Demographic Changes and Growth of Population in Uttar Pradesh:

Trends and Status

(Dr. Sandeep Kumar Baliyan, Post Doctoral Fellow, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Aliganj, Lucknow)

Introduction

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the country, accounting for 16.4 per cent of the country’s population. It
is also the fourth largest state in geographical area covering 6.88 per cent of the country’s geographical area,
encompassing 2,43,290 square kilometers and comprising of 75 districts, 901 development blocks and 200 million
inhabited villages. The density of population in the state is 829 people per square kilometers as against 382 in the
country. The total population of the state was 8.8 crores in 1971. It increased to 11.1 crores in 1981 and then
reported to be 19.9 crores in 2011. The increase, in population in these two decades was almost identical at 25 per
cent. As against this, the national population shows a declining trend from 25 per cent in 1971-81 to 23.8 per cent
in 1981-91 and during 2001-2011 period population decadel growth declining in 20.0 per cent. population in per
centage forms has remained higher than that of the national.

The pace of urbanization has been lower in the state. The level of urbanization has also been lower than most other
states. The numbers of urban centres with more than one lakh population have grown slowly over the last thirty
years. The growth of urban centres with population less than five thousand have, on the other hand, have grown
more significantly and these centres have grown in larger numbers in the western part of the state.

The structure of state income shows that the contribution of primary sector has declined to 41 per cent of the state
income, though the sector still sustain 73 per cent of the total working force. This shows the continued pressure of
the working population in the primary sector. The share of secondary sector, on the other hand, has gone up to 20
per cent of the total state income which now employ 9 per cent of the total workers in the state. It thus shows that
the Uttar Pradesh’s growth has been more capital intensive than labor intensive, more urban based than rural
based and the shift income from primary to other sectors is not accompanied by a corresponding change in
employment pattern.

The distinguishing feature of Uttar Pradesh's economy is its regional imbalances. In terms of economic indicators
like agricultural productivity, infrastructural facilities, industrial growth, the Uttar Pradesh's economy can be
categorized into five regions; Western, Eastern, Central, Ruhelkhand and Hill. The Western Uttar Pradesh is
agriculturally prosperous. It is relatively industrialized and has seen a greater degree of urbanization. At the other
end is Bundelkhand. Low agricultural growth, less number of industrial units, the lesser gross value of industrial
products marks tout his region as the least developed in the state.

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 Almost all social indicators of the state shows that the state stands on a 13th or 14th position among the sixteen
major States. Bihar and in some cases Orissa, are the only two states which lag behind U.P. in terms of social
development indicators like medical facilities, teacher-pupil ratio in primary schools, birth rate, death rate, infant
mortality rate, literacy, per capita income, electrification of villages, per capita power consumption, etc. Uttar
Pradesh is often seen as a case study of development in a region of India that currently lag behind other parts of
the country in terms of a number of important aspects of well being and social progress. Their region consists of
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. There are important differences between these four states.
But the cause of social backwardness in these four different States, nevertheless, appears to have much in
common and recent comparative research has pointed to many similarities in the social, cultural and even political
makeup of these states which have contributed to their backwardness.

Life in Uttar Pradesh is short and uncertain. Female expects to less than 55 years and the under-fire mortality rate
is as high as 141 per thousands. In these respects Uttar Pradesh. The probability that she will die before the age of
one is more than six times as higher in Uttar Pradesh than in Kerala. According to the recent National Family
Health survey, Uttar Pradesh comes second to Bihar among the major Indian states in terms of the incidence of
under nutrition among children below the age of five. This corroborates as well as explain to a large extent the
lower the possibility of child survival in Uttar Pradesh. Further, the demographic transition of U.P. has been slow.
Among all the major Indian states, Uttar Pradesh has the highest birth rate and the highest fertility rate.

The problems of education system are exacting. Due to public apathy the school is in disarray, privately run school
are functional, but beyond the reach of ordinary people. The State government has taken programs to make the
population totally literate. There are special programs like the World Bank aided DPEP. Steps are being taken with
the help of NGOs and other organizations to raise popular participation. At the level of higher education and
technical education Uttar Pradesh has 16 general universities, 3 technical universities, one Indian Institute of
Technology (Kanpur), one Indian Institute of Management (Lucknow), one Indian Institute of Information
Technology and large number polytechnics, engineering institutes and industrial training institutes. This provides
the State with a firm basis for providing opportunities for higher education to its youth.

Demographic Structure of Uttar Pradesh

Availability of land & natural resource and environment play an important role in the development of any country or
states. But utilization of these resources and best use of economic development is possible only by people. People
are searching and best utilize these natural resources according to their needs. That’s why population is very
important in economic development. So, it is necessary to understand the total population and its structure.
Demographic characteristics of a country provide an overview of its population size, composition territorial
distribution, changes therein, and the components of changes such as nativity, mortality, and social mobility. This

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 section on demographic indicators has been subdivided into two parts- population Statistics and Vital Statistics.
Population statistics include indicators that measure the population size, sex ratio, density and dependency ratio,
while vital statistics include indicators such as birth rate, death rate, and natural growth rate, life expectancy at birth,
mortality and fertility rates. These indicators for the country as well as states will help in identifying areas that need
policy and programmed interventions, setting near and far-term goals, and deciding priorities, besides
understanding them in an integrated structure.

Population Growth Rate

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the Country. Table 1; shows the population growth rate of Uttar
Pradesh and India since 1901 to 2011. As per details from Census 2011, Uttar Pradesh has a population of 19.98
Crores, an increase from the figure of 16.62 Crore in 2001 census. The total population of Uttar Pradesh as per
2011 census is 19.96 crore as compared to 16.62 crore in 2001. The total population growth in this decade was
20.23 per cent, while in previous decade it was 25.80 per cent. The population of Uttar Pradesh forms 16.51 per
cent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 16.16 per cent. Further table 1; shows that there was a many step of
population growth rate since 1901. During 1901 to 2011, the population of Uttar Pradesh is increased from 4.86
crore to 16.62 crore. In the last 100 years, the state population has become 4.1 times where is the country's
population has been increased 5 times. If we divided this period into two parts, i.e. 1901 to 1951 and 1951 to 2011,
then we found that from 1901 to 1951 the state population has been increased by only 30 per cent. And in the
second period, i.e. 1951 to 2011 the population has been increased 216 per cent, a very high rate. This result
shows that population growth rate was higher after independence as compared to before. On the other hand, the
growth rate of population is lower in Uttar Pradesh as compare to national level in both the periods.

Table 1: Population Growth rate of Uttar Pradesh and India (1901 to 2011)
Uttar Pradesh Share of Uttar Pradesh Decadal Growth Rate (%)
Years India (Lakhs)
(Lakhs) in India (%) Uttar Pradesh India
1901 486 2384 20.39 -- --
1911 482 2521 19.12 (-0.97) (+5.75)
1921 467 2513 18.58 (-3.08) (-0.31)
1931 498 2790 17.85 (+6.66) (+11.00)
1941 565 3187 17.73 (+13.57) (+14.22)
1951 632 3611 17.50 (+11.82) (+13.31)
1961 737 4392 16.78 (+16.66) (+21.51)
1971 883 5482 16.11 (+19.78) (+24.80)
1981 1109 6833 16.23 (+25.49) (+24.64)
1991 1320 8463 15.60 (+25.55) (+23.86)
2001 1662 10286 16.16 (+25.80) (+21.34)
2011 1996 12102 16.49 (+20.09) (+17.64)
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

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 When we see the decade growth rate, we found that in the earlier period, it was negative, after that it increased.
After 1951, population growth rate in Uttar Pradesh has been increasing continuously (table 1&2). After 1981,
population has been growing more than at a rate of 20 per cent with each decade. It is a serious problem and will
be more dangerous in the future. After 1951, annual population growth rate was 1.1 per cent, while during 1981 to
2001 this growth rate is more than 2 5. From 2001 to 2011, population growth rate shows a decline, but still its in
higher side.

When we compare the Uttar Pradesh population growth rate in national level, we found many interesting facts.
Since census year 1901 to 1971, the growth rate of population of Uttar Pradesh have been lower as compare to
national level. And the difference was higher. As in 1911, when the population has decreased as compared to the
last decade, while at national level it has increased by 5.7 per cent. Likewise, in 1931, 1961 and 1971, the
population growth of Uttar Pradesh was 5-6 per cent less than national level. But since 1981, population growth
rate shows a decline trend at the national level and in case of Uttar Pradesh it has been increasing year to year
continuously. Comparison of Uttar Pradesh and Indian population growth rate also seen in terms of per centage
share of Uttar Pradesh in national population. In the initial period, due to lower rate of population growth rate, the
per centage share of Uttar Pradesh in national level has been decreased. In 1901, the per centage share of the
Uttar Pradesh population in the total population was 20.39 per cent, which has been declining 16.10 per cent in
1971 (Table 1.). But after that Uttar Pradesh’s population share shows a little increased in total population.

Tables 2: Population Growth in Uttar Pradesh (1901 to 2011)

Years Population (Lakhs) Annual Growth Rate (%)
1901 486 -
1911 482 -0.08
1921 467 -0.32
1931 498 0.64
1941 565 1.27
1951 632 1.13
1961 738 1.56
1971 883 1.81
1981 1109 2.31
1991 1320 2.29
2001 1662 2.33
2011 1996 1.85
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

Population Density and Sex ratio: Experience shows that a very populous city can rarely, if ever, be well
governed. To the size of states there is a limit, as there is to other things (plants, animals, implements), for none of
these retain their natural power when they are too large or too small. ‘Density of Population’ is denned as the
number of persons per square kilometer. It is an important index of population which shows concentration of

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 population in a particular area. As per the Census 2011, the population density of India has gone up to 382 persons
per square kilometer from 325 persons per square kilometer in 2001. On an average, 57 more people inhabit every
square kilometer in the country as compared to a decade ago. In the state, the density of population is 828 in
Census 2011 as compared to 690 in Census 2001. The population density of Uttar Pradesh from 1901 to 2011 is
shown in table 3. At the beginning of the twentieth century i.e. in 1901 the density of Uttar Pradesh was as low as
165 persons per sq. km. This steadily increased in each decade to reach 828 persons per sq. km. in 2011 which is
higher than national average. This constitutes a 17.5 per cent increase over 2001.

Sex Ratio: It is defined as the number of females per thousand males. It is an important social indicator to measure
the equality between males and females in a society at a given period of time. According to 2011 census the sex
ratio is 933. The sex ratio from 1901-2011 is given in Table 1.3. In the begining of 20th century sex ratio was 972
and thereafter is recorded a sharply declining trend.The lowest sex ratio was in 1971 when it was only 927 females
on per 100 males. It may be explained into socio-cultural factors and the pre-natal sex determination. Sex ratio in
Uttar Pradesh is 912 i.e. for each 1000 male, which is below national average of 940 as per census 2011 but it is
higher from 2001 (898).

In the begining of 1901 sex ratio was at he level of 942 on per thousand males in Uttar Pradesh. Later on it moral
towards downward and it reached at 876 in 1971. The data shows that in 1981 the sex ratio made slightly the
attitude by 6 points and it reaches at 982 in comparison to 976 in 1971. But it could not stay itself in this trend
slipped down by 882 to 876 in 1991. Later the census year 2001 data recorded a positive trend. it increase in 2001
as compare to last decase and further show the positive change in 2011 as compare to 2001. But sex ratio is still in
lower side not only from national level but overall also. The posible factors are marital status poverty, son
preference and female fatiside etc.

Table 3: Sex ratio and Population Density in India and Uttar Pradesh (1901 to 2011)
India Uttar Pradesh
Years Population Density Population Density
Sex Ratio Sex Ratio
(Population per Seq. Km) (Population per Seq. Km)
1901 972 77 942 165
1911 964 82 916 164
1921 955 81 908 159
1931 950 90 903 169
1941 945 103 907 192
1951 946 117 908 215
1961 941 142 907 251
1971 930 177 876 300
1981 934 216 882 377
1991 927 267 876 548
2001 933 325 898 690
2011 940 385 912 828
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

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 Literacy Rate: Literacy is a perceptive indicator of cultural development of an area. Literacy helps a social group to
acquire a higher social status through the process of social mobility in the States. The United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has defined literacy as the, ability to identify, understand, interpret,
create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying context. Literacy
involves a process of learning to enable an individual to achieve his or her goals to develop his or her knowledge
and potential and to participate fully in the wider society1. Literacy is one of the key socioeconomic indicators which
helps map the development path of a state. A common thread among developing states is the wide gender
disparity in terms of literacy status. Similarly, in Uttar Pradesh there exists a gender gap in male and female literacy
rates, with a favorable trend observed in regard to the former. In 1951, literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh was only 12
per cent in which female literacy rate was only 4 per cent. After 1951 literacy rate has been continuously increasing
due to government efforts and people awareness. In 1981, it was reach at 32.5 per cent but female literacy rate has
been still lower level. Female literacy rate was only 16.7 per cent. After this so many efforts has been done to
increase the literacy rate and specially female literacy rate not only at regional & national level but at International
level also. Many International Organisations is playing an important role to increase the literacy rate in India. That’s
why, the literacy rate of male and females in Uttar Pradesh in 2011 has been reach at 79.20 per cent and 59.3 per
cent, respectively, the literacy rate has been on the increase, with a sharp step-up in the latest 2001-2011 decade
as shown below (Table 4). As per 2011 census, the literacy rate is 69.7 per cent which is a 23.80 per centage point
rise over the previous rate of 2001 at 56.3 per cent. However, the gap between male literacy rates 79.2 per cent
and female literacy rate 59.3 per cent is very high in Uttar Pradesh. If female literacy is increased it will leads
overall literacy also.to increase literacy rate, we can remove many social malaises and move forwarded to
economic development. For this not only Government efforts but people awareness is also very important so that
we can achieve this goal.
Table 4: Literacy Rate in Uttar Pradesh (Per cent)
Years Total Persons Male Female
1951 12.02 19.17 4.07
1961 20.87 32.08 8.36
1971 23.99 35.01 11.23
1981 32.65 46.65 16.74
1991 40.71 54.82 24.37
2001 56.30 68.80 42.20
2011 67.68 77.28 57.18
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

The demographics population of Uttar Pradesh is a multifarious subject, which is undergoing dynamic change. Uttar
Pradesh is India`s most populous state. To understand the population it is very important to understand its all
charterstic in which age composition has an important role. Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous
state, after only to China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia. It has a population of about 19.96
crores as per the 2011 census. Table 5; shows that age composition of Uttar Pradesh in three age-groups.
Population in the age-group 0-14 is come under in consumer category not producer. But population under the age-
group of 15-59 play an important role in production function along with consumption. People above 60 years,
gradually weak physically and became a part of consumer age group. The data shows that in Uttar Pradesh 51.5
per cent population is between the 15-59 age groups in 2001 which is slightly increased by around 4 points and in

1
Dana Dunn (1993), “Gender Inequality in Education and Employment in the Scheduled Castes and Tribes of India”, Population
Research and Policy Review, Vol. 12.
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 2011 working age group population share is became 55.8 per cent. Still, almost half of population in Uttar Pradesh
is depended population. Per centage share of 0-14 age group population which is more that 35 per cent in 2011
shows that in future population growth rate will high and share of youth population will be increased. Increasing
share of youth population will be beneficial for state development.

Per centage share of old population shows a little increseas in 2011 as compare to 2001 census of India. It is a little
bit which also shows the efforts made for quality of life. It is a very important thing that share of population between
0-14 age group in total population is more than 35 per cent. There are different meaning of this. Firstly we can say
that in near future population growth will not be sustain which leads a high population growth. Secondly, a big size
of non-productive population which will be obstacle in the fast growing economic development of State. But in spite
of that, in present environment, more availability of youger population which is working population also will make
profitable and gainful for state through proper planning and it is called population dividend.

Table 5: Distribution of Population in Uttar Pradesh by Age Groups (2011)

Age 2011 2001 1991
Groups Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
0-14 35.7 36.0 35.4 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.0 40.6 40.3
15-59 55.8 55.5 56.1 51.5 51.9 51.7 52.0 52.3 52.1
60+ 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.3 7.4 8.0 7.1 7.6
ANS 0.8 0.8 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- --
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

Village and Town population in Uttar Pradesh: To see the wolrd population, we found that as economic
development take place, share of urban population in total population has been increased. It is also said that as
urbanization has increased, economic development also increased. This is not fully applicable on Uttar Pradesh as
well as India but it is considered that urbanization is an indicator of Development. According to 2011 census 77.7
per cent population is living in rural area and urban population share is only 22. 2 per cent in Uttar Pradesh which is
lesser the national level (31.2 per cent in Urban and 68.8 per cent in Rural Area in India).

Table 6: Classification of Village and Towns in Uttar Pradesh: 2011

Population groups Village Towns#
Share of Total Share of Total Towns
Numbers Population Numbers
Villages Population Population
> 200 7832 0.45 706258 - -
201 - 499 13591 3.13 4854219 - -
500 - 999 23381 11.12 17274576 - -
1,000 - 1,999 28020 25.82 40099869 01 0.01
2,000 - 4,999 21013 40.33 62642523 11 0.14
5,000 - 9,999 3432 14.45 22436278 133 3.04
10,000 - 19,999 545 4.70 7303555 258 10.52
20,000 - 49,999 0.00 0 181 15.40
50,000 - 99,999 0.00 0 51 9.88
1,00,000 < 0.00 0 54 61.20
Total 100.00 155317278 689 100.00
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in Note: # vaule in census, 2001.
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 Table 7; shows that per centage Share of religious population in total population In Uttar Pradesh and India. The
data shows that in Uttar Pradesh as well as at National level, percentage share of hindu population is highest in
total population. The muslim population has next highest share which is18.5 per cent. Per centage share of Muslim
population in UP is 18.5% which is higher than national level (13.4%). percentage share of population from other
community in Uttar Pradesh is very less. i.e. Christions (0.1%), Sikkhs (0.4%), Budhdists (0.2%) and Jains (0.1%).
In contrast, in India per centage share of these communities is comparatively high.

Table 7: Per centage Share of Population In Uttar Pradesh and India by Majors Religions, 2001
Per centage Shaer
Religions
Uttar Pardesh India
Hindu 80.6 80.5
Muslims 18.5 13.4
Christions 0.1 2.3
Sikkhs 0.4 1.9
Budhdists 0.2 0.8
Jains 0.1 0.4
Others unclassified Religion 0.0 0.6
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growth rate. Its population increased by over 25.90 per
cent and 20.08 per cent between 1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011 recpectivily. It is clear from the table 1.8 that
decadal growth in Scheduled Caste population from 2001 to 2011 was 17.66 per cent that was a little less than the
corresponding growth of 20.08 per cent in total population in the State, which may be taken as a healthy trend. Out
of total population of India, the Scheduled Castes population accounts for only 16.23 per cent while Uttar Pradesh
has 20.7 per cent Scheduled Caste population in 2011. Year wise Total and Scheduled Caste population as per
2011 census are summarised in the following table 8. Data shows that scheduled caste population share in total
population is 20.7 per cent in 2011 which is lesser that the last decade. In 2001 it was 21 per cent and this share is
still stagnant at that level from1961.

Table 8: Population and growth of Scheduled Castes in Uttar Pradesh (Numbers in Lakhs)
Years Decadal growth rate (%)
Total Population of
Per centage Share Total Schedules
Population Scheduled castes
Population castes
1961 737
1971 883 185.5 21.0 19.80 20.5
1981 1109 234.5 21.2 25.50 26.4
1991 1320 292.8 21.0 25.50 24.8
2001 1662 351.5 21.2 25.90 25.3
2011 1996 413.6 20.7 20.08 17.66
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

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 Literacy rate of Total Population and Scheduled Castes in Uttar Pradesh

The Scheduled Castes belong to the poor section of the society. For historical reasons, Scheduled Castes
remained socially and economically neglected since long and were deprived from the basic amenities essential for
civilized world. In view of it, “Growth with Social Justice” has been made an avowed objective of planning process
since its inception. Constitutional provisions have been made for the promotion and protection of their interest.
Directive Principles of the State Policy under Article-46 of the constitution of India also lays emphasis upon their
welfare, which reads as follows:

“The State shall promote with special care theeducational and economic interests of the weaker sectionsof the
people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them fromsocial
injustice and all forms of exploitation.”

The distribution Literacy rates of Total population and Scheduled Castes, of Uttar Padesh from 1971 to 2011 is
given in Table 1.9. Majority of the Scheduled Castes population lives in rural areas. The poverty ratio, size of the
land holding, occupational classification and number of main workers and pattern are important parameters to
judge the rural economy. Most of the Scheduled Castes family are still living below the poverty line and also
majority of then are engaged in low wages and even obnoxious and degraded occupations like sweeping and
scavenging. Their skill base is rather weak. Uttar Pradesh lags behind the all India average in terms of per centage
population of Scheduled Castes living below poverty line in rural & urban area.

According to 2011 census, the literacy rate among Scheduled Caste population in Uttar Pradesh was 50.7 per cent
as compared to 57.3 per cent among total population. However, literacy among Scheduled Caste females is as low
as 40.6 per cent as compared to 48.4 per cent literacy among total females. The literacy situation in Uttar Pradesh
among this category vis-à-vis total population is shown in the table 9. It is obvious from table that during the last two
decades, the literacy rate of Scheduled Castes increased by 72.12 & 9.50 per cent approximately whereas the
corresponding increase for total population is 35.34 & 1.78 per cent approximately. Literacy among Scheduled
Caste female increased 8 times from 1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011. The latest estimate prepared by education
department indicates that there is significant increase in the enrollment of female child belonging to Scheduled
Castes but still concreted efforts are needed in this direction. In order to achieve the objectives, the State
Government brought about significant policy changes for the implementation of Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan during
the Ninth Five Year Plan, according to which, the Planning Department has been providing outlays under the
Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan (SCSP) in proportion to Scheduled Caste population in the State. During the Tenth Five
Year Plan, Social Welfare Department has been nominated as the nodal department for formulation, co-ordination
and monitoring of Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan.

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 Table 9: Trends of Literacy rate of Total Population and Scheduled Castes in Uttar Pradesh (%)
Total Population Scheduled Castes
Years
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1971 31.5 10.6 21.7 17.1 2.5 10.2
1981 38.8 14 27.2 24.8 3.9 15.0
1991 55.7 25.3 41.6 40.8 10.7 26.9
2001 68.8 42.2 56.3 60.3 30.5 46.3
2011 65.3 48.4 57.3 59.8 40.6 50.7
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

Workers in Total Population in Uttar Pradesh

Work is defined as participation in any economically production activity with or without compensation, wages or
profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also
includes effective management and direction of work. All persons engaged in ‘work’ as defined above are workers.
The main point to note is that the activity should be economically productive. Another major weakness of Uttar
Pradesh ia low worker pareticipation. In Uttar Pradesh only 33 per cent of the population is willing to work.
However, this also depend upon the opportunities available in the States. Cultural taboos also play a major role.
For example, women in Uttar Pradesh appear to be reluctant to go out of the house to work. In village generally,
upper-class people do not favour working with their oun lands. “There is joy in work. There is no happiness except
in the realization that we have accomplished something”, written by Henry Ford.

The working population and work participation rate highlights the occupational distribution of a states. The
information is essential for calculating state domestic product at factor cost popularly known as “State Income” for
important tertiary sectors by adopting statistical methods of interpolation/extrapolation. The work force distribution
also presents data regarding number of main and marginal workers. With the commencement of welfare schemes
of the government, the per centage of main workers and marginal workers to total workers substantially from 22.34
& 10.60 per cent in 2011 in Uttar Pradesh. The female work participation rate is very low in comparison to male
counterpart for total, rural and urban population in India and Uttar Pradesh. In India, total female work participation
rate is less than half of total male work participation rate and in urban areas of India it is less than a third. Work
participation rate in rural area is higher as compare to urban area. Difference between rural and urban WPR is due
to marginal worker. Marginal worker is very high in rural areas compare to urban area. Another thing which is
important the female work participation rate (FWPR). FWPR is very low in Uttar Pradesh and it is worst in urban
area as compare to rural area. If we want to increase WPR then we have to increase FWPR and also made efforts
to increase female main worker.

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 Table 10: Per centage share of Workers in Total Population in Uttar Pradesh, 2011
Area Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Workers Non Workers
(A) Rural 21.59 11.85 33.45 66.55
Male 34.34 13.01 47.35 52.65
Female 7.70 10.59 18.30 81.70
(B) Urban 24.94 6.22 31.16 68.84
Male 40.91 8.03 48.94 51.06
Female 7.09 4.19 11.28 88.72
(C)Uttar Pradesh 22.34 10.60 32.94 67.06
Male 35.82 11.89 47.71 52.29
Female 7.57 9.18 16.75 83.25
Source: Census of India, www.censusindia.gov.in

Human Development Index (HDI)

In any nation and states, Human Development Index (HDI) outcomes are a function of economic growth, social
policy, and poverty reduction measures at the macro-level. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite
index of outcome indicators in three dimensions:

1. A long and healthy life, as reflected in life expectancy at birth.

2. The acquisition of education and knowledge, as reflected in the mean years of schooling (adjusted for out
of school children) and literacy rate (age 7 years and above).

3. The standard of living and command over resources, as reflected in the monthly per capita expenditure
adjusted for inflation and inequality.

In 2010, India ranked 119 among 192 countries across the world, with a medium level HDI of 0.52, moving one
notch higher as compared to 2005. According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) data, it is
among the top 10 movers in gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Table 11; presents data on HDI for different
states for 2012. It is seen that the ranking of the states in terms of HDI has barely changed over this past decade.
The generally well performing states are Kerala, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, and Punjab, which occupy the first
five places in the years. On the other hand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan,
and Chhattisgarh appear at the bottom of the list in the years. Thus, despite some catching-up witnessed in the
states with low human development, the progress has not been rapid enough to change the inter se ranking
radically. The improvement in HDI for a state could be driven by the Income Index, the Education Index, or the
Health Index, or a combination of the these three indices. It is the improvement of the Education Index during the
period 1999-2000 and 2011-12 that has driven India’s HDI upwards, while the change in the Income Index (which in
this case is really an indicator of the change in consumption rather than income per se) is only as large as the
overall change in the HDI. The good news is that the poor states, by and large, have registered a significantly

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 higher than average improvement in the Income Index. Similarly, the educationally backward and poorer states
(Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar) are the ones which have shown
the greatest improvement in the Education Index. The improvement in the Education Index in the educationally
backward states suggests a strong trend of convergence in educational outcomes across states. Remarkably, the
improvement in the Health Index during the period 1999–2000 to 2007–08 is well below the improvement in the HDI
overall. In other words, while the Income Index has improved at the same rate as the HDI for India, and the
Education Index by much more than the improvement in the HDI, the Health Index has not shown any significant
change; a subject that we return to later in this chapter, while examining the outcomes in health.

Table 11: Selected Indicators of Human Development for Major States

States Infant Mortality
Life expectancy Birth Rate, 2012 Death Rate, 2012
Rate, 2012
Male Female Total Male Female Total Total Total
Andhra
63.5 68.2 65.8 40.0 43.0 41.0 17.5 7.4
Pradesh
Assam 61.0 63.2 61.9 54.0 57.0 55.0 22.5 7.9
Bihar 65.5 66.2 65.8 42.0 45.0 43.0 27.7 6.6
Gujarat 64.9 69.0 66.8 36.0 39.0 38.0 21.1 6.6
Haryana 67.0 69.5 67.0 41.0 44.0 42.0 21.6 6.4
Himachal
67.7 72.4 70.0 35.0 38.0 36.0 16.2 6.7
Pradesh
Jammu &
69.2 71.1 70.1 38.0 40.0 39.0 17.6 5.4
Kashmir
Karnataka 64.9 69.7 67.2 30.0 34.0 32.0 18.5 7.1
Kerala 71.5 76.9 74.2 10.0 13.0 12.0 14.9 6.9
Madhya
61.1 36.8 62.4 54.0 59.0 56.0 26.6 8.1
Pradesh
Maharashtra 67.9 71.9 69.9 24.0 26.0 25.0 26.6 6.3
Odisha 62.2 63.9 63.0 52.0 54.0 53.0 19.6 8.5
Punjab 67.4 71.6 69.3 27.0 29.0 28.0 15.9 6.8
Rajasthan 64.7 68.3 66.5 47.0 51.0 49.0 25.9 6.6
Tamil Nadu 67.1 70.9 68.9 21.0 22.0 21.0 15.7 7.4
Uttar Pradesh 61.8 63.7 62.7 52.0 55.0 53.0 27.4 7.7
West Bengal 67.4 71.0 69.0 31.0 33.0 32.0 16.1 6.3
India 64.6 67.7 66.1 41.0 44.0 42.0 21.6 7.0
Source: Economic Survey, 2013-14, pp. 110.

Conclusion
People are searching and best utilize these natural resources according to their needs. The demographics
population of Uttar Pradesh is a multifarious subject, which is undergoing dynamic change. To understand the
population it is very important to understand its all charterstic in which age composition has an important role. The
working population and work participation rate highlights the occupational distribution of a states. The information is
essential for calculating state domestic product at factor cost popularly known as “State Income” for important
www.indiastat.com June - July, 2016 12 socio - economic voices
 tertiary sectors by adopting statistical methods of interpolation/extrapolation. The generally well performing states
are Kerala, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, and Punjab, which occupy the first five places in the years. The pace of
urbanization has been lower in the state. The level of urbanization has also been lower than most other states. The
numbers of urban centres with more than one lakh population have grown slowly over the last thirty years. The
distinguishing feature of Uttar Pradesh's economy is its regional imbalances. In terms of economic indicators like
agricultural productivity, infrastructural facilities, industrial growth, the Uttar Pradesh's economy can be categorized
into five regions; Western, Eastern, Central, Ruhelkhand and Hill. Almost all social indicators of the state show that
the state stands on a 13th or 14th position among the sixteen major States. Bihar and in some cases Orissa, are
the only two states which lag behind U.P. in terms of social development indicators like medical facilities, teacher-
pupil ratio in primary schools, birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, literacy, per capita income, electrification of
villages, per capita power consumption, etc.

The problems of education system are exacting. Due to public apathy the school is in disarray, privately run school
are functional, but beyond the reach of ordinary people. Availability of land & natural resource and environment play
an important role in the development of any country or states. But utilization of these resources and best use of
economic development is possible only by people. When we compare the Uttar Pradesh population growth rate in
national level, we found many interesting facts. Since census year 1901 to 1971, the growth rate of population of
Uttar Pradesh have been lower as compare to national level. And the difference was higher. Experience shows that
a very populous city can rarely, if ever, be well governed. To the size of states there is a limit, as there is to other
things (plants, animals, implements), for none of these retain their natural power when they are too large or too
small. ‘Density of Population’ is denned as the number of persons per square kilometer. It is an important index of
population which shows concentration of population in a particular area. The possible factors are marital status
poverty, son preference and female fatiside etc.

The demographic population of Uttar Pradesh is a multifarious subject, which is undergoing dynamic change. Uttar
Pradesh is India`s most populous state. To understand the population it is very important to understand its all
charterstic in which age composition has an important role. Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous
state, after only to China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia. It has a population of about 19.96
crores as per the 2011 census. Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growth rate. Its
population increased by over 25.90 per cent and 20.08 per cent between 1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011
respectively. Work is defined as participation in any economically production activity with or without compensation,
wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but
also includes effective management and direction of work. The main point to note is that the activity should be
economically productive.

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 In 2010, India ranked 119 among 192 countries across the world, with a medium level HDI of 0.52, moving one
notch higher as compared to 2005. According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) data, it is
among the top 10 movers in gross domestic product (GDP) growth. It is seen that the ranking of the states in terms
of HDI has barely changed over this past decade. The generally well performing states are Kerala, Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh, Goa, and Punjab, which occupy the first five places in the years. On the other hand, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh appear at the bottom of the list in the years.
Thus, despite some catching-up witnessed in the states with low human development, the progress has not been
rapid enough to change the inter se ranking radically. The improvement in HDI for a state could be driven by the
Income Index, the Education Index, or the Health Index, or a combination of the these three indices. The good
news is that the poor states, by and large, have registered a significantly higher than average improvement in the
Income Index. Similarly, the educationally backward and poorer states Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar are the ones which have shown the greatest improvement in the Education
Index. The improvement in the Education Index in the educationally backward states suggests a strong trend of
convergence in educational outcomes across states.

References

Census of India, The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India, www.censusindia.gov.in.

Dana Dunn (1993) “Gender Inequality in Education and Employment in the Scheduled Castes and Tribes of India”,
Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 12.

Economic Survey 2013–14, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, http://indiabudget.nic.in/survey.asp

M. K., Agarwal (2013) “Uttar Pradesh Ka Arthik Vikas”, New Royal Book Company, ISBN: 9788189267827.

Statistical Abstract 2013-14, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow, http://updes.up.nic.in/.

Statistical Diary 2013-14, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Planning Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow.

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