AL-AHMED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL RAWALPINDI

Biology Notes
Chapter# 7 9th class (BIOENERGETICS)

Q 1: Define bioenergetics?
Ans: Bioenergetics is the study of energy relationships and energy transformations (conversions) in living
organisms.
Q 2: How can organisms obtain energy?
Ans: Organisms obtain energy by metabolizing potential energy in its bonds. When these bond are
broken downs, a large amount of kinetic energy is usually released. Some of this energy is stored in the
form of potential energy in the bonds of ATP molecules while the rest escapes as heat. The potential
energy stored in ATP is again transformed into kinetic energy to carry out.
Q 3: What is the role of redox reaction in life processes?
Ans: For all life process, oxidation, reduction reaction (redox reaction) are the direct source of energy.
Redox reactions involve exchange of electrons between atoms.
Q 4: Electron can be an energy source justifies it?
Ans: Electron can be an energy source. It depends upon their location and arrangement in atoms. For
example: When they are present in oxygen, they make stable association with oxygen atom and are not
good energy source. But if electrons are dragged away from oxygen and attached to some other atom
e.g carbon or hydrogen. They make instable association. They try to move back to oxygen and when this
happen, energy is released.
Q 5: Describe redox reaction in term of electron?
Ans: In living organisms redox reaction involve the lose and gain of hydrogen atoms. We know that a
hydrogen atom contains one portion and one electron. It means that when a molecule losses a
hydrogen atom, it actually loses an electron (oxidation) and similarly when a molecule gains hydrogen
atom, it actually gains an electron (reduction).
Q 6: Who discovered ATP and when?
Ans: ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann and was proposed to be the main energy transfer
molecule in the cell by Nobel Prize winner, Fritz Lipmann in 1941.
Q 7: What is ATP?
Ans: The major energy currency of all cells is a nucleotide called adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP).
Q 8: Why energy is required by a cell?
Ans: ATP is the main energy source for majority of the cellular functions like synthesis of
macromolecular (DNA, RNA and proteins), movement, transmission of nerve impulses, active transport,
exocytosis and endocytosis etc.
Q 9: Explain the structure of ATP molecule?
Ans: The ability of ATP to store and release energy is due to its molecular structure. Each ATP molecule
has three subunits. Each ATP molecule has three subunits.
(a). Adenine- a double-ringed nitrogenous base. (b). A ribose- a five carbon sugar and; (c) Three
phosphate groups in a linear chain.
Q 10: How energy is released from ATP?
Ans: The covalent bond connecting two phosphate is indicated by the “tilde” ( ) and it is a high
energy bond. The energy in this bond is released as it breaks and inorganic phosphate (Pi) gets
separated from ATP. The breaking of one phosphate bond releases about 7.3 K cal (7300 calories) per m
ole of ATP as follows.
ATP+H2O  ADP+ energy (7.3 kcal/mole)
Q 11: How ADP and AMP is formed?
Ans: In common energy reactions only the outermost of the two high-energy bonds breaks. When this
happens, ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one Pi is released. In some cases, ADP is
further down to AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and Pi as follows:
ADP+H2O  AMP+ Pi +energy (7.3 kcal/mole)
Q 12: How cell constantly recycle ADP?
Ans: Cells constantly recycle ADP by recombining it with Pi to form ATP. The synthesis of ATP from ADP
and Pi requires the expenditure of 7.3 Kcal of energy per mode. The energy is obtained from the
oxidation of food stuff.
Q 13: How ATP transfers energy between metabolic reactions?
Ans: ATP is generated by energy releasing processes and is broken down by energy-consuming
processes. In this way, ATP transfer energy between metabolic reactions.
Q 14: Define Photosynthesis?

Ans: Photosynthesis is the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll with oxygen as a by product. Photosynthesis is an anabolic (building) process
and is an important component of bioenergetics in living systems.

Chlorophyll
6CO2+6H2O+light energy  C6H12O6+6O2
Q 15: Explain intake of water and carbon dioxide in plants?
Ans: Water and carbon-dioxide are the raw materials of photosynthesis. Plants have mechanism for the
intake and transport of these raw materials. Water present in soil is absorbed by roots and root hairs
through osmosis. This water is eventually transported to leaves through xylem vessels. The air that
enters leaf through tiny pores (stomata) reaches into the air spaces present around mesophyll cells. This
air carries CO2, which gets absorbed in the thin layer of water surrounding mesophyll cells. From here,
the carbon-dioxide diffuses into mesophyll cells.
Q 16: Define light reaction?
Ans: During first phase, light energy is captured and is used to make high energy molecule (ATP and
NADPH). These reactions known as light reaction. These reactions take place on the thylakoid of the
membranes of the chloroplasts.
Q 17: Define dark reaction?
Ans: During second phase, carbon dioxide is used to make glucose. This reaction in which the energy
from high-energy molecule (ATP and NADPH) is utilized. Since these reactions do not use light directly,
they are known as dark reaction. The dark reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts.
Q 18: Define (NAD+) and (NADP+)?
Ans: Nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme that takes electrons and hydrogen ions
and is thus reduced to NADH.
NADH one form of these coenzymes also carries phosphate with it, so is called NADP+.
Q 19: Explain the role of chlorophyll in photos thesis?
Ans: Sunlight energy is absorbed by chlorophyll. It is then converted into chemical energy which drives
the photosynthetic process.
Q 20: Explain the role of light in photosynthesis?
Ans: Only about one percent of the light falling on the leaf surface is absorbed, the rest is reflected or
transmitted are not only differently absorbed by photosynthetic pigments but are also differently
effective in photosynthesis. The blue and red light carryout more photosynthesis.
Q 21: What is meant by photo systems?
Ans: Photosynthetic pigments are organized in the form of clusters called photo systems, in thylokoid of
chloroplasts.
Q 22: Define accessory pigments?
Ans: Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment. Others are called accessory pigments and include
chlorophyll-b and arytenoids. Chlorophylls absorb mainly blue and red lights. Some wavelengths not
absorbed by accessory pigments and vice versa.
Q 23: Define pigments?
Ans: Pigments are the substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of different
wavelengths (colors).
Q 24: Define variegate leaves with example?
Ans: Leaves having chlorophyll in patches are called variegated leaves. e.g. Geranium.
Q 25: Define cellular respiration?
Ans: The cellular energy-yielding process is called cellular respiration. In cellular respiration, food is
oxidized to CO2 while O2 is reduced into H2O.
Q 26: What is meant by aerobic respiration?
Ans: In the presence of oxygen, complete oxidation of glucose occurs with maximum release of energy.
Q 27: Explain the process of respiration?
Ans: In the first phase of aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose (6-C) is broken down into two
molecules of pyruvic acid (3-C). In second phase, molecules of pyruvic acid are completely oxidized (all
C-H) bonds are broken to CO2 and water and all energy is released. The overall reaction is as follows.
C6H1206 + 602  6CO2+6H2O+Energy
Q 28: Define anaerobic respiration (Fermentation)?

Ans: In the absence of oxygen, glucose is incompletely oxidized with less amount of energy released.
Q 29: Explain anaerobic respiration?
Ans: In anaerobic respiration, the first phase is exactly similar to that of aerobic respiration. A molecule
of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. But in the second phase, pyruvic acid is
not completely oxidized (due to the absence of oxygen). It is transformed into ethyl alcohol or lactic
acid. In this way, many of the C-H bonds are left unbroken in the products.
Q 30: Write the types of anaerobic respiration?
Ans: Anaerobic respiration is classified as alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Q 31: What is alcoholic fermentation?
Ans: It occurs in bacteria, yeast etc. In this type of anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is further broken
down into alcohol (C2H5OH) and CO2.
Pyruvic Acid  Ethyl Alcohel+Carbon dioxide
Q 32: What is lactic acid fermentation?
Ans: It occurs in skeletal muscles of humans and other animals during extreme physical activities. This
also happens in the bacteria present in milk. In this type of an aerobic respiration, each pyruvic acid
molecule is converted into lactic acid (C2H6O3).
Pyruvic Acid  Lactic acid
Q 33: Write the importance of fermentation?
Ans: In anaerobic conditions, early organisms respired an aerobically and got energy for their life
activities.
Q 34: What are anaerobes?
Ans: Some organisms including some bacteria and some fungi get energy from anaerobic respiration and
are called anaerobes.
Q 35: When anaerobic respiration occurs in humans?
Ans: It happens when skeletal muscles have to work hard (during exercise etc), but oxygen supply
cannot be increased to fulfill the demand. Human can also provide energy to their skeletal.
Q 36: Write the uses of fermenting power of bacteria and fungi?
Ans: The fermenting powers of bacteria are used for making cheese and yogurt. Fermentation in yeasts
is used in brewing and baking industries. Similarly, the soy souse is made through the fermentation by a
fangless aspergllus.
Q 37: Define glycolysis?
Ans: Glycol sis occurs in cytoplasm and oxygen is not involved in this stage. In glycol sis, glucose (6C)
molecule is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid (3C).
Q 38: Define Krebs cycle?
Ans: In krebs cycle, the pyruvic acid molecules are completely oxidized along with the formation of ATP,
NADH and FADH2.
Q 39: Define electron transport chain?
Ans: Electron transport chain is the final step of cellular respiration. It is the transfer of electron on an
electron transport chain. In this step, NADH and FADH2 release electrons and hydrogen ions.
Q 40: What is FAD? In which component it is reduced?
Ans: Flavin adenine dinucleobide (FAD) is a coenzyme like NAD+. It gets 2 hydrogen and reduces to
FADH2.
Q 41: Why it is incorrect to say that the energy releasing step of respiration is electron transport
chain?
Ans: Energy is released in glycol sis and Krebs cycle in the form of NADH and FADH2. Electron transport
chain transforms the energy present in these compounds to ATP.
Q 42: Write the difference between photosynthesis and respiration?
Ans:
Characteristics Photosynthesis Respiration
1.Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism
2.Energy Investment/ Investment of light energy to store it Bond energy transformed into
production in the form of bond energy. chemical energy of ATP.
3.Organisms capable of ; Some bacteria, all algae, all plants. All organisms.
4.Site of occurrence Chloroplasts. In cytoplasm and mitochondria.
5.Time of occurrence In daytime only, in the presence of All the time
light.
Q 43: Write the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Ans:
Properties Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
 Presence of Yes No
oxygen
 Number of ATP 36 2
as net profit
 Final products CO2,H2O
Lactic acid or Ethano+CO2
 Sites of Gryclosis in cytoplasm and krebs cycle and
In cytoplasm.
occurrence electron transport chain in mitochondria.
 Importance Major source of energy for most organisms.  Source of energy for
anaerobic organisms.
 Source of energy for
aerobic organisms in short
supply of O2.
 Source of many products
(ethanol, cheese)
 AL AHMED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL AND COLLEGE RAWALPINDI
DETAIL OF LONG QUESTIONS
Subject: Bio Class: 9th
Chapter# 7 Total Long Questions: 1 - 13
Q.1: Explain oxidation – reduction reaction? Ans: Page# 118,119
Q.2: Explain ATP as the cell energy currency? Ans: Page# 119,120
Q.3: Explain intake of water and carbon dioxide? Ans: Page# 120,121
Q.4 Explain different steps of light reaction? Also draw z – scheme. Ans: Page# 121,122
Q.5: Explain dark reactions (Calvin cycle)? Also draw Calvin cycle. Ans: Page# 122,123
Q.6: Explain the role of chlorophyll and light in photo synthesis? Ans: Page# 122,123
Q.7: Define limiting factor. Explain the factor effecting photosynthesis? Ans: Page# 124
Q.8: Explain and define process of aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Ans: Page# 130,131
Q.9: Explain importance of fermentation? Ans: Page# 131
Q.10: Explain the mechanism of respiration? Ans: Page# 132
Q.11: Draw and explain the energy budget of respiration? Ans: Page# 133
Q.12: Write the difference between photosynthesis and respiration? Ans: Page# 135
Q13: Write the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Ans: Page# 136