 6.35 4.18
Mainpuri (-) 0.10 1.04 0.14
Mathura (-) 1.91 2.83 0.02
Meerut (-) 2.46 3.17 0.48
Moradabad 0.08 4.54 1.73
Muzaffarnagar (-) 1.32 3.73 0.56
Pilibhit (-) 1.30 2.76 (-) 0.32
Rampur (-) 0.51 2.45 0.38
Saharanpur (-) 1.70 3.24 0.36
Shahjahanpur (-) 0.84 2.76 0.01
Western Region 0.16 1.60 0.76
Barabanki (-) 2.17 2.60 (-) 1.23
Fatehpur (-) 1.23 3.13 (-) 0.27
Hardoi (-) 0.10 3.90 0.58
Kanpur Dehat (-) 5.87 (-) 1.04 (-) 4.88
Kanpur Nagar 9.84 3.70 4.96
Kheri 0.07 6.21 1.06
Lucknow (-) 2.04 2.94 1.28
Rae Bareli (-) 2.09 2.63 (-) 1.02
Sitapur (-) 0.47 3.73 0.31
Unnao (-) 0.94 3.91 0.11
Central Region (-) 1.01 3.30 0.33
Allahabad (-) 2.93 2.85 (-) 0.81
Azamgarh (-) 2.39 4.33 (-) 0.66
Bahraich 0.16 3.58 0.64
Ballia (-) 3.85 3.72 (-) 1.78
Basti (-) 1.43 4.16 (-) 0.42
Deoria (-) 2.99 3.34 (-) 1.60

Districts Agricultural Non Agricultural Total
Workers Workers Workers
Faizabad (-) 0.39 4.80 0.90

Ghazipur (-) 1.67 4.45 (-) 0.09
Gonda (-) 0.42 3.70 0.16
Gorakhpur (-) 4.43 2.88 (-) 1.78
Jaunpur (-) 1.73 3.14 (-) 0.37
Mahrajganj (-) 2.95 5.06 (-) 1.73
Mau (-) 2.85 4.15 (-) 0.13
Mirzapur 0.52 8.29 3.75
Pratapgarh (-) 2.41 3.93 (-) 1.03
Siddharthnagar (-) 1.97 4.23 (-) 1.22
Sonbhadra (-) 2.85 2.77 (-) 1.29
Sultanpur (-) 2.77 5.35 (-) 1.03
Varanasi (-) 5.78 0.44 (-) 2.29
Eastern Region (-) 2.13 3.44 (-) 0.59
Banda (-) 1.62 4.47 (-) 0.52
Hamirpur (-) 1.43 3.91 (-) 0.25
Jalaun (-) 1.27 3.20 (-) 0.14
Jhansi (-) 0.38 2.51 0.80
Lalitpur 0.96 4.12 1.63
Bundelkhand (-) 1.00 3.47 0.13
Uttar Pradesh (-) 1.46 3.48 0.12
239 Tables
Appendix 6.1
District-wise Sex Ratio, 2001
Rank District Females Rank District Females

Per 1000 Males Per 1000 Males
1. Azamgarh 1023 37. Pilibhit 876
2. Jaunpur 1021 38. Lakhimpur Kheri 875
3. Deoria 1003 39. Muzaffarnagar 872
4. Mau 984 40. Chitrakoot 872
5. Pratapgarh 983 41. Meerut 871
6. Sultanpur 980 42. Bareilly 870
7. Ambedkar Nagar 977 43. Jhansi 870
8. Sant Kabir Nagar 975 44. Saharanpur 867
9. Ghazipur 974 45. Mahoba 866
10. Kushi Nagar 961 46. Behraich 865
11. Gorakhpur 959 47. Sitapur 862
12. Ballia 952 48. Aligarh 861
13. Rae Bareli 949 49. Gaziabad 860
14. Siddarth Nagar 946 50. Farrukhabad 860
15. Faizabad 939 51. Kannauj 860
16. Maharaj Ganj 933 52. Banda 860
17. Chandauli 922 53. Kanpur Nagar 858
18. Sant Ravidas Nagar 918 54. Shrawasti 858
19. Basti 916 55. Hathras 856
20. Varanasi 905 56. Etawah 856
21. Gonda 903 57. Auraiya 856
22. Unnao 898 58. Kanpur Dehat 856
23. Mirzapur 897 59. Mainpuri 855
24. Bijnor 896 60. Hamirpur 852
25. Balrampur 896 61. Firozabad 851
26. Sonbhadra 896 62. Agra 850
27. Kaushambi 894 63. Baghpat 847
28. Fatehpur 892 64. Etah 847
29. Lucknow 889 65. Jalaun 847
30. Barabanki 886 66. Hardoi 843
31. Moradabad 885 67. Gautam Budh Nagar 842
32. Jyotibaphule Nagar 885 68. Badaun 841
33. Lalitpur 884 69. Mathura 839
34. Rampur 882 70. Shahjahanpur 838
35. Allahabad 882
36. Bulandshahar 881 State Average 898
Note: Districts have been arranged in descending order.

Source: Census 2001

Appendix 6.2
District wise Number and Percentage of Female Main Workers, 2001
Sl. State/District Total Main Female Main Male Main % Share of % Share of Economic
No. Workers Workers Workers Female Main Male Main Empowerment
Workers Workers Index (EEI)*
1 Saharanpur 692341 44474 647867 6.42 93.58 0.2565
2 Muzaffarnagar 899536 90709 808827 10.08 89.92 0.3837
3 Bijnor 708265 48923 659342 6.91 93.09 0.2701
4 Moradabad 993623 118337 875286 11.91 88.09 0.4421
5 Rampur 457175 29233 427942 6.39 93.61 0.2535
6 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 382742 39316 343426 10.27 89.73 0.3874
7 Meerut 737166 71139 666027 9.65 90.35 0.3692
8 Baghpat 289862 28984 260878 10.00 90.00 0.3855
9 Ghaziabad 799884 76249 723635 9.53 90.47 0.3672
10 G.B. Nagar 308884 35088 273796 11.36 88.64 0.4315
11 Bulandshahar 786708 140140 646568 17.81 82.19 0.6108
12 Aligarh 697481 80984 616497 11.61 88.39 0.4353
13 Hathras 295388 24633 270755 8.34 91.66 0.3265
14 Mathura 538167 84187 453980 15.64 84.36 0.5613
15 Agra 814102 60412 753690 7.42 92.58 0.2958
16 Firozabad 455028 32393 422635 7.12 92.88 0.2840
17 Etah 659834 43993 615841 6.67 93.33 0.2042
18 Mainpuri 365115 18251 346864 5.00 95.00 0.2042
19 Budaun 768945 38174 730771 4.96 95.04 0.2044
20 Bareilly 862821 52959 809862 6.14 93.86 0.2454
21 Pilibhit 360300 16867 343433 4.68 95.32 0.1897
22 Shahjahanpur 615499 25526 589973 4.15 95.85 0.1727
23 Kheri 838041 60220 777821 7.19 92.81 0.2836
24 Sitapur 923925 61337 862588 6.64 93.36 0.2646
25 Hardoi 904115 53453 850662 5.91 94.09 0.2403
26 Unnao 685498 72186 613312 10.53 89.47 0.3935
27 Lucknow 900181 103355 796826 11.48 88.52 0.4260
28 Rae Bareli 660527 107330 553197 16.25 83.75 0.5538
29 Farrukhabad 380901 21703 359198 5.70 94.30 0.2319
30 Kannauj 347072 29219 317853 8.42 91.58 0.3280
31 Etawah 298612 17590 281022 5.89 94.11 0.2378
32 Auraiya 285149 25909 259240 9.09 90.91 0.3529
33 Kanpur Dehat 377230 36512 340718 9.68 90.32 0.3739
34 Kanpur Nagar 1040278 110439 929839 10.62 89.38 0.4046
35 Jalaun 356090 38456 317634 10.80 89.20 0.4117
36 Jhansi 466903 73720 393183 15.79 84.21 0.5583
37 Lalitpur 289137 49363 239774 17.07 82.93 0.5905
38 Hamirpur 270959 41090 229869 15.16 84.84 0.5450
241 Tables
Sl. State/District Total Main Female Main Male Main % Share of % Share of Economic
No. Workers Workers Workers Female Main Male Main Empowerment
Workers Workers Index (EEI)*
39 Mahoba 204026 39307 164719 19.27 80.73 0.6510

40 Banda 412443 80037 332406 19.41 80.59 0.6559
41 Chitrakoot 224429 57860 166569 25.78 74.22 0.7914
42 Fatehpur 594435 110807 483628 18.64 81.36 0.6290
43 Pratapgarh 578632 127092 451540 21.96 78.04 0.6848
44 Kaushambi 325303 73693 251610 22.65 77.35 0.8226
45 Allahabad 1106598 211584 895014 19.12 80.88 0.6441
46 Barabanki 724352 98502 625850 13.60 86.40 0.4915
47 Faizabad 527901 93272 434629 17.67 82.33 0.5940
48 Ambedkar Nagar 442210 77525 364685 17.53 82.47 0.5826
49 Sultanpur 679114 115887 563227 17.06 82.94 0.5698
50 Bahraich 632957 63264 569693 9.99 90.01 0.3814
51 Shrawasti 338879 45189 293690 13.33 86.67 0.4888
52 Balrampur 501620 103008 398612 20.54 79.46 0.6750
53 Gonda 697223 74921 622302 10.75 89.25 0.3993
54 Siddharthnagar 493431 98721 394710 20.01 79.99 0.6506
55 Basti 483455 80506 402949 16.65 83.35 0.5672
56 Sant Kabir Nagar 295045 49449 245596 16.76 83.24 0.5630
57 Mahrajganj 479400 93117 386283 19.42 80.58 0.6394
58 Gorakhpur 692824 99758 593066 14.40 85.60 0.5003
59 Kushinagar 574887 95784 479103 16.66 83.34 0.5624
60 Deoria 465463 68649 396814 14.75 85.25 0.5026
61 Azamgarh 770269 145352 624917 18.87 81.13 0.6086
62 Mau 396864 84577 312287 21.31 78.69 0.6735
63 Ballia 504543 74167 430376 14.70 85.30 0.5102
64 Jaunpur 789047 158499 630548 20.09 79.91 0.6394
65 Ghazipur 647379 124321 523058 19.20 80.80 0.6252
66 Chandauli 339953 52406 287547 15.42 84.58 0.5368
67 Varanasi 770799 119041 651758 15.44 84.56 0.5413
68 Sant Ravidas Nagar 271578 32476 239102 11.96 88.04 0.4354
69 Mirzapur 498926 80592 418334 16.15 83.85 0.5623
70 Sonbhadra 360180 67173 293007 18.65 81.35 0.6279
Uttar Pradesh 39337649 4999389 34338260 12.71 87.29 0.4623
· Economic Empowerment Measure as using Main Workers in Uttar Pradesh taken from Manoj Agarwal:
Impact of Women Empowerment Programmes on Socio-Economic Conditions of Women In Uttar Pradesh, 2006
Source: Census 2001

Appendix 6.3
Number of Women Self Help Groups Set up By Different Departments /Organizations
Sl. Name of Organization Total No. of No. of Women No. of Groups

No. Groups Formed Self Help Groups linked to Banks
Government organizations
1. Uttar Pradesh Diversified 17671 6247 10425
Agriculture Support Program
2. UP Land Development Corporation 12472 8095 9478
3. Swashakti (Mahila Kalyan Nigam) 5176 5176 4329
4. Micro Credit Action Research 945 503 471
5. Primary Agriculture Cooperative Societies 3500 3500 2146
6. SGSY 289697 70746 129431
7. Swajal 3000 3000 1872
8. Swayam Siddha (Mahila Kalyan Nigam) 8466 8466 6923
9. DPAP 1336 462 1086
10. IWDP 2727 683 2472
11. Dairy Development 10713 N.A. 962
12. Mahila Samakhya 3037 3037 2873
13. Agriculture 4000 4000 2598
14. SUDA 3000 2692 2973
15. NYK 100 141 100
International NGOs
16. CRS (Catholic Relief Services) 1028 1006 671
17. PAC (Poorest Area Civil Society) 4166 3892 2853
18. CASA (Churches Auxiliary Service Agency) 376 372 142
19. Action Aid 532 74 394
Community based Voluntary Organizations/NGOs
20. NEED 965 965 674
21. PANI 944 922 648
22. Saarthi Development Foundation 472 447 326
23. SEWA 321 321 286
24. GEAG 284 245 173
25. PACE 141 125 54
26. Rahi foundation 125 120 76
Total 375194 125110 184436
Number of Women Self Help Groups Set up By Different Departments /Organizations

Source: Department of Planning, U.P. Government
243 Tables
Appendix 6.4
District wise Rebate in Stamp Duty in favour of Women till February, 2007
Sl. No. District/Zone Amount (Rs. in Lakh)

1. Meerut 990.77
2. Bulandshahar 1269.80
3. Ghaziabad 2390.33
4. Gautambuddha Nagar 508.06
5. Baghpat 88.71
Total Meerut Zone 5247.67
6. Saharanpur 1609.69
7. Muzaffar Nagar 306.33
Total Saharanpur Zone 1916.02
8. Moradabad 906.70
9. Bijnor 407.51
10. Rampur 323.33
11. Jyotibaphule Nagar 254.29
Total Moradabad Zone 1891.83
12. Bareilly 368.98
13. Budaun 559.22
14. Shahjahanpur 143.35
15. Philibhit 205.59
Total Bareilly Zone 1277.14
16. Agra 1104.57
17. Aligarh 666.02
18. Mathura 890.33
19. Mainpuri 32.29
20. Etah 406.84
21. Firozabad 476.64
22. Hathras 265.25
Total Agra Zone 3841.94
23. Kanpur Nagar 508.97
24. Farrukhabad 146.68
25. Etawah 139.47
26. Kanpur Dehat 0.00
27. Auraiya 405.47
28. Kannauj 148.95
Total Kanpur Zone 1349.54
29. Lucknow 1152.45
30. Unnao 131.44
31. Rai Bareli 231.69
32. Sitapur 135.98
33. Hardoi 224.03
34. Kheri 162.41
Total Lucknow Zone 2038.00
35. Jhansi 142.48
36. Jalaun 209.84
37. Lalitpur 228.39
Total Jhansi Zone 580.71

Sl. No. District/Zone Amount (Rs. in Lakh)
38. Chitrakoot 43.58
39. Hamirpur 106.80
40. Banda 183.65
41. Mahoba 65.12
Total Chitrakoot Zone 399.15
42. Gorakhpur 1106.29
43. Deoria 436.04
44. Maharajganj 209.05
45. Kushinagar 310.07
Total Gorakhpur Zone 2065.45
46. Azamgarh 133.03
47. Ballia 311.69
48. Mau 154.84
Total Azamgarh Zone 599.56
49. Basti 190.94
50. Sidharth Nagar 898.87
51. Sant Kabir Nagar 138.63
Total Basti Zone 1228.44
52. Faizabad 194.19
53. Sultanpur 103.98
54. Barabanki 290.55
55. Ambedkar Nagar 289.45
Total Faizabad Zone 878.17
56. Gonda 149.96
57. Bahraich 212.40
58. Balrampur 127.23
59. Shrawasti 12.00
Total Devipatan Zone 501.59
60. Varanasi 654.47
61. Jaunpur 302.52
62. Ghazipur 185.75
63. Chanduli 196.03
Total Varanasi Zone 1338.77
64. Mirzapur 151.12
65. Sonbhadra 103.21
66. Sant Ravidas Nagar 113.05
Total Vindhyachal Zone 367.38
67. Allahabad 513.24
68. Fatehpur 173.37
69. Pratapgarh 288.60
70. Kaushambi 56.99
Total Allahabad Zone 1032.20
Grand Total U.P. 26553.56
Source: Government of U.P.
245 Tables
Appendix 6.5
Outlay and Physical Target of Women Component Plan in 10 Five Year Plan (2002-07)
th
Sl. Name of Department Agreed Outlay Physical

No. Project/Scheme (Rs. in Lakh) Target
Total WC WC
1. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
(i) Training and Extension Support to A.H. 100.00 50.00 5000
2. DAIRY
(i) Mahila Dairy Programme 300.00 300.00 Organization of Mahila Societies. – 310
Membership – 11910 Milk Procurement

(Lakh Ltr.) - 14292
3. RURAL DEVELOPMENT
(i) Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna 54500.00 21800.00 900000
4. INDUSTRIES
(i) Khadi and Village Industries 3300.00 150.00 25000
Interest Subsidy Scheme
(ii) Village and Small Industries 300.00 60.00 20000
Entrepreneurial Development
Training Programme
5. SECONDARY EDUCATION
(i) Non-Recurring Grant to Private 1200.00 1200.00 200
Management for Opening Girls
Schools in Unserved Blocks
(ii) Grant to opening of Girls H.S./Inter 2900.00 2900.00 -

by private management in several
areas in Nyaya Panchayats
6. TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(i) Establishment of New Girls Polytechnic 98897.00 1045 No. of Institutes – 17
Intake - 1640
7. WATER SUP[PLY AND SANITATION

(i) U.P. Rural Water Supply and 6750.00 67.50 10 (Villages)
Environmental Sanitation
Project (SWAJAL) World Assisted.
(ii) Swajal Follow on Project 130000.00 1300.00 3900 (Villages)
(Externally Aided).
(iii) Jal Nidhi Project (CSS) Continuing 14820.00 148.20 1150 (Villages)
(iv) Jal Nidhi Project (CSS) New 30000.00 300.00
8. URBAN DEVELOPMENT
(i) Urban Employment Poverty 6000.00 300.00 7600
Eradication SJSRY (DWACUA)
9. WELFARE OF SCHEDULED CASTES

(i) Discretionary grants for marriage of 5000.00 4750.00 39375
daughters and treatment of persons
suffering from severe diseases. (DS)

Total WC WC
(ii) Scholarship to the students of 16410.00 4102.00 745820

Class I to X.
(iii) Non-recurring assistance for purchase 100.00 24.00 4000

of books and other appliances to the
students in post-metric classes.
(iv) Scholarship to the students whose 100.00 20.00 2000

parents are engaged in unclean
profession in pre-metric classes
(DS/CSS)
10. WELFARE OF SCHEDULED TRIBES

(i) Grant of scholarship to the Scheduled 15.00 5.00 1666
Tribes students of Class I to V (D.S.)
(ii) Grant of scholarship to the Scheduled 5.00 1.10 229
Tribes students of Class VI to VIII (D.S.)
(iii) Grant of scholarship to the Scheduled 5.00 1.10 152
Tribes students of Class IX to X (D.S.)
(iv) Hostel (50-50) 250.00 250.00 3
(v) Ashram Type Schools (50:50) 1495.00 299.00 3
11. WELFARE OF DENOTIFIED TRIBES

(i) Scholarship to the students 750.00 140.00 8000
reading in class I to X
12. WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES

(i) Grant of scholarship to the 20145.66 8058.26 3223304
students of Class I to V
(ii) Grant of scholarship to the 4599.50 1839.82 459955
students of Class VI to VIII
(iii) Grant of scholarship to the 4320.10 1728.04 345608
students of Class IX to X
13. MINORITY WELFARFE
(i) Pre-metric scholarship for 1500.00 182.00 (i) Class I to V

students of minority (ii) Class VI to
(iii) VIII – 283645
(iv) Class IX to X – 94549
14. WELFARE OF HANDICAPPED

(i) Grant to handicapped persons for 400.00 100.00 500
construction of shops (SS).
(ii) Grant in aid for maintenance of 501.00 125.00 2095
physically handicapped destitute
persons.
15. SOCIAL WELFARE

(i) Old age/Kisan pension. 50830.00 17790.00 615260
247 Tables
Total WC WC
16. WOMEN WELFARE

(i) Grant in aid to destitute 2400.00 2400.00 150000
widows (D.S.) 100.00 100.00 500.00
(ii) Scholarship to women and girls of 500.00 500.00 -
general category for pursuing higher 500.00 5000 10
technical education and professional
courses.
17. NUTRITION
(i) Supplementary nutrition programme 77947.00 77947.00 Projects 1. Additional –201
2. Level - 812
Centres 1.Additional-26010
2. Level - 90999
Beneficiaries 1.Additional – 21.8
2. Level - 74.70 (Lakh Nos.)
Source: Tenth Five Year Plan U.P. Government

References
Articles and Books Development: Report of the Education Commission

Agarwal, Beena (2005), “Landmark Step in Gender (1964-66), NCERT, New Delhi.
Equality,” The Hindu, 25 September. Mahila Samakhya U.P., Annual Report 2004-05, Lucknow.
Agarwal, Manoj (2006), Impact of Women Empowerment Mehrotra, Santosh (2006), “Well-being and Caste in
Programmes on Socio-Economic Conditions of Women in Uttar Pradesh: Why U.P. is Not Like Tamil Nadu”,
Uttar Pradesh, study sponsored by State Planning Economic and Political Weekly, October 7.
Commission, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (Mimeo.). Mehta, Asha Kapoor et. al. (2003), “The Budget: A
Amnesty International (2001), India: The Battle against Gender and Poverty Sensitive Perspective,” paper
Fear and Discrimination: Impact of Violence against presented at a National Consultation on Gender
Women in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan, Library Online Budgeting: Proceedings, Outcomes and Follow Up of the
Documentation Archive, AI Index: ASA 20/616/2001, national Commission of Women in India, New Delhi 23
May 8. December.
Bhatnagar, Pallavi and Rakesh Chandra (1998), Towards Mohan, Arvind (2006), State of Children in U.P.: 2006,
Becoming: A Psychological Study of Text Books of Primary UNICEF, Lucknow.
Schools in Uttar Pradesh with Special Reference to Muzammil, M. (2001a), Background paper for the
Gender, Paper Prepared for Government of Uttar Pradesh, Chapter on Education for the Uttar Pradesh Human
Department of Philosophy, Lucknow University, Lucknow Development Report 2003, Government of UP, Lucknow.
(mimeo).
____________(2001b), Grants in Aid For School
Bhatt, K. N. (2003), Integrated Area Specific Approach Education in Uttar Pradesh, Project Report, sponsored
against Hazardous and Exploitative Forms of Child by NIEPA, New Delhi.
Labour in Firozabad: An Evaluation Report, Sponsored
_____________(2004), Secondary Education in Uttar
by International Labour Organization, G. B. Pant Social
Pradesh-Structure, Financing and Management, Project
Science Institute, Allahabad.
Report, Sponsored by NIEPA, New Delhi.
___________ (2006), Social Justice and Empowerment: _____________(2006), “Cultural Diversity and
Indian Context, Paper Presented in a National Summit Inclusion: A Study of Muslim and Sikh Students in Rural
on Advantage Rural India, Organized by CNRI at New India”, Paper presented at the BAICE Conference held
Delhi, April 17-19. in Belfast, UK.
Conway, Tim et. al. (2002), Rights and Livelihoods, Nussbaum, Martha C. (1995), “Human Capabilities:
Approaches: Exploring Policy Dimensions, Overseas Female Human beings,” in Nussbaum, Martha and
Development Institute, Department of International Jonathan Glover (eds.), Women, Culture ad
Development, London, Natural Resource Perspectives, Development: A Study of Human Capabilities, Oxford
No.78, May. University Press, New Delhi.
Dreze, Jean and Amartya Sen (1995), India’s Economic Planning Commission (2006), Towards Faster and More
Development and Social Opportunities, New Delhi, Inclusive Growth, The Approach Paper, 11th Five Year
Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Plan, Government of India, New Delhi.
Fahimuddin (2004), Modernization of Muslim Education Pratham (2005), Annual Survey of Education Report
in India, Adhyan Publishers and Distributors, Delhi (ASER) 2005 for Uttar Pradesh, New Delhi.
Kingdon, Geeta (1996), “Quality And Efficiency Of PROBE (1999), Public Report on Basic Education, New
Private And Public Schools: A Case Study Of Urban Uttar Delhi, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Pradesh,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,
Coomarasawamy, Radhika (1995), Violence Against
Vol. 58, No 1 February 1996.
Women, Indian Association of Women’s Study, New Delhi.
Kingdon, Geeta and Mohd. Muzammil (2003), Political Rustagi, Preet (2000), Gender Development Indicators:
Economy of Education in India, Teacher Politics in Uttar Issues, Debates and Ranking of Districts, Occasional
Pradesh, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Paper, Centre For Women’s Development Studies, New
Kothari Commission (1970), Education and National Delhi.
249 References
Sahni, Urvashi and Rakesh Chandra (2001), Teachers’ Shiksha ki Pragati, Annual Progress Reports of Education,
Gender Resource Book Supporting Girls’s Education, Directorate of Education, Allahabad.
Paper Prepared for USAID, Department of Philosophy, Shiksha Vibhag ka Karyapurti Digdarshak, Performance
Lucknow University, Lucknow (mimeo). Guide of the Department of Education, Directorate of
Sen, Amartya (1992), Inequality Reexamined, Oxford Education, Lucknow.
University Press, New Delhi.
____________(2000), Development As Freedom, Government of India
Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Census Reports
Singh, A. K., Mohd. Muzammil and Sanatan Nayak National Sample Survey Organization Reports on Various
(2005), Economic Growth and Human Development Rounds
Linkages in Uttar Pradesh, Working Paper 190, Giri Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission 2005-2010,
Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow. Government of India Press, 2004.
Tripathi, R.C., Bhaskar Majumder & K. N. Bhatt (2006), Selected Educational Statistics, Department of
Education for Development: The Mawana Study, G. B. Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development
Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad. (Annual).
United Nations Development Programme (2004), Sixth All India Education Survey Report, NCERT, New
Human Development Report, 2004: Cultural Diversity Delhi
in Today's Diverse World, Oxford University Press, New
Delhi. Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth, The Approach
Paper, 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission (2006),
World Bank (2006), World Development Report 2006, New Delhi.
Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Background Papers
Government Reports and Publications
Bhatt, K.N., Human Development and Social Groups.
Government of U.P.
Chandra, Rakesh and Pooja Juyal, Status of Women in
Annual State Budgets as presented before the State
UP—Milestones and Targets.
Legislature and Vote On Account Statements.
Dhar, T.N., Human Development and Governance in U.P.
Arthik Sameeksha , Division of Economics and Statistics,
State Planning Institute, Department of Planning, Dixit, Manoj, Issues of Governance in Uttar Pradesh.
Lucknow. Mohan, Arvind, Health--The Human Development
Statistical Diary, Division of Economics and Statistics, Challenge.
State Planning Institute, Department of Planning, Mohan, Harsh, Human Development in U.P. -Major
Lucknow. Challenges and Future Agenda.
Five Year Plans and Annual Plan documents, Department Muzammil, Mohd., Education in Uttar Pradesh.
of Planning, Lucknow. Sengupta, A.K., Uttar Pradesh Economy and Society:
School Education in Uttar Pradesh, Status, Issues and Overview
Future Perspectives. State Coiuncil for Educational; Singh, Ajit Kumar, Economic Well Being.
Research and Training, Lucknow.
Tyagi, Yashvir, Status Of Human Development.

Up Development Report 2007

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Up Development Report 2007

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Up Development Report 2007

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

iii

Table No. Table Title Page No.

1.1 Human Development Index for States, 1991 and 2001 1

1.2 Important Demographic Indicators for the Major States 2

1.3 Important Demographic Indicators for Uttar Pradesh and India 3

1.6 Per Capita Plan Expenditure of Uttar Pradesh and India 6

1.7 Annual Percentage Change in Output of Food Production and Value of

1.8 Investment under Industrial Entrepreneurs Memorandum (IEM) in U.P.

1.11 Distribution of States According to the Ratio of Social Sector Expenditure to

1.12 Trends in Revenue and Fiscal Deficit in Uttar Pradesh 1991–2006 13

1.13 Trends in Capital Expenditure in U.P. 14

2.1 Variables Used in Constructing Human Development Indices 17

2.3 Progress of Human Development in U.P. 18

2.4 Districts Arranged According to Value of HDI, 2005 19

2.5 Districts Arranged According to the Value of GDI, 2005 24

2.7 Districts Arranged According to Deprivation Index, 2001 27

3.1 Educational Profile of Rural and Urban Population in U.P., 2004-05 31

3.2 Age Wise Attendance Rates in Educational Institutions, 2004-05 (%) 32

3.3 Literacy in UP by Sex and Area 1991 and 2001 (Percent) 33

3.5 School Education in U.P. at a Glance, 2004-05 & 2005-06 36

3.6 Region wise Number of Students per Educational Institution, 2004-05 39

3.7 Teacher Student Ratio in Different Regions in U.P., 2004-05 40

3.8 Course wise Seats in Technical Education Institutions in U.P. 49

3.9 Educational Expenditure as a Proportion of NSDP and Social Expenditure(%) 51

3.10 Expenditure on Education and Total Budgetary Expenditure (Revenue Account) 52

3.11 Composition of Education Expenditure (Percent) 52

3.12 TFC Grants In Aid For Education Sector to U.P. 53

4.2 Health Infrastructure in U.P. 74

4.3 Number of Medical and Paramedical Staff 76

4.4 Estimated Number of Medical Professional Required 76

4.5 Medical Practitioners and Beds Availability 77

4.6 Private Health Providers in U.P., 2000-01 77

4.7 Availability of Training Facilities for ANMs 78

4.8 Average Medical Expenditure Per Hospitalization Case In

5.1 Districts arranged in Descending Order of Per Capita NDDP, 2004-05 85

5.4 Sectoral Composition of Net Regional Domestic Product (percent) 90

5.6 Trends in Work Participation Rate (UPSS) 93

5.7 Percent Distribution of Total and Rural Workers (Main + Marginal) by

5.8 Per 1000 Distribution of Usual Status Workers (Principal + Subsidiary)

5.9 Shifts in Sectoral Distribution of Workers: 1993-94 to 2004-05 95

5.14 Trends in Organized Sector Employment (Nos.) 101

5.16 Trends in Poverty Ratios in U.P. and India (%) 103

5.17 No. of Poor in U.P. by Area 104

5.18 Districts Classified According To Proportion of Rural Population

5.19 Poverty Incidence by Occupation of Household Head 107

5.20 Progress of Swarn Jayanti Swarozgar Yojana 108

5.24 Distribution of Usually Employed Persons Aged 15 Years and above

5.26 Number of Job Seekers on Live Register of Employment Exchanges 112

5.27 Progress of Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana during 2003-06 113

6.1 Indicators of Gender Gap in Education 118

6.2 Status about Property Right of Women (Per Cent) 122

6.3 Percent of Women Holding Bank Account in their Name 123

6.5 Who Governs the Decision to Vote (%) 127

7.3 Distribution of Households by Social Groups U. P. & India, 2004-05 139

7.9 Social Group-wise Nutritional Status of Children under 3 years of Age

7.11 Social Group-wise Use of Any Method of Family Planning for

7.12 Social Group-wise Births whose Mothers were assisted at the

7.15 Social Group Wise Distribution of Rural / Urban Households

7.16 Social Group Wise Distribution of Household Monthly